automated traffic density detection and speed monitoring
DESCRIPTION
Designed and proposed an RF system to detect speed and traffic density with a RADAR unit in remote areas and to provide real-time monitoring of the traffic density data with a satellite link. Based on calculated parameters, required RF components from real vendors were identified. The system model is then simulated with the obtained parameters in AWR Virtual System Simulator and analyzed nominal and worst case cascaded gain, noise figure, P1dB and OIP3. The general deviation expected in these parameters was determined by performing yield analysis.TRANSCRIPT
AUTOMATED TRAFFIC DENSITY DETECTION AND SPEED MONITORING
Team No. 6BHARAT ARUN BIYANI
ARUN SHIVARAM PASUPATHY
NAVYA ARUNSELVAN
SOWMYA RAVICHANDRAN
Problem
Traffic Congestion is an ever-growing problem and it causes people to lose their valuable time.
Right traffic information at the right time can help in avoiding traffic congestions.
Existing navigation systems takes the traffic density data of the urban areas alone.
The traffic data from the highways are mostly not taken into consideration.
Solution
The proposed system uses radar at every fixed distance to calculate the number of vehicles and the speed at which each vehicle is travelling along with the timestamp to find the density.
The results are passed to a central processing unit via satellite link where the real time data is processed.
The data is then used to calculate the approximate wait time at traffic dense areas by comparing it with the present and the previous data from the remote radar sites.
Solution cont..,
Satellite links are again used to communicate this wait time back to the desired locations (a few miles before the traffic dense areas) where they can be digitally displayed to the road users.
This data can be used by the Department of Transportation to control the traffic signals and thereby ease the flow of traffic.
Memory UnitProcessing
Unit
Satellite Uplink Satellite Downlink
Radar Transceiver
LEO Satellite
Satellite Rx AntennaSatellite Tx Antenna
Satellite Receiver Module
Satellite Transmitter
Module
ON Field System Remote Base Station
Top Level System Diagram
Parameters Specifications
Type of Radar Pulsed Radar
Antenna Horn Antenna
Centre Frequency
34.7 GHz
Bandwidth 200 MHz
Antenna Gain 20 dBi
Transmit Power 32.65 dBm
Receiver Sensitivity
-70 dBm
Radar Range 67 m
Top Level SpecificationsRADAR
Parameters Specifications
Modulation BPSK
Antenna type Parabolic
Centre Frequency 7.3 GHz
Power Transmitted 30 dBm
Bandwidth 200MHz
Transmitting antenna gain
25 dBi
Receiver antenna gain
30.7 dBi
Receiver sensitivity -90 dBm
Range (LEO) 1700 km
SATELLITE
RADAR TRANSMITTER
AMPLIFIER
LPF BPF
HORNANTENNA
BPF
Radar Transceiver Module
LO
MIXER
MIXER
CIRCULATOR
LNA
SIGNAL PROCESSING
WAVEFORM GENERATOR POWER
AMPLIFIER
BPF
TX System Diagram
Cascaded Gain
Cascaded Node Power
Yield Analysis
Cascaded Gain
Cascaded Node Power
Hand calculation
Doppler ShiftVelocity of the vehicle: Vr : 100mph(44.4m/s)Frequency of operation: f : 34.7 GhzWavelength: λ : c/f = 3 x 108/34.7 Ghz = 8.65mmDoppler shift frequency : Fd : 10.27 Khz
Fd = 2Vr/ λ
Receiver Input PowerTx Power, Pt = 32.65 dBmT/R Antenna Gain,Gt = 20 dBWavelength, λ: c/f = 3 x
108/34.7 Ghz = 8.65mm
RCS(σ) =3 m2 (car)Nominal Range, R = 13.5 mRx power, Pr = -13.04 dBm
Maximum RangeTx Power, Pt = 32.65 dBm
T/R Antenna Gain,Gt = 20 dBWavelength, λ: c/f = 3 x 108/34.7
Ghz
= 8.65mmRx senstivity, Pr = -70 dBmRCS(σ) =3 m2 (car)Max Range , Rmax = 67.36 m
