background paper on asean - aefaef.org.kh/aef_pro/8th aef background paper.pdf4 1. show mutual...

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Background Paperon

ASEAN

ASEAN: A General Overview

Some general milestones

ASEAN: Some Economic Indicators

Agriculture

Energy

General Merchandise and Trade

Exports: an overview

Imports: an overview

Merchandise

Services

Tourism

Value added: various sectors

Inflation

Other general economic indicators

Finance and banking

Government finances

Households

Appendix I: ASEAN and the Millennium Development Goals

Appendix II: Some FAO data for each ASEAN Member

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ASEAN: A General Overview

The ASEAN Emblem comprises ten sheaves of padi boundtogether, representing the aspiration for solidarity (alsorepresented by the encompassing circle) and friendship.

The colours of the ASEAN Flag – blue, red, white andyellow – include the main colours of the flags of its MemberStates. Also, whilst yellow symbolizes prosperity, bluerepresents peace and stability, and red depicts courage anddynamism whilst white shows purity.

Motto: One Vision, One Identity, One Community

Land Area - 4.5 million km2 (3% of worldtotal)

Population (2010 estimate) - 601 million(8.7% of world total)

Population density - 135/km2 (world average49/km2)

GDP (PPP) 2010 estimate - Total US$3,084 trillion Per capita US$ 5,131

GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate - Total US$1,800 trillion - Per capita $2,995

HDI (2011) 0.742 (high) (61st)

(from Fourth ASEAN State of the EnvironmentReport 2009)

The MembershipThe Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a geo-political and economicorganization of ten countries. Its aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress,cultural development among its members, protection of regional peace and stability, andopportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.[9]

Republic of Indonesia

8 August 1967Malaysia

Republic of the PhilippinesRepublic of SingaporeKingdom of Thailand

Brunei Darussalam 8 January 1984Socialist Republic of Vietnam 28 July 1995

Lao People's Democratic Republic23 July 1997

Union of MyanmarKingdom of Cambodia 30 April 1999

Thefounding

'ASEAN-5''ASEAN-6'

'CLMV'states

3

The setting of agenda and the consequent formulation and fine-tuning of policies is based on atier of three 'Tracks', I – III:

Track III: This provides a forum for civil society groups (e.g. NGOs) with specific specialinterests, who would otherwise be unable to provide inputs to higher levels. Apart from lobbying,directly and through the media, there are mechanisms which make for the possibility oforganising and/or attending meetings and conferences to get allow exchanges with higher leveltracks.

Track II: This involves think-tanks and other civil society groups and individuals with variouslinks who work alongside governments.[45] This track enables governments to discusscontroversial issues and test new ideas without making official statements or bindingcommitments, and, if necessary, backtrack on positions.

Track I: The highest level involves working between member governments, with diplomaticexchanges based on their individual official positions in order to achieve conjoint officialdecisions by all heads of government at regular ASEAN Summits (see Figure 1) hosted by themember country currently holding the chair (rotated annually, generally in alphabetical order).

Some of the Major Milestones in ASEAN's Evolution

8 August 1967(ASEAN Day)

AMM

ASEAN (or Bangkok) Declaration signed by the Foreign Ministers ofthe five founder-member states. Aims and purpose: to accelerateeconomic growth social progress and cultural development in theregion through joint endeavours; and to promote regional peace andstability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law.

The first ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (AMM) of the Foreign Ministersof member States took place; it is now an annual event, with informalmeetings and retreats in between.

1975

ALMM

First of the ASEAN Labour Ministers Meetings (ALMM), which haveevolved to biennial events which consider issues related to a WorkProgramme which provides the framework to prepare the region’slabour force to face the challenges of globalisation and tradeliberalisation. Five broad priorities are in the areas of employmentgeneration, labour market monitoring, labour mobility, social protectionand tripartite cooperation; a sixth, occupational safety and health, wasadded in May 2006.

1975

AEM

First of the ASEAN Economic Ministers (AEM) meetings, which haveevolved to annual events which consider:

1. Competition Policy2. Consumer Protection3. Customs4. External Economic Relations5. Industry6. Intellectual Property7. Services8. Small & Medium Enterprises9. Standard and Conformance

24 February 1976 Signing of the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia atthe First ASEAN Summit in Bali, and formulation of the "ASEANWay", where members are required to:

February1976

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1. show mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality,territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations;

2. acknowledge the right of every State to lead its national existencefree from external interference, subversion or coercion;

3. not interfere in the internal affairs of each other;4. settle differences or disputes in a peaceful manner;5. renounce the threat or use of force; and6. cooperation effectively with each other.

Subsequently, this was opened up for signing by other states, as aprecondition for membership of the East Asia Summit.

1976

ASEC

Establishment of the ASEAN Secretariat (ASEC) to provide for greaterefficiency in the coordination of ASEAN organs and for more effectiveimplementation of ASEAN projects and activities.

1979

AMAF

Inaugural meeting of the ASEAN Ministers on Agriculture andForestry (AMAF), which have evolved to annual events to devise andimplement regional cooperative activities to enhance the internationalcompetitiveness of ASEAN’s food, agriculture and forestry sectors aswell as further strengthen food security in the region. .

1979

AMMSWD

Inaugural meeting of the triennial ASEAN Ministerial Meeting forSocial Welfare and Development (AMMSWD) to bring togetherASEAN member countries to address social welfare, family andchildren’s issues, through capacity building in human resources,documentation of standards and benchmarks for quality servicesamongst other strategies.

1980

AHMMAMEMAMMST

Inaugural meetings of the:

1. annual ASEAN Ministers on Energy Meeting (AMEM)2. biennial ASEAN Health Ministers Meeting (AHMM)3. biennial ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Science and Technology

(AMMST)

1981AMME

Inaugural meeting of the triennial ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on theEnvironment (AMME)

1986ALAWMM

Inaugural meeting of the ASEAN Law Ministerial Meeting(ALAWMM); thereafter has met every 2-3 years.

1989AMRI

Inaugural meeting of the ASEAN Ministers Responsible forInformation (AMRI) 1989, meeting once every 18 months

6-7 November 1989

APEC

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established inrecognition of the increasing interdependence of economies around thePacific Rim, to promote free trade and economic cooperationthroughout the region. Apart from ASEAN, there are currently 11 othermembers, representing about 40% of the world's population, 54% of theworld's gross domestic product and 44% of world trade.

December2005

October1993

5

1992AMMY

Inaugural meeting of the triennial ASEAN Ministerial Meeting onYouth (AMMY)

28 January 1992

CEPT,

AFTA

A Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) agreement wassigned by the ASEAN-6 in Singapore, as a mechanism to establish atrade-bloc through the phasing out of intra-ASEAN tariffs and to helpincrease the region’s competitive advantage in the global economy.Exceptions could be considered based on:

– Temporary exclusions for products where tariffs will ultimatelybe lowered to 0-5%;

– Sensitive agricultural products, for commodities such as rice.– General exceptions, where there is the need for protection of

national security, public morals, the protection of human,animal or plant life and health, and protection of articles ofartistic, historic, or archaeological value.

Globalisation and the increasing cross-border production of goods wastaken into consideration: to qualify, cumulative ASEAN content mustbe at least 40% of the FOB value of the good, as determined by thecustoms authority of the importing country (leading to differences ininterpretation and enforcement).

There is no common external tariff on imported goods (cf. the EuropeanUnion): each member can determine the tariffs on goods entering fromoutside ASEAN.

This thus served as the framework for setting up an ASEAN FreeTrade Area (AFTA), with an AFTA Council established which meetsannually.

– Subsequently, the CLMV countries were required to sign theagreement upon entry into ASEAN, but were given longer timeframes in which to comply with AFTA's obligations.

30 October 1993 Ministerial Understanding on ASEAN Cooperation in Food,Agriculture and Forestry signed to promote ASEAN agriculture andforest products, strengthen ASEAN's collective bargaining position onmatters affecting agriculture and forest products trade in theinternational markets, expand these products through productdiversification, intensify downstream processing and higher value-added activity as well as upgrade the quality and standard of ASEANagriculture and forest products.

