ballfo rsaahlbrtr plstic · security clauivicatiop4 of two&s paoe(iftu d~at linter" (item...
TRANSCRIPT
\A \
1--v
(eny~ I Goma
'"AU
EQIVLNTWEGT FrtrACTR FOURl I g ro~nar-v o"
BALLFO PLSTIC RSAAHLBRTR
oii ABXA1OEN ARVND GROND.MARLAN
App ve I'rpbi oos;dsrbtoulmtd
L-lop
MN
W.
-
Destroy this report when it is no loniger needed.LDO ;ot return it to the originator.
Secondry distribution of this report by originatingow, sponsc wing activity is prohibited. -
Additional copies of this report may be obtainedfrom the Nat ional Technical Information Service,U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia22161.
P4
The findings in this report are not to be coflstrue4L asan official Department of the Armypsii1,uls
so designaated by other author~lzed documono.ts.
T~rw uee Yot t m4d namea or mnwmufac.~'rwvrI n~mio ini th4.,'urujdoe's not oAonstitluea indorsfeiiwnt of ainy comr~wciaL pirod!iot.
-~ ~ ~ - M I . M
IF--
UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLA3SlP1CATIO, OF THIS PAGE (Many Daee Onte,.d) __________________
REPO" CUMENTATION PAGE F0ICOPENGOR1.REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO . 3RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
,1*~~P 0py V .. z RCpi.
(~$ EQIVALENT.,yEIGHTFACTORs FOR FOUR PLAST'IC Fnlyfi.
AND AFI7,0(2. PERFORMING ORG, REPORT NUMNUER
7.___R~ 1 C~ONTRACT OR GRANT NUM ERt(M)
/0 Henry J.iGoodman /
* Louis)Giglio-Tos9. P'ERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADORES 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK
U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory AE OKUI UUR
ATTN: DRDAR-BLTAbrenPoigGonM 10
It, CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS "URO4U.S. Army Armament Research and Development Command .AR W7
ATTN DELASIICTONDONGADN
14 UTNON STT 9N (oD ESSI'l differen rmCnrligOfie 5)EUIYCLS.(ti eot
Approyed for Pb
I?. N41kTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ofthUe abstract entered iny Block 20, MI differen~t train Repoat)
19. KEY WORDS(-(.ontinue oan reverse side It necesarey atd Identify by block numsber)Air Blast Equivalent WeightExplosives DetonationImpulse Plastic BondedPressureBlast Scaling
L20. LIIT'RACT (Ckithi am meirs u1t N neweaeuem anldavity by block insaber) (mba)Four free-air, shock-front parameters, peak overpressure, positive impulse,time of arrival, and positive duration, were used to determine the equivalentweight factor for four plastic-bonded explosives; AFX-103, AFX-702, PBX-108,and PBX-lO9. The equivalent weight factor, a measure of explosive effective- LAness relative to that of a scaled standard explosive, is the weight ratio ofthe weight of any subject explosive to the weight of a standard explosive(pentolite) for equal gage readings (pressure, time of arrival, etc.) at equaldistances.~ (continued)
mtsoT1=k gs snieE .NedSII~ 36DTOr V il ~1E6 SECURITY CLAW71'~CATIONOF -IS P~ED7 (1Zo Dae7nerd
1. - cN
SECURITY CLAUIVICATIOp4 OF TWO&S PAOE(Iftu D~at linter"
(Item 20 Continued)
Me aluminized explosives, AFX-702 and PBX-I09 were found to be more effective Ithan the non-aluminized explosives, AFX-103 and PBX-108, over the distance
Sinterval, approximately one to eighteen meters, for which measurements were made,
Theoretical computations show that the non-aluminized explosives examined havehigher pressures than the aluminized explosives within ten charge radii of theexplosive.
An unexpectedly high-intensity electromagnetic pulse generated by thealuminized, plastic-bonded explosives m it impossible to make measurementsat scaled distances less than 0.58 m/p
2 UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGI(1When DaOM B£M7rod0)
...-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............... .................. 5
LIST OF TABLES .................. ...................... 7
I. INTRODUCTION .................... ... .................. 9
III. OBJECTIVE ................. ....................... . .11
ITH. EXPLOSIVES TESTED ........... .................. . .... 11
IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ........ .................. ... 12
V. ANALYSIS OF DATA ...... .................... 12
SVI. CONCLUSIONS ............... ....................... ... 38
APPENDIX - TABULATED VALUES OF BLAST-PPt AMETERSMEASUREMENTS FOR AFX-103, AFX-702, PBX-108,
PBX-109 and PENTOLITE EXPLOSIVES AND GRAPHICf PRESENTATION OF PENTOLITE DATA ..... ....... . ...... 45j!
LIST OF SYMBOLS ............... .................... .. 81
DISTRIBUTION LIST ........... ..................... ... 85
ie
* C.gw
3
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSA Figure Page
I. Gage Locations ............ ..................... 13
2. Pressure-time Histories at 1.98m in Free Air ..... ..... 14
3. Pressure-time Histories at 1.98m in Free Air . .. . . .. . 15
4. Pressure-time Histories at 2.36m in Free Air ........ . 165. Pressure-time Histories at 6.Om in Free Air . . . . ..... 17
6. Pressure-time Histories at 9.14m in Mach Stem Region . . 18
7. EWF; Based on PM, R; versus ...... ...... f .... .... 32, R~x
F 7a. EWF; Based on PM, R; versus R. ........... .. 33
8. EWF; Based on PM, I; versus Rx . . . .. . . . . 34
8a. EWF; Based on PM, I; versus R ........... 5
9. EWF; Based on I, R; versus Rx ....... ............ . . . 36
9a. EWF; Based on I, R; versus Rx ............. 37
A-1. Peak Excess Pressure vs Scaled Distance in FreeAir for Pentolite ................... 72
A-2. Scaled Time of Arrival vs Scaled Distance in FreeAir for Pentolite ........... ................... 73
A-3. Scaled Positive Impulse vs Scaled Distance inFree Air for Pentolite ...... ................. ... 74
A-4. Scaled Positive Phase Duration vs ScaledSDistance in Free Air for Pentolite .............. .... 75
A-S. Peak Excess Pressure vs Scaled Distance in MachStem Region for Pentolite ............... 76
A-6. Scaled Time of Arrival vs Scaled Distance in MachStem Region for Pentolite ...................... 77
A-7. Scaled Impulse vs Scaled Distance in Mach StemRegion for Pentolite ....... ............... ... 78
5
i ih' Ir
:•;'i:: :• ,•< •i[• h,= ••:•, : ; =' • ....
LIST OF ILLUA'rTXCof
Figure Pago
A-8. Scaled Positive phave Du~ration~ ,, Scaled Dist~ancein Mach Stem Railop for Pento~lite . .. * 79
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I. Explosive Composition and Charge Weight ..... .......... 11
9. I1. Scaled, Measured Blast Properties of SphericalSPentolite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 22-
Ha. Scaled, Computed Blast Properties of Spherical"Pei.tolite . ............ . . ......... . 22
III. Scaled, Measured Blast Properties of Spherical
t AFX-103 . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . 23
lila. Scaled, Computed Blast Properties of SphericalAF -0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . 23•"IV. Scaled, Measured Blast Properties of Spherical
IVa. Scaled, Computed Blast Properties of SphericalSAFX-702 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . 24
V. Scaled, Measured Blast Properties of Spherical
PBX-108 . .. .. .. .. .. ........ 2
Va.. Scaled, Computed Blast Properties of SphericalPBX-108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . 25
VI. Scaled, Measured Blast Properties of Spherical 26,i.• ~PBX,-109 . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . . 2.
VIa. Scaled, Computed Blast Properties of SphericalPBX-109 . ...... ............... 26
VII. Test Explosive Values of EWF Based on PM, R and Ion PM, I .............. .... ... ...... 29
VIII. Test Explosive Values of EWF Based on I, R andon PM, ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
IX. Test Explosive Values of EWF Based on I, t . . . . 31
X. Pressure-distance Relationships Developed byTAMER Cude ............................. 39
XI. Comparison of Averaged, Empirically and TheoreticallyBased Equivalent Weight Factors ...... ....... .. ... 40
7 $
i•4.
Ij,'', -- .-- - -
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
XII. Computed Values of Chapman Jouguet P:xoperties . . o .. . 41
A-I. Scaled, Measured Blast Properties of SphericalPentolite . . . . . . . . 47
A-II. Measured Blast Properties of Spherical AFX-103 . .... 55
A-III. Measured Blast Properties of Spherical AFX-702 . . . . . 57
A-IV. Measured Blast Properties of Spherical APX-108. . 57
A-IV. Measured Blast Properties of Spherical PBX-108 . . . . . 58SA-V. Measured Blast Properties of Spherical PBX-109 .. . .. 60
A-VI. Smoothed Values of Scaled Measured Blast Propertiesof Pentolite in Free Air ....... ........ 61
A-VII. Coefficients Defining Fit of Cubic Equations toPentolite Data for Free Air .. . . .. . . . . . . 71
p8I
Ný'
hO 71y,'
I. INTRODUCTION
Many military explosives are used in weapons as damage mechanisms.The effectiveness of any such explosive is generally measured in termsof its capability of producing target damage. For purposes of compari-son, the effectiveness of various explosives is often expressed relative'.o that of a "standard" explosive such as pentolite or TNT underprescribed conditions.
For many years, the relationships between the damage-producing'1capability of various explosives and explosive-associated, air-blast,
shock-front parameters, such as peak pressure, positive impulse, arrivaltime, and positive phasc duration, have been studied at the BRL. Thestudies have shown that values of these air-blast parameters, inparticular peak pressure and positive impulse, or a .combination of thesetwo, for different explosives can be used to determine their relativeeffectiveness. This report presents a comparison of the relativeeffectiveness of four plastic-bonded explosives, two aluminized and twonon-aluminized, with respect to a standard (pentolite) explosive andshows the relationships between relative effectiveness and certain air-
: blast parameters for each of the explosives considered.
In this report, the effectiveness of each of the four plastic-bondedexplosives relative to that of pentolite is expressed in terms ofequivalent weight factor, EWF, of the candidate or test ,;xplosive beingexamined. The EWF for an explosive being tested is the 6i.arge weight,Wx, of the test explosive to the charge weight, W_, of the standardsexplosive for equal gage readings, G, of one or more selected blastparameters at a distance from the center of charge, R, for the test andstandard explosives. (Note that the subscripts x and s are used,respectively, to identify values of characteristics associated with thetest and the standard explosive). Symbolically f.WF is given by:
EWF ) , (1)W),R
where:
W, W, G, and R are defined above,
G G X GG, and
R R for the test explosivex
R s(RWs') , a "scaled distance", for the standard explosive.
Explosive effectiveness comparison through the use of ratios of gagereadings of air-blast parameters for a particular explosive to that ofa standard explosive is explained by Cole1 . The method for determiningvalues of EWF for such purpose, on the basis of measurement of two blastparameters or of one parameter and distance of measurement from chargecenter, R, has been outlined by Kinney 2, and a particular version ofthis method using measurements of peak pressure' and impulse was proposedby Maserjian and Fisher 3 . Details for application of the EWF methodologyI. are presented in a BRL Memorandum Report by Kingery and Jackson 4. Theuse of EWF in connection with peak pressure and positive impulse on-volves consideration of the following scaling laws which express thesetwo air-blast parameters, respectively, .as functions £ and g of theexplosive charge weight, W, of an explosive and the distance, R, of thecharge center from the point of.parameter measurement:
PM = f , and (2)
1/ ( g )(3)
W
where:
PM is peak excess pressure or overpressure,I is positive impulse,
I/wl/3 is scaled positive impulse, and
W and R are as previously defined.
1J. S. Cole, "The Measurement of Underwater Explosions from ServiceWeapons at the Underwater Explosive Research Laboratory," UnderwaterExplosion Research, Volume 1, The Shock Wave, Office of Naval Research,Department of the Navy, 1950.
20. F. Kinney, "ExpZosive Shocks in Air," The MacMhilan Company,"New York, January 1962.
3J. Maserjian and E. M. Fisher, "Determination of Average EquivalentWeight and Average Equivalent Volume and Their Precision Indexes forComparison of Explosives in Air," NAVORD Report 2264, U. S. NavalOrdnance Laboratory, White Oak, MD, 1951.
4C. N. Ki^ ery and W. F. Jackson, "Blast Screening for Alternate ExplosiveFill Program," BRL Memo Report No. 2236, Ballistic Research Laboratories,Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, .1972. (AD #907354L)
10
''.!
I I. OBJECTIVES
The Department of Defense initiated a program to investigate theinfluence of explosive parameters on blast performance, i.e., on theterminal effects of blast damage mechanisms, The BRL was charged withobtaining EWF values for four plastic-bonded explosives (see SectionI for definition), measuring or attempting to measure air-blastparameters in the fireball region, and compiling air-blast parametervalues by computer code. The objectives of this report are to describethe BRL investigations and to present the results of the investigations,values of air-blast parameters and of EWF for the explosives considered.
III. EXPLOSIVES TESTED IThe terminal effe.ts and relative effectiveness of four plastic-
bonded explosives, PBX-108, PBX-109, AFX-103, and AFX-702, were investi-gated in the BRL effort reported on here. Two of these explosivesPBX-109 and AFX-702, are aluminized; and two, PBX-108 and AFX-103 arenon-aluminized. P6ntolite was used as the "standard" explosive, thebasis for measurement of relative explosive effectiveness. The numberof rounds of each explosive used in the tests and the composition andcharge weight, W, of each are presented in Table I.
Table 1. Explosive Composition ani Charge Weight
S: ExplosiveType Composition Charge Weight, W Rounds(kg) Detonated
PBX-108 RDX/Plastic binder 3.949 6
PBX-109 RDX/At/Plastic binder 4.221 6
AFX-103 RDX/Plastic binder 3.949 6
AFX-702 RDX/AZ/Plastic binder 4.131 6
Pentolite PETN/TNT 3.813 20
For test purposes, all of the explosives were cast spherically,A 55g booster was requiredi for detonating the PBX and AFX explosives.A conical, molded explosive plug was used for centering the booster.M6 blasting caps were used as detonators for all rounds.
/1
'--.i
F' 1
IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Pressure-time histories of pressure variation resulting fromdetonation of an explosive at sea level were obtained by using ten gagesin various locatio-.- (ree Figure 1) relative to the explosive charge.Gages 1 through 6 were located 3.658 metres above ground in free air,and gages 7 through 10 were located in the mach stem region. The gagehousings, which were stainless steel and pencil shaped, contained apiezoelectric transducer of lead metaniobate or quartz. Such trans-ducers are temperature sensitive and several methods of providing thermalprotection or shielding were employed. Initially, for pressures up to500 kPa, a black electrical tape was used to cover the transducers, andfor pressures above 500 kPa, an aluminum paint over a special primerwas used. In the final stages of testing a heat reflective tape withglass cloth backing (3M Company Tape No. 363) was used for pressuresabove 500 kPa.
Tha pressure pulses detectod by the gages were amplified andrecorded on a Honeywell Model 7600 magnetic tape recorder with a bandwidth of zero to eighty-five kHz. All gages had source followers inthe probe housing, hence extraneous noise due to long cables waseliminated.
V. ANALYSIS OF DATA 4Typical magnetic-tape recordings of pressure-time histories
obtained in the investi'.ation are presented in Figures 2 through 6.Figures 2through 5 show free-air-related histories, and Figure 6 showsmach stem region-related histories. Figures 2, 4, 5, and 6 presentcomparisons of histories for pentolite and the aluminized explosivePBX-109.
Figure 3 presents two pressure-time histories for the PBX-109explosive which were recorded in the high-pressure, fireball region.The upper record, which is also shown as the lower record in Figure 2,is the only fireball-region record for an aluminized explosive whichwas not destroyed by an intense electromagnetic pulse resulting froin thedetonation. The lower record in Figure 3 is typical of pressure-timehistories destroyed by this phenomenon. Of course, the pulse affectedall of the pressure-time records for the aluminized explosives, butonly the records of histories in the fireball region were totallydestroyed.
The pentolite pressure-time histories have the same pressure-timedecay characteristics as those of the non-aluminized explosives, PBX-108and AFX-103. F-.gures 2, 4, 5, and 6 show a shifting of the secondpeak to the left for the aluminized explosive, PBX-109. This is
12
• b .; .' ; : ' ; ". • ,'. ;.'. "' ' . : . ". • . ;. . . .. • ;
* :c -'-
z""Il 0
WLLJ
aii
too<4) (0
0 C
C-i cc
* LO
xLA.
