b2_biaya_konsep

8/11/2019 b2_biaya_konsep

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BIAYA: Konsep,

Klasifikasi dan Perilaku

BAB

2


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Manufacturing Cost Concepts

FinancialAccounting

Cost is a measure ofresources used orgiven up to achieve a

stated purpose.

ManagerialAccounting

Product costs are thecosts a companyassigns to units

produced.


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The Product

DirectMaterials

DirectLabor

ManufacturingOverhead

Manufacturing Costs


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Classifications of Costs

DirectMaterials

DirectLabor


PrimeCost

ConversionCost

Manufacturing costs are oftencombined as follows:


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Nonmanufacturing Costs

Marketing and selling costs . . . Costs necessary to get the order and deliver the

product.

Administrative costs . . .All executive, organizational, and clerical costs.


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Product Costs Versus PeriodCosts

Product costsincludedirect materials, direct

labor, and

manufacturingoverhead.

Period costsare notincluded in product

costs. They are

expensed on theincome statement.

Inventory Cost of Good Sold

BalanceSheet

IncomeStatement

Sale

Expense

IncomeStatement


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Merchandiser

Current Assets

Cash

Receivables Prepaid Expenses

Merchandise Inventory

Manufacturer

Current Assets

Cash

ReceivablesPrepaid Expenses

InventoriesRaw Materials

Work in Process

Finished Goods

Balance Sheet


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Merchandiser

Current Assets

Cash

Receivables Prepaid Expenses

Merchandise Inventory

Manufacturer

Current Assets

Cash

ReceivablesPrepaid Expenses

InventoriesRaw Materials

Work in Process

Finished Goods

Balance Sheet

Materials waiting tobe processed.

Partially completeproducts some

material, labor, oroverhead has been

added.

Completed productsawaiting sale.


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The Income Statement

Cost of goods sold for manufacturers differs onlyslightly from cost of goods sold for merchandisers.

Manufacturing Company

Cost of goods sold: Beg. finished

goods inv. 14,200$

+ Cost of goods

manufactured 234,150

Goods available

for sale 248,350$- Ending

finished goods

inventory (12,100)

= Cost of goods

sold 236,250$

Merchandising Company

Cost of goods sold: Beg. merchandise

inventory 14,200$

+ Purchases 234,150

Goods available

for sale 248,350$

- Ending merchandise

inventory (12,100)

= Cost of goods

sold 236,250$


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Manufacturing Cost Flows

Raw MaterialsMaterial Purchases

Balance SheetCosts Inventories

Income

StatementExpenses


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Work inProcess

Material Purchases

Direct Labor


Income

StatementExpenses

Raw Materials


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Work inProcess

FinishedGoods

Cost of

GoodsSold

Material Purchases

Direct Labor


Income

StatementExpenses

Raw Materials


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Work inProcess

FinishedGoods

Cost of

GoodsSold

Selling andAdministrative

Material Purchases

Direct Labor


Income

StatementExpenses

Selling andAdministrative

Period Costs

Raw Materials


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Inventory Flows

Beginningbalance

$$

Available$$$$$

Endingbalance

$$

Additions$$$+ =

Withdrawals$$$

_

=


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Product Costs - A Closer Look

Beginning inventoryis the inventory

carried over from

the prior period.

Manufacturing Work

Raw Materials Costs In Process

Beginning raw

materials inventory


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Manufacturing Work


Beginning raw Direct materials

materials inventory

+ Raw materials purchased

= Raw materials

available for use

in production

Ending raw materials

inventory= Raw materials used

in production

As items are removed from rawmaterials inventory and placed into

the production process, they arecalled direct materials.



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Manufacturing Work


Beginning raw Direct materials

materials inventory + Direct labor

+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead purchased = Total manufacturing

= Raw materials costs

available for use

in production

Ending raw materials

inventory= Raw materials used

in production

Conversioncosts are costs

incurred toconvert thedirect materialinto a finished

product.



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Manufacturing Work


Beginning raw Direct materials Beginning work in

materials inventory + Direct labor process inventory

+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead + Total manufacturing purchased = Total manufacturing costs

= Raw materials costs = Total work in

available for use process for the

in production period

Ending raw materials Ending work in

inventory process inventory= Raw materials used = Cost of goods

in production manufactured.

All manufacturing costs incurredduring the period are added to thebeginning balance of work in

process.



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Manufacturing Work


Beginning raw Direct materials Beginning work in

materials inventory + Direct labor process inventory

+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead + Total manufacturing purchased = Total manufacturing costs

= Raw materials costs = Total work in

available for use process for the

in production period

Ending raw materials Ending work in

inventory process inventory= Raw materials used = Cost of goods

in production manufactured.


Costs associated with the goods thatare completed during the period are

transferred to finished goodsinventory.


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WorkIn Process Finished Goods

Beginning work in Beginning finished

process inventory goods inventory+ Manufacturing costs + Cost of goods for the period manufactured

= Total work in process = Cost of goods for the period available for sale

Ending work in - Ending finished

process inventory goods inventory= Cost of goods Cost of goods

manufactured sold



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Cost Classifications forPredicting Cost Behavior

How a cost will react tochanges in the level of

business activity.

Total variable costschange when activitychanges.

Total fixed costsremain unchangedwhen activity changes.