25 July 1994

ARF

The inaugural meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) as aformal multilateral dialogue of ASEAN members with other countriesin the Asia-Pacific region, in order to promote exchanges andconsultation on political and security issues. By thereby promotingregional confidence-building and pro-active diplomacy, ASEAN andits ARF partners are able to establish and maintain a more predictableand constructive pattern of relations in the region

1. Participants are expected to be committed to the ARF's keygoals, and be relevant to peace and security in Northeast andSoutheast asia and Oceania.

2. Since the first Forum, apart from existing ASEAN members, thelist of participants has expanded to include Australia,

January2010

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Bangladesh, Canada, the People's Republic of China, theEuropean Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea,Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia,East Timor, the United States and Sri Lanka.

3. Chairmanship rotates with that of the ASEAN StandingCommittee.

1995

AUN

The ASEAN University Network (AUN) was founded as a consortiumof member states' universities.

1996

AMBDC

ASEM

ATM

Inaugural annual Ministerial Meeting of the ASEAN-Mekong BasinDevelopment Cooperation (AMBDC)

Inaugural annual ASEAN Transport Ministers Meeting (ATM)

The inaugural Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) as an informal dialoguebetween members of the European Union and ASEAN, together withother invitees from the two continents. Reciprocally, the ASEANSecretariat has a representative on the governing board of Asia-EuropeFoundation (ASEF), a socio-cultural organisation associated with theMeeting.

1997

AFMM

AMMH

AMRDPE

AMMTC

Inaugural annual ASEAN Finance Ministers Meeting (AFMM) 1997annual

Inaugural ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Haze (AMMH) 1997 asnecessary

Inaugural biennial ASEAN Ministers Meeting on Rural Developmentand Poverty Eradication (AMRDPE)

Inaugural biennial ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on TransnationalCrime (AMMTC)

1997

ASEAN+3/APT

The first leaders' meeting of ASEAN Plus Three (ASEAN+3, APT)including the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea). Thegrouping was institutionalised by 1999 and now meets mainly duringEAS.

October 1997

CMI/CMIMAMRO

ASEAN+3 set up a mainly bilateral currency swap scheme, the ChiangMai Initiative (CMI), in anticipation of future economic disruptions,given the effects of the 1997-8 Asian financial crisis and problems withthe International Monetary Fund.

– In 2006, this was expanded to be multilateral, as the CMIM.– On 3 May 2009, a currency pool totaling USD 120 billion was

established, with USD 38.4 billion each from China and Japan,USD 19.2 billion from South Korea and USD 24 billion fromvarious ASEAN members.

– In addition, the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic and ResearchOffice (AMRO) was set up in Singapore in May 2011 as asurveillance unit.

– One possibility is the creation of an Asian Currency Unit(ACU), as a currency basket (a weighted index of East Asiancurrencies that will function as a benchmark for regionalcurrency movements) rather than an alternative currency.

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1998

M-ATM

AIA Council

Inaugural annual meeting of ASEAN Tourism Ministers (M-ATM), topromote the region as a sustainable, safe and rewarding destinationwhere tourism also benefits the residents.

Inaugural annual meeting of ASEAN Investment Area MinisterialCouncil (AIA Council) to oversee measures to make ASEAN acompetitive, conducive and liberal investment area.

June 2001

SEANWFZ

The Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty(SEANWFZ) came into effect after being ratified by the Philippines. Itincludes a protocol that is open to signature by the five recognizednuclear-weapon states (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom,and the United States) to commit them not to contribute to any violationof the treaty and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons withinthe zone. Although none have signed the protocol, agreement wasreached in November 2011 with ASEAN on steps that would enablethem to do so.

2001

TELMIN

Inaugural annual ASEAN Telecommunications and IT MinistersMeeting (TELMIN)

7 October 2003

AECAPSCASCC

The Bali Concord II was signed, where all member countries agreedthat:

1. democratic processes will promote regional peace and stability,and thus something that all member states should aspire to;

2. there should be the establishment of the ASEAN Community by2020 – a timeline subsequently brought forward to 2015.

The proposed ASEAN Community is based on three pillars (see figure2), to further ASEAN's evolution from a loosely-organised associationto a cohesive formal regional body:

1. The ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC) to addresspolitical and security matters and ensure that countries in theregion co-exist in peace with one another.

2. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) to achieve economicintegration, with a single market of 560 million people, and thusfurther promote economic development of all member countries

3. The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) to bringASEAN Member Countries together and improve the quality oflife of all, thereby creating a society where citizens recognise theimportance of, and identify with, membership of ASEAN.

2003

AMCA

Inaugural biennial ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Culture and Arts(AMCA)

2004

AMMDMAMMTC+3

First ASEAN Plus Three Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime(AMMTC+3), Bangkok

Inaugural ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Disaster Management(AMMDM), to meet further as necessary

ASEAN Protocol on Enhanced Dispute Settlement Mechanism, forhandling disputes concerning interpretation and implementation ofASEAN economic agreements.

October2009

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2005

ASEAN-WEN

Official launch of the ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network(ASEAN-WEN), an ASEAN and regional inter-agency initiative tocounter illegal poaching and cross-border trafficking of endangeredflora and fauna through the sharing of information, including onregional best practices. It is the world’s largest wildlife lawenforcement network, with a Secretariat in Bangkok and involving lawenforcement agencies of all ASEAN countries.

14 December 2005

EAS

ASEAN initiated the now annual East Asia Summit (EAS), whichcomprised ASEAN+3 and India, Australia, and New Zealand (‘ASEANPlus Six’: thereby representing nearly half of the world's population) toconsider issues related to regional community building;

– Other countries can participate, if they ratify the Treaty ofAmity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia.

– Russia and the United States joined as full members at the2011 summit.

2006

ADMM

APP

ASEAN accorded observer status at the United Nations GeneralAssembly, reciprocated by the UN being named as a "dialogue partner"to ASEAN.

Launching of the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development andClimate (APP) as an international, voluntary, public-private partnershipASEAN initiative which also includes Australia, Canada, China, India,Japan, South Korea and the United States.

Establishment of the ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM) todiscuss and exchange views on current defence and security issues andchallenges faced in the region. The ADMM aims to promote mutualtrust and confidence through greater understanding of defence andsecurity challenges as well as enhancement of transparency andopenness.

January 2007 Signing of the ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotionof the Rights of Migrant Workers, requiring member countries topromote fair and appropriate employment protection, payment ofwages, and adequate access to decent working and living conditions formigrant workers, and monitored by an ASEAN Committee on theImplementation of the ASEAN Declaration on the Protection andPromotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers.

Signing of the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security byASEAN and the other six members of the EAS: this established a seriesof goals towards providing reliable and secure, adequate and affordableenergy supplies (including ASEAN plans for a regional electricity gridand a natural gas pipeline); and to find alternatives to conventionalfuels (without setting targets for capping greenhouse emissions).

20 November 2007

ASEAN Charter

Signing of the ASEAN Charter at the 13th ASEAN Summit inSingapore (as the first step towards its ratification by member states), toprovide ASEAN with a legally-binding constitution relating to relationsamongst member states; it also established norms, rules and values, andset the basis for accountability and compliance in the achieving oftargets by ASEAN. It thus aimed to further ASEAN Community-

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building by:

– providing legal status and an institutional framework forASEAN, with codified norms, rules and values, and thereby

– providing transparent rules and clear targets for ASEAN tooperate, so that it is predictable in its mechanisms andcommitments; and

– formalizing working processes so that ASEAN officials areaccountable and can make decisions more effectively; so that

– there will be better coordination and greater efficiency.

As a result,

– the ASEAN Secretary-General has an enhanced role in themonitoring of programmes and activities agreed upon byASEAN.

– the principles inherent in initiatives such as the CEPT, AFTAand others should be more easily realised.

Principles established in the charter include:

The centrality of ASEAN in regional cooperation. Respect for the national identities of ASEAN members and the

principles of territorial integrity, sovereignty and non-interference.

Upholding international law with respect to human rights,social justice and multilateral trade.