131'-i; ' ' , " , ' ' "w ' "r: ( )l • -
( D , . ,:., • .:• • • .j r• • : •- f.Q. : : " .,, . • ( ..
1034 -
PEN i'OLITE
689
345
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0Uj
U,*
C-S10 34
0) PBX- 109
689
345
00.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
TIME(ms)
Figure 2. Pressure-Time Histories at 1.98m in Free Air.
14
1034[ PBX-1 09
345
0
00102.0 3.0 4.0
LL
ILI689
345
0 103014.0
TIME(ms)
Figure 30- Pressure -rime" Histories at 1.98 m in Free Air.
LL5
620PENTOLITE
414
207 ]•
207
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
U-i
Uj12ac 620-
l.&l ~ PBX- 0
414
207
0.0 1.0 203.0 4_.0
TIME( ft )
!Figure 4, Pressure-Time Histories at 2.36m in Free Air.
1• 16
I! 62.0
S• PENTOLITE
41.4
20.7
a,.
0.0-, 0 123 4"' 5 _'w 8
U')I
U,1
S• 62.0
S0 PBX-109
41.4
20.7
0.00 2 3 4 5 8
TIME , s)
Figure 5. Pressure-Time Historios at 6.Om in Free Air.
17
82.8 PENTOLITE
.55.2
27.6
LU)
~82.8wUPBX-109
55.2
27.6
0.0 IIII0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7I---
TIME (Me)
Figure 6. Pressure -Time Histories at 9.14 m in Mach Stem Region.
7--7 !7 77Icha.ýacteristic of aluminized explosives and Is due to afterburning 5 .For persons familiar with blast parameter measurement, Figures 2, 4, 5, Iand 6 also show the difficulty of defining positive duration and positiveimpulse for aluminized explosive detonations.
The data recorded on magnetic tape were digitized by the ComputerSupport Division, BRL. The digitized data were entered as input to aFortran program and values of shock-front parameters, such as, peakexcess pressure, PM, positive impulse, I, arrival time, ta, and positivephase duration, t+, wore determined.
The lower pressure-time record, for PBX-109, in Figure 2 shows the
finite time required to record the peak pressure with -the piezoelectricgage. For most cases the pressure-time relationship may be expressedas a function of time after arrival of the shock front, t, by theexponential decay exp-ression,
p PM exp C- ct), (4)
where:
t is elapsed time after arrival of shock front!• ~(note: o * , t = ta),
p is excess pressure at time t,
PM is as previously definod, and
C1 is the decay constant; or by
the Friedlander formula,
p PM (l - t) ex (- C,2 t), (5)t+2
where.,t+ is the time of positive phase duration, and
p, PM, and t are as previously defined, and
C2 is the decay constant; or by
5C. C. Matle, E. M. Fisher and T. 0. Anderson, "The Contribution ofAfterburning to Air Blast from Aluminized Exploaivs (U),1" NOL, WhiteOak, MD, June 196?7. 1
19
a fit to the data of a cubic in t of the form,
Pi ai 0 + aI t + ai2 t2 + a13 3 , (6)
where:
i 1 1,2,... is the number of equations selected todescribe the data
Pi is the value of p in the i-th equation
a and ai3 are undeterminod decay coefficientsaio al, a2, nd i5 in equation i, and
t is as previously defined.
It has been found that Equation 6 will provide a very reasonable fit, tothe total range of positive phase data if coefficients are determinedfor data in several intervals over the range which are defined by "breakpoints" and if a proper selection of break points is made in accordwith the cubic spline method of curve fitting6. The Friedlander f'ormula,Equation 5, does not provide a good approximation for p if the pressurelevels are very high. Differences among Equations 4, 5, and 6 arereflected to some extent by comparison of the following expressions fortho rate of change in the natural logarithm of p with respect to time:from Equation 4,
dtddt R£np - - I (7)
from Equation 5,
d Znp C I2 t
and from Equation 6,
d all
6patner R. SahZegel, "The Cubic SpZinr - A Curve Fitting Prooedure,"Balliatic Reaearah Laboratoriea Raport No. 1253, Mu'y 1963.(AD #4S1085)
20
iI
L~.. ~ L!
Positive impulse, I, of the shock front is related to excess
pressure, p, by the equation,
I+
I p dt. (10)
0
Similarly, the shock front energy, E, is related to excess pressure,
p, by the equation,k +t
ft+SE III p2 dt., (i1)
0
Tables II, Iha through VI, VIa present scaled measured values andcomputed values ("a" tables) and standard deviation, SIGMA, of a numberof characteristic parameters for the standard pentolite and each of thefour plastic-bonded explosives considered in this report. The parameter
•' • values in Tablas 11 through VI were derived from test measurements; those ill •Tables 11a through VIa were obtained through application oi Elquations 7,v 9, and i. The arguments for entering the tables are explosive t e
identification and a range of values of scaled distance, Z (- R/W"S).The parameters for which values arc given in the tables are:
peak oxcoss pressure, PM,
scaled positive impulse, IMP I/w
:scaled posicive phase duration, T ( t/W ,
-calod arrivul vime, TA (n ta/Wl/3),
scaled energy, UN (c 11/W1/), and
scaled decay constant, UC1 (- ./W
Additional scaled measured values of characteristic parameters forpentolito, some of which were acquired from other experiments and theromainder of which were extracted from Reference 7, are proitented inAppendix Table A-.I. Appendix Tables A-1I through A-V present measuredvalues of peak excess pressure, PM, positive impulse, I, arrival time,t t, and positive phase duration, t..+, for the plastic-bonded explosivesA 10X- ,3 AFX-702, PBX-108, and 'BX-109. The data presented in TablesA-If through A-V were acquired in the experiments described in thisreport. Appendix Table A-VI presents a computer tabulation of smoothed
"7Doway, J. .4, MilZr, A. U., and WiZlianm, J. S., "Air Blaat fromThroe Military �Jxplouivas," BRL 1?oport No. 1656, Balliatic ReoaarchLaboratories, Aberdeen 1•roving Ground, MD, October 1971. (AD #890260L)
21
P-4.
In %Df-MN%
r- or,% Go O%AO
I-iW 4-0~0-'Q
r-4 -V0nLtl 0I
624 -,( 0 1.4 .4 -4OC;4t; II
44* n *4 0 - -4 N 4
-ý -% Mr o- - nt-NM
%0 t-0 n410- - -
t,: ~~ ~ ~ 0 L0 00,Cý4C C 0
I0 11111
mg)4 4..)m W %'4P
p ~ ~ ~ o t'- IN ~ ~In9 00 I 4 In N~
tb C) t3) Cý F- 000 I'lP- -
(At . - .In N 4 LM (M 00 000ý
09-
4ý (N C140 t-. w) P-4 N -0 u p.V)
00 P-4 0 %-0 t t-4
22
00 Go 000 I 11
Ci)-.. 00 00 00 I 4
00- r4."4%D0t--4 N(nflOC C C
00 m Ln00000000bgCJNN 0-: mt 00
00 00 0O~f
cn ~ cocco 0. NtP4 0 )
O H P -4 L f t , - t - 0 0 0 O0M4 t N 0
C) 10 cj ma)cp4 P- t-, 10 (A P'40000
P-
0~~~ 0Nk' wi4tAt- 000%0 0 i V'4
Ln C/ý m~ NN0i
. 1 0 4 . . 4J "
NN0
W0Rt %0m P-4 m
ZNMNN t -4wwmv
o t mLn N qe b 4 P- l m %23
1ý C4 ý eý1CNO V % z I
.. ...... .... .
00 000004Im
f-0 0 b NP-400m
o go- 74.
V*M In f-. P-% 4 (Np.
P-40~ f- 0000000 N
44 0l Aa"0 -04) - nq
a)-. P-
4J P-4rn0 , (4 l-0'O r4CJ t0r-N-M M P- r- tf
%-, I' I~t~' r- - P4
*~- 0-4~p- U
. . C "
C- a N M tl%0 0
L N m~ co mt '00 r4 M P4
024 -
iu Z qt Ln Io____________
I' -. ..
a0m0Ot00"F4 00~ V- F- I4
00-0
00a- W- r- n0 mt NML
F-41 m rý 000N W, r-400M0000000 ".f4wN ý~m 0O l- N w m P-4 -4 w I-~*
M'~ 0 0 (N ,.4 O CA 9-4 N N o o 00
0.) tw
4-
ii ii
%D- m0 4 r0-4 4)
0 00 wt r- 0 P-4 -U)
"V4 4J m~I)0 c$4 w m.4c 4l'r-4 m 0" . m re M 40r Cn
V-4t~~~~~~~l~~~ I ýC ý66C--. 14. PI,-r- Nt ~w I V
r- 4En tw4J V-
M -4-n0
I n ' U .,n " IIC
co Mit" 00 0 " 00
4)4
cj~6-4 * *
C) Ch )
LI) ~ %Lf) V~-4 td i aa~atno "tt 4.1%) z
0 M
4) 00 ) 0
N a0
'V-4
NNn
I,, 0 - - '-4C'4 t Li~ t- :
-26
ftl. MLý v ý
scaled values of peak excess pressure, arrival time, and positive impUlsemeasured for pentolite in these experiments. The argument for enteringTable A-VI is scaled distance, Z. The smoothed values were obtainedby fitting a series of cubic equations in scaled distance, Z, to valuesof the logarithms of the scaled data, including positive phase durationfor which such values were inadvertically omitted in the Table A-VItabulation. Tha cubic equations were of a form similar to Equation 6with the coefficients, in this case, identified as CO, Cl, C2, and C3.A computer program embodying the cubic spline method of curve fittingwas used to obtain the "best fit" to the data. The values of thecoefficients defining the fit and the upper and lower bounds of selectedintervals of scaled distance, i.e., the "break points" of the cubicspline method for this evaluation, for each equation are presented inAppendix Table A-VII. Appendix Figures A-1 through A-4 are computerdrawn curves showing the fit of the cubic equations to the empiricallymeasured values, respectively, of peak excess pressure, arrival time,and positive impulse for pentolite in free air. Appendix Figures A-5through A-8 are similar curves for empirically measured values of thesame parameters for pentolite in the mach stem region.
Since Kinney's 2 method of comparing the effectiveness of anyexplosive to that of a standard explosive by using an equivalent weightfactor, EWF, assumes scaling and is dependent upon total energy releaseat the surface of the explosive charge, the appropriate values ofparameters, computed for the standard pentolite explosive and empirically
determined for the test explosives, were used in the scaling equationsto obtain values of equivalent weight factor, EWF.
When peak maximum pressure, PM, and distance of measurement fromcharge center, R, are of interest, the computation for EWF is simple,since PM does not scale with the cube root of the weight. In suchcase:
EWF z X( ) (12)EWF W)PMx Rx
where:
Wx/W s is in effect, here as it is also in Equations 13, 14,and 15 below, the right hand number (W /W5 ) of
Equation 1. Consequenty, the dependence of REWF on R as defined for Lquation 1 is implicit inEquations 12 through 15.
Similary when PM and any other parameter is of interest:
27
iTI.
Lr , -.
W (Wx GxsEWFu , x (x 13)
s's PM)GX
whore:
G is the gage reading of the second blast parameter,e.g., of Ix, tax t+ for the test explosive, and
GG is the scaled value of the gage reading of the sameblast parameter for the standard explosive.
When a blast parameter other than PM is of interest, the computation forEWF is somewhat more complicated since it is necessary to evaluateratios of the parameter, e.g.) I, ta, or t+, and the distance, R, or oftwo parameters, e.g., I and t., foe the test explosive and of thecorresponding scaled parameter and distance or of the correspondingscaled parameters for the standard explosive. Thus for I and R, forexanple, EWF is given by:
W x = Ix/RxEWF (14)
wS s• ~IX0 Rx
(compare with Equation 12). And for I and ta, for example, EWF isgiven by:
WEWF I/, , (15)(l/ I taS IMpx a, x
(compare with Equation 13',
Tables VII through IX present values of EWF for the four testexplosives, derived from application of Equations 12 through 15, basedon consideration of several combinations of blast parameters or of ablast parameter and the distance R. Figures 7 through 9 present plotsof selected values of EWF versus Rx from Tables VII and VIII.
The Tamer 8 code was used to develop theoretical pressure-distancerelationships; values of the ratio PM/P , where Po is ambient pressure; for arange of values of scaled distance, Z, ?or pentolite, for each of thefour plastic-bonded test explosives, and for the standard aluminized
861JTc7/1-1O-3, "The Joint Service Evaluation for Preferred and AlternateExplosive Fills in Principal Munitions (U)," Volume IlI, Annex 7 (U),Tinker AFB, Okla., December 1970.
28
z-iRA MI
Table VII. Test Explosive Values of EWF Based on PM,
R and on PM, I
TEST EXPLOSIVEPARAMETERS Rx AFX PBXBasis m 103 702 108 109l
PM, R 0.914 0.958 1.281 0.975 -(Eq. 12) 1.981 1.032 1.382 1.109 1.044
2.362 1.029 1.0S8 1.038 1.1642.972 0.981 1.029 1.027 1.1283.810 1.066 1.036 1.057 1.0535.995 1.004 0.975 .982 1.036Avg. 1.012 1.127 1.031 1.085
9.144 1.199 1.210 1.110 1.12611.58 - 1.490 - 1.11513.72 1.002 1.295 1.036 1.10816.46 - - 1.110 -
Avg. 1.100 1. 32 1.085 1.116
PM, I 0.914 -...
(Eq. 13) 1.981 1.349 - 1.096 -2.362 1.027 1.753 1.187 1.1272.972 1.120 1.124 1.1033.810 1.099 1.656 1.320 0.9565.995 1.285 1.682 1.!92 1.564Avg. 1.176 1.554 1.180 1.216
9.144 1.101 1.554 1.086 1.351
11.58 - 1.156 - 1.206i 13.72 1.094 1.825 1.060 1.222
16.46 - - -
Avg. 1.098 1.512 1.073 1.260
Free air 9.144 > R > 9.144 Mach Stem
R = distance from center of explosive to gage.x
PM = peak excess pressure.
I = positive impulse.
29
Lr.
Table VIII. Test Explosive Values of EWF Based onI, R and on PM, ta
TEST EXPLOSIVE__
PARAMETERS Rx AFX PBXm 1i370 08 1 '09
I, R 0.914 - - -
(Eq. 14) 1.981 1.165 - 1.006 -
2.362 1.022 1.508 1.088 1.1382.972 1.040 1.334 1.082 1.7593.810 1.072 1.470 1.178 1.4115.995 1.097 1.282 1.052 1.153Avg. 1.079 1.398 1.082 1.365
9.144 1.145 1.383 1.096 1.20911.58 - J.301 - 1.15913.72 1.011 1.357 1.047 1.16616.46 - - -
Avg. 1.078 1.414 1.072 1.178
PM, ta 0.914 - 1.835 0.975 -121.981 1.146 1.606 1.064 1.224(Eq. 13) 2ý362 1.073 1.303 1.145 1.664
2.972 1.078 1.242 1.093 1.4673.810 1.147 1.147 1.069 1.1645.995 1.062 1.026 0.9830 0.950Avg. 1.101 1.360 1.055 1.294
9.144 1.186 1.233 1.077 1.10811.58 - 1.583 - 1.19713.72 0.963 1.336 1.024 1.08616.46 - - 1.062 -Avg. 1.074 1.384 1.054 1.130
Free air 9.114 > R > 9.114 Mach Stem
xxR x = distance from center of charge to gage.
I = positive phase impulse.
PM = peak excess pressure.
t = time of arrival of shock front.a i
304
J.
I
Table IX. Test Explosive Values of EWF Based on I, t! a
P TRATEST EXPLOSIVEPARAMETERS Rx F B_ ____05 _... . PBX
m 103 702 108 109
I, t 0.914 - - 1.334 -a
(Eq. 15) 1.981 1.188 - 1.022 -2.362 1.024 1.652 1.175 1.2202.972 1.084 1.126 1.095 -3.810 1.086 1.565 1.255 0.962v.995 1.165 1.438 1.049 1.208Av;. 1.109 1.443 1.155 1.130
9.144 1.135 1.410 1.080 1.20911.58 - 1.306 - 1.15313.72 1.000 1.602 1.031 1.16214.46 - - -
Avg. 1.068 1.439 1.055 1.175
Free air 9.144 > R > 9.144 Mach Stem
R x a Distance from center of explosive to gage.
