bacteria - ksufac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/311-bacteria-student.pdf · 2015-03-01 ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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BACTERIA
CLS 311: Basic Microbiology
Mrs. Ohoud alhumaidan
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OUTLINE
History
Prokaryote
Introduction
Bacteria size & shape ( Morphology + arrangement)
Reproduction
Classification
Structure of bacterial cell
1. Capsule
2. Cell wall
3. Cell membrane ( cytoplasmic membrane)
4. Cytoplasm , chromosome and plasmid
5. Flagella
6. Pilli
7. Endospore
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HISTORY
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
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MICROORGANISMS
A cellular
Cellular
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Archaea
Bacteria
Viruses
Protozoae
Fungi .
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PROKARYOTES
There are two major types of prokaryotes: 1. Bacteria.
2. Archaea (also called archaebacteria)
Prokaryotic cells possess simpler structures than eukaryotic cells ,
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INTRODUCTION
Bacteriology
Bacteria (plural), Bacterium (singular).
Binary fusion
Generation time
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BACTERIA SIZE & SHAPE
Size :
Ranging between 0.2m to 10.0 m in length
Unit of microbial measurement is the micrometer (m), formerly micron () which is equal to:
1m = 1/1000 of a millimeter (mm)
Shape ( morphology ) 1) Rods ( bacilli )
2) Cocci
3) Spiral or curved shape
4) pleomorphic
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BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY
1- Shape:
Bacilli (bacillus, singular) – rod shaped organisms
Cocci (coccus, singular) – spherical or round organisms
Spirilla (spirillum, singular) – spiralled or comma-shaped organisms
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BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY
2-Arrangement : A- cocci
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BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY
2-Arrangement : B- bacilli
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REPRODUCTION
Binary fission
Two factors that affect bacterial
arrangements:
• Plane of division
• Position taken after cell division
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REPRODUCTION
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Cocci arrangement Example
diplococci Neisseria gonorrhea
Chains Streptococci,
Grapelike clusters Staphylococci
Groups of four (tetrads ) Peptococcu
Packets of eight Sarcinae
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CLASSIFICATION
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Kingdom Bacteria
Phylum Proteobacteria
Class Gamma Proteobacteria
Order Enterobacteriales
Family Enterobacteriaceae
Genus Escherichia
Species Escherichia coli
e.g. Escherichia coli
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STRUCTURE OF BACTERIAL CELL ( CHECK CHAPTER 3)
Cell Envelope :
Made up of two to three layers:
1. Cell wall .
2. Cell membrane .
3. Capsule : (in some species of bacteria )
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STRUCTURE OF BACTERIAL CELL
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1- CAPSULE
Made of polysaccharide
Can be detected by capsule staining (
negative stain )
Function of bacterial capsule
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2- CELL WALL
cell wall provides strength , rigidity and protection
Peptidoglycan
Classification of bacteria according to cell wall :
1- have cell wall : Gram positive & Gram negative
2- lack of cell wall : e.g. : Mycoplasma ( AFB )
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PEPTIDOGLYCAN
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Gram stain
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN G+ & G -- (CHECK TABLE 4-5 ( CHAPTER 4)
Gram positive
Gram negative
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN G+ & G- CELL WALL FIGURE 3-8 (CHAPTER 4)
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3-CELL MEMBRANE
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CYTOPLASM & CHROMOSOME & PLASMID
Cytoplasm:
It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes,
nutrients, wastes, and gases .
Chromosome :
bacterial cells possess only one chromosome .
Plasmid :
Plasmids are small extrachromosomal genetic structures carried
by many strains of bacteria.
Like the chromosome, plasmids are made of a circular piece of
DNA. Unlike the chromosome, they are not involved in
reproduction.
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FLAGELLA
Flagella (singular, flagellum) are long hair-like
structures that can be found at either or both ends of
a bacterium or all over its surface.
Function of the Flagella
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PILLI
Many species of bacteria have pili (singular, pilus),
short hair-like structures emerging from all around
the outside cell surface.
Type of Pilli :
Function of the Pilli :
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ENDOSPORES
Bacterial spores called endospore
Sporulation
Eg ; clostredium , Bacillus
Function of endospores
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Several species of endospore-formers can
cause a disease :
clostridium botulinum>> botulism
Clostridium tetani >> tetanus
Clostridiun prefrenges >>gas gangren