Encouraging regional integration of trade. Establishing a human rights body and an unresolved dispute

mechanism, to be decided at ASEAN Summits.

November 2007 The Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and theEnvironment was signed by ASEAN members and other members ofthe EAS, to affirm that climate change poses a challenge to all andwork must be done to stabilise greenhouse gas levels in the long run aswell as to adapt to the predicted consequences of ongoing climatechange.

December 2008

ACC

The Inaugural Meeting of the ASEAN Coordinating Council (ACC)comprising the ASEAN Foreign Ministers (see figure 1), with formallaunching of the ASEAN Charter (after its having been ratified by allten member governments) as a step towards the establishing of anAFTA.

February 2009

ACIA

Signing of agreement on ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Area(ACIA) to encourage the free flow of investment within ASEAN. Fullrealisation of the ACIA with the removal of temporary exclusion listsin manufacturing agriculture, fisheries, forestry and mining isscheduled by 2010 for ASEAN-6 members and by 2015 for the CLMVcountries.

September 2009

AICHR

The inaugural meeting of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commissionon Human Rights (AICHR), established to promote and protect humanrights and regional co-operation on human rights in the member statesunder the direction of a body comprising one representative permember state, each nominated by and answerable to their governmentand serving a three-year term, as enshrined in the ASEAN Charter .

December2008

10

October 2009 Cha-am Hua Hin Declaration on the Roadmap for the ASEANCommunity (2009-2015), where each member state agreed toimplement the Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAl) Work Plan 2(2009-2015) relating to the 'Three Pillars' (see figures 1, 2):

1. the ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint,2. the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint, and3. the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint.

November 2009

AMMTC+China

First ASEAN Plus People's Republic of China Ministerial Meeting onTransnational Crime (AMMTC+China), Siem Reap, Cambodia.Resulted in ASEAN-China Memorandum of Understanding onCooperation in the Field of Non-Traditional Security Issues (2010-2014)

1 January 2010

AFTA

ACFTA

AKFTA

AANZFTA

AIFTA

A potpourri of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and a precursoragreement came into effect:1. ASEAN-6 can import and export almost all intra-ASEAN goods at

no tariff2. CLMV states reduced more than 99% of intra-ASEAN tariff lines

to 0-5%.3. full implementation of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area

(ACFTA) with bilateral elimination of tariffs on at least 90% oftrade.

4. the ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Area (AKFTA) came into effect,with bilateral elimination of tariffs on at least 90% of all products.

5. the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area(AANZFTA) was also put into operation.

6. the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement also commenced,the ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) within the specifiedtimeframes.

October 2010

ADMM Plus

Inaugural meeting of the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting Plus(ADMM Plus) of the ten ASEAN Member-States with eight otherparticipants: China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, India, Australia, NewZealand, the United States of America and the Russian Federation, as ameans to engage partners in dialogue and cooperation on defence andsecurity matters.

2012 Implementation of an ASEAN Single Window, whereby customsclearance is coordinated between all member states to facilitate customsclearance of imported goods.

2015

AEC

The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) fully realized withcooperation to ensure free movement of goods, services, investment,skilled labour, and freer flow of capital.

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ASEAN: Some Economic Indicators

Total Merchandise Export Trade(Million USD at Current Prices)

1970 1980 1990 2000 20100

100000

200000

300000Singapore

MalaysiaThailandIndonesia

Vietnam

Philippines

Total Merchandise Import Trade(Million USD at Current Prices)

1970 1980 1990 2000 20100

100000

200000

300000

Singapore

ThailandMalaysia

Indonesdia

Vietnam

Philippines

Growth of trade by each of the ten nations which now constitute ASEAN (WTO).

Population

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

100

150

200

Philippines

ThailandVietnam

MyanmarMalaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

(IMF)

Land area of ASEAN Member States (1000km2 [%])(Fourth ASEAN State of the Environment Report 2009)

Urban population (% of total)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Brunei

MalaysiaIndonesia

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Urban population (% of total)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Thailand

Philippines

Singapore

Vietnam

Data on the changes in number and distribution of the population of each of the ten member states (World Bank).

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GDP (trillion constant 2000 US$)

0

50

100

150

200

250 Brunei DarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailand GDPVietnam

1960

1970

1980 19

9020

0020

10

Indonesia

Thailand

Philippines

Vietnam

GDP (trillion current US$)

0

200

400

600 Brunei DarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

1960

1970

1980 19

9020

0020

10

Indonesia

Thailand

Vietnam

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of each of the ten nations which now constitute ASEAN (IMF).

GDP, PPP (trillion constant 2005 international $)

0

200

400

600

800Brunei DarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

1960

1970

1980 19

9020

0020

10

Indonesia

Thailand

Vietnam

GDP, PPP (trillion current international $)

Y D

ata

0

200

400

600

800


1980

1990

2000

2010

GDP based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of each of the ten nations which now constitute ASEAN (IMF).Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP)

percentage share of world total

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Indonesia

Thailand

MalaysiaPhilippinesSingaporeVietnam

Myanmar

GDP of each of the ten nations which now constituteASEAN, as a proportion of total world GDP (IMF).

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Gross domestic product per capita, current prices (USD)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

Brunei

Singapore

Gross domestic product per capita, current prices (USD)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Singapore

Malaysia

Thailand

Indonesia

Philippines

GDP per capita of each of the ten nations which now constitute ASEAN (IMF): the graph on the right is an enlargementof the lower portion of that on the left.

Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP)per capita GDP

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Brunei

Singapore

Malaysia

Thailand

Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP)per capita GDP

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5000

10000

15000 CambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMyanmarPhilippinesThailandVietnam

Singapore

Malaysia

GDP per capita (based on PPP) of each of the ten nations which now constitute ASEAN (IMF): the graph on the right isan enlargement of the lower portion of that on the left.

Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDRand Malaysia

Myanmar, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand andVietnam

GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20000

40000

60000

Brunei

Malaysia

Singapore

GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

4000

8000

12000

MalaysiaSingapore

Thailand

Vietnam

PhilippinesIndonesia

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) in current international dollars. GNI isthe sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation ofoutput plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad (World Bank).

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Agriculture

Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanentpastures. Arable land includes land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporarymeadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow: landabandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated withcrops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee,and rubber: this excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five ormore years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops (World Bank).

Agricultural land (% of land area)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

Thailand

Philippines

Lao PDR

Brunei

Myanmar

Malaysia

Indonesia

VietnamCambodia

Singapore

Arable land (hectares per person)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 Cambodia

Lao PDR

Myanmar

Thailand

Indonesia

Malaysia

Permanent cropland (% of land area)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40Thailand

Philippines

Myanmar

Lao PDR

Indonesia

Malaysia

VietnamCambodia

Arable land (hectares per person)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 Cambodia

Lao PDR

Myanmar

Thailand

Indonesia

Malaysia

Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Brunei

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Malaysia

Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Myanmar

15

Crop production index includes all crops except fodder crops;Food production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that contain nutrients; coffee and tea areexcluded;Livestock production index includes meat and milk from all sources, dairy products such as cheese, and eggs, honey,raw silk, wool, and hides and skins (World Bank).

Food production index (1999-2001 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

50

100

150

200

Brunei

Cambodia

Myanmar

Crop production index (1999-2001 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

50

100

150

200

Brunei

Cambodia

Livestock production index (1999-2001 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

50

100

150

200

250

Myanmar

Brunei

Tractors per 100 sq. km of arable land

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300

400

Brunei

Thailand

Malaysia

Philippines

Vietnam

Energy

Energy production (kt of oil equivalent)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20000

40000

60000

80000

Brunei

Malaysia

CambodiaSingapore

ThailandVietnam

Philippines

Energy production refers to forms of primary energy--petroleum (crude oil, natural gas liquids, and oil fromnonconventional sources), natural gas, solid fuels (coal,lignite, and other derived fuels), and combustiblerenewables and waste--and primary electricity, allconverted into oil equivalents (World Bank).Net energy imports (below) are estimated as energy useless production, both measured in oil equivalents. Anegative value indicates that the country is a net exporter.Energy use refers to use of primary energy beforetransformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal toindigenous production plus imports and stock changes,minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraftengaged in international transport (World Bank).