S~I = positive phase impulse.
t - time of arrival of shock front.t a
31
4
I-'~.. .. .',1 ...4
-- -T
IC
cr0
V x K;I
Alz
UUCJJ
00
w C.
32LL
I 0 0Rw
'X'
t LL
p- ;i~do
CL CLU
Wo OWN~IM.13
40U U4
Cl)
00
0 ~ cu
LU
Al c
0 0
co e4 00
34
IrI
I..
96 U5
adO
CR - '______0 j
35
r -ý'T re rTNvm .0, P-MMI "moYW
00
w6w
U-
LII'0 i
0
NN
LL
U~LUal
ox
9o 40 '90o
-.- -- -
x U)
ui LU
LU
0..* p
uuj0
cc cc 0I. Q.L
OR c2
370
2 LU4
"explosive H-6. The theoretically-based values of PM/Po produced by theTAMER Code are presented in Table X as a function of scaled distance,Z, from charge center to gage measurement location. In addition, valuesof the ratio R/Re, where Ro is the charge radius, and empirically-basedvalues of PM/Po, are included in Table X.The values for the H-6 explosive are included in Table X to provide acomparison between this standard aluminized explosive and the aluminizedtest explosive, AFX-702. It can be seen that the theoretical valuescould be used to obtain reasonable estimates of EWF based on thetheoretical pressure distance relationships. This is illustrated inTable XI which presents a comparison of averaged empirically-based valuesof EWF, from Table VII, and theoretically-based values of EWF derivedfrom TAMER Code theoretical pressure-distance relationships for each of
the four test explosives.
Knowledge of certain detonation characteristics, the Chapman Jouguetproperties, of explosives is helpful in predicting the damage producingcapability and in understanding the operation of explosive damagemechanisms 9 . The dependence of damage effects on these Chapman Jouguetproperties varies with the type of weapon involved: for a fragmentationor shaped-charge weapon, fragment velocity or shaped-charge penetrationcapability primarily depend on detonation pressure, P , and for aotrictly blast-type weapon, underwater or airblast efo ects primarilydepend on the energy available for air-shock, DQ. There is a directproportionality between the equivalent weight factor, EWF, and the air-shock energy, DQ. The TAMER Code was used to develop valuen of DQ andother Chapman Jouguet~properties for pentolite, for the AFX-103, AFX-702, "
and PBX-109 test explosives, and for the standard, H-6 explosive whichare presented in Table XII.
VI. CONCLUSIONS1. The values of equivalent weight factor, EWF, derived from
empirical data for each of the four test explosives show considerablescatter. This is not immediately apparent in the listed values inTables VII ''"ough IX, but it is readily seen in the accompanying dataplots, Figu... / through 9. The scatter probably arose from any one orsome combination of the following:
a. Chance measurements at or near the extremes of the distri-
bution of the characteristic under consideration.
9Evan C. Noonan, "Dependence of Damage Effects Upon Detonation Parametersof' Organic High Explosives," NAVORD 6703, U.S. Naval Ordncnoe Laboratory,White Oak, Silver Spring, , Azugust 1959,..
38
- ~ pf -- F R --rr
ItTable X. Pressure-Distance Relationships Developed by
TAMER Code
EXPLOSIVE Z R/R PM/Po* PM/P **0 0
, 1/3./k . .. k Pa
Pentolite 0.05248 1.000 81940. 82880.(non-aluminized) 0.579 11.02 4763. 5628.
1.254 23.89 745.,8 673.8
1.495 28.48 453.9 438.71.879 35.77 270.5 256.42.412 45.93 138.8 144.93.796 72.31 53.30 56.845.788 110.2 25.64 27.36
AFX-103 0.05248 1.000 83610. -(non-aluminized) 0.579 10.88 4701. 2664.
1.254 21.60 710.3 685.01.495 28.13 479.6 470.11.879 35.33 256.4 227.02.412 45.38 131.7 151.03.796 71.43 51.07 59.68
AFX-702 0.0524 1.000 74980. -(aluminized) 0.567 10.82 5263. 4092.
1.230 23.47 1046. 839.01.464 27.96 594.8 496.51.846 35.23 392.1 233.02.368 45.18 195.6 138.83.693 70.48 71.84 S7.14 L
H-6 0.0528 1.000 77310.(aluminized) 0.579 11.00 5352.
1.222 23.69 1091. 845.01.492 28.92 642.4 464.11.872 36.3 383.0 265.52.364 45.84 210.0(:. 154.02.983 57.84 113.8 90.583.745 72.6 71.09 60.39
*based on theoretical calculation
"**based on empirical
Z = scaled distance
R = distance from center of explosive
R° = explosive radii
PM = peak excess pressure
P = ambient pressure
39
.......................* w . . .'..:~.n-*
Table XI. Comparison of Averaged, aiipirically- and Theoretically-Based Equivalent Weight Factors, EWF
EWF (Free Air)
Explosive Basis Empiricala Theoreticalb
AFX-l0• PM, R 1.012 L.uO
APX-702 PM, R 1.127 1.10.
PBX-108 PM, R 1.031 1.00
PBX- 109 PM, R 1,08S 1.10
aaveraged values from Table VII
baveraged values using TAMER Code relationships
PM - peak excess pressure
R - distance from charge center to measurement station
,*4
40
a% N LA 0.
10 00 '.tt 0k1" 0 0 UN t-
co
N0 0 It 0 -
U)4) 0
01 to Cd-4 0
(A 0 10 "-4 00 0D 4) 41.00 in I'0 D . ~ b
0I m cc 1-4 r- to '0ý4 ~ 4 ~ 4~~~ LA %0N N Nc~c
ba C;ii i
Io M~ t 0 It4
i-14-4 V- C - 4
N) r-4 F- -4 V-4 NdC
d)4- 4)
0~'0'00 p~ t- 4g) .0" "0 t 00 4.0 H I I i I
I- 4 (n o% kD Ito t*
4)~.0 '0 to ~ N 1
0.. -t 0 t* Mo LA
4)4)
Q4
. -.6. '.0 0 10m4)) D C 4) "CODN
Nj N W a' W-N
0- Nf- 14 0H N-H
NViI U r -4 'H 4
41
b. Lrror in measurement reflecting non-functioning or mal-
functioning of measuring equipment. The aluminum paint and/or thermaltape used to shield transducers in the gages from extreme fluctuations
in temperature did not always providd the desired degree of protection,and errors in recording of explosive characteristic measurementundoubtedly resulted.
c. Normal uncertainty regarding the aniount of energy availableat an explosive surface. Since EWF is a measure of this energy1 0 con-siderable differences in empirically-based EWF values for a givenexplosive may be expected.
d. The cube root scaling method of determining values of EWFmagnifies errors in the comlutationai basis, the empirical measurementsof explosive characteristics in this case, by a factor of three.
Program constraints did not permit extension of testing to confirmsuspect observations, i.e., to refine possible errors in characteristicmeasurement. Additional empirical data would prove very useful forsuch purpose.
2. The average equivalent weight factor, EWF, values for the four A,
test explosives, relative to pentolite, which are presented in TablesVII through IX reveal that:
a. The test explosives, depending on the EWE basis selected,are from one percent to fifty percent more effective than pentolite.
b. In all cases except one, the aluminized test explosivesAFX-702 and PBX-109 are more effective than the non-aluminized testexplosives AFX-103 and PBX-108. The exception is in the evaluation infree air with an EWF basis of positive impulse, I, and time of arrival,t , In this one evaluation, the alumiiiized PBX-109 explosive appearss~ightly less effective than the non-aluminized PBX-108 explosive.
c. Differences in effectiveness between the non-aluminizedAFX-103 and PBX-108 explosives are small.
d. The aluminized AFX-702 explosive is, in general, moreeffective than the aluminized PBX-109 explosive.
e. Both of the aluminized test explosives, AFX-702 and PBX-109,have significantly more target damage producing capability than pento-lite, (This observation is supported by the values oi EWF in the lowersection of Table VXI. As noted previuusly, SWF values based on peakexcess pressure, PM, and/or positive impulse, I, are consi4ered aparticularly good measi-re of relative damage-producing effectiveness.)
"10porzel, F. B., "Introduution to A Unified Theory of EcpZosions (UTE),".NOL, SiZver Springs, MD, 6eptember 2972.
42
. . .... • 4,
4•X 3. The values of several explosive characteristics computed byTAMER Code and listed in Tables X and XII reveal that:
a. The non-aluminized explosives, pentolite and AFX-103 havehigher pressure, PM/Po in Table X and Pd in Table XII, at the chargesurface, i.e., where R= Re, than do the aluminized explosives, AFX-702,PBX-109, and H-6.
b. The detonation energy available for air shock, DQ in TableXII, is higher for the aluminized than for the non-aluminized explosives.
c. At distances from the charge center of approximately tenIt charge radii or greater, i.e., where R > 10 Ro, the pressure, PM/Po in
Table X, is higher for the aluminized than for the non-aluminizedexplosives. (Compare this observation with 3a above.)
It is noted that the TAMER code gives a very good approximation toempiricall'-.determined pressure-distance relationships for the standardpentolite explosive. Empirical data for the test explosives are toomeager to determine how good an approximation tte code produces forthese explosives.
4. During the testing of the aluminized explosives an unusual andunexpected phenomenon, generation of an electromagnetic pulse largeenough to have a serious effect on the recording system, was noted,This pulse made it impossible to obtain records at the 3500 and 700 kPapres:-ure levels. No pulse of similar magnitude was generated during I,testing of the non-aluminized explosives, and none has been observed inprevious testing of the standard aluminized explosive, H-6. It has beenstated that detonatable components of mixed explosives do not exert animportant influence on the character of the electromagnetic emission"where the explosives are detonated11 . A study is needed to determinethe cause of the pulse noted in the tests reported on here.
The authors gratefully acknowledge -he assistance of Mr. H.J.
Pearce and Mr. B. Pettit in setting up the experiments and Mr. A.Arbuckle for programming the coml..utations of BRLESC.
IlZenin, V. N., et al., "Electromagnetic Radiat-.on P2-oduced in Detonation}•: • of Industrial Explosives9, " Dept. of The Navy, Washington, DC, 1965.
(AD 672254).
43
.+5. .. . . . +. . . .. . . . .
S ...' .. .. ' .," . . • .' " " ' ¢:'". s, '..L ',.",.'-. .t:•••; , j•'i i ••:, .. ..>,. '., ,.:.,'( .; ,:', ;•; " ,;<'',,.•" +/ , % ,:,," ::,+'• ,', ,,'.u -,, .' .,.i '' "• .;' . ..' ." " ,• ,•#.i;$ ,•i ",cU •:.';• • ,+'•: ' :'' " " • +•:•" :•"'''') " " ''I. .
•:; APPENDIX
TABULATED VALUES OF BLAST-PARAMETERS MEASUREMENTS FOR[• AFX-103, AFX-702, PBX-108, PBX-109 AND PENTOLITE
i: EXPLOSIVES AND GRAPHIC PRESE•NTATION OF
S~PENTOLITE DATA
545
k. _ _ _ _ _ _
I:I2:4
I,
I,
Table A-1. Scaled Measured Blast Properties of' Spherical Pentolite
Z PM TA tn 14
n . 4,>n% A29t1,14n fl~fllflf fnn n~nnnnn.Ap~JW EKA73FAQA n~tffn . * nfln ft nnrnnfl*A721 1;1551? 11 flfnfn lnn o . nwrir
n ,f% Q 7 Ifl ,hqp nnfn n , Mn .MWIrl 0IA A a '4nnfl4QS, A.nA&4~ (T* 0, ), 1fin,%4j 3639,743 fl,2114Q fl~fnn.1.QIA;
MSmrA Pkj? P,1'% (1 ,2n~q nn 1 4 nfl 4n . A .1 19 n1, l n 2 nA t n .n n0 . 0 , 1n . 4 A04 A1 O M 061 n, Pn Q n, n 11n6KR%4 NP A 4011 n n AQ n, nl 1 %nM
aAAn,( nn M7 n6 nnn
n SA~f7 I ,Ftnn mnn ,IA 0 ~1*1nfln7q2 (7nnpQ nl t ,f I rjrr
AsKi m; -) lnn R21 in~ fo, 1 143 1n.77 n0n .i~ Il 2A mnnnn n ,m 4,0,41MGlqr4r n7l,0 nn n 1, nn nn 'p 31 ,Mnn0I
A . 0 6 10 7 Ai ,nh n t %,n n -1r. n -*10 1
naA 17 nenf n,~nnmn n0 n ns * -
fl.bQ7A n~onn n . n n n n*~ . Ia ~rt.flR'I I SA*AQIA% n .nnnn Ann n tIer'','
n 7 1 1 *4,1110 Ml.flflfll fln .nA 1 O, n nA
n 007fl n I*ff, n nl n nnfl nA *A Is 'AllAII M054 AdQ77 nnnnnn nfl 1flfll
I*~d OwN RAI84 n ,nnfnn.nnQ lAIM I17 n 13 7 A *0fl , nf7P te nnnndr 1 4
I I n 74.77 n.7Q3Q ri , nn ,4n*'llq
1 1, M76 ,3Mrn. 0 7Q K I n 4 1 11I 2Ain 7no, A 7QA7'i 14 A -PA ~ 0)
I l t .743Q n R 1A n I r I q
I Opa !;04.4 1 M, 7AAA 1 &Q4n nj 4?I17o
l7I4 'PARK e3,AI n .QQ fl*AM not 04K f 1I , AR % IA 12, 9 R? 11.7A37 flMda 7n7lI . PA % 2,7 7030 Ae1 , nxI74n n1
0 - Free Air1 -Mach Stem
47
~ ~ -- 1211
Table A-I.. Scaled Wh,,4Vf SDlut Proport8eu, of Sphoaetlp Pfutolito (Contod)
Z TH .A 14P
1; ;4n ,n •7 fl717. neo n 1 m n n i#
*,• 1!+q jAf,+ . 4n4R|O 7Qqenone •, nniiv ' a+'-
n ~~~ iiQ~ n f r i CI
1 ,)&4 6 41,il 4 M: M MI t ° fo nl~• n I,A O A7)hA41 f17Q3Q M ftn1*~AA~n m*AA n Il
PAA~lk f,1 .f%4% 1170 r. ?ait siemn i fl
7.R' A 7A! n7 ro .n ( (P.•AP1. oI rh n7747 a, nf nn,
A , III p n 111,7747 Mt nt ' 'h
2f'*W.A A W- nl mtif fA
7* A7A 0, nn )* , 4 7 1AS o 7&1 n, 0 i 3A T .. nn nt•.l..
nt etM m. n w "PAAC n mnmM f fIs 1 $
;,A $to;, I, , no (I nI, n, 47( n M•I 0`1a ,!nI,'PAM: nennn A21 7 jonn -1 nM,,I't 11
t A o 4 kf, n tn n, 74Ai nen ,tmm ) l ,1t ,l ti n itfr*7 1 ne* ,*in,
I :07At 7M0K.'Is ft 11777o4 ,.•A, A
I7 , 74 7 K fnflft nIII ,p 7 7 4 t '1
I1 2 7A. 7 104 2 AIf '% , n M n ni, o A 1 4 n
n , flfl til Sn nm f innInA1n
3 AA. 4 6n ,'no n nonnnn floa Al*ft n '
-o ~ 1` M ,NMn -:I01o 4 *•n n n r, nts n , n o .M r, Is '(I e4Afl dA,•,td Ate P•€, f lo lf l
A oq• 7,;l. 4~(J 1 4A d A 0, A'0'l n ,ri1 M n n, (I M+ ,4, r.t*I o*. 1fI l(f•l~n n,* II 1 ois n :1 * LV.•',IA iI
1, t f7ot ttls ,nr o OI f'r^ • is* 4 74 o df A • es flfln Pk urn'
I If' PA"~
f ;lPAl7 A,• 1 1A*4'W,4 nA0
.1 1 Pu,4 014%~P ;1, A qI a
IPAI23 IE~~# n l7A n 7 06 IAJ4) jl
A AI~ 2~ 1 In~4 1%A lA -I.SlI, -144 2A47,.l fl7 d I*P I I KoIkI M?