Power Added Efficiency (PAE)Input Power , Pin = 7.051 dBm = 5.07 mW
Output Power, Pout = 32.65 dBm = 1841 mW
DC Power, PDC = 12 V * 1200 mA
= 14400 mWPAE (%) = ηPA = 12.75 %
COMPONENTS
Waveform Generator
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Mini Circuits
Model Number ROS- 4415-119+
Frequency Range 4.214- 4.415 GHz
Output Power 5dBm
Supply Voltage(Vdd) 5V
Supply Current 40 mA
Operating Temperature Range -55o C to +85o C
Low Pass Filter
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Mini-Circuits
Model Number LFCN-5000+
Loss 0.6 dB
Corner Frequency (fco) 5.58GHz
Max. RF Input Power 9 W
Mixer
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Hittite Microwave
Model Number HMC - 560
Frequency Range 24 - 40 GHz
Conversion Loss 8 dB
LO to RF 35 dB
LO to IF 32 dB
RF to IF 22 dB
Output 1dB Compression Point 5 dBm
Local Oscillator
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer MITEQ
Model Number PLDRO40000
Frequency Range 26.8 to 40GHz
Output Power 10dBm
Supply Voltage(Vdd) 8V
Supply Current 600 mA
Operating Temperature Range -20 to +70°C
Band Pass Filter
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer MARKI microwave
Model Number FB-3270
Loss 3 dB
Frequency Range 28.75-36.65GHz
Power Amplifier
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Microsemi
Model Number L3337-38
Gain 40 dB
Output 1dB Compression Point 37 dBm
Frequency Range 33 to 37 GHz
DC Voltage 12 V
Current 12A
Radar Antenna
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Advanced Technical Materials Inc.
Model Number 28-442-6
Type Horn Antenna
Frequency 26.5 - 40.0 GHz
Nominal Gain 20 dB
SATELLITE RECEIVER
LPF BPF
DATA IN
BPF
ANTENNA
ANTENNADATA OUT
TRANSMITTER MODULE
RECEIVER MODULE
Satellite Block Diagram
MIXER
MIXER
LO
POWER AMPLIFIER
LNAAMPLIFIER
MODULATOR
DEMODULATORBPF
LO
Satellite Receiver
Cascaded Gain
Cascaded Noise Figure
Cascaded IP3
Yield analysis
Cascaded Gain
Cascaded Noise Figure
Cascaded IP3
Hand Calculations
Nominal Receiver Input Power
Tx Power, Pt = 31.21 dBmTx Antenna Gain,Gt = 25 dBRx Antenna Gain,Gr = 30.7 dBWavelength, λ: c/f = 3 x 108/7.3
= 0.041mRange (LEO) = 1700 kmRx power, Pr = -87.43 dBm
Maximum RangeTx Power, Pt = 31.21 dBmTx Antenna Gain,Gt = 25 dBRx Antenna Gain,Gr = 30.7 dBWavelength, λ: c/f = 3 x 108/7.3
= 0.041mRx senstivity, Pr = -90 dBmMax Range , Rmax = 2286 km
Power Added Efficiency (PAE)Input Power , Pin = -8.57 dBm Output Power, Pout = 31.21 dBm DC Power, PDC = 15 V * 1700 mA PAE (%) = ηPA = 5.18 %
COMPONENTS
Low Noise Amplifier
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Avago Technologies
Model Number VMMK-3803
Gain 20 dB
Noise Figure 1.5 dB
P1DB 7dBm
Frequency Range 3-11 GHz
DC bias 3-5 V
Band Pass Filter
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer SANGSHIN
Model Number BPF100MS16A
Insertion Loss 2.5 dB
Frequency Range 92-108 MHz
Mixer
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Marki Microwave
Model Number M1-0408
Conversion Loss 5.5 dB
LO to RF Isolation 35 dBm
LO to IF Isolation 25 dBm
RF to IF Isolation 25 dBm
P1dB(output) -3.5 dBm
Frequency Range 4 -8 GHz
Local Oscillator
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer rfmd
Model Number RFVC1829
Frequency Range 6.8 to 7.4 GHz
Output Power 12dBm
Supply Voltage(Vdd) 3V
Supply Current 70 mA
Operating Temperature Range -40o C to +85o C
Band Pass Filter
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Minicircuits
Model Number BFCN-7350+
Insertion loss 1.8 dB
Frequency Range 7.15 -7.55 GHz
Amplifier
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Mini Circuits