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Energy imports, net (% of energy use)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-1200

-800

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Energy imports, net (% of energy use)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-1200

-800

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR andMalaysia


Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources (% of total)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Brunei DarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysia

Brunei

MalaysiaIndonesia

Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources (% of total)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Myanmar

Philippines

Oil refers to crude oil and petroleum products. Gas refers to natural gas but excludes natural gas liquids. Coal refers to allcoal and brown coal, both primary (including hard coal and lignite-brown coal) and derived fuels (including patent fuel,coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas, and blast furnace gas). Peat is also included in this category (World Bank).

Electricity production from coal sources (% of total)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

CambodiaLao PDR

Electricity production from coal sources (% of total)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Coal refers to all coal and brown coal, both primary (including hard coal and lignite-brown coal) and derived fuels(including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas, and blast furnace gas). Peat is also included in thiscategory (World Bank).

17

Electricity production from natural gas sources (% of total)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Electricity production from natural gas sources (% of total)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Singapore

Thailand Vietnam

Philippines

Gas refers to natural gas but excludes natural gas liquids (World Bank).Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80Brunei DarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysia

Malaysia

Indonesia

Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Hydropower refers to electricity produced by hydroelectric power plants (World Bank).

Electricity production from renewable sources,excluding hydroelectric (% of total)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

Indonesia

Thailand

Philippines

Electricity production from renewable sources, excludinghydroelectric, includes geothermal, solar, tides, wind,biomass, and biofuels (World Bank).

18



Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000 Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Singapore

ThailandVietnam

Philippines

Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenousproduction plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in internationaltransport (World Bank).

Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

2000

4000

6000

8000Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

2000

4000

6000

8000

Singapore

Thailand

VietnamPhilippines

Electric power consumption measures the production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission,distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants (World Bank).



GDP per unit of energy use (PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia Cambodia

GDP per unit of energy use (PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

GDP per unit of energy use is the PPP GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use (World Bank).

19

GDP per unit of energy use(constant 2005 PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

GDP per unit of energy use(constant 2005 PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

GDP per unit of energy use is the PPP GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use (World Bank).

General Merchandise and Trade


Myanmar, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailandand Vietnam

Merchandise trade (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300


Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Merchandise trade (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300

PhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

Singapore

Merchandise trade as a share of GDP is the sum of merchandise exports and imports divided by the value ofGDP, all in current U.S. dollars (World Bank).

Trade (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

50

100

150

200

300

400

Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Trade (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

50

100

150

200

300

400

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Myanmar

Trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods and services (World Bank).

20

External balance on goods and services (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-20

0

20

40

CambodiaLao PDR

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

External balance on goods and services (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-20

0

20

40MyanmarPhilippines

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

External balance on goods and services (formerly resource balance) equals exports of goods and services minusimports of goods and services (previously nonfactor services) (World Bank).

Trade in services (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

50

75

100


BruneiMalaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Trade in services (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

50

75

100

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Trade in services is the sum of service exports and imports divided by the value of GDP, all in current U.S. dollars(World Bank).

Exports: an overview



Export value index (2000 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300

400

500

Brunei Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Export value index (2000 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300

400

500

Singapore

Philippines

Myanmar

Thailand

Vietnam

Export values are the current value of exports (f.o.b.) converted to U.S. dollars and expressed as a percentage of theaverage for the base period (World Bank).

21

Export volume index (2000 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Export volume index (2000 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300 MyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

Export volume indices are the ratio of the import value indexes to the corresponding unit value indexes (based on datareported by countries that demonstrate consistency under UNCTAD quality controls, supplemented by UNCTAD’sestimates or the import volume indices of the IMF (World Bank).

Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

100

125CambodiaIndonesiaLao PDR

Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Brunei

Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

100

125

MyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

Thailand

Philippines

Myanmar

Exports of goods and services include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, licensefees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and governmentservices. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income and transfer payments (World Bank).

Imports: an overview



Import value index (2000 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300

400


Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Import value index (2000 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300

400


Vietnam

Import value indexes are the current value of imports (c.i.f.) converted to U.S. dollars as a percentage of the average forthe base period (World Bank).

22

Import volume index (2000 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200


Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Import volume index (2000 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300


Brunei

Vietnam

Import volume indices are the ratio of the import value indexes to the corresponding unit value indexes (based on datareported by countries that demonstrate consistency under UNCTAD quality controls, supplemented by UNCTAD’sestimates or the import volume indices of the IMF (World Bank).

Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

50

100

150

200 Brunei DarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysia

Malaysia

Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

50

100

150

200

PhilippinesThailandVietnam

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Myanmar

Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of theworld. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and otherservices, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services.They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transferpayments (World Bank).

23

Merchandise

Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, LaoPDR and Malaysia


Merchandise imports (current US$ 1000 million)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

50

100

150

200

250


Merchandise exports (current US$ 1000 million)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300

Brunei DarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

Merchandise imports show the c.i.f. value of goodsreceived from the rest of the world valued in currentU.S. dollars (World Bank).

Merchandise exports show the f.o.b. value of goodsprovided to the rest of the world valued in current U.S.dollars (World Bank).

Agricultural raw materials exclude fuels, crude fertilizers and minerals, metalliferous ores and scrap (World Bank).



Agricultural raw materials exports(% of merchandise exports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Agricultural raw materials exports(% of merchandise exports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

Singapore

Vietnam

Thailand

Philippines

Agricultural raw materials imports(% of merchandise imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

2

4

6

8

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Agricultural raw materials imports(% of merchandise imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

2

4

6

8

Singapore

Vietnam

Thailand

Philippines

Myanmar

24

Ores and metals comprise crude fertilisers, minerals, metalliferous ores, scrap and non-ferrous metals (WorldBank).



Ores and metals exports(% of merchandise exports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

20


Indonesia

Philippines

Philippines

Ores and metals imports (% of merchandise imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

2

4

6

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Ores and metals imports (% of merchandise imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

2

4

6MyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

Singapore

Thailand

Fuels comprise mineral fuels (World Bank).



Fuel exports(% of merchandise exports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100 Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

SingaporeVietnam

ThailandPhilippines

25

Fuel imports (% of merchandise imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Fuel imports (% of merchandise imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20


Singapore

Food comprises food and live animals; beverages and tobacco; animal and vegetable oils and fats; and oil seeds,oil nuts, and oil kernels (World Bank).



Food exports(% of merchandise exports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

Malaysia

IndonesiaBrunei

Food exports(% of merchandise exports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

Singapore

Vietnam

Thailand

Philippines

Myanmar

Food imports (% of merchandise imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

20

25

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Food imports (% of merchandise imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

20


Singapore

Thailand

Philippin es

26

Manufactures comprise chemicals, basic manufactures, machinery and transport equipment and miscellaneousmanufactured goods, excluding nonferrous metals (World Bank).



Manufactures exports(% of merchandise exports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Manufactures exports(% of merchandise exports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Singapore

Vietnam

Thailand

Philippines

Myanmar

Manufactures imports (% of merchandise imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

40

60

80Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

CambodiaIndonesia

Manufactures imports (% of merchandise imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

40

60

80


Philippines

27

Services



Commercial service exports (current US$ 1000 million)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

6080

100120


Singapore

Commercial service imports (current US$ 1000 million)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100


Singapore

Thailand

Computer, communications and other services include such activities as international telecommunications, and postaland courier services; computer data; news-related service transactions between residents and nonresidents; constructionservices; royalties and license fees; miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services; and personal, cultural,and recreational services (World Bank).



Computer, communications and other services(% of commercial service exports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Lao PDR

Computer, communications and other services(% of commercial service exports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

Singapore

Thailand

Philippines

Myanmar

Computer, communications and other services(% of commercial service imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Computer, communications and other services(% of commercial service imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100MyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandYear vs Col 13

Singapore

Thailand

28

Communications, computer, information, and other services cover international telecommunications and postal andcourier services; computer data; news-related service transactions between residents and nonresidents; constructionservices; royalties and license fees; miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services; personal, cultural,and recreational services; and government services not included elsewhere (World Bank).