I RipA fl*Afln% M7%QA~ A*1 II0Q'n I e
t "s124 41 ri1 0IMT.4 tln , !• !!p• 1 -12 .)
0 - Free Air1- Mach Stem
A 48
L 1A• '• +/• +• ++'..+^+ • +'•'•.+`•';• •+'• +7•.• +•`++•:L:`; +,•+i:4.;t++.'+:++'+..+, :e'+,+, •. . , , :,+. .n.. ,-;•,'J',,+' > ,. ..... ..... . . . .
Tikble A.I. .Scaled Measured Blast Properties of Spherical Pentolite (Cont'd)
rf/9** 3
(MýI*ý/3 A Al fp. IV 1** 1 1,1*
0)1g419,A902 I~nqA 4:04
4Aiot 1*I aK 1*11 tAt
j rif~4 n~nfn M mnnfn Ilse?I Ifff fi ntl~flfrin n foftinii I
hnnlff 10I % P1712M M nfln j7 5C01.4
nnnnnn e1..nf
$I M it A PSAQAY I ,7 A I' 2,A1
to M 27 :1 of ,72IP4 1 " g"Il 1, 41 '%A . Ai'
Q MP P9 .% 7 *01 ¶ 7QM 02 1d1 4 A 1101
.7.17 h i*.i, AA AJA i
P 2Aa n,17~ 041,j.1A~f
I1~A*7 (I M: 7m~~A P ta101
f) M* Q 7d Ok A,410A i I
jqi7 n,.? I*52 7)I~7
n 4 PX- *SA1 Ak 1 .46irt 1 nfl ) *Ai a)
I S 7a n7nlfl t.A 'ASIAn
P71 I In I ~ fff j4 ak I I a Oki
e) l!A 71.~~ A pO 404P MIM 0 aM '4A 1 tih7
n IKK7PIA .5AIt' o m1 nA
I -l% 2%e Air m p 1Fn'W ~ I i
4104 -nac nStem 1011
49 i4 OtIA0,037nAi in.n10(3A7A-M
M~ M ,n Mn 'nn m717, 36 M AM n(I n M0 4, Ittk 4
* 21P~AO ISS jQAIThY PnmA4UQQ
Tlable A-. cs~od 'Mosurued Illut Ptopleftoel of lphetiual Perntolits (Conttd)
2PMI
tO W 411111111131MAM Il An i I
pgfl.OAAIMA ~ AM0 IPP'niI I ~ n~f I''Milm 40 M #11M
01 Mn A M M 0 i
M 4PP 9 1 IA~ ll~ 011M O , 1A .1(is n7lM nM nInlff Mlf ~ ~ ? A I i
2 n0 l Iftl n , MM Vilflft n 1it
Ii~f~fl(NA flVM' I.* I I I I
P AMA% 4,4 PQ 9. 77,4 17 sly
P. 3411-1,41;4 061,111P7 16M 14),1111 I
2.d.P 1~4,1 71' 17P (i
2,4 193 1N4.M3A o'sk7 1 ~ -Yf4 (34it
*2,.104t 1A ~fA 4 , Q 47 1.77 4 I
7,10 A ,A MN*~f 4n t SA4I
2 ,4-4 4 1 A PI %A f'00 , 7 1* 74 2 t o it
s A'1If3 1AA A 1lffft 01,AA 110% ? 14111
2,~4441 nnflflf 4~WJ,2 14 MI p"(2 2 iA AAA. f*
0P,% -~nn Freen AirlqAP1- MPac n,11M 14
2 , il P 1108 174M mn n I MM tj,~50
n , M.A , ..- t l-
Table A.I. Scaled Meusured Blast Priportiss of Sp'heiical Pontoliti (Cont~td)ZPM TA t14P
P~flf PI%44 42 0 lip II A
ti q o ,* 1 M M M l
-4 AA APMMR A mi a4 l 1.
MqAq M MA M AM
MOAM11f A.14A4M s lM . '1
Ai mim 11. A qlfff AA 4 1. . IMAlj7AI 11911MOM I
040ý11flf114 Ma " A i 0 46nI
.1 yAM 4a0 lln(I , 'OA14 l14itl4, A44 IIA",(1~
*1M P 14 1
0tlh 4 Pee11 AP I1 -NahtM )M0MM 11nRM0 MII 11t
t f ~ 1M(I I M( N11'Y"rAM MMA M mm? A 1M11-.1 111 ol ll p MVA 14 nq~,.V.V P. 0~ OtV, AP 11P, lhid ,,
A' 1044 1A v n1
Table A-1. Scalled Meuasured #last Properties of Spherical Pentolite (Contood)Z ~PM4T
41 m vAI Ahm*, fly
4t mmo It
4 1, t oIfI f%#Mhnlf P 4 Iw lI, , I 4 1l A t lA~~~en n OIM 6AA 1 ,0 t" l it
4 ot4 . lffflf .l 11 41 M1Yo
m illlf i~t illfll4,P A1it, mil I
A :p 10 4 40A Ita If %ltt
01 A 1111 A 1111 1140 07 4 AAPAA
M 4 09 A 71
pI~A I ,1A Il
M 0 04 4 O AI 'I m4 0P.IIP4 A~f $1 IOA'4011d ~ $AMA 1 4 OmA 14
01.qA 1KI~ 41 1 ,I 4 14MO4 I, 411* I'el(1 1 11 A Mhll'
14n
OPeA 0 11-Mc A St4ek 0
A5 A
y I, n fl* 4 n A 1 I
Table A-1. Scaled 'Noasurod Blast Prdoprties ofk Spherical Pento'lite (Cont'd)Z PM TA TflUeWPA)
0AM/~~.p~
Nf n nv n ~ fn
I A fl4 4 , 4 1 gig ' j
N7 .1 I 64 ASI !lI, A, .
~) 6 r~f~a IAInn4V
1, on ,I M 4 A A A*At
A f M A .I~nn VAf S~ . sf% 11 P7,4js, nomQQ A m 3o1~ q oi j (
4 7m,r fn PAt~ m*Mn I n
7*A4Me1 ri~nnn I 4*:
1,D410,7 IA~dir I *nn 1J)*4 4
7,4001m le 1r(floo
AI~I A n :1 1 ofA1~4*f~pv gf. 4 7A It *A:o
A7 4 1 V1?~ 'q,7 7 4** ý 1~4~) , Am~mmn4 17'm(14 '14 1 A IQ7A I 4. m'nnml 41 4 1.
R , m Vq n n nn 1,04 .toA6 An m * I'M
26 44 43 4 A~~ Am 1q* 1".,
A M A4n4AC 1~J 7 40414 03
4O It 7 It3 7 44 O il 7 IN47 111
414* 111 A m 'IA.7NI . ,4AA 4.724 A~ I QA7
0-~~ 111 Api N ll 1 c h 7.1 , 0 9ItA 3
n 1 -
A A I53
Table A-1. ,Scaled, K.al"sod Blast propertids of 8pheric4 Pmntclits '(CO;t'd)
z PH4I V1TG
nnnmA in 4 9 f41111110.
Pf.~te~9 4, jA4A 4,40 A I 7.P4,234 ) 'q 4 A A 01fI~~~flfl~r r)ffll' 1111fl~
m1qO n.q nlffff ng nflt7A''fRPAqY A Alfff n1(f( g n 1fl1i
t1112h n~fAnm tI n 0 m f flmh a'470A lflfl n
m A01fAlAIA ~Mtn7n ý afrlI a.f
1A.IAI~ ~~~~ mA flmlf n~,
no A Frgo Ainn 11-nA Mac %n Mu11
n K t I 3 "mVn n03 1PI(m~mnm noI
54
S PAS 1 O N 4V QUAXM1T 1IOAX3
TableA-I.I. Blast Properties of Spherical AFX-103
km Pa k Pa-ms ims ms
.91 1 3193. ... 3080 -
.91-4 2137. 230.0 .3600 .350
.9144 2100. - .3600 -
.9144 3057. - .3200 -
.9144 2689. - .3200 -1.982 762.6 188.3 1.206 1.5501.982 641.6 209.o 1.160 1.4901.982 655.0 156.9 1.120 .9701.982 682.2 209.2 1.200 1.330 ,j;,1.982 662.0 220.2 1.200 1.5501.982 658.7 - 1.1841.982 672.7 - 1.1201.982 - - 1.1201.982 645.1 - 1.1601.982 - - 1.120 -2.362 466.6 185.0 1.666 1.9102.362 468.8 184.2 1.600 1.9102.362 460.0 173.6 1.640 1.630"2.362 486.8 168.5 1.680 1.590(2.362 - - 1.600 -2.971 262.9 169.0 2.752 2.230 '2.971 206.8 150.3 2.800 2.4702.971 215.9 146.2 2.840 2.5702.971 224.2 149.6 2.840 2.2702.971 223.0 157.5 2.80 2.4303.810 157.0 142.2 4.320 2.8103.810 156.0 137.1 4.320 2.9103.810 135.7 132.7 4.328 2.8503.810 154.0 142.1 4.400 2.8503.810 155.3 146.2 4.420 3.0505.995 60.70 92.80 9.442 4.1105.995 60.67 82.74 9.520 4.0105.995 57.52 91.29 9.480 3.1705.995 59.61 161.3 9.640 4.3705.995 59.99 - 9.642 5.6009.144 - - 18.54 6.8009.144 61.36 114.6 18.40 6,6009.144 63.08 112.1 18.44 6.600(9.144 65.08 118.8 18.76 6.4009.144 68.86 129.4 18,52 6.400
11.58 - - 24.76 7.20011.58 34.47 62.47 24.56 6.40011.58 29.41 56.33 24.60 6.80011.58 32.82 62.2 25.00 7.20011.58 27.66 63.22 24.76 7.200
55
,/./ .- .- ,.:•, .;.• /, ..,: :v •;.• .. a '',i . .• : .•: . ,. . .., .. _' 4.... 4 .44' . .4S~. 4 4.~ 4, , .. . . . , 4 . . '- ,.•
Table A-Il. Measured Blast Properties of Spherical AFX-103 (Cont'd)
P Ittm k Pa k Pa-ms msa ins
13.72 32.25 81.91 30.36 7.6006.
13.72 31.48 77.50 30.16 7,60013.72 28.23 68.05 30.16 7.60013.72 28.02 73.22 30.64 7,40013.72 30.*40
;A
56
Vi
Table A-III. Meas~ured Blast Properties of Spherical AFX-702 TR P Ita t+in k Pa k P a-ms ms ms
.9144 4120. .3380
.9144 40679. .33401.981 795.0 1.2081.981 883.9 1.204 K'2.362 503.0 218.2 1.678 3.3902.362 490.2 227.5 1.734 3,410
Ir12.972 254.1 165.3 2.758 2.190 j2.972 285.6 2442.720 3.9702.972 - 2.8802.972 -- 2.880, -I2.972 232.9 154.7 2.920 2.370
!42.972 209.0 108:9 2.920 1.510K 3.810 155.1 165.1 4.326 4.310
3.810 166.0 174.0 4.270 4.250
3.810 151. 128.1 4.400 2.6103.810 4 - 4.20 -I3.810 154.8 155.9 4.560 4.1903.810 - 4.480S.995 60.67 118.3 9,428 5.8005.995 61.27 98.73 9.336 5.200I5.909s - 9.64
5.995 -9.640
5.995 59.65 104.6 9.720 5.400I5.995 -- 9.7609.144 67.79 140.0 18.55 6.400 .
19.144 66.76 143.8 18.64 6.8009.144 57.23 92.25 18.44 5.2009.144 6.3.07 127.4 18.72 6.4009.144 68.04 138.5 18,72 6.2009.144 - 18.92 6.20011.58 24.74 6.200
I11.58 24.8411.58 51.64 107.9 24.60 7.60011.58 51.64 24.96 6.000
11.58 - 24.96 IIzpt11.58 25.16
13.72 35.95 100.? 30.32 7.60013.72 38.51 108.2 30.4013.72 - 30.*5613.72 -30.52-
413.72 30.80
I57
1J
Table A-IV. Measured Blast Properties of Spherical PBX-108
m k Pa k Ps-m a " ms
.9144 3351. '313.1 .. : 0.302 .310
.9144 3118i 225.5 0.330 .250
.9144 3020. - 0.320 -
.9144 - - 0.320 -
.9144 - - 0.320 -
.9144 - - 0.320 - I
.9144 - - -
1.981 - - 1.222 -
1.981 709.5 185.1 1.208 -1.981 600.3 190.4 1.160 1.6501.981 666.0 201.6 1.160 1.7901.981 600.5 201.8 1.280 1.2901.981 574.2 - 1,120 -1.981 696.3 176.5 1.160 1.3101.981 503.3 185.1 1.280 1.2501.981 747.4 190.4 1.120 -
1.981 - 201.6 1,1601.981 - - 1.120 -
2.362 471.1 207,2 1.710 1.7902.362 511,4 189.0 1.626 1.7302.362 430.6 168.2 1.640 1.6902.362 440.0 173.4 1.680 1.570J2.362 482,8 174.1 1.560 1.8102.362 499.1 160.2 1.680 1.3502.971 259.6 155.0 2.566 2.2102.971 272.3 165.1 2.694 2.2702.971 227.8 143.3 2.760 2.1302.971 218.3 140.2 2,800 2.2302.971 221.1 139.7 2.640 2.3302,971 226.3 154.2 2.720 2.4703.810 168.0 132.3 3.960 2.8103.810 149.8 165.1 4.360 2.7703.810 151.6 143.3 4.240 2.7303.810 149.8 140.2 4.280 2.8103.810 137.3 139.7 4.250 2.9303.810 137.9 154,2 4.40 2.9505.995 64.09 90.67 8.856 3.9105.995 5S.92 84.19 9.318 3.9505.995 56.34 85.01 9.360 4.0505.995 56.04 88.60 9.440 4.1305.995 60.10 88.46 9.280 4.1505.995 9.560 4.1509.144 63.04 114.4 18.44 6.6009.144 64.35 121.7 18.32 6.8009.144 58.49 108.3 18.48 6.800
58
•,7" :" , " ' --" ' - - -. -.. .... ". . . . . . . . . • ,, • .. •• :L.. .;: . . . . . ...
Table, A- IV Measur~d Blast Properties of Sphericail PBX-10.8 (Cont'd) -A'4
~k~a A k~-msms
9.144 61.04 113.6 18.60 t).6009.144 SO-072 115.7 18.44 6.6009.144 66.20 120.0 18.'76' 6. 60011.58. 24.5S'' 7.200
llS'24.46' 7.20011.58 - 24.64 7.00011.58 29.08 69.71 24.80 6.8900,11.58', 31.03, 03'. 6 24.164'ý 7.,00611.58 28.72 - 25.00 7.400'13.72 31~.34 81.63 30.00 7.80013.72 - - 29.90 7.80013.72,'~ 31.92 76,53 30. 20 7.800,13.72 32.54 19.08 30.36 7.6t0013.72 31.29 79.98 30.20' 7.80013.72 -68.95 30.68 7.600 -16.46 25.,59 -376'37 8.0.10
dý n
Table A-V. Measured Blast Properties of Spherical PBX-109I. I II . I. II I
.. .. kPa kPa-m,. as ms
.9144 *- -
1.981 719.8 112.4 3.212 1.5701.981 . - 1.200-1. 981 640.5 L1o981 695.7 .2.362 539,0 197.3 1.736 1.592.362 . 143.3 1.720 1.472.362 .7202.362- 1.5622.972 287.2 218.6 2.736 2.0102.972 .. 2.92.2.972 - 2.88 .2 . 9 7 2 " - 2 . 8 4
3,8!0 162.2 122.4 4.040 2.2103.810 181.5 168.0 4.268 2.8903,810 4.4403.810 152.1 137.1 4.360 2.8103.810 152.5 127.4 4.36 2,4703,810 148.2 133.5 - 2.7905.995 64.90 108.0 8.892 5.6005.995 9.2985,995 55.90 92.04 9.600 5.2005,995
- 9.534 .5.995 - 9.6409.144 6471 126.4 18.42 6.4009.144 67.24 142.0 18.42 6.6009.144 57.16 115.6 18.52 6.4009.144 18.56 ."9.144 62.33 127.6 18.68 6,20011.58 45.71 103.4 24,49 7.00011.58 41.37 98.87 24.58 7.20011.58 47.99 103.2 24,64 6.800
11,58 _ - 24.53 -11.58 24.88 -13.72 34.27 81:84 30.00 7.00013.72 37.64 100.6 30.14 7.40013.72 32.34 81.77 30.20 7.20013.72 - 30.32 .13.72 - 30.56 .16.46 14.69 - 37.32 .
