bangkok, thailand june 20091 measures for the safe removal, collection and disposal of harmful...

Bangkok, Thailand JuneBangkok, Thailand June 2009 2009

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Measures for the Safe Measures for the Safe Removal, Collection and Removal, Collection and Disposal of Harmful Anti-Disposal of Harmful Anti-

fouling Systemsfouling Systems

Edward KleverlaanEdward KleverlaanIMO-Technical OfficerIMO-Technical Officer


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Introduction Introduction

• Issues - generalIssues - general• Article 5 of the Article 5 of the

AFSC AFSC • Look at :Look at :

– Removal techniques Removal techniques – Collection Collection

techniques techniques – Disposal / Disposal /

Treatment methodsTreatment methods• SummarySummary


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Shipyard facilitiesShipyard facilities


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Shipyard facilities:Shipyard facilities:Activities of concernActivities of concern• Vessel repair and Vessel repair and

maintenancemaintenance• FuelingFueling• PaintingPainting• Paint strippingPaint stripping• Public access and Public access and

recreationrecreation• Building/grounds Building/grounds

maintenancemaintenance

• Chemical storage Chemical storage and handlingand handling

• Ship liquid Ship liquid dischargesdischarges

• Ship breaking Ship breaking • Cargo handlingCargo handling


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Shipyard facilities:Shipyard facilities:potential sources of potential sources of contaminantscontaminants• Underground and Underground and

above ground above ground storage tanksstorage tanks

• Chemical storageChemical storage

• Spills and leaksSpills and leaks

• Solid wasteSolid waste

• Older facilities Older facilities through which through which seepage can occurseepage can occur

• Non-maintained Non-maintained facilitiesfacilities


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Shipyard facilities: potential Shipyard facilities: potential dischargesdischarges• Hazardous wasteHazardous waste

– Anti-fouling systems Anti-fouling systems – BiocidesBiocides

• Solid WasteSolid Waste– Dry and liquid bulkDry and liquid bulk

• Bilge WaterBilge Water• Ballast Water Ballast Water • Cleaning agentsCleaning agents

– Nutrients Nutrients

• Liquid wasteLiquid waste– Hydro blast streamsHydro blast streams– Anti-fouling outwash Anti-fouling outwash

• Storm water Storm water dischargedischarge– Fuel and hydraulic Fuel and hydraulic

leaksleaks

• OilOil• SewageSewage• Particulate matterParticulate matter


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TypesTypes of coatingsof coatings

• Pesticide based:Pesticide based:– TBTTBT– CopperCopper– ArsenicArsenic– MercuryMercury– PCBsPCBs

• Pesticide freePesticide free– SiliconeSilicone– EpoxyEpoxy

• AblativeAblative– Self-polishingSelf-polishing

• Non-ablativeNon-ablative


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ARTICLE 5 - Waste ARTICLE 5 - Waste MaterialsMaterials• …….a Party shall take .a Party shall take

appropriate measures in appropriate measures in its territory to require that its territory to require that wastes from the application wastes from the application or removal of anti-fouling or removal of anti-fouling system controlled in Annex system controlled in Annex 1 be collected, handled, 1 be collected, handled, treated, and disposed of in treated, and disposed of in a safe and environmentally a safe and environmentally sound manner to protect sound manner to protect human health and the human health and the environmentenvironment


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Main AFSC IssuesMain AFSC Issues• Increased paint Increased paint

removals/overcoats by removals/overcoats by AFSC – ban of use of AFSC – ban of use of TBT by September 2008TBT by September 2008

• Worker Health issues: Worker Health issues: Increased (gases, dust, Increased (gases, dust, aerosols)aerosols)

• Problems with removal Problems with removal of fouling organisms, of fouling organisms, paint residues, paint paint residues, paint chips, and grit increasechips, and grit increase

• Handling and long term Handling and long term disposal of hazardous disposal of hazardous substancessubstances


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1.1 Bio-fouling 1.1 Bio-fouling

• Biofoulants – The actual biofoulant Biofoulants – The actual biofoulant organisms can pose a threat of organisms can pose a threat of pollution from:pollution from:– TBT or other pesticide contaminationTBT or other pesticide contamination– Increased Biological Oxygen Demand Increased Biological Oxygen Demand

(BOD) if dumped in the sea(BOD) if dumped in the sea– Non-Indigenous SpeciesNon-Indigenous Species


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1.2 Contaminated dust and 1.2 Contaminated dust and particlesparticles

• Cleaning of vessel Cleaning of vessel bottoms creates bottoms creates dust and paint dust and paint particles whatever particles whatever the coatingthe coating

• Need to contain Need to contain the dustthe dust

• Need to treat the Need to treat the wastes producedwastes produced


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1.31.3Contaminated waterContaminated water

• Contaminated water Contaminated water must be containedmust be contained– SumpsSumps– BermsBerms

• Contaminated water Contaminated water must be treatedmust be treated– Treatment systems can Treatment systems can

be expensive and be expensive and complexcomplex

– But basic solids control is But basic solids control is not expensivenot expensive


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Examples of poor collection Examples of poor collection and treatmentand treatment

• Lack of proper containment during antifouling Lack of proper containment during antifouling paint removal can result in deleterious substances paint removal can result in deleterious substances being released into the aquatic environment.being released into the aquatic environment.