Communications, computer, etc.(% of service exports, BoP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75


Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Communications, computer, etc.(% of service exports, BoP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

Singapore

Thailand

Philippines

Myanmar

ICT service exports (% of service exports, BoP)

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

5

10

15

20

Malaysia

Cambodia

Singapore

Philippines

Indonesia

Cambodia

Information and communication technology serviceexports include computer and communications services(telecommunications and postal and courier services) andinformation services (computer data and news-relatedservice transactions) (World Bank).

29

Insurance and financial services cover various types of insurance provided to nonresidents by resident insuranceenterprises and vice versa, and financial intermediary and auxiliary services (except those of insurance enterprisesand pension funds) exchanged between residents and nonresidents (World Bank).



Insurance and financial services(% of service exports, BoP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

1

2

3

10

15

20


Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Malaysia Lao PDR

Insurance and financial services(% of service exports, BoP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

1

2

3

10

15

20

Singapore

Thailand

Philippines

MyanmarSingapore

Insurance and financial services(% of service imports, BoP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-30

-20

-10

0

10


Indonesia

Lao PDR

Insurance and financial services(% of service imports, BoP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-30

-20

-10

0

10

MyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailand

30

Transport services cover all transport services (sea, air, land, internal waterway, space, and pipeline) performed byresidents of one economy for those of another and involving the carriage of passengers, movement of goods (freight),rental of carriers with crew, and related support and auxiliary services. Excluded are freight insurance, which is included ininsurance services; goods procured in ports by nonresident carriers and repairs of transport equipment, which are includedin goods; repairs of railway facilities, harbors, and airfield facilities, which are included in construction services; and rentalof carriers without crew, which is included in other services (World Bank).



Transport services (% of service exports, BoP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

BruneiMalaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Transport services (% of service exports, BoP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

Singapore

Thailand

Philippines

Myanmar

Transport services(% of commercial service imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80


Cambodia

Lao PDR

Transport services(% of commercial service imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

MyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandYear vs Col 13

Singapore

Thailand

31

Travel services cover goods and services acquired from an economy by travelers in that economy for their own use duringvisits of less than one year for business or personal purposes. Travel services include the goods and services consumed bytravelers, such as lodging, meals, and transport (within the economy visited) (World Bank).



Travel services(% of commercial service exports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Travel services(% of commercial service exports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Singapore

Myanmar

Thailand

Philippines

Myanmar

Travel services (% of service exports, BoP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

BruneiMalaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Travel services (% of service exports, BoP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Singapore

Thailand Philippines

Myanmar

Philippines

Travel services(% of commercial service imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Travel services(% of commercial service imports)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

Singapore

Myanmar

Thailand

Philippines

Myanmar

32

Travel services (% of service imports, BoP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Travel services (% of service imports, BoP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

MyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailand

Philippines

Myanmar

TourismInternational inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that inwhich they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months andwhose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. A person whomakes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival. Sources and collectionmethods for arrivals differ across countries, so that caution is required in comparing arrivals across countries (WorldBank).

International tourism, number of arrivals(Millions)

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

5

10

15

20

Brunei DarussalamCambodiaLao PDRMyanmarPhilippinesVietnam

Thailand

Malaysia

Indonesia

Singapore

International tourism, receipts (current US$ million)

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Brunei DarussalamCambodiaLao PDRMyanmarPhilippinesVietnam

Thailand

Malaysia

Indonesia

Singapore

International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriersfor international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in thedestination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough tojustify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items (WorldBank).

33

International tourism, receipts (% of total exports)

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

5

10

15

20

25Brunei DarussalamMyanmarPhilippinesVietnam

Thailand

Malaysia

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Singapore

Myanmar Indonesia

International tourism, receipts for travel items(current US$ million)

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

5000

10000

15000

20000 Brunei DarussalamCambodiaLao PDRMyanmarPhilippines

Thailand

Malaysia

Indonesia

Singapore

Receipts for travel items are expenditures by international inbound visitors for goods and services in the reportingeconomy, but excluding the international carriage of travelers (World Bank).

International outbound tourists are the number of departures that people make from their country of usual residence toany other country for any purpose other than a remunerated activity in the country visited. The data on outbound touristsrefer to the number of departures, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips from acountry during a given period is counted each time as a new departure (World Bank).

International tourism, number of departures(Millions)

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

10

20

30

40

CambodiaIndonesiaPhilippinesThailandVietnam

Malaysia

Singapore

International tourism, expenditures(current US$ million)

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

5000

10000

15000Brunei DarussalamCambodiaLao PDRMyanmarPhilippinesVietnam

Thailand

Malaysia

Indonesia

Singapore

Philippines

International tourism expenditures are expenditures of international outbound visitors in other countries. Excluded is theinternational carriage of travelers, which is covered in passenger travel items (World Bank).

34

International tourism, expenditures (% of total imports)

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

5

10

15

20 CambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam Indonesia

Brunei

International tourism, expenditures for travel items(current US$ million)

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

5000

10000


Singapore

Value added: various sectors

Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculatedwithout making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources(World Bank).

Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Myanmar

Agriculture value added per worker(constant 2000 US$)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

2000

4000

6000

25000

50000

75000 Brunei

Malaysia

Singapore

Agriculture comprises value added from forestry,hunting, and fishing as well as cultivation of crops andlivestock production.Agriculture value added per worker is a measure ofagricultural productivity.

35

Industry includes manufacturing and value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup),construction, electricity, water, and gas (World Bank).

Industry, value added (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Industry, value added (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50


Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Myanmar

Manufacturing (World Bank).

Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

Brunei

Malaysia

CambodiaIndonesia

Lao PDR

Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Myanmar

Food, beverages and tobacco(% of value added in manufacturing)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

50 CambodiaLao PDRThailand

Malaysia

Singapore

Philippines

Indonesia

Machinery and transport equipment(% of value added in manufacturing)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

Malaysia

Singapore

Thailand

Philippines

Indonesia

36

Textiles and clothing(% of value added in manufacturing)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

80

90

CambodiaLao PDRPhilippinesThailandVietnam

MalaysiaSingapore

Philippines

Indonesia

Other manufacturing(% of value added in manufacturing)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

20

40

60

CambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRPhilippinesThailandVietnam

Malaysia

Singapore

Thailand

Indonesia

Malaysia

Other manufacturing includes wood and related products, paper and paper-related products, petroleum and relatedproducts, basic metals and mineral products, fabricated metal products and professional goods, and other industries.Includes unallocated data: when data for textiles, machinery, or chemicals are shown as not available, they are includedin other manufacturing (World Bank).

Services (World Bank).

Services, etc., value added(% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50


Brunei Lao PDR

Services, etc., value added(% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Myanmar

Services include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, andgovernment, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Alsoincluded are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilersas well as discrepancies arising from rescaling.

37

Inflation



Consumer price index (2005 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

100

125

150

Brunei

MalaysiaCambodia

Lao PDRIndonesia

Consumer price index (2005 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

100

125

150

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Consumer price index reflects changes in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services thatmay be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly (World Bank).

Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

100

125

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Lao PDR

Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

100

125

Vietnam

Philippines

Lao PDR

Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the averageconsumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly(World Bank).

Inflation, average consumer prices (% change)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0

50

100

150

200

300

400

500

Lao PDR

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Indonesia

Inflation, average consumer prices (% change)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0

50

100

150

200

300

400

500

Year vs My PCPIPCHYear vs Ph PCPIPCHYear vs Si PCPIPCHYear vs Th PCPIPCHYear vs Vi PCPIPCH

Vietnam

Myanmar

Annual percentages of average consumer prices are year-on-year changes (IMF).

38

\

Wholesale price index (2005 = 100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

Malaysia

Indonesia

Singapore

Thailand Philippines

Indonesia

Wholesale price index refers to a mix of agriculturaland industrial goods at various stages of productionand distribution, including import duties (WorldBank).