60
i
•",''•' , • •. ",. " *" ,:,.--"• ---:...:"•',. "• ....... .. ... . ,..... -:-:..:. _-"-• ,_' ..... •. •... . . "'
IS is qUxIJJA.7 rMwOUwI
Table A-NI. Smooth Values of.Scalod Measumvd Blast Properties of Spherical PentoliteIn Free Air
Z PM TA
;y I~7F 6" f,416305F: A4 n,161AAF on Ag 171 12F .M1
qOf7N 1 fl*4lqflPF 04, n,149SIF An11 1.7 145F.. 1`1n*.SOnF nn A*46tA1w MA f.17?33F !A (1i7t11V 6k
n,,i~jmlF nol fl*oV4hQr 64 fl*11513F On ri.I76plr , AAn ,W~ 0A2 11F 0:M0 n AQAF M4 6,j77QAF (I0 M ti, I ?M!%FO*IA1;s1F A0 n A'ARA70F M4 nfl Pi fglAF fin il.174107F Mj 'I0 ,?%4A6'I n6 A n7AflfF. A4 fl.1R3AIF On (11VjAQ4%P nA
if* n~P6' 0,,f67 4F A4 Al.jRAAIF -Ab I1*1AQA1F 04
fl*~x%7vgF An 6,jAfl7pF 64 n *itI)AF ont n. ~AC,1F n 4
6nAX17F no flIS423F M4 MI1~fF i ,~~O V
0*'SA'71F nn. n.14794F 64 (11, tq A I F on on IA'I jn6 *F7d4OnF M6 M*~d~ 0 4 6N 4 Al*q gj3A n KRA (. .I F M.1fti.k7Q4Fl5 An 0,135x6F n4 0,phq ni 01) IA70di 04F i
nA'%&xv nn n*3P074P M4 n,pfi%9tF n6 11.1147911F 0l,%G JFtin 1`1 0 2324 9 i AoQ1 F. P*1'473'4P n
n 0 6Af ImOF nm r'*jttNAF n 4 o ";) 16 2 0, ) IAA'%fldn n I
M ,A n.IP Forn' Mi A I AF n04 O*2,17jF 110 nI S 70'3 111
n .*27t1ioF mn fl,PAQ1j 6F4 0 ,2V)R7F (I ( I, I AAnF 0.4vIhX3Fn 00 ti04.3011 0 4 A6, 2.14AP~Pt" 11Mn Al*w$A7F n0I
n IA'%R4F MM M,pV442F (14 n,24p4QF 1`1 (1tA, 4P
0 ,A4Ct'VF n0 n 6ORI 4 6,23R%6 if no I AAPIF (11
0 K1 9 * on nIAI'6 ,AF A'10! I .APP%'4F 1% 4
Fon S 31AF~j 64 n,pS44iI FlOt.7F0
n Af I 7pF no nl*.;%IP3,F (4 M, 2 INI p F 1111 f,~ie I 41F 0o ,AAft4AF n66n P *43 ASP h04 A P A7 6,iF n0 A (I .I I F nI
n:u ;:AJ enF m~;i2 n4 1 ynR o1 ,I FflAQA41F mno nPA4dIAF M04 . n2iwAfr n o it"I ew i ip 04
M67,1%piAF M66 rI . pn t F n4 n , uij pnP 6n I ;af FI
n,7j1apjF M0 fl*9PJ44F 0Ampo;!Fnl ( f, I N7017 M
n7,>APIIF non 0, pt 7 AF 6 4 n0 Pe)%sM6F no 14111122F n I0 ,71342F M A fl,21QAF n04 n0, 3 M(14'3 1 6 Fi175 fillAl, 7 At .OPjF 061 r-oflARFAF 04 n ,304!in 14 s f)fni, *14 7 P F j~
00 ,pnQAQF A64 n ri 5 AF on It ~i ah7iF A.In,747i0tF M 0 lQf7F 4 itfl43 06 fl'Khp2M,7%S77F nlfn (I,9nPKF 04A n . 31 S4F On n,~~V6
A 7771) O o 60 f, I AQQ 6F4 n,37643F 0M n0, I %~ri I O MO ,77776 F 00 n,iAQPQF 04 0 43747F rno nISt4A4F 03
nnQ3 nfl, I AS0F n64 M . 374 7(i 0Q r, iAI4F n/ 3
00 Mfl3AF nn A ,i 7A 3 F 614 n*3~ qqAF nit 6I, I 1't F Ili
n.AnsA7F no0 f, 1734 AnF 6t4 n , . S 47 OtF no un jP2qF~ n 3
liAp47AF n n n, IA7 03F M04 Al, 4AFA3F O n , I IA IF n0I
A A PItOF0 n j hA % OF A4 A ,373niF no n,jgnft1sF MA
61
Table A-VT. Smooth Values of Scailed Megasured Blast Properties of SphericalPontolits in Free Air (Cont'd)
z PM4T 14P2
ft R4IOS RF An n1613oi f04 0,3703IF no n 1gfl2ff ft3
0 * A49347 nfl 0,jSRW7 n4 n,345717 non ft0,jd1767 nn*4117WQ Am ~ 4 0 444fFM fl,34ppr7 Afm n,14QjQF As
nemPAA13F An nIIAF M4 n.0*40!Fi An0 n,14044P MI3
A0 A0 4 .146721 A 04 n.433847F 0M n,tdAQ4 n,3n.4394F Ml n fn,140717 IFft4 n,41 249 0F nn *d746F M 3
n*A0?F A 11 n .14 P7 AF "04 fl,4t94A7 00A n ,14 AF- it0FP0,QmnAAQ An 0,13949F 04 0*4266nFl An n,146PRF 03
nI4d4QP 0n AO I3420F 0t4 0,441217 m 00 0, t AlF A3" "n2 nfl 0.3147F 04 n,44PYI7 on 11,14449F M3
n 03 I3F 0 ft ,1P877F M04 0.456'35F nl n n, 14 3A 9E n0I
A ~ f . 0 S94F nI2A I3F P0 n,4 04% 4 1 F A n fl.1PA3F 0 3
nQN%14F q M0 0, I 353F n4 0,47203F M0 ftlh, t4PF 01
n 063F M ,1204F 4 ' 0wF nn '11 I 42M FF A3n07nI n :IIRA47C M4 fl:4827F nn. fli4144F n3
n 04,310F 00 n,jtAMPF M4 fl,4Q6hA P nn l.4 POD?2E A N
0,j1njnF n n.11123F. n4 ,51374F A I l19FAFn
M,¶0lPQF RI fllfAOl7 A4 M .goo2,64 F n00i, *11R3 Al
n,tMP2hF A1 0,inAA3F MA 0,5~3149F MM "01,1P30P n3
flM103FQ A1 0, 1 43QP 04 fl,54nAFl MM (I , I 7f 6F 03
fl,IM41n 01 0*10004tF n4 n,54412V An u0,117 W~ 0
%JnSW Mi I1 n0*QAM4F 0A 4 .55477 00n 0 ,I ihjAF n03
fl,10A3,7F At n,079247 n3 ln. iA493F N) II,13N73F A3
n,1084?F A1 0,A3417F n3 fl,5RAI~F AM A,13443F 03
0 j0Q93F MI no*IlAPnF 03 0,50441F An f1tI1371F AN
fl,tit70F 01 n*A7Q46F M3 fl*A1Oj4F nn n,113d67 03 I0.113007 M1 %Ohn57OF M3 fl,61MP nn) n.1311F PAfl,113anF 01 n.A4Pn05F 03 fl*610337 nn ri,IjIjfF A3
n*1IF0?pF 01 A,42396F n3 ne$012W nM n,13047F M30 ,I1AtF At 0*An6jqF n3 n . 6305OF 0n n,I2Q9flF MI
n 1173nF ml fl.7ARA7F M30h1?F1 11191 .0 :11945F 01 n,77167E 03 nA47nn no,>AQI3 A3*
fl1Q80019 I fl7Sd02F M3 0 AqAA87 An 11,11774F 03
%WW7O n1 fl73849F M3 n.7108w An ii~j;17jtF n30,V121087 01 f,7723RF 01 M.?2314F nin n.12843F M3A p2318 AF n I n7n08507 n3 n,7357tF o 0n 0, I575EJF A .
n,1ý1439F M1 n,801117 03 0 74R80! 00 n*1p8077 m3n0,1>0AjF At 0,87593F n3 M07A1837 nOf n1.,j>3QF "Ifljp2ft5F 01 n,A48487 n3 0,7752Q7 00 ui,t2307n P3n.08 it2~5 010,.A418 n3 n,774797 on 0,t23PF P3
n0019187 01 0*3210F 01 0,802047 On0 n.12plIF 0.10,13ftAPF A1 nAIA107 MI n,816w4 n0 A 12164F 03
0 ,117 I1 I aIorM 0A4467 03 0,83027An1- P0 (l129 5 03t
0,113pn A ,7 01 1 n I O17A3 n,444RA7 0 n A,12MPAF A3
0,134M17 01 fl';877R2 03 (1893 0 0RAFAAn 0,1957 MI
fl,J1SP4F At n.RA4RqF M3 n,47476! 00 A,11AW8 n3
62
Table A-VI. Smooth Values of'Scaled Measured Blast Properties of SphericalPentolite in Free Air (Cont'd)
z PMt41k P A MRK4*f11 1P~wMq1Kt**4i/4l
P 1.,4717F 1`11 Ml.Naspp Ai nl*RA. ' o n •f)j•14P•*F flj
-%A 0i: 9F nn 1 1r ll(I 4slo w ftml 111,41|AD F MA• A, I I K 1F 11:
I A lF M1 t;) SNF 1`1 1 6Q19PIAr An. fl*j IAP 4P r4
h, nI 4A 0'r M-4 M l4 % F N11M4Q n AM I.I IAt 7F MA
P , IA 4 " nI n*)* P7.F •3 9,34"oF i 0t 1 .1 f •rAF PJ'. A6%A VA r nA I 6.4)An7F nl nfl gonI 4 nl n n j 1 0 t , n'
4 It. 46 m40•F' At n . 416-OA I ,' F! | l I M3 M, 1 1 11r II(I p A, v nj
III IAA7.Ar ,hj , 41AAIF 2 II.1 ,OPP At (I. P 4 M.1n, A 4t nt M fl447A4F h M 4 fAqA F 01 ;P 1, MA
( n, *1 . 14 n n nqn, , P77rF' MI A .1M .1 4 1)11,7F n1 A
I* ' P 7••.lr MI (Z ,A 4I2 F P' F A*1.lI F n, ni,tj I I F
I Ot 4 • 4 • lr A*. I M, F n,' 1l A 7ldrP II1 ,,I Ifli F' K r 4
(I+ r • ;I P 'Kt 7 r t 1,40AOl F II M J ( 1, 1,A or 1t I I I.Mll• q I'l
1. A 7.; 1 F ml l)'r, nA% F MI. n ,td; I l•" II 1t # CIIA.'I A
' l,7WolaF nl fl*,1AA4.lF fi.'q n,14¶td7lV Aj I,'1,n4..RL rt,
A, 7AQnr At no*7Ci .nn MI n.j 142Anq7 At n,q'q4F r'4!, 0,7#'AdF r•t. A.,• AQF nI.' rt•|.'lA P nj 7 Kn~p r,'I1. 4(IAln~ 3AF 7't A PACP 1 n, n7:¢ " Pj .)