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1.41.4 Aerosols, dust and grit Aerosols, dust and grit

• Environmental health issuesEnvironmental health issues– Contact, breathingContact, breathing

• Safety of WorkersSafety of Workers– Spray, gritSpray, grit


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22 Best Management Best Management PracticePractice• Definition: Good Definition: Good

HousekeepingHousekeeping

– conduct everyday conduct everyday activities in a more activities in a more ecologically-sound ecologically-sound and safe manner: and safe manner: keeping pollutants keeping pollutants out of surface waters out of surface waters and ground waters, and ground waters, and, recognizing that and, recognizing that total containment total containment and recovery is not and recovery is not always practical.always practical.


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2.12.1Best Management Best Management PracticesPractices

BMPs fall into two general groups:BMPs fall into two general groups:– Source-control (e.g., vessel shrouding, Source-control (e.g., vessel shrouding,

sweeping, covering waste piles, and sweeping, covering waste piles, and bermed storage for wastes and paints) bermed storage for wastes and paints) and and

– Collection, filtration and treatment (e.g., Collection, filtration and treatment (e.g., hull washwater settling tanks and filters)hull washwater settling tanks and filters)


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2.12.1Main Techniques Main Techniques

• Removal Removal techniquestechniques– ScrapingScraping– BlastingBlasting

• GritGrit

• WaterWater

• Collection Collection TechniquesTechniques

• SumpsSumps

• BermsBerms


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2.1.1 Hull Biofoulant Removal 2.1.1 Hull Biofoulant Removal • The primary processes for removal The primary processes for removal

of hull biofoulants are scraping and of hull biofoulants are scraping and pressure washing.pressure washing.

– Hand Scraping – using large flat-Hand Scraping – using large flat-bladed scrapers, generally has a slow bladed scrapers, generally has a slow production rate, and is only suited for production rate, and is only suited for working on small areasworking on small areas

– Mechanical Scraping – Many types of Mechanical Scraping – Many types of mechanical scrapers have been mechanical scrapers have been developed that clean the hull down to developed that clean the hull down to the surface of the coatingthe surface of the coating


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2.1.2 Hull Biofoulant Removal 2.1.2 Hull Biofoulant Removal Pressure WashingPressure Washing

• Low-Pressure (<1,000 psi) Water Low-Pressure (<1,000 psi) Water Washing – useful in removing Washing – useful in removing “slime” and other low adhesion “slime” and other low adhesion biofoulantsbiofoulants

• High-Pressure (1,000 – 5,000 psi) High-Pressure (1,000 – 5,000 psi) Water Washing – is very effective Water Washing – is very effective in removing low and high adhesion in removing low and high adhesion biofoulantsbiofoulants

• Pressure Washing with Chemical Pressure Washing with Chemical Additives – increases the Additives – increases the effectiveness of biofoulant removaleffectiveness of biofoulant removal


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2.1.3 Management of 2.1.3 Management of Biofouling WasteBiofouling Waste

• Removed fouling organisms should be Removed fouling organisms should be collected for disposalcollected for disposal

• Sweep, vacuum , biofouling organisms Sweep, vacuum , biofouling organisms and deposit in containers for disposaland deposit in containers for disposal

• Do not allow biofouling organisms to sit Do not allow biofouling organisms to sit around the yard in containers it could around the yard in containers it could cause heath problems and attract pestscause heath problems and attract pests


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2.2.1 Paint Removal 2.2.1 Paint Removal Dry Abrasive BlastingDry Abrasive Blasting• Sand abrasives are generally considered to have Sand abrasives are generally considered to have

the the highest emissionhighest emission rates of particulate matter rates of particulate matter

• Slag abrasivesSlag abrasives– Furnace Slag (possible PAH Contamination)Furnace Slag (possible PAH Contamination)– Smelter Slag (possible Metal Contamination)Smelter Slag (possible Metal Contamination)

• Mineral abrasives, such as garnet, are mined and Mineral abrasives, such as garnet, are mined and processed into abrasivesprocessed into abrasives

• Metallic abrasives include iron and steel shot and Metallic abrasives include iron and steel shot and gritgrit

• ““Alternative” types of abrasivesAlternative” types of abrasives– glass abrasiveglass abrasive– dry-icedry-ice


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2.2.2 Blasting Grit media 2.2.2 Blasting Grit media choicechoice• Some rules-of-thumb for media Some rules-of-thumb for media

selection:selection:– Choose the Choose the least aggressiveleast aggressive media. This will media. This will

result in less wear and lower equipment result in less wear and lower equipment maintenance expense. maintenance expense.