Model Number MAV-11BSM+
Gain 12.7 dB
Noise Figure 4.4 dB
P1dB 18 dB
Frequency Range 0.05 to 1 GHz
Antenna
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Radio waves
Model no. SP2-7
Type Standard Parabolic
Frequency Range 7.125-7.75 GHz
Gain 30.7 dBi
Dimension 2 cm
Compliance Matrix- RADAR
PARAMETER PROPOSED VALUE
MODIFIED VALUE
NOMINAL ANALYSIS
COMPLIANT
OPERATING FREQUENCY(GH
z)
34.7 GHz - 34.7 GHz Y
OUTPUT POWER(dBm)
30 dBm - 32.65 dBm Y
ANTENNA GAIN 20 dB - 20 dB Y
MAX. RANGE(MDS = -70
dBm)
13.5 m - 67.36 m Y
RECEIVER NOISE FIGURE
10 dB - 2.9 dB Y
RECEIVED POWER
(for 13.5 m)
-70 dBm - -13.04 dBm
Y
Satellite Compliance MatrixPARAMETER PROPOSED
VALUEMODIFIED
VALUENOMINAL ANALYSIS
COMPLIANT
OPERATING FREQUENCY(GHz)
7 GHz 7.3 GHz 7.3 GHz Marginal
OUTPUT POWER(dBm)
30dBm - 31.21 dBm Y
TX ANTENNA GAIN 25 dB - 25 dB Y
RX ANTENNA GAIN 29 dB - 30.7 dB N
MAX. RANGE (MDS = -90 dBm)
1700 km - 2286 km Y
RECEIVER NOISE FIGURE
10 dB - 2.9 dB Y
RECEIVED POWER(LEO RANGE =
1700 km)
-90 dBm - -87.43 dBm Y
Performance IssuesAttenuation of transmitted and received power in both
RADAR and SATELLITE systems varies with climatic conditions like rain, dust, smoke, etc.
Since a single radar transceiver is used for a one way road which may have 3 or 4 lanes, the speed observed with all the lanes put together to predict pace of traffic movement. This may reduce the accuracy of speed detection as speed of a particular lane is different from the others. Above problem can be solved by using different RADAR transceivers for each lane.
We used fixed RCS, = 3 m2for all the vehicle but in practical scenarios different vehicles have different RCS.
Trade Offs
There is a trade off between power and performance while selecting radar frequency. As frequency increases (in our case it is Ka-band frequency) it becomes easy to detect the Doppler shift from the target which increases the performance of the system but high frequencies also get attenuated easily.
There is a trade off between Beam width and Gain. As the same radar is used to transmit and receive EM waves to and from the entire traffic, generally high beam width (Low directivity and hence low gain) antennas are preferred. But to counteract the attenuation due to the high frequency, the gain should be higher.
Power density calculation Safe average Power Density is
10mW/cm2
Tx Power, Pt =32.65 dBmT/R Antenna Gain, Gt =27.65 dBSafe range R > 0.9234 m
Health And Environmental IssuesHealth IssuesWith the given radar specifications, the power density
exposed does not exceed the maximum permissible exposure as defined by the US ANSI/IEEE.
Environmental IssuesThe transmitted power is below the range specified by
EPA.There aren’t any major environmental issues other than the
disposal of satellite after its life time.
Consumer AcceptanceA single base station can be used to control the traffic of
entire city. So there is no extra space needed other than the base station. Radar transceiver modules can be mounted on already existing sign boards and traffic signals, which makes the system spatially effective.
As radar transceiver can be mounted practically anywhere. We can track the traffic density of any areas.
Since the satellite receiver is installed at the central base station, practically there is no additional cost for the end consumer.
Financial Analysis
ads
The cost can be brought down with mass production of
components.
The installation and establishment costs will be high, but they
are generally one-off costs and the maintenance costs will be
less.