n , +:1741n F A• I n, 3/,! F An3 nl),t 'llj nj III I l ) It10M9An, I nA~jrF M IR, A74Fl All 4 A j P 9 aF"M t nt +1. 717,( Vn.I .O I, Qa7 F' ft Il • A O n' .3r7 A. , IA 73F (I I f,. Iis7Ar, F • n
I i, R7PF At 14 . f f;)lA• . n~ I.t71l.F M t I' I Ilnl,2F r
I A h A I 312A44F A A'n t~i~ A t , 114 4 0 'lleI J47
I> 7 1 7, n In. di ,IF At1 Ait 44 nP 1,4
n! I. 7147F At n ,jrAM4on F flI n,17413Is 4'r (11 1.' nA "1 C I 'M 741 F" n., nqA~ n. r l ')F Pn3 n l4lA 7 Ar A n,4 t* 1•404 F P
I7 o r Al I A ojptn .' jA I o F Mt(1 ANR "4
P I 1 n A 1 j A aF III M Ir.K.1r nI Iif. I 771r. n I"
n. 1 47 (i (1 A F II II , •4 l 7l A.1lc•d AF M. A Ih F nI ni m p07 n1sýr t'j
A,1: n IAPj1F MI n P A a F A I nA.l' I IF.n 4A iF AIA
, I*Ik, nfAA F A"I )AA7 3? 3( ,9.4 (,•. . A A1m 4
n. nOPIVAr n A!.In(1 6ir n.1 P (I AN7IfrI" I II "lN74F r A
(I 1 7K1F* rt I P~Q n F ru.' n I I P AF A I (I mn I F ti ;
P. a ti A AF n I.' A.d , ( n, n j 74l#.4F nf Iv4I .7
, n 1* A I-i n F I t M 4 ,2RI IF nt Al. '• iv , "A n. f'l AF At A1 n .t AnI A.4F ntI iAi. n'4 F 0n I nw#MAF fl1 A*IR47F M. I n, I s4AF At1 7i* 7 7#91F
n. tIfl% n F t Ml. 7Ri4PF nI.' . .tI,¶ tIII'mtiR/ 11t1
AF Il MeM747U4F A.. I ,2nAQF A, I if r,.'n7NI F rn P
ni I A 5 12 P0 ti!vn n
1 .1e M 4F P I A A. t 'AF A IP.q4'TAF n It I 11 sAIF nft
M.16 3 1MI~~~~~ F, A IAP FO
Table A-Vr. Smooth Values'of Scalod MeaSured Mlast Properties of Pphor~calPeitodtit's i~ Prof Air (Contld)
zPM TA
0~~~~ ~ ~ k, Mi ýj0 1,0 ,000
A.. 'i P f'I F At "o ky A AN fl4 P 37AP Ai A. A fiR Ii nlt 4 A VI, nfipq4 tt flis4 A A Al fA PAiR 13 A1 1 1 AA T.7 S 00
A 101704V At A I470MFA~ ('4 'lAtPAy r ft i
11.2Ain'I fit 01141 OAF fl 60276PNT, A .I A *j lkj7 4W t1
0AA71FAt iltIf7 Mi 6l'f@b Pi Ai~i7 F.A 10A54 A11 P A A iF Ai 1l A5 je~l~ ;cSAMI MPnAv0t i rP
A P41* f A PAPt 7rm (I I M,3nrQ AP Ai n5 M lý~1
A*APj frn 0 2 7 ('1t (',16misg flj) e7 Af7 A 1F96,PAAIqQF A I P , i Awh n 3 fit 1P 1 1 If A , 17N40I0 6 1AA7Q Mt fl'ltAf7r 'ix I!,3~ph7F, 41 Fl74h4*F no
64AQAIFAI fi f.j4 7 F Ml A A 0V32PA A) 1 1) 7 41 A;IF A*n~v72I~r At I A ) 144 A A~ R,jA7Af)1 I)) n,13%~eAF f,
m14tol. At n 17 F A I7 Ml .1,4.1AA F Al I F~7~t 1%A py A M7,qP I .i 'i34 4 Mi A) 1, ,7 POqlVI3F n*1
A IV f'A' 0 0,M N (151(A1F flI nl, I!t2QW Ai I 91S IM IA f, I AN11`1 FlAY Al3A t P AV II *7 I~t73tSF n o
0 4, 1 tAr M t f, IAiIntF A 1 flY l*YA.¶7F fI1 1*71`0411. hPfRi 't A1.q1QI A1F MP M,7356' Ai I. nh46PF. AP
't n 17'p3PF '2 .n,37011IR A, I M lkIi iA.,2442ir A t A 4%3;nr no 1109%AF4 A I A * Aa PI F no,~j
n'qinF"t nA.1MPA Apt 'i.3927A At 1 0 6,7BIh2F noA~nvF0j 31 rip n,3493lAP n I no*AAq~nF no
A '13AP7F n 'ii ~ tP QQF flp A fl4AftltK A I*A~1 non n 1,1WA AI Ai 2A R A 19 A.4lPA~AP n 1 1), K77 1F P P
S't P , A Af~~ s 'A2 n,41QA)P (It It0v i ?Af n 9A
AlflI '. ' 0FAi q,44942F 02 A 0 680Wf A1 li) 4lAISA4F nl0 .. 11 ftr A M~ ,I~t7' 1 14FA A ,4 N 4 A i I* F 4317F AVAjjl jAF At n~ mJ7l MTO n2 fl*4ARPQ Aij 00l* j9rA "?,
A . 3oi ')F A 1 1 Afl.t CIEI ,4AF I 1 04 A,2 AVA D F , ?A f77t I'F AV f49.A~pn A j 0 gi,)¶7PE j A4P
A 33046F I r A, 7ot7qnF 1` 4.47161IF A) n *, % iAA *vA , NA It F Ani f, 741,7~ R AP A d4g0riF Ai 1 * 1) ~ 1
QiYAl fi f,72qqnF AP A AR? N I r A i 14nnE I~ ~ P(1 340i7 1 F'It n,.7tARF no n,4056AA Mi t (Ia %040F h
0,34744F A I n.Ae~mFlA Ai 2 A, P I236F Aj 4a 1 IF*A ARAAP AtI flA7716F..P AI W#*Pogj I~ .. A'A 197PPn
n*R4Xj M4 nAhaFn2 059FA
(*1930779F Ati A*P~sp7jfn n6311 A) M.A*'APq7IPA:fl,lAqIf iliF ft AdM7AF nl2 Al,'4 7dt 1F A)j l*sA3PnFl n
644
64w"
J444 ~
Mh1 PAS NS l 4W~M~r~A~MR MkY MUSHIM8 OD DODQ
Table A-VI. Smooth Values of toiled Measured blast Ptop.o'ties of SphericalPentolita in Free Air (Cont'd)
Z P4 110I I~txn* 1 /,11 o (MR /1110**1 3) I PA 0,11fl *111/ 1
h 110 4 A4 P F M 1(1 R*AJn~ Y I R 0 AF OP M~iM;4 11111 40 (1 ,;
-i itr liL fl*4.11,11 111 MP n An4 O I'l1, 1,3 FI
111 A~r rl POKA37OF MO M,01AS AV III (i.6OWd;CPji h
nn ri il n*47 co; *A~q4 -Mnr II ~itRI Ji*P11
.1 a AIP A I A F~ I)PAAA649 MI niiIt ' 0 f,Rh'IR'P16 A I A R9 . to ,I7 sn)PI
(1 4141144F r N RA w7 I oF rit 9rIAAQd(Pr(I aA I AA I F fl*4441F MP *I A AI F MIif A lotPtF Nn*AoPsivfl RIyll~ M.~I' p~ 'it ,1" 4 I F nj N A RhAC4' NP
neAYI9AAA M9 fl4jI4 P 1110 P4tI OF e0 j *.,, Ar r,
M 4IM1j ( IF r1 R 40M1plor MPI ,1f I #\ 1,P (i It i7INqF riI0,4011tIF Il MarII PF 0 0) e1,,11` IAAF 01 lie A 11 11:1,n,4 jqj7r tit M1114QA0F PR9 ~ 1117 010111111 MI If60 W M
(I , 4 A,1 RI j I A dQA iF MI P 10 ?6 nOO IRI ~~~~ yR6 ~ A)A oo rip n 117 e iiu~
M 1MI n 4 R.11 %IR MP MR.PtnOF RI)14 i INV 'P IIIIIAAP4 F A ,A A r h y n h Rm Q f ool 11,414111'10 r11 0 ACIPý M I flA 171 )Q, 1PM rIF n Ij fli ,11`111 r,
M AA AI MI M A 'IMP IN 0 i tApi P14477W
A ~(J~ I A 31,110 nF O n , P I'PQ Mi I' n At .PIPIi A7%1 AjF' 1`1 1i n -404 Q F r% M$Ml,~ 111 (1 1`1 P~4'
n 47j ok IF1 n~ 1 11 e41113 A ~ 01 fF,11 o Pfl I IIr 11~ ni A~'A F 0,7
(I RA I 01F A n ,kt itfP ri pM I A)*Q7 iA F II ( n,.$4 7 1 ); (q Aa PF M1 4 4104 1 f n ?n.iM 7P M1 (I A It j A r II
ti~jo AF Vi I ,% QI~ R94 fl P 0N:fro 1nP . po lRAI 'F MI Al i 4oA11;? IP it f, o 71fl RF np 1 11 A '114 n:
M , ap~o I' 10p~p Ap F 1 ý, 441 I htpr7F (11 ni, V'4 j 11 iP
RI MiR, I IIIPOF MP,11134)0F n nri oi I m( ;F M;!K,>fl ) I ll OF ` *;1 7 PR 1117 ml p nlpdF np (I , 417 vF N2,
A 1111414 1F M I M 117 9 7F OP 11 1 Itdp IF M 0ig2P 07nl*, a F.7 01 F n M PY AF n n n 7t dF nl 1 0 ollA P
Rkwr k I or :PPI AAR tI 2 1,IIP A ft. (1 (Al: in , 11 it IIFAP RI nP7QPAF nP i I I QAPAF Pt (I* 7'I F n
n , 7 0P~ RI F I n~4 fF M Op ClI I #nolF rip 11, 1%~ K ? IS 4 1.
n #-oQj)Fi not fi.2rQQRF MP M.IpjQnF M o (s n 0; 8 1 F i7
65
Table ~ mohV~aOf S44ltd oeasurodNast Prapqzt±* .0f.;001,944
Peitt 6t An4 vt
hr A
ml777 AP A*A,~P Ci3 ft y* IAII I
nA*~AAAF I n,7nAA mIJ o4 n~ Q7l,'p41 i t im7ir n .A 11`140
"I A*PI~4P A AS"~2A A1 PllfMAiP Al
nl~ 4p A ln A 4'~F M~ 7 4 9 pmacl 47P A~ f
m A Im7mI t x 14nF no~ nllq?$11ýP - Ir
m n*4.I497or (II A 4* M~§' P n I A I p AP'1 p 0 7ArP 1 m
(160011n Am 1 17l 11AI, P (I M fl Ir"~ MP ti 713 %t P no1
A*AA?7IF Ao m 1:Pt mpm
0, ~ I4I F M 1 A F .11 P ri A~I nnr lip 01f.A tR Al A InI* 1 A~Q~ 4III~ Ah$ PP 11, 1P it441Fnp(IIAnAF
n 41 oA I r (1 m11111 rIFn o n~ A M 4 A F 1) 1 tt74A9 1 p m
A*!AA~qAA 1P m~ ilmhAflI ml 0 A 717S A ~pnl~ At A 44 1 A f', A1 1A (2 1,7 m%?f~l n A0 M
ml ~ 3 6140 4F A 104 % 04F A 2 n tsis~mol Ap19 A119 n ;1td%
A *qQ43FP Mt AAI lIkIF IMP.( tf l pl14 F n p f 7A m 4F* n p
n RA7Alitrn Al Pi, 0) 1F M7 n A~In AF m ii i
A* A1A1P AIAt13F A It AlP f (1 A 1A7P1F t'ip
n M41 pA n I A,AAmJFP A). A I Inn~rm p (is n7 1114F M P
Mp (17flAprF mp
A*!q"q~rQ Al fl*Pi3F I~Po M AI A*1nip% n2 11.,7171tF m 2
111107 o 66nA P 7 (,11 m0(
n. A j 44.~4 A ~ ~ 4 Q I,4F4MP'-,V1 1 -A.'? '4I)*?,4,4F AP
Table A-VI. Smooth Values of-Scaled Metsurod Blast Properties of SphericalPentlit inFree Alir CCont'd)
Z PM TA .
M I Ai~r Of Ml~th lkijFn nt,117h7F nV it 4t Al~~9' APl FlIAQ ~ *~'A . 11?
1 it I t F h 1 174 M
n 14 7 s Il j ~ ~ ~ f I F #. n7t$ (.4 A F o p. 1 1 3 3 t
A S it E 4F Mln K t A PItF 09, fltnfllr Mip n v A %.vA4 F. n1
Ml 4 l, I jI l1tft(0p 1ý jI op ;P0 p
AWAA1r4tA7i? t'F n 0 A1~1P A YtF f ~~tP."11I f it l9 ip 19 I P 1111F (12 1l ~ 1IP 17A F NP lit, A.~'R 0i It
i~AF t h to~~~ wlI l *pa.1 I np a' 1 7, 06 1 l
A,'ft~l11t A*AAIF' n ~ nJVOP jPI *.1kli mp?,5 1`1
n N 11, 411,3f*np p~ 3. or lo it, r toii ~
K 411% t~ 11 F ~P2' M 044AF P o oI'AF I )
4 O t AS 1 F 2n i ti: .' oI *~~1V1F ri,
MAntiimp? Al 1 .1A41hA A0 .~ p M rIP4F N~P~R 2l jgAp4 A .1A Ff
M h 7AF M i A K $4 tAIF fAS fljPQd 1p pI'AfF 7 90 otf*s PA
1,1' At r i iti~xiii tI p MI P 7 A jF 12 It 61101,111 F Ap
A*#.pi 4Ir M I 11t1A P A 0 1p o o A~tI A p (10 d, 111) 1 IF, rP ý
fIA,44N A t rp .MnI 041ij FP it Pioilt?#P A~
*A )~A Ih ! !I pt "R70 Mp M AMAt # At:~ p' Iit A I1 1~ F A
n 66iA PO;F,r Al 1 A0 ~?t pr, A P hpn '4 IF lip h 4 1AQ/I 7; M
n*A,)pAaF Alj AM i I I Alp A ICI A~ it 0't7'R 4 11 h
V'116 A1 nA~A nl rI g p 4%F 10M -4 F 'p i Iq~Q It f1 A 41, lipM 11O 3,0FMfl 9 1 P rO p M*:q~~ 1t 14QI h ~I~ P n Arp
A ,4 ~ 4F lI n KnAoqF Mp n 1 14 114 M2 0411t'~ V0 F 0
ShlP0411 $I r KI ~AQOF Mv II 3,t1% F lip fit 'pyt AF fVp
n 6A 15 1 M F A I A 4 0A¶?I F M A0P A, 4 6kg F i ;I 1t, 4 0 S M 91V r
MA 4 7 s;7 F m j A 4 4QN1I Or M p M j it 6lijF I P ,iAVP%F A linA*AAAdP if nAqPAPF AM A nt7 1 NP 07 111 h21or7F 'i'v
n 044P M AlnA40 Ip m 1 . F M i~t 9 FA 14 A V A .0 7 A 2 M I 30t.44 :
MA Aq I IF A~ A (1, 4114AAFF lip RK p j 01 0,* ~ Ft It P
MehApnir low n 4 7 M F Ap 4 n Ifl r AF p nOlnsrr
A*AA4A76AA h~ A, no,~ A1f AoldAtP np ~,A* Af4KlF AM I n 7Pt1 0p 11A~~ ,p (:AQ "iI IP F
11, oolAll AF M I nfl 7,149!tF A~ t9pF~ ,A~A~AQQ Al n~I ~ Ap 4~4pflA P (1 0 ris" A~A 00 ,;
A.n ~ ~ A ,AAQIQF nI 1 ( 7 .pNI 421Fn IIA0A10r
* , ~ ~ n, lAAASSVF Op A I 4p67Q 71 1* 't9iF.rft7p~ I An AAI'7AF Ap ri I Aplp it4 ~~too1 0 1 rp
rA I7 Al A Apt 117 (IF lot nF Ml 2 (1 '"4hIF (17
n . 7r F nMno A * tpF P rlt I45por np 6 60h I F 1)7
67
........£
Table A-VI. SZOOth V1lues ofSeedKuw ltPrptS oShwcl
01 WAl790 rV n,j49741r AV
A ,7119W~FEl AlAA7 -no n (14~nP no ,%tAI l
017I"A7f Ei (1#43342F n"2 A.'1f l7 0l
to 7 A a1% 2F AI A E tA aIW l AV o7 ,01741 AF n:
fllt7Apr A~ El 0,A73RPF rl 2 "' 447r n2 41%291 A
El 7,p5 1 1 loo ~ ~ 4 A~ 4 F I AIAIFAV M F I% ý l*ft 9 A "7Ir0
ntl7aV O((t 1AiF
l71>111(11 fMt OP141ki'f no (104INd? '17 0
ll44 At Al,41014F no A,1%%7Av op fl IitiV IFA
El,~ f AF Ei A 4tdi774P "Vo n Wt'7 F n va t* I Y1P fl7
*n qcA2F A 4 00t
%6'
El717¶ 7l ng ýjI (1 El*llDA4F P>2
M 44 4 91 F A i E Is 1A a~ I ' Fl 1 ~ t 7 " f fi 4 0 ,0 vF Pl
4f, 1) 141 t (2A 4 Al~47P AP El¶ d 17 F P7
flwoA 0.3.4'd " l 1s4Opi 07 i WIto P7F 07
El~ * A~~ IE,,vcoZjF vo; i 402A! F7 A1 it
El7k~~ "1 a. Fo sSl11;E A
0 YIA 1 Al A 191 1F P2 ",47 1F o0
El7fjj~ El% El* 0AU F7 IN El t l kik t%7 A 117 1
El ?57VEl'l*1774lF %97l17~'V l l
El.7QAIIF~~~~~~~ IF PIAEtl 9l~ E.74~E2~ '1f1 '
El 74 41 I~AI 2 Iti %->P~REl I' 'i'4A 7 AVEl~~~~~~ ;k APA7 ,1 199 f j7 6it Elf A ~ '! 4 p
7Qp,qqpEF A I Al,3AA7QF AV f*7Q3AP OP 90 A AtI 04F A
ElA12SQ At A IAPYOF A 7l f.AMh1P n) II F A
F1,PR~6 El,'~AAV P 0 A lIR7fl P6 co I 'A441 A>4F A 2
Amh7FA tA iiA 7Fmln .t 77-F V "'i n680A A il FAV le4; P-4FLAA 43FAV1 AA
~~IZI wAEI ? 4I'~
Tabi, k-vi. smooth Values of Scaled Measured Blast Properties of Sphericalpertolite in Free Air (Cont td) 40i
ni 141P 1 IN2 Al fl17 A 2ft AVAF nP1 ,jri j
noR3~i j)SlA4 i(I1 P 7 4 idt1A
SA' ~ 0,31927P no~~~ t~ nitP7 41atF'n7AtP (1:41`714P0, 37 A~tF 1-011jFft fln 4114Qr '2 11 ttfA7 n
n *04-I F AtAF r 11 V4 Fll7 F A P
i'AI1 4ufitA k"P r~w.4F fit P , of (F n oi lf4A7F I)PAa F r
At(0 7O f n :~i It fiaiA 2 I2 fl Is,! F4 1 14 C0 i' It A
A Nt n OM,~~F no C'* 39Fl1V m7 n14st~7I
1nf7A F 11n 0 1 1 PF 112~tQ
A qI I -'7F (101*Q"'15F M2 no no~li AP .4 i 7 4AFF n
A I fl*Of7'IF A .3INR 09Q~d A2 Afdft 4~ f~ f7~ h
~A41142IF fit f n , I In tF m2 n*flp Qj3 047I
C' f'~O7V PtC'nJlqfF nlo 0,149R 1F nP~
P' a Q417 t l A r A 1 F Pp Pp QAj )4F 11P 1IA 7 P A P P'
A A 0 97 A F A I it AI9?CQ F n2 n.2pfPfi a 3 Il l ,J2U 4 AM P o o ; i AAA (
P m 7V~ 1W Aj fltt nl 0,q onI F 12fl*O m702 Pt . ~ n tP~7 a, A0 vi77 ftlP
fl 4 442V t i,7QA41V P2 p n 4ok IF 0P It4P
il 0 Qj nA F A ItA2Qr O7 F A 2E C" n~lA4 INIFl0 d 4A iý ro'o
th Q14ftfF nj A? n onh nr lip fl*400110~ 1
,nli)qA F A It 24i*mjno A~ riP1)PAF PP*t1.'P
P Ita7 At n*,7pfAVA no pno2ldQV 112j6*qAQ27",2~nq nt no~',4 pi C'.2AF N) '*~I1 l
flQ1P~ Svitvi nog1P~ n o? ri I2 dd III P A v5iitn I J r
n 0141OF At 11 01 1 *o 0211 n*,j~ (i*494F 112
q 4' 19 nl*6' Q Pl 'I A4 A P 7F nAP444Q7ofrV At 2lp t7 n" II P' Iii9~ A' I I F 11
A IA1 0F AIn.>77A 12 5 9 ,.P In 4jI ; F itt #% 9 n A0 1 6 F nP 4A t 69P
m s%16F nIn,.; O A. P n,.. . . . . . . .nt.**, Al'A.,. A1I MI Ifli*~ 5 , IF* M PP0
P t**>~i, P . 3 E A2n O M
Table A-VT. Smooth Vausof Scldaesre slt 'Properties ofuSphercalPontolits in Pros Air (Cont'd)
Z PM TA
0444F A rlPSOP AAV ft*2P?3e~'A~ flAP~ AVQA.Qdb Ft M I , P41%F 02 flýP93OF flX (I. A OPUF nP
flQ ~ l tftPSA4PF AV fl*ý2QM W (1P fl*4,.1 AP
n*AMS Sq *ftAflAMP M V M231 4Pr A P n fl4 nA I~ Fl n
fl*IflAAPj A$q MOW"dQ7Q AV fl*?14d4F 0-2 a,41400fl A2AlA I OQF Aq n , 511a FP n*~A,1AF AP? )4 1A P IF A
~,A PA;, SAQQ M~ ~ 5~ P~ nP44.4t !6 nF 11P0 1 M?A3F (A? fl,44W A 2 A, 2155PFP (1 4 d S.14t F A 9
(~j*op7o mo P*?4n46F RP ft,2,3?EAF n p t4 P4 F ?