Gross domestic product, deflator

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300

400


Indonesia

Lao PDR

Brunei

Gross domestic product, deflator

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

100

200

300

400

500

Myanmar

Vietnam

Thailand

Singapore

Philippines

The GDP deflator is derived by dividing current price GDP by constant price GDP and is considered to be analternate measure of inflation. Data are expressed in the base year of each country's national accounts (IMF).

Other general economic indicators

Current account balance (Billion USD)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50Brunei DarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysia Malaysia

Indonesia

Brunei

Current account balance (Billion USD)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50


Singapore

Vietnam

Thailand

Thailand

39

Current account balance (% GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Brunei

Lao PDR

Malaysia

Cambodia

Current account balance (% GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100


Singapore

VietnamMyanmar

Current account data, derived from all transactions other than those on financial and capital items. The majorclassifications are goods and services, income and current transfers (IMF).

Current account balance (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50


Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Current account balance (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Singapore

ThailandVietnam

Philippines

Current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods, services, net income, and net current transfers (WorldBank).

Gross capital formation (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Brunei

Gross capital formation (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

Philippines

SingaporeThailand

Vietnam

Myanmar

Gross capital formation (or investment) consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus netchanges in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant,machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices,hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings (World Bank).

40

Gross fixed capital formation, private sector(% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

CambodiaLao PDRMalaysiaPhilippines

Year vs Col 13Malaysia

Cambodia

Thailand

Philippines

Lao PDR

Malaysia

Private investment covers gross outlays by the privatesector (including private nonprofit agencies) onadditions to its fixed domestic assets (World Bank).

Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Brunei

Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

SingaporeThailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Myanmar

Gross fixed capital formation includes land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery,and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices,hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings (World Bank).

Gross national expenditure (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

50

75

100

125

BruneiMalaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDRLao PDR

Gross national expenditure (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

50

75

100

125


Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Gross national expenditure (formerly domestic absorption) is the sum of household final consumption expenditure(formerly private consumption), general government final consumption expenditure (formerly general governmentconsumption), and gross capital formation (formerly gross domestic investment) (World Bank).

41

Final consumption expenditure, etc. (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

50

75

100

Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Cambodia

Final consumption expenditure, etc. (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

50

75

100

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Myanmar

Final consumption expenditure (formerly total consumption) is the sum of household final consumption expenditure(private consumption) and general government final consumption expenditure (general government consumption).This estimate includes any statistical discrepancy in the use of resources relative to the supply of resources (WorldBank).

Gross domestic savings (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0

20

40

60 Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Lao PDR

Gross domestic savings (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0

20

40

60

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Myanmar

Gross domestic savings are calculated as GDP less final consumption expenditure (total consumption) (WorldBank).

Gross national savings (% GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

CambodiaIndonesia

Malaysia

Gross national savings (% GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50


Singapore

Thailand

Myanmar

Gross national saving is gross disposable income less final consumption expenditure after taking account of anadjustment for pension funds, expressed here as a ratio of total investment in current local currency and GDP incurrent local currency (IMF).

42

Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0

5

10

15

20 Brunei DarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysia

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0

5

10

15

20PhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Foreign direct investment comprises the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sumof equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance ofpayments (World Bank).

Gross savings (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0

20

40

60Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Lao PDR

Gross savings (% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0

20

40

60

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Gross savings are calculated as gross national income less total consumption, plus net transfers.

Finance and banking

Lending interest rate (%)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Lending interest rate (%)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Lending interest rate is the rate charged by banks on loans to prime customers (World Bank).

43

Deposit interest rate (%)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

Malaysia

Cambodia

Lao PDR

IndonesiaLao PDR

Deposit interest rate (%)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

Col 14 vs Col 15Col 14 vs Col 17Col 14 vs Col 19Col 14 vs Col 21

Deposit interest rate is the rate paid by commercial or similar banks for demand, time, or savings deposits (WorldBank).

Government finances



General government revenue (% GDP)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

Brunei

Cambodia

Malaysia

Lao PDRIndonesia

General government revenue (% GDP)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

Singapore

Vietnam

Myanmar

Philippines

Thailand

Revenue consists of taxes, social contributions, grants receivable, and other revenue (IMF).

Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Malaysia

Indonesia

Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

SingaporeThailand

Philippines

Myanmar

Government revenue is cash receipts from taxes, social contributions, and other revenues such as fines, fees, rent, andincome from property or sales (World Bank).

44

Tax revenue (% of GDP)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

20 Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Indonesia

Tax revenue (% of GDP)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

20

SingaporeThailand

Philippines

Myanmar

Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes:. fines, penalties, and mostsocial security contributions are excluded (World Bank).

Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of total taxes)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Indonesia

Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of total taxes)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

Singapore

Thailand

Philippines

Myanmar

Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of revenue)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Indonesia

Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of revenue)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70MyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailand

Singapore

Philippines

Myanmar

Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are levied on the actual or presumptive net income of individuals, on theprofits of corporations and enterprises, and on capital gains, whether realized or not, on land, securities, and otherassets (World Bank).

45

Taxes on goods and services (% of revenue)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

25

50 CambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysia

Malaysia

CambodiaIndonesia

Lao PDR

Indonesia

Taxes on goods and services (% of revenue)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

25

50

Singapore

Thailand

Philippines

Myanmar

Taxes on goods and services include general sales and turnover or value-added taxes, selective excises on goods,selective taxes on services, taxes on the use of goods or property, taxes on extraction and production of minerals, andprofits of fiscal monopolies (World Bank).

Taxes on international trade (% of revenue)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

Malaysia

Cambodia

Singapore

Thailand

Philippines

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Taxes on exports (% of tax revenue)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

CambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailand

Malaysia

Cambodia

Taxes on international trade include import duties, exportduties, profits of export or import monopolies, exchangeprofits, and exchange taxes (World Bank).

Taxes on exports are all levies on goods being transportedout of the country or services being delivered tononresidents by residents (World Bank).

Customs and other import duties (% of tax revenue)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

Malaysia

Cambodia

Singapore

Thailand

Philippines

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Other taxes (% of revenue)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

IndonesiaMalaysiaPhilippinesSingapore

Malaysia

Singapore

Philippines

Indonesia

Malaysia

Indonesia

Customs and other import duties are levies collected ongoods that are entering the country or services deliveredby nonresidents to residents (World Bank).

These include employer payroll or labor taxes, taxes onproperty, and taxes not otherwise allocable: e.g. penaltiesfor late payment or nonpayment of taxes (World Bank).

46

Expense (% of GDP)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

20Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Indonesia

Expense (% of GDP)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

20

Singapore

ThailandPhilippines

Myanmar

Expense covers cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services, includingcompensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and otherexpenses such as rent and dividends (World Bank).

Health expenditure, total (% of GDP)

1995 2000 20050

2

4

6

8

Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Health expenditure, total (% of GDP)

1995 2000 20050

2

4

6

8

PhilippinesSingaporeThailand

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Myanmar

Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of healthservices (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated forhealth but does not include provision of water and sanitation (World Bank).

Health expenditure, public (% of total health expenditure)

1995 2000 20050

20

40

60

80Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Health expenditure, public (% of total health expenditure)

1995 2000 20050

20

40

60

80 PhilippinesSingapore Thailand

Vietnam

Myanmar

Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets,external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmentalorganizations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds (World Bank).