– Use the Use the smallest media particlesmallest media particle size - more size - more effective. More impacts per second will yield effective. More impacts per second will yield a faster process. a faster process.

– Find the Find the lowest blast pressurelowest blast pressure. This offers . This offers the benefits of energy savings in reduced the benefits of energy savings in reduced compressed air requirements, as well as compressed air requirements, as well as less wear and lower maintenance costs. less wear and lower maintenance costs.


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2.2.3 Blasting Types - 12.2.3 Blasting Types - 1

• Compressed Air Dry Abrasive Blasting –Compressed Air Dry Abrasive Blasting –process has process has highest pollutanthighest pollutant emission emission ratesrates, particulate released directly to the air, , particulate released directly to the air, and the abrasive is not reusedand the abrasive is not reused

• Slurry Blasting – uses water instead of air as Slurry Blasting – uses water instead of air as the medium to accelerate the abrasive. the medium to accelerate the abrasive. air air emissions greatly reducedemissions greatly reduced due to the due to the “water-curtain” effect, the pollutants not “water-curtain” effect, the pollutants not eliminated, eliminated, but transferred from one media but transferred from one media (air) to another (water)(air) to another (water)


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2.2.3 Blasting Types - 22.2.3 Blasting Types - 2

• Open-Loop Dry Abrasive Blasting processes - Open-Loop Dry Abrasive Blasting processes - abrasive is reused outside loop. abrasive is reused outside loop. – Depending upon type of abrasive being used and Depending upon type of abrasive being used and

the use of an abrasive cleaning process prior to the use of an abrasive cleaning process prior to reuse, the reuse, the particulate emission rates can be particulate emission rates can be significantly decreased or increased.significantly decreased or increased.

• Closed-Loop Dry Abrasive Blasting processes Closed-Loop Dry Abrasive Blasting processes continuously contain both the abrasive and continuously contain both the abrasive and the particulate emissions with the blasting the particulate emissions with the blasting system. system. – Lowest emission rates of dry abrasive systemsLowest emission rates of dry abrasive systems

and prevents contamination of the dry-dock floor and prevents contamination of the dry-dock floor with spent abrasivewith spent abrasive


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2.2.4 2.2.4 Management of spent Management of spent gritgrit• Avoid spent abrasive and dust to re-suspend in the Avoid spent abrasive and dust to re-suspend in the

air by wind, or transport by runoff to the surface air by wind, or transport by runoff to the surface waters.waters.

• Reduce the amount of pollutants that reach the Reduce the amount of pollutants that reach the environmental media of concern by increasing the environmental media of concern by increasing the cleaning frequency to remove accumulated cleaning frequency to remove accumulated abrasive and dust prior to exposure to rainfall abrasive and dust prior to exposure to rainfall and/or other sources of runoff.and/or other sources of runoff.

• Covered Dumpsters/Bins – Covering dumpsters and Covered Dumpsters/Bins – Covering dumpsters and bins being used to store spent abrasive prior to bins being used to store spent abrasive prior to transport to a storage or containment area transport to a storage or containment area prevents the re-suspension of dust.prevents the re-suspension of dust.


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2.2.5 2.2.5 Reduce and recycle – Reduce and recycle – spent gritspent grit• Clean all deck surfaces of spent grit (by Clean all deck surfaces of spent grit (by

sweeping, brushing, shovelling and sweeping, brushing, shovelling and vacuuming) prior to submersion.vacuuming) prior to submersion.

• Clean and collect spent grit from yard Clean and collect spent grit from yard areas at the end of the work shiftareas at the end of the work shift

• Filter or provide collectors around yard Filter or provide collectors around yard drains to prevent flushing of spent grit into drains to prevent flushing of spent grit into the storm water runoff or sewer systemthe storm water runoff or sewer system

• Recycling of spent abrasive for use as an Recycling of spent abrasive for use as an aggregate material in the production of aggregate material in the production of asphalt and cement “clinker”.asphalt and cement “clinker”.


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2.3.1 Management of Paint 2.3.1 Management of Paint Chips (TBT)Chips (TBT)

• Difficult to separate grit from paint Difficult to separate grit from paint chipschips

• Continuous cleaning of the yard Continuous cleaning of the yard surface and containment of the surface and containment of the waste paint will help reduce waste paint will help reduce contamination of the water.contamination of the water.


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2.4 Waste Water2.4 Waste Water

• Water management is probably the Water management is probably the largest waste streamlargest waste stream

• Recovery and reuse of water can Recovery and reuse of water can have a significant reduction on have a significant reduction on pollution loadingspollution loadings

• Percent recovery of liquid waste Percent recovery of liquid waste stream (volume of water stream (volume of water used/volume of water disposed)used/volume