fl,IA316F 0? AP442aF~ rp M.23AAP;F nP n,.1jt?9F nP
Anjfl311F ft fl,24204F MP flP3;Qfl MP 1IAgl*An , IA 3 a F A P fl P 7A?' I~ q 0F 2'IpIAn1F A? P ,4MAAIF 027
nIR3OF flP AI,24IW A 7 fl24PAF M P A? ~ .4AP m a4 ?V;
hl, I mAm? A P A*,3Msft M? A,74306F n? p *4APOF MP
n %4Pn (I r.,)347F PP n 12 45ti fO F 1 14 0 1.1 F (19
M , 1 m~pr AP? 0 qxIdArF w> nP470OF M2 illft 0.11 IA?
ft, A10t A 001nfl (17 fl*?dQ3F n AnV C 0M6F Aft ,IM7 AfAlF A P 1),22470F A P .~~2 %14 RF A o.3F 0,7 F, F, in f, IA 7 A* M~ F M P flpptF 02 ,? f*t iSAP n p ', 14A6F M 2
f~tIMA I r flp fl*?~94P n An.P% A p fli, I 0A IF n2~A,1t'I nmQF A? P . 2 0!7?A A 7 A , psijP F 0 nI t~Afl 4F A
n .Itl IA 10Q : 0n,2K4QP iIqj An
M 411F AP A,>t34pF mp e1,pr%6nF Op n , AqnipF rp
fltl??3V ji A*?pqAnF Ap Al 1 9 AI)o5A 3 Ap2 477 i
f AIR 0 1a.t7 PF AV il, 9%eA5 4F nP 4A 4 UI" F P:,
M INI A AOpI IJP q ,PftAOF 'ip n . 44605F PPn I AI F P ),77SAFA ,91F A? l~~4 14 34ORF r 7A IA 2 A n 1(1 AF 1 nA.'AQQF MA 1 9*~74 n P
n , I12643 Ap M 3 f.A7RF M'~ 7 n 2A5;)I1F A %I rl,'#7 0Ann , tI jnF AP f.A, p 2m# Ap ntPA63HF AV ,,jCM1 4
Antt1,AAF ft? (i,211-q~t A? fl*61NF AP r1,31774F A,'flitj31%Q M9 MA*jfl33AF MO fl,PA74QF 1? n,17ARI AP
6~1~ 14 N IF P nPnli4 M7 M , PA*C47t AV 11.4 M PF M 0
ft,tt47?P A? %PM7AtA' PP M2713P 1? vi,17AA7 nl2
n , I 1649F A P A"1lQA3F A A475pAA? n? n~Agg~if ;M . II66wn 1OMIY M 77 I.'fA 4F0 1 46 A I 5?F !2
70
Itj,
**EBXS PAGW 36 MO! QUAW12 TY WumommXM QOOY ?LMISMMD TO DADO
C 000- 0 00 0000 C 00 r4OOO 000000 00 0I'1
0 a DC 0 0C0 0C0CD 0 m0CDD CHLWU. WjL iL jw ZWLL~
UJ as- in %00 41 n% 04mL owt 0 -4=CL D c 0 mýoCc)0 -c% CD w% o 0 Mc
0000 0000 0 0or40000 n-tr
$4 00 0(Do0 0 >000 00000 0 )a0 ooCC0 0 0C
%OOm n 1 0 cao 0 ho 00 c zt 0 )ML o 40.
-4-
00 -a C-4 C) 0 '"0 000'4
LI Sj W L Lo IuwwwWLWwU
N r rl 010 r-#'(oOo umaor-N0 00 t..) 4 olet-1-0 )N%10 Ct 0(1 NO to)0 wD -I4 U Rrt)t
1ý C riOý I! N00 -4 ODI r
000 0000 000000 C 000000.1 I +j I Ia i*
:3 0 U0 0 C)CJOLl 0 a 0 0 C 0 0
Ju LU w W tLO
M M 4n o .) r4 t- N.AL 0M0 t --0 -)t- (40000) w0 00000N N tz 00 0 0
Li 1 0! Ii i 0! i -i i ri n
00000 000 00000 0 0 00 0 )ooC
0*t' u~) ~ .4~4~% (' ~- ' *
S 4-4
0j"0-40. -fr4"4- 4r-0 P0-4 00 4 -,-q C) ;-41 A
0 DC000 0 0 0C C 0Lr 0O 0 C) C)0 o )LOC aJ. r-L4O~ ~ r o
0000 0000 00 0 00000ww 4LuL w 1m "I a4 C A t af aZr a) a9 CA m I-ý
It M00 00 r- 4,04-4- - 4Mr 4 0C4Lt'-4
.,D *o a000 0 C 0 0 Dc ýooC44
4-j 4 1- -4 -4 "4 0 C) - 0 0 ) 0 01
2000C -4 -- ***
bo0o - r-
CL~ loc -,
-o - 4
20a - i-
8004 .- ...... ...
100
Dl5T(M/~wwl/3
272
w___
e-0.~
7.0.'- -4- --
T 7.
i 1 ~ 1
3.0 ______ - -- 4- -.
INI
I I
Il 0.7
0.4-
0.4 0--4' - - 0 -'e 1 1 1 L 8.0 !93
Dl T(I ww /3
F I U E - S A E - I M o f A R IV A v s S C L E DI S T N E i
FRE AI fo '4TO
I
4 I i73
I I Id
$Do--
500- - -- -- I - - -
500---
200- -I
* I IIfl 100
90
"~- 70 - - -i
_r 0
DISTt M/KG*wl/3)
FIGURE A-3 SCALED POSITIVE IMPULSE vs SCALED DISTANCE in-' FREE AIR for PENTOLITE
744
•, .-- f .,*
- ao...L............ j. -
I I I I
I II 4.0-
K x
•,' 4-- 4. -
0 . 7 - -- -. -- --.- 4- -
0.62 - -
:'. .
•I .-- I. t
L II
L0-2
.10 10.0 0I)'.0
ii•: DISTr M/KGxwl/3 )
FIGURE A-4 SCALED POSITIVE PHASE DURATION vs SCALED
DISTANCE in FREE AIR for PENTOLITE
1.if75
S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......... .. :,.f.iL.!ti•.;,,••¢:.•......,,,, ,........:•......................,._
2o a 8 10 - -4 6 o
Ia - - - - - -- -( - - - - - -
FIGUR A-5 -EA E-CS -RSR vs SCLE DITAC -in --
MAC STE REIO fo PE-N,- - --
76
,40
.
20-
c /
,_ I _ _
10*4 a 40 Ro 0 so 100
DISTm M/)G* 1/3)
FIGURE A-6. SCALED TIME of ARRIVAL vs SCALED DISTANCE inMACH STEM REGION for PENTOLITE
77
2, . . .. . . . . . .... .,.V
80~~:7
60
2: U400 o 0
DITMK x l3
FIUEA7 CLD MUS sSAEDDSAC nMC
STMRGO3or0NOIT
78I
Ll1
I
UD
a~~4 so -0 !W - -
DlST-/K~jl/3
FIUEA8SAE OIIEPAEDRTO sSAE
DITNEi AHSE RGO o ETLT
I - --- A --- --- ---- ---- -----79
LIST OF SYMBOLS
ai j-th decay coefficient in i-th cubic equation (Equation 6)
Ad sound speed (Chapman Jouguet property)dAFX-03 test explosive, non-aluminized
AFX-702 test explosive, aluminized "
CA1 decay constant (Equation 4)
C2 decay constant (Equation 5)
Co,...,C3 computed values of decay coefficients a . ai.respectively (see aij. above) 10 ..
DC scaled decay constant (,,CI/W 1 / 3)11
DIST scaled distance (=R/W /3) for computer generated curves
DQ detonation energy available for Lir shock (Chapman Jouguetproperty)
E shock front energy
EN scaled shock front energy (= E/WI/ 3 )
EWF equivalent weight factor
Ed internal energy (Chapman Jouguet property)IdGgage reading of (specified) air blast characteristic
GG scaled gage reading (= G/W1/3
h height of explosive charge
H-6 standard aluminized explosive
H1d enthalpy (Chapman Jouguet property)
I positive impulse
IMP scaled positive impulse =I/W
p excess pressure at time t
PBX-108 test explosive, non-aluminized
81
• ,,
.1,.* " .,
LIST OF SYMBOLS (Cont'd)
PBX-109 test explosive* aluminized
PM peak excess pressure; overpressure
Pd pressure (Chapman Jouguet property)
P ambient pressure
R distance from charge center to measurement station
R charge radius0
SIGMA standard deviation
t elapsed time after arrival of shock front
t time of arrival of shock frort
t+ positive phase duration
T ambient temperature
TA scaled time of arrival (0 ta/W1 3 )
TD scaled positive phase duration (w t+/W
Td temperature (Chapman Jouguet property)
U wave velocity (Chapman Jouguet property)d
Vd particle velocity (Chapman Jouguet property)
W explosive charge weight
Z scaled distance (=R/W
SUBSCRIPTS
a used with t to identify "arrival" time
d used with all Chapman Jouguet properties except DQ;identifies "detonation" property of explosive
used in aij to identify i-th; i - 1,2,3,...; equation
in set of cubic equation with coefficients a..
used in a.. to identify j-th; j - 0,1,2,3; coefficient
82
- . . . . . . . .. 3
LIST OF SYMBOLS (Cont'd Is, x used as required to identify explosive; s *standard,
x test; with which aniy measurement, property, orI, characteristic is associated
+ used with t to identify "duration" time of positive phase
0 used with P to define "ambient" pressure;used with R to define distance of explosive surface fromcharge center, i.e., charge radius
I.
V*lkI837
I ______________________________________________________z
DISTRIBUTION LIST
No. of No. ofCopies Organization Copies Organization
12 ,Commander I ýOffice Secretary of DefenseDefense Documentatio Center Office, DDR&EATTN: DDC-TCA ATTN: Mr. J. Persh, StaffCameron Station Specialist, MaterialsAlexandria, VA 22314 and Structures
Washington, DC 20301DirectorDefense Advanced Resear 2 Director
Projects Agency. Defense Nuclear/Agency1400 Wilson Boulevard ATTN: Mr. J.4. Moulton, SPASArlington, VA 22209 Dr. Sevin, SPSS
Washington DC 20305IDirector of Defense ,
Research & Engineering 4 DirectoDepartment of Defense Defens Nuclear AgencyWashington, DC 20301 ATTN, SP'L, Tech Lib (2 cys)
APSI (ARCHIVES)Director LGLS, Mr. E.L. EaglesWeapons Systems Evaluation shrngton .DC 20e05
GroupATTN: CPT Donald E. McCoy CommanderWashington, DC 20305 Field Command
Defense Nuclear Agency3 Director ATTN: Tech Lib, FCWS-SC
Institute for Defense Analys Kirtland AFB, NM 87115
ATTN: Dr. J. MenkesDr. J. Bengston I ChiefTech Info Ofc Las Vegas Liaison Office
400 Army Navy Drive Field Command TD, DNAArlington, VA 22202 ATTN; Document Control
P. 0. Box 2702 1 J1 Assistant Secretary o Las Vegas, NV 89104
Defense (MRA&L)ATTN: ID (Mr. H. M calf) DNA Iliformation and IWashington, DC 203 1 Analysis Center
TEMPO, General Electric Co.Assistant to the cretary Center for Advanced Studies
of Defense (Ato ic Energy) ATTN: DASIACATTN: Document C ntrol 816 State StreetWashington, DC 2 301 Santa Barbara, CA 93102
85
1.mo s
DISTRIBUTI!,, LIST
No. of No. ofCo;iesOranization 2 !1an iz a 10n
1 Director 1 DirectorDefense Communications Agency US Army Air Nobility ResearchATT'N: 14MCS~d (Code .40 and Developmeknt Laboratory1¶ashington, Di" 20~303 Amex Kesearc,~. Center
Moffftt-F!ieci, CA, 940352 Piroctor
Defcnsa Intolligenco Agency 1 CommanderAINi DT-IC, Dr. J, Vorona US Army E~wtronics Command
01R-4C3. R. Sauer ATNýU 'bk~SEL-RDWas~iington, DC 2030,ý Fort Monmou~th,,NJ 07703.