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Total Variable Cost

Your total long distancetelephone bill isbased on how many minutes you talk.

Minutes Talked

TotalL

ongDistance

TelephoneBill


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Variable Cost Per Unit

Minutes Talked

Pe

rMinute

Teleph

oneCharge

The cost per long distance minutetalked isconstant. For example, 10 cents per minute.


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Total Fixed Cost

Your monthly basic telephone billprobablydoes not change when you make more local

calls.

Number of Local Calls

Mon

thlyBasic

Tele

phoneBill


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Fixed Cost Per Unit

Number of Local Calls

MonthlyBasicTelephone

Billp

erLocalCall

The average cost per local calldecreases asmore local calls are made.


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Cost Classifications forPredicting Cost Behavior

Behavior of Cost (within the relevant range)

Cost In Total Per Unit

Variable Total variable cost changes Variable cost per unit remains

as activity level changes. the same over wide ranges

of activity.

Fixed Total fixed cost remains Fixed cost per unit goes

the same even when the down as activity level goes up.

activity level changes.


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Direct Costs and Indirect Costs

Direct costs

Costs that can beeasily and conveniently

traced to a unit ofproduct or other costobjective.

Examples: directmaterial and direct labor

Indirect costs

Costs cannot be easilyand conveniently traced

to a unit of product orother cost object.

Example:manufacturingoverhead


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Differential Costs and Revenues

Costs and revenues that differ amongalternatives.

Example: You have a job paying $1,500 per month in

your hometown. You have a job offer in a neighboringcity that pays $2,000 per month. The commuting costto the city is $300 per month.

Differential revenue is:$2,000 $1,500 = $500


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Differential Costs and Revenues

Costs and revenues that differ amongalternatives.

Differential revenue is:$2,000 $1,500 = $500

Differential cost is:$300

Example: You have a job paying $1,500 per month in

your hometown. You have a job offer in a neighboringcity that pays $2,000 per month. The commuting costto the city is $300 per month.


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Opportunity Costs

The potential benefit thatis given up when onealternative is selectedover another.Example: If you werenot attending college,you could be earning$15,000 per year.

Your opportunity costof attending college for oneyear is $15,000.


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Sunk Costs

Sunk costs cannot be changed by any decision.They are not differential costs and should be

ignored when making decisions.

Example: You bought an automobile that cost$10,000 two years ago. The $10,000 cost issunk because whether you drive it, park it,trade it, or sell it, you cannot change the

$10,000 cost.


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End of Chapter 2


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Terima asih


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Contoh Soal


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Resource Flows

Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000.During the month, $276,000 of raw material waspurchased. A count at the end of the month

revealed that $28,000 of raw material was stillpresent. What is the cost of direct materialused?

a. $276,000

b. $272,000

c. $280,000

d. $ 2,000


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Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000.During the month, $276,000 of raw material waspurchased. A count at the end of the month

revealed that $28,000 of raw material was stillpresent. What is the cost of direct materialused?

a. $276,000

b. $272,000

c. $280,000

d. $ 2,000

Resource Flows

Beg. raw materials 32,000$

+ Raw materials

purchased 276,000

= Raw materials available

for use in production 308,000$ Ending raw materials

inventory 28,000

= Raw materials used

in production 280,000$


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Resource Flows

Direct materials used in production totaled$280,000. Direct Labor was $375,000 andfactory overhead was $180,000. What were

total manufacturing costs incurred for themonth?

a. $555,000

b. $835,000

c. $655,000

d. Cannot be determined.


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Direct materials used in production totaled$280,000. Direct Labor was $375,000 andfactory overhead was $180,000. What

were total manufacturing costs incurred forthe month?

a. $555,000

b. $835,000

c. $655,000

d. Cannot be determined.

Direct Materials 280,000$

+ Direct Labor 375,000+ Mfg. Overhead 180,000

= Mfg. Costs Incurred

for the Month 835,000$

Resource Flows


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Resource Flows

Beginning work in process was $125,000.Manufacturing costs incurred for the monthwere $835,000. There were $200,000 ofpartially finished goods remaining in work in

process inventory at the end of the month.What was the cost of goods manufacturedduring the month?

a. $1,160,000 b. $ 910,000 c. $ 760,000 d. Cannot be determined.


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Beginning work in process was $125,000.Manufacturing costs incurred for the monthwere $835,000. There were $200,000 ofpartially finished goods remaining in work in

process inventory at the end of the month.What was the cost of goods manufacturedduring the month?

a. $1,160,000 b. $ 910,000 c. $ 760,000 d. Cannot be determined.

Resource Flows

Beginning work in

process inventory 125,000$

+ Mfg. costs incurred

for the period 835,000

= Total work in process

during the period 960,000$

Ending work in process inventory 200,000

= Cost of goodsmanufactured 760,000$


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Cost Behavior

Fixed costs are usually characterized by:

a. Unit costs that remain constant.

b. Total costs that increase as activitydecreases.

c. Total costs that increase as activityincreases.

d. Total costs that remain constant.


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Fixed costs are usually characterized by:

a. Unit costs that remain constant.




Cost Behavior


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Cost Behavior

Variable costs are usually characterized by:

a. Unit costs that decrease as activity

increases.





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Variable costs are usually characterized by:

a. Unit costs that decrease as activityincreases.


c. Total costs that increase as activity

increases.


Cost Behavior

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