Components Estimated Cost
RADAR Unit (at each RADAR site) $300
Satellite Uplink Unit (at each RADAR site) $700
Satellite Downlink Unit (at data center) $500
Top Level ScheduleDevelopment
System Design November 2013
Spec Flow-down and Evaluation December 2013
Module Hardware Design March 2014
Antenna Design and Fabrication May 2014
Module Integration and Testing (Radar link) July 2014
Module Integration and Testing (Satellite link) August 2014
Integrated System Testing October 2014
Production
Complete Bill of Materials November 2014
Mass Production December 2014
Product Release March 2015
Scope for future development
We can automate the system by directly displaying the real time values to GPS module mounted in cars rather than sending it to the data providers. This will directly help the end consumer to plan there travel accordingly
Solar panel can be installed at every radar transceiver post to generate power for its own requirement.
Summary
The proposed system will successfully bring down the traffic congestion without any additional time delay, with less man power, better accuracy and more coverage.
The collected traffic information can be used to estimate the traffic density based on the number of vehicles and the speed at which they are travelling practically of any region within or outside a city.
THANK YOU !!!
Appendix
RADAR RECEIVER
Radar Receiver
Cascaded Gain
Cascaded Noise Figure
Cascaded IP3
Yield Analysis
Cascaded Gain
Cascaded Noise Figure
Cascaded IP3
Low Noise Amplifier
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Tri Quint Semiconductor
Model Number TGA4507
Gain 22 dB
Noise Figure 2.3 dB
P1DB 12 dBm
Frequency Range 28-36 GHz
DC bias 3 V
Band Pass Filter
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Mini-Circuits
Model Number BFCN-4440+
Insertion Loss 0.91dB
Passband Frequency 4.2- 4.7 GHz
Mixer
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Hittite Microwave Corporation
Model Number HMC560
Conversion Loss 8dB
LO to RF Isolation 35 dBm
LO to IF Isolation 32 dBm
RF to IF Isolation 22 dBm
P1dB(output) 5 dBm
Frequency Range 24-40 GHz
IP3 11dBm
Local Oscillator
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Miteq
Model Number PLDRO40000
Frequency Range 26.8 to 40 GHz
Output Power 10dBm
Supply Voltage(Vdd) 8V
Supply Current 600 mA
Operating Temperature Range -20o C to +70o C
Band Pass Filter
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Marki Microwave
Model Number FB-3270
Insertion loss 3dB
Center Frequency 32.7GHz
Passband Frequency 28.75-36.65GHz
Amplifier
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Mini Circuits
Model Number ERA-2SM+
Gain 12.5dB
Noise Figure 3.4 dB
P1dB 11 dBm
Frequency Range 0 .01 to 6 GHz
IP3 25dBm
SATELLITE TRANSIMITTER
Satellite Transmitter
Nominal Analysis - Cascaded Gain
Nominal Analysis – Cascaded Power
Yield analysis
Cascaded Gain
Cascaded Power
Waveform Generator
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Mini-Circuits
Model Number ROS-ED10121/2
Frequency Range 100 MHz
Output Power 2 dBm
Supply Voltage(Vdd) 5V
Supply Current 15 mA
Operating Temperature Range -55o C to +85o C
Low Pass Filter
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Mini-Circuits
Model Number SLP-150+
Loss 0.5 dB
Corner Frequency (fco) 140 MHz
Max. RF Input Power 0.5 W
Mixer
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Marki Microwave
Model Number M1-0408
Frequency Range 4 - 8 GHz
Conversion Loss 5.5 dB
LO to RF 35 dB
LO to IF 25 dB
RF to IF 25 dB
Output 1dB Compression Point -3.5 dBm
Local Oscillator
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer rfmd
Model Number RFVC1829
Frequency Range 6.8 to 7.4 GHz
Output Power 12dBm
Supply Voltage(Vdd) 3V
Supply Current 70 mA
Operating Temperature Range -40o C to +85o C
Band Pass Filter
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer TriQuint Semiconductor
Model Number TGB2010-07
Loss 3 dB
Frequency Range 6.5 to 7.5 GHz
Power Amplifier
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer MITEQ
Model Number AMF-6B-04000800-60-33P
Gain 40 dB
Output 1dB Compression Point 33 dBm
Frequency Range 4 – 8 GHz
DC Voltage 15 V
Current 1700 mA
Antenna
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Steatite Q-Par Antennas
Model Number Prime Focus (WBF2-8N Feed with QSR600-228 Reflector)
Frequency 2-8 GHz
Nominal Gain 19-29 dBi
The End