47

Health expenditure, public (% of government expenditure)

1995 2000 20050

5

10

15

BruneiIndonesiaMalaysia

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia Lao PDR

Health expenditure, public (% of government expenditure)

1995 2000 20050

5

10

15

Singapore

Thailand

VietnamPhilippines

Myanmar

Expenditure per student, primary (% of GDP per capita)

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Cambodia 5.3 5.9 6.9 5.4Indonesia 15.5 11.0Lao PDR 2.3 8.0 10.0Malaysia 12.5 16.3 19.2 17.8 14.0 10.8 11.6 14.2Myanmar 2.6

Philippines 12.8 12.1 11.4 12.0 9.4 8.6 9.0Singapore 8.4 10.5 11.6

Thailand 12.9 17.8 16.8 14.4 20.5 24.0Vietnam 19.6

Expenditure per student, secondary (% of GDP per capita)

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Cambodia 11.5 6.3Indonesia 13.6 12.5Lao PDR 4.5 9.0Malaysia 21.7 26.5 27.1 25.1 20.3 14.3 14.2 12.4Myanmar 6.9 2.8

Philippines 11.0 9.7 9.4 10.3 9.2 9.2 9.1Singapore 12.9 15.7 17.6

Thailand 15.9 15.9 7.6 9.1Vietnam 17.2

Expenditure per student, tertiary (% of GDP per capita)

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Cambodia 43.6Indonesia 18.7 16.2Lao PDR 68.6 70.6 112.1 83.4Malaysia 81.1 109.4 97.8 89.4 68.2 59.6 49.4 33.9Myanmar 28.0

Philippines 15.4 14.3 14.8 14.4 12.7 11.6 9.5Singapore 27.3 28.9

Thailand 45.7 36.0 32.7 23.6 25.6 29.3 22.0 22.3Vietnam 61.4

48

Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure)

1970 … 1975 … 1980 … 1985 … 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Brunei 13.9 12.2 11.8 9.3 9.3 9.1 8.5

Cambodia 23.5 10.2 8.7 14.7 12.4

Indonesia 11.5 14.3 16.0 14.2 14.9 17.2 18.7 17.9

Lao PDR 0.6 4.5 7.4 8.8 10.6 12.0 10.8 11.7 14.0 15.8 12.2

Malaysia 17.7 19.3 14.7 16.3 25.2 26.7 20.0 20.3 28.0 25.2 18.2 17.2

Myanmar 17.9 16.0 8.1 8.7 18.1

Philippines 24.4 13.0 9.1 7.4 13.9 14.0 17.8 17.2 16.4 15.2 16.7 15.9 16.9

Singapore 11.7 9.2 8.1 15.3 11.6 10.3

Thailand 17.3 18.7 18.8 18.5 28.1 31.0 28.3 26.8 25.0 25.0 20.9 20.5 20.3

Vietnam 19.8

Public spending on education, total (% of GDP)

1970 … 1975 … 1980 … 1985 … 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Brunei 6.4 2.0 1.2 4.7 5.3 4.9 3.7

Cambodia 5.8 1.3 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.6 2.1

Indonesia 2.5 2.6 3.2 2.7 2.9 3.6 3.5 2.8

Lao PDR 0.4 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.9 3.0 2.3

Malaysia 4.0 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.0 7.5 7.7 7.5 5.9 7.5 4.7 4.5 4.1

Myanmar 3.0 1.6 1.5 1.8 0.6 0.6 1.3

Philippines 2.7 1.8 1.7 1.3 4.2 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

Singapore 3.2 2.6 2.7 4.4 3.1 2.6 3.0 3.3

Thailand 3.1 2.4 2.6 3.5 4.7 5.0 5.4 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 3.8 3.8 4.1

Vietnam 5.3

49

General government total expenditure (% GDP)

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

IndonesiaLao PDRBrunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

General government total expenditure (% GDP)

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Myanmar

Vietnam

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand

Total expenditure consists of total expense and the net acquisition of non-financial assets (IMF).General government final consumption expenditure

(% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Brunei

General government final consumption expenditure(% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

PhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

Thailand

VietnamPhilippines

General government final consumption expenditure (formerly general government consumption) includes allgovernment current expenditures for purchases of goods and services (including compensation of employees). It alsoincludes most expenditures on national defense and security, but excludes government military expenditures that arepart of government capital formation (World Bank).

General government net lending/borrowing (% GDP)

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Brunei DarassullamCambodiaIndonesiaLao PDRMalaysia

Brunei

Malaysia

General government net lending/borrowing (% GDP)

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40MyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnamSingapore

Philippines

Thailand

50

Net lending (+) or borrowing (-) is calculated as revenue minus total expenditure. It measures the extent to whichgeneral government is either putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy andnonresidents (net lending), or utilizing the financial resources generated by other sectors and nonresidents (netborrowing); and thus is an indicator of the financial impact of general government activity on the rest of the economyand nonresidents (IMF).

General government gross debt (% GDP)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Malaysia

Brunei Darussalam

Cambodia

General government gross debt (% GDP)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Myanmar

Singapore

Philippines

Thailand Vietnam

Gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to thecreditor at a date or dates in the future (IMF).

Central government debt, total (% of GDP)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

100

Malaysia

Singapore

Thailand

Philippines

Indonesia

Malaysia

Indonesia

Interest payments (% of revenue)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

10

20

30

40 CambodiaLao PDRThailand

Malaysia

Singapore

Philippines

Indonesia

Indonesia

Debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-termcontractual obligations to others outstanding on aparticular date (World Bank).

Interest payments include those on government debt(long-term bonds and loans, and other debtinstruments) to domestic and foreign residents (WorldBank).

Households

51

Household final consumption expenditure, etc.(% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

100

Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Household final consumption expenditure, etc.(% of GDP)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

25

50

75

100

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Household final consumption expenditure is the market value of all goods and services, including durable products(such as cars, washing machines, and home computers), purchased by households. It excludes purchases ofdwellings but includes imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings. It also includes payments and fees togovernments to obtain permits and licenses (World Bank).

Health expenditure, private (% of GDP)

1995 2000 20050.0

2.5

5.0

Brunei

Malaysia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Health expenditure, private (% of GDP)

1995 2000 20050.0

2.5

5.0MyanmarPhilippinesSingapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Private health expenditure includes direct household (out-of-pocket) spending, private insurance, charitable donations,and direct service payments by private corporations (World Bank).

Unemployment rate

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

2

4

6

8

10

12Indonesia

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Unemployment rate

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

2

4

6

8

10

12

Philippines

VietnamSingapore

Thailand

Myanmar

Unemployment rate may be defined by either the national definition, the ILO harmonized definition, or theOECD harmonized definition (IMF).

52

The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure)among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality (World Bank).

53

Appendix I

ASEAN and the Millennium Development Goals

Coinciding with the aim to fully realise an ASEAN Economic Community, 2015 is the target datefor the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): the latter is the culmination of the MillenniumDeclaration, signed by 189 countries in September 2000,1 with further agreement by memberstates at the 2005 World Summit.2 The goals and targets are interrelated and represent apartnership between the developed countries and the developing countries "to create anenvironment - at the national and global levels alike - which is conducive to development and theelimination of poverty".

Most developing countries subscribed to aspiring to achieve eight MDGs.3 Attaining a goal'sprimary objective is dependent on meeting the requirements of at least one quantifiable indicator;moreover, each goal may have more than one target each with its own indicator(s). The followinggives a broad outline of the eight common goals.4

Goal 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger (3 targets, 9 indicators)

Goal 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education (1 target, 3 indicators)

Goal 3. Promote Gender Equality And Empower Women (1 target, 3 indicators)

Goal 4. Reduce Child Mortality (1 target, 3 indicators)

Goal 5. Improve Maternal Health (2 targets, 6 indicators)

Goal 6. Combat HIV/Aids, Malaria and Other Diseases (3 targets, 10 indicators)

Goal 7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability (4 targets, 10 indicators)

Goal 8. Develop A Global Partnership For Development (5 targets)

The following data on the Millennium Development Goal Indicators are based on AsianDevelopment Bank's Statistical Database System.

1 http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm2 http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/RES/60/13 Cambodia and the Lao PDR added a ninth: ???4 See http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Indicators/OfficialList.htm for a more

detailed listing

54

Goal 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a dayIndicator 1.1 The percentage of working poor: employed persons living below $1 (PPP) per day in a household whose members are estimated to be

living below the international poverty line of $1.25 a day, measured at 2005 international prices, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP).

Indicator 1.2 Percentage poverty gap ratio at $1 a day (PPP)

Indicator 1.3 The poorest quintiles’ percentage share of national income or consumption

55

Target 1B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people

Indicator 1.4 Growth rate of GDP per person employed: the increase in labour productivity, based on theamount of output (GDP) per unit of input (person employed).

