AUTO TRAIN

SUBMITTED BY

ABSTRACT• In this project microcontroller used as CPU. Whenever

the station arrives the train stops automatically.Then the train door is opened so that the passenger enters inside and closes after the prescribed time set in the controller.It is equipped with a passenger counting section also which counts the number of passengers leaving and entering inside the train.

• The counts are displayed on a seven segment LED display interfaced with microcontroller. The motion of the train is controlled by the Motor driver IC.

• Before starting and after stopping train at station the controller blows the buzzer. Also the red and green signals are indicated using LEDs.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

HARD WARE EQUIPMENTS• Microcontroller unit 8051• 7-SEGMENT display• IR Led's• Photo Diodes• MOTOR Driver L293D• 12v Battery• Crystal Oscillator• Led's • Buzzer • DC Motors• Diodes• Capacitors• Resistors • Push Buttons

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Definition for :- EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

A combination of hardware and software which together

form a component of a larger machine.

An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that

controls an automobile engine.

An embedded system is designed to run on its own without

human intervention, and may be required to respond to

events in real time.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

MICRO CONTROLLER

Compatible with MCS®-51 Products

8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash

Memory

4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

Crystal Frequency 11.0592MHZ

Three-level Program Memory Lock

256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

Eight Interrupt Sources

Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

Watchdog Timer

AT89S52

PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52

SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

The segments themselves are identified with lower-case letters "a" through "g," with segment "a" at the top and then counting clockwise.

The LED’S in a seven-segment display are not isolated

from each other. Rather, either all of the cathodes, or all of

the anodes, are connected together into a common lead, while

the other end of each LED is individually available.

This means fewer electrical connections to the package,

and also allows us to easily enable or disable a particular

digit by controlling the common lead.

There is no automatic advantage of the common-cathode

seven-segment unit over the common-anode version, or vice-

versa. Each type lends itself to certain applications,

configurations, and logic families.

BC547The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial

Silicon Transistor.

The BC547 transistor is a general-purpose

transistor in small plastic packages.

It is used in general-purpose switching and

amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA

NPN general-purpose transistors.

Whenever base is high, then current starts

flowing through base and emitter and after that

only current will pass from collector to emitter

LED

LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of silicon

When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a

byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a

metal filament until its white hot

LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources

including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,

improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching

BATTERY

An electrical battery is a combination

of one or more electrochemical cells, used

to convert stored chemical energy into

electrical energy.

The battery has become a common

power source for many household,

robotics and industrial applications.Larger batteries provide standby

power for telephone exchanges or

computer data centers

Battery capacity and discharging

IR LED

• An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose

LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 760 nm

wavelength.

• Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminum

gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, are commonly

used as sensors.

• The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye

cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to

identify whether the IR LED is working or not, unlike a common

LED.

• To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be used.

The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR

LED in a circuit.

Photo diode

A photodiode is a type of photo detector

capable of converting light into either current or

voltage, depending upon the mode of

operation.

Photodiodes are similar to regular

semiconductor diodes except that they may be

either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays)

or packaged with a window or optical fibre

connection to allow light to reach the sensitive

part of the device.

MOTOR driver l293d• L293D is a dual H-bridge motor

driver integrated circuit (IC). • Motor drivers act as current

amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal.

• This higher current signal is used to drive the motors.

L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction.

Operation of motor driver

• L293D has 2 set of arrangements where one set has input 1, input 2, output 1 and output 2 and other set has input 3, input 4, output 3 and output 4, according to block diagram if pin no 2 & 7 are high then pin no 3 & 6 are also high.

• If enable 1 and pin number 2 are high leaving pin number 7 as low then the motor rotates in forward direction.

• If enable 2 and pin number 10 are high leaving pin number 15 as low then the motor rotates in forward direction.

Contd..

• If enable 1 and pin number 2 are low leaving pin number 7 as high then the motor rotates in reverse direction.

• If enable 2 and pin number 15 are high leaving pin number 10 as low then the motor rotates in forward direction.

DC- MOTOR

A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on

direct current (DC) electricity. In any electric

motor, operation is based on simple

electromagnetism.

A simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red

represents a magnet or winding with a "North"

polarization, while green represents a magnet or

winding with a "South" polarization).

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor

(a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field

magnet(s), and brushes.

Piezo Buzzer

This buzzer is an piezo type audio signaling device, which has a piezo

element and a oscillating circuit inside which oscillates the piezo brass base

plate, which when given voltage difference produces sound of a predefined

frequency.Features

These high reliability piezo buzzers are applicable to general electronics

equipment.

Compact, pin terminal type Piezo buzzer with 4 KHz output.

Pin type terminal construction enables direct mounting onto printed circuit

boards.

BUZZER

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Embedded C , ALP (Assembly Language)

COMPILERS:

Keil 2.0/3.0uv

DUMPING SOFT WARE:

Using Micro controller flash Software we are dumping

our HEX Code into Micro Controller

KEIL COMPILER WINDOW

BIBILOGRAPHY

The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali

Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education.

ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.

www.atmel.com

www.beyondlogic.org

www.wikipedia.org

www.howstuffworks.com

www.alldatasheets.com

THANK ‘Q’