I bflofns'ý Civil Pri'pava~dness 3 Commander.4Agency US A~rry Missil It esearch
ArT~t David W, Benso~n and Dweovalnpofit Command.Washington, DC 20Q301 ATTN: IflWMT-R4
DRDMI uAOM# Library2 -Chairmbn DP.DM.Rss, kvr, B, Cobb
Joint OWN~f of Staff Redatone ?ursvnal, AL 35809'ATT.Ni J-3, Operations
J-5, PIlifi F Poliqy 2 Cbeinandar(R41J) Nv'isioii) US Army Miý.Jlo Rosearch
W42~hingtont T)C 20301 and fevlet~upwiiit CommiandiA41T DRbMI-RX. Mr,',W. Thotnat
I ('twIndal DRDM1-IUk, Mr. L, Li ve 1)US Army, Mator'il Dovolopmont IRedston~c Araon4l, AL 35809
$6 1 ienhower Avucnuo SA'yT-14AtmtvAlaxaindviao VA 2353 Devlopar~h C'omn~'mand. u
A1NDRDTANII Cmma dern DADIA-imd
1SArmoy Ma±itoion fievoopnrt warn MI~o ,V 22060
Alxacra VAl 22W~n Roeac 4Vovipmn C
I~~~ Coatadm Rnnnclc O
I th nd $vrtwc S4troutti US Arm>' Armumcnnt M~u~rlirivS'.Lokli, s MO 63160 iAo41d ino a Coummand
AITN I)RS3AR - U1- L, 'Ioch 1, L 1)
Rock Ia1uncl, IL 61200
#~ A'
DISTRIBUTION LIST
No. of No. ofCopies Organization Copies Organization
3 Commander 1 CommanderUS Army Armament Materiel Joliet Army Ammunition Plant
Readiness Command Joliet, IL 60436ATTN: Joint Army-Navy-Air
Force Conventional Ammo 1 CommanderProf Coord GP/E. Jordan Kansas Army Ammunition Plant
Rock Island, IL 61299 Parsons, KS 67357
3 Commander 1 CommanderUS Army Armament Research Lone Star Army Ammunition
and Development Command Plant"ATTN: DRDAR-LC Texarkana, TX 75502
DRDAR-TSS (2 cys)Dover, NJ 07801 1 Commander
Longhorn Arny Ammunition Plant1 Commander Marshall, TX 75671
US Army Rock Island ArsenalRock Island, IL 61299 1 Commander
Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant.1 Commander Shreveport, LA-71102
US Army Watervliet ArsenalWatervliet, NY 12189 1 Commander
Milan Army Ammunition Plant1 Cumuinder Miland, TN 38358
Pine iltvff ArsenalPine Bluff, AR 71601 1 Commander
Radford Army Ammunition Plant1 Commander Radford, VA 24141
Dugway P1OV.ng GroundATTN; STHOP-TO-H, Mr, Miller I CommanderDugway, UT 84022 Ravonna Army Ammunition Plant
Ravenna, Oil 442661 Cotmmnder
Cornhusker Army Ammunition I CommanderPlant US Army 1larry Diamond Labs
Gro4 nd I..ýand, NU• 68$01 A'TTN: DRXDO-TI2800 Powder Mill Road
I Commandor Adolphi, MV 20783Indiana Army Ammunition Plant,, iCharlestown, IN 47111 I Commander
US Army Materials andI Coinunider Muchaptics Reiouarch C•ntor
lowa Army Anmunition Plant A'I"N: D)RXMR-ATLBurlington, IA 52502 Watertown, MA 02172
87
,•' • - . ' ,. .• -• .• .,• 1 ,,,- ,^I
DISTRIBUTION LIST
No. of No. ofCopies Organization Copies Organization
1 Commander 1 HQDA (DAMA-CSM-CA)US Army Natick Research Washington, DC 20310
and Development CommandATTN: DRXRE, Dr. D. Sieling 1 CommanderNatick, MA 01762 US Army Research Office
P. O. Box 122111 Commander Research Triangle Park
US Army Foreign'Science NC 27709and Technology Center
AITN: Rsch & Data Branch I HQDA (DA4O-ODC, COL G.G. Watson)Federal Office Building Washington, DC 20310220 - Seventh Street, NECharlottesville, VA 22901 1 Office of the Inspector General
Department of the ArmyDirector ATTN: DAIG-SDDARCOM Field Safety Activity Washington, DC 20310ATTN: DRXOS-ESCharlestown, IN 47111 1 HQDA (DAEN-MCF-U/Mr. R. Wright)
Washington, DC ý20314DirectorDARCOM, ITC 1 HQDA (DAEN-MCC.D/Mr. L. Foley)ATTN: Dr. Chiang Washington, DC .20O14Red River Dqpot "-Texarkana, TX 7550l 1 HQDA (DAEN-RDL)
WashiLgton, DC 20314Commandor-US Army TRAD0%C Systems 1 Commander V
Anal/sis AcLi~ty US Army Construction UnginoeringATTN: ATAA-SL, Toch Lib Research LaboratoryWhite Sands Missile Range P. 0. Box 4005NH 88002 Champaign, IL 61820
Cunmmander 1 DirectorUS Army Nuclear Agency US Army Hnginoor Waterways7500 Backlick Road, Bldg 207% Experi•ient StationSpriugeiold, VA 221$0 ATTN: WESNS, Mr, 47. M. Watt
P. 0. Box 631I Director Vicksburg, MS 39180
US Armoy Eingineer SchoolPort Belvoir, VA 22U60 I Division hwglneer
US Army Mgineer Division2 HQDA (D)AMA-AR; NCL Dliv) Fort Bolvoir, VA 22060
Washington, DC 20310
i I, ,
'',
DISTRIBUTION LIST
No. of No. ofCopies Organization Copies Organization
1 US Army Eng Div 1 Assistant Secretary of the NavyATTN: Mr. Char (Research & Development)P. 0. Box 1600 Navy DepartmentHuntsville, AL 35809 Washington, DC 20350
I Director 1 Chief of Naval MaterialUS Army Advanced BMD ATTN: Code 418, Dr. T. Quinn
,Technology Center Navy Department"X.T 'ATN, M. Whitfield Arlington, VA 22217
Hn 3tsville, AL 5807:•" ... '' " ' ' :I CommanderSCommander Bureau of Naval Weapons
US ArimY .Bilistic Missile ATTN: Code P121De•fedtS Systems Command Mr. H. Roylanco
'ATTN:. J. Vedneman Department of the NavyP.0. 'Box 1500, West Station Washington, DC 20360:',./. ~Huntsviilo' AL. 5$8 •0 7r
2 Commander
S 'Chairman , Naval Sea Systems CommandDopartment of Don~t, ATTN: SE1A-04H, C.P. Jones
""xpld ve, SaSfety Board SI3A-0333Vorrestal Building, 3B-.270 Washington, DC 20360Washington, DC, 20514,,'
. .Commander2 Director 'Nuval Air Systems Command
Joint Strategic Targot ATTN: AIR-532Planning Staff ' Washington, DC 20361
ATTN: JLTW iTPTP 1. Commander
0fifut,• APB Navul Ordnance Systems CommandOmaha, NB 68113 ATTN: Code ORD-43B
Mr, Fo~rnandesI Commandor W(8h1ingtot, DC 20360)
US Army lluropqATrN: AVAOB ($413) 2 Commandar00e Now YorL 09403 David W. Taylor Naval hil)
Resear'ch A Do-ve upmonut Ctr I4 Chiof ofI Naval Opcratlons ATTN: Mr. A. W11noe, Codo 1747
A'1TN; Ol1-410B CP'T' S. N.low,,rdi Dr, WA., Murray, QCodo 17Ol'-411, Mr.J.W,Coinul.l'y Rothosda, MD 200H4OP-754
"00)ol,'ille\ont (i' the NavyW 1N:toi" DC 20350t
I., 11 ý
DISTRIAU•ON L;ST
No. of No. ofCopies or ization CopsS Orgaanization
3 Commander I Commander,Naval Surface Weapons Cent-er Naval Weapons EvaluationATTN: CT-23 Facility
Mr. J. C. Talley ATTN: Document Control')r ' Soper Klrtland APB
Dahlg' 22448 , Albuquerque, NM 87117
3 Commandez I CommarderNaval Su, leapons Center Civil Engineering LaboratoryATTN: I .•, Schindel ATTN: Code L51
Di Victor Dawson Port Hueneme, CA 93041Dr. P. Hu4aig
Silver Springo MD 20910 1 Commander LNaval Research Laboratory
2 Commander ATTN:' Code 2027, Tech LibNaval Surface Weapons Center Washingto•, DC 20375ATTN: Code 241, Mr. Proctor
CR-10 2 SuperintendentSilver Spring, MD 20010 Naval Postgraduate School
ATI,,• Tech Reports Sec2 Commander Code 57, Prof. R. Ball
Naval Weapons Center Monterey, CA 93940ATTN: Code 0632China Lake, CA 9355$ 1 HQ USAF (MNIE-CA)
Washington•, DC 203301CommanderNaval Weapons Support Center 4 1Q USAV (APRDQ; AIRDOSM;ATTNi NAPEC APRDPM; APRD)Crane, IN 47522 Washington, DC 203302 Commander I APSC (DSCPSL)Naval Explosive Ord Disposal Andrews APB
Facility Washington'3, I)C 20.1ArmN: Codo 501, L, Wolfacn
Code D 1 IIQ A11,C 0I (PWU)Indian Head, MD 20640 Andrews AFA
Washington, DC 20334ICommander
Naval Ship Research and I APRPL (Mr. Raleigh)Development Center Facility lUdwards API, CA 03523
A'IrNi Mr. Lowell T, ButtUnderwater Explosions 2 AVATL (ATRD, lb ilrandt)Rosuurch Division Uglin AI'B, 1L 32542
Portimouth, VA 23709
t&0
DISTRIBUTION LIST
No. of No, ofCopies Organization Copies Organization
1 APATL (DLYV, R.L. McGuire) 1 FTD (ETD)EglinAF.B• rL 32542 Wright-Patterson AFB,,OH 45433
I ADTC (AD5PS-12) 1 HquaquartersEglin APB, FL 32542 Fnergy Research and
Development Administration1 ADTC (DOM/S. Reither) Dept of Military Applications
-glln APB, FL 32,542 Washiwgton, DC 20545
I USAFTAWC (OA) I DirectorLglin APB, FL 32542 Division of Operational Safety
"1OeA WE .nergy Research and'1 •gogen A"C/Yt•RE Development Administration
S(Mr. Te'd E,.Comins)' ATTN: Carlo Ferrara, Jr.Hill AFBV UT 84406 Washington, DC 20.45S
I,, AFWL (WOA; WLD; WLRP, 1 Albuquerque Ororatlons OfficeLTC',.C. 14;.Clamniy) Energy Pesoarch and
Kirtland Aý•', NM 87117 Development Administration.. frN: oDor
-5 AFWL (DuO, Air, ".H. Peterson; 11. 0. Box S400SYT, MAJ W.A. W)Utaker; Albuquerque, NN 87110
r SR•P,.,' , t SR') Ma.on ~ ~Sit" Ki.•t.ndAB, 4M 87117 CMason & lanjar-Siln Mason
, ' " Co,, Inc,,
I Dlrir~tbt' of Aerospace Sauety Pantox Plnt . I3RDAIIQ. UJ11AP (IJCLD/A1IC (SElV), AI1TN VW.Vator of Duvolopmonth:artow APB, CA 92409 NMarillo, TX 79177
I AIKlCt-ID/LTC WalU) 1 Research Diroetor - PittsburghTyadall APB Minin1g 4 SafOty RI(sh Cantor,Plnuma City, Il, 32401 ATTN: Dr. Robort W. Van Dolah
Buro(u of Minos, Dupt of tho2 AFLC ,'MNM, ci'rT V. kidaout; Ivterior
i iom, :6l1apk'r) 4600 Purbuo AvenuoWright-Pattorson APB, 011 45433 Pittsburgh, PA 1,5213
I AP•OL (PU'R,Mr A, M. N ador) II ntItuto of Makers of Expi,,•vomSWriglh.latter~ion APB, ON 45433 ATIN, Mr, IHarry llamptoi
(Iraybar II ilding, Rin 244U4 AlIUM (MA4I), Dr. T, Nicho14s: 420 iuxilngt i Avoiwo
MA81 MANC, Mr. D, Sehmidtj Now York, NY 10.017MAX, Dr. A. M, LovoIlck,)
Wrlght,,1'i'torwos A110, Oil 45V,15
9'
*-.t'. . . .
DISTRIBUTION I4ST
No. of No. ofCopies Organization Copies Organization
2 Director 1 Aeronautical Research AssocLewis Directorate of Princeton, Inc.US Army Air Mobility Research ATTN: Dr. C. Donaldson
and Development Command 50 Washington RoadLewis Research Center Princeton, NJ 08540ATTN: Mail Stop 77-521000 Brookpark Ro~d 1 Agbabian Associates'Cleveland, OH 44135 ATTN: Dr. D. P. Reddy
25 20N Nash Street2 National Aeronautics and E1 Segundo, CA 90245
, Space AdministrationAerospace Safety Research 2 AVCO Corporation
and.Data InstitUte Structures 4 !,echanics DeptATFN: .Mr.,S. Weiss ATTN: Dr. William Broding
Mail Stop 6-2 Mr. J. GilmoreMr. R. Kemp Wilmington, MA 01887
Mail Stop 6-2Lewis Research Center .. Aerospace CorporationCleveland, OH 44135 P.o' 0. Box 95085
Los Angeles, CA 90045DirectorNational Aeronautics and 1 Black 4 Veatch Consulting
Space Adminiatration Engineers""Scitiftific and Technical A'rrN: Mr. 1i. L. Callahan
Information Facility 1600 Meadow Lake ParkwayP. 0, Box 8757 Kansas City, MO 64114Bal timore/WashingtonInternational Airport, MU 21240 2 The Boeing Company
Aerospace GroupI:• Director A:ITN: Dr. Peter Grafton
Lawrence Livermove Laboratory Dr. V. Strome,Technical Information Division Mail Stop 8C-68P. 0. Box 808 Soattle, WA 98124I,,,,LtVermore, CA 94550L m C 41 General Amorican Research Div
SPJractor General Anmrican Transportationk, Lot Ala&uos Scientific Lab Corporation
A1rN. Dr. J, Taylor ATTN: 11r, J. C. ShungP. 0, Box 1663 7449 N. Notchez AvenueLos Alamo*, NM 37544 Niles, IL 60648
I National Academy ut' Soeiancs 1 erctules, Inc,A'rTNt Mr, , 0. Groves ATT:Nt Billings Brown2101 Constitution Avonuo, NW Box 93Washigton, 1)(/, 20418 Magna, UT 84044
92
DISTRIBUTION LIST
No. of No. ofCopies Organization Copies Organization
1 J. G. Engineering 1 Physics InternationalResearch Associates -ý2700 Merced Street',
3831 Menlo Drive San Leandro, CA 94577Baltimore, MD .21215
1 RD Associates2 Kaman-Avidyne ATTN: Mr. John Lewis
AT[N: Dr. N. P. Hobbs P. 0. Box 9695 - -- Mr. S. Criscione Marina del Rey, CA 90291
Northwest Industrial Park83 Second Avenue 2 Sandia LaboratoriesBurlington, MA 01803 ATTAN: Info Distr Division
Dr. W.A. von Riesemann3 Kaman Sciences Corporation Albuquerque, NM 87115
ATTN: Dr. F. H. SheltonDr. D. Sachs 1 Science Applications, Inc.Dr. R. Keefe 2361 Jefferson David Highway
1500 Garden of the Gods Road 8th FloorColorado Springs, CO 80907 Arlington, VA 22202
I Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory 2 Battelle Columbus LaboratoriesATTN: Dr. R, A. Powoll ATTN: Dr. L. 13 ItulbortSchunuctady, NY 12309 Mr. J. E. Buckofon, Jr.
505 King AvonuoILovelaco Foundation Columbus, 011 43201ATTN: Dr. 13. It, Fletcher
1. 0, Box 5890 1 Brown UniversityAlbuquerque, NM 87115 Division of E4nginooring
ATTN, Prof. I, Clifton2 Martin Marietta Lahoratorlus Providence, RI 02912
ATTN: Dr. 1). P). JordanMr, 1t, Gioldman I Goorgia )nstituto of
1450 S. Rollig Rood Technologylaltimoro, MD 21.27 ATTN: Dr, S, Atlurl
225 North Avo:nuo, NW
McDonnel) Douglas Astronautics Atlanta, CIA 30332Woatoltn DivisionAT'I4VN. Dr, Len Cohun 1 Musuchugotts I us8ti tutu of"' ' 5501 Blolsa Avenue Techno(logy
IHuntigton .oach, CA A2647 Aoroolustic and StructuroNP.osorch LaboratoryI Mo~nsantoe Research Curlpor~itIon A'rTm: D~r, Ii., A. Wli'wor
Momi~ld hL1boruatry Cumbrldgo, MA 0*11139i.+,:ATTN i Ilraiik N0111I
Miamisb~urg, 011 ,15•342
16
L• A
DISTRIBUTION LIST
No. of .No. ofCopies Organization Copies Organzation
1 Ohio State University Aberdeen Proving ground.Department 9f Engineering
Mechanics Marine Corps Ln QfcATTN: Prof. K. K. Stevens Dir, USAMSAAColumbus, OH 43210 ATTN: Dr. J. Sperrazza
"+',•, Mr.,R.,Norman, GWD3 Southwest Research Institute dWD
ATTN: Dr. H.N. Abramson CTTN SA APODr. W.E. Baker ATfN: STEAP-AD-R/RHADr. U.S. Lindholm Cdr/Dir, USA CSL, 'EA
8500 Culebra Road ATTN: DRDAR-CLJ-L-'•,;,., Sn,Antonio, TX 78228
$,ttT 7 8Office of the Program MgrStanford Research Institute for Demilitarization and
Installation RestorationATTN: Dr. W. Rouland ATTN; DRXDC-T306 Wynn Drive, NW DHuntsville, AL 35805 Bldg. E4S85
I Texas AWM UniversityDept of Aerospace Ungineering""fATTN: Dr. James A. Stricklin
10 College Station, TX 778431 University of Alabama
ATTN: Dr. T. L. Cost i
P. 0. Box 2908Univorsity, AL 35486
University of DelawareDepartment of Mechanical
and Aerospaco EngineoringATTN: Prof. J, R. VinsonNewark, DE3 19711
94
__ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
., .