GDP per person employed, growth rate

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

-10

0

10

20


Brunei

Cambodia

Indonesia

GDP per person employed, growth rate

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

-10

0

10

20


Singapore

Myanmar

Philippines

Thailand

Indicator 1.5 Employment-to-population ratio: the proportion of a country’s working-age population that isemployed

Employment-to-population ratio

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

50

60

70

80

90

100


Lao PDR

Cambodia

Indonesia

Employment-to-population ratio

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

50

60

70

80

90

100

Singapore

Philippines

Vietnam

Myanmar

Thailand

Indicator 1.6 Employed people living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Cambodia ... ... ... 53.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 37.0 ... ...

Indonesia ... ... 65.4 ... ... 52.5 ... 33.7 58.5 9.2 ... 30.0 ... ... 27.8 ...

Lao PDR ... 57.0 ... ... ... ... 51.2 ... ... ... ... 45.7 ... ... ... ...

Malaysia ... 1.9 ... ... 2.5 ... 0.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.6 ... ...

Philippines 37.1 ... ... 33.9 ... ... 25.8 ... ... 27.6 ... ... 18.7 ... ... 27.2

Thailand ... 5.7 ... ... ... 2.0 ... 1.8 1.7 1.6 ... 0.5 ... 0.0 ... ...

Vietnam ... ... 71.5 ... ... ... ... 55.5 ... ... ... 44.9 ... 22.7 ... 20.4

56

Indicator 1.7 Percentage of own-account (self-employed workers without employees) and contributing familyworkers (those with jobs in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the samehousehold) in total employment, as a measure of the share of vulnerable employment, the remuneration isdirectly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced.

Target 1C: Halve people suffering from hunger

Indicator 1.8 Children under 5 moderately or severely underweight, percentage

Indicator 1.9 Percentage population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption: percentage of thepopulation that is undernourished or food deprived.

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Target 2: Ensure completion of full primary schooling

Indicator 2.1 Number of children of official primary age enrolled either in primary or secondary education,expressed as a percentage of the primary school-age population

57

Indicator 2.2 Percentage of pupils starting Grade 1 who reachlast grade of primary education.

Indicator 2.3 Literacy Rate, 15 to 24 year-old men and women (percentage)

Pupils Starting Grade 1 who reach last grade of primary (%)

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

40

60

80

100


Lao PDR

Cambodia

Indonesia

Myanmar

Vietnam

Philippines

Literacy Rate, 15 to 24 Years Old (%)

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 200865

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Brunei DarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLao People's Democratic RepublicMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandViet Nam, Socialist Republic of

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Myanmar

Vietnam

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower womenTarget 3: Eliminate gender disparity in education

Indicator 3.1 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015,based on the Gender Parity Index

58

Indicator 3.2 Share of female workers in wage employment in the non-agricultural (industry and services) sectoras a percentage of total wage employment in that same sector.

Share of Women in Wage Employment inNon-Agricultural Sector (%)

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

10

20

30

40

50


Cambodia

Malaysia

Brunei

Indonesia

Share of Women in Wage Employment inNon-Agricultural Sector (%)

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

10

20

30

40

50Vietnam

Myanmar

Indicator 3.3 Seats held by women in single or lower chambers of national parliaments, as a percentage of alloccupied seats.

Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityTarget 4 Reduce by two-thirds the under-five mortality rate

Indicator 4.1 Under-five mortality rate per thousand live births

Mortality, under-five, per thousand live births

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160


Lao PDR

Cambodia

Myanmar

Indonesia

Philippines

59

Indicator 4.2 Infant mortality rate (0-1 years-old) per 1,000 live births

Indicator 4.3 Percentage of 1 year-old children who have received at least one dose of a measles vaccine

Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

40

60

80

100

Lao PDR

Cambodia

Brunei

Malaysia

Indonesia

Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

40

60

80

100


Myanmar

Philippines

Goal 5: Improve maternal healthTarget 5A Reduce by three-quarters the maternal mortality ratio

Indicator 5.1 Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births

60

Indicator 5.2 Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel (doctors, nurses or midwives)

Indicator 5.3 Contraceptive use among currently married women 15-49 years old, any method (percentage)

Target 5B Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health

Indicator 5.4 Adolescent birth rate, as annual number of births to women 15 to 19 years of age per 1,000 women inthat age group

Indicator 5.5a Percentage of women aged 15-49 with a live birth that received antenatal care provided by a skilledhealth personnel (doctors, nurses, or midwives) at least once during pregnancy, as a percentage of women age 15-49years with a live birth in that time period.

61

Indicator 5.5b Percentage of women aged 15-49 with a live birth that received antenatal care provided by a skilledhealth personnel (doctors, nurses, or midwives) at least four times during pregnancy, as a percentage of women age15-49 years with a live birth in that time period.

Indicator 5.6 Unmet need for family planning: percentage of fecund and sexually-active women not usingcontraception who report not wanting any more children or wanting to delay the next child.

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Target 6A Halted and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

Indicator 6.1 HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years (percentage)

Target 6B Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDSIndicator 6.5 Percentage of adults and children with advanced HIV infection receiving antiretroviral therapyaccording to nationally approved treatment protocol.

62

Target 6C Halted and begun to reverse the incidence of major diseases

Indicator 6.6a Malaria incidence: notified cases per 100,000 population

Indicator 6.6b Malaria: death associated with, per 100,000 population, ages 0-4

Indicator 6.9 Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, incidence rate

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080

100

200

300

400

500

600

Cambodia

Myanmar

Philippines

Vietnam

Thailand

Indonesia

Tuberculosis, prevalence rate

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080

200

400

600

800

1000

1200Cambodia

Myanmar

Indonesia

Vietnam

MyanmarPhilippines

VietnamIndonesiaThailand

63

Tuberculosis, death rate

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080

50

100

150 Cambodia

Myanmar

Indonesia

VietnamIndonesia &VietnamIndonesia

Thailand

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainabilityTarget 7A Reverse the loss of environmental resourcesIndicator 7.2a Carbon Dioxide emissions (thousand tonnes) Indicator 7.2b Carbon Dioxide emissions (tonnes per capita)

Carbon Dioxide emissions (thousand metric tons)

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080

100

200

300

400

Indonesia

Thailand

Malaysia

Vietnam

Philippines

Singapore

Carbon Dioxide emissions (per capita metric tons)

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080

5

10

15

20

25

Brunei

Singapore

Malaysia Thailand

64

Indicator 7.2.c Carbon Dioxide emissions (Kilogram per $1 GDP PPP)

Carbon Dioxide emissions (Kg per $1 GDP PPP)

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Indonesia

Malaysia

Brunei

Lao PDR

Cambodia

Carbon Dioxide emissions (Kg per $1 GDP PPP)

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080.0

0.2

0.4

0.6Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Singapore

Singapore

Myanmar

Indicator 7.5 Proportion of total groundwater and surface water resources, used in the agricultural domestic and industrialsectors, as a percentage of the total volume of water available annually through the hydrological cycle (total actualrenewable water resources).

Indicator 7.8 Use of improved drinking water sources

Indicator 7.9 Use of improved sanitation facilities

65

Target 7D Improve lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

Indicator 7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slums (percentage), where a slum household is defined as a groupof individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the following conditions:

Access to improved water Access to improved sanitation Sufficient-living area Durability of housing Security of tenure (where applicable)

Indicator 8.12 Debt service (long-term public and publicly-guaranteed debt and repayments to the International MonetaryFund) as percentage of exports of goods and services and net income

Indicator 8.16 Internet Users as percentage of total population

Internet Users per 100 Population

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080

20

40


66

Target 8F Availability of benefits of new technologiesIndicator 8.14 Telephone subscribers as percentage of total population

Telephone subscribers per 100 population

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080

10

20

30

40

50


Indicator 8.15 Cellular subscribers as percentage of total population

Cellular subscribers per 100 population

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080

20

40

60

80

100

120

140


67

Appendix IIFAO data for each ASEAN member

Numbers above the bars in the left-hand graphs indicate world-ranking as a producer.

background paper on asean - aefaef.org.kh/aef_pro/8th aef background paper.pdf4 1. show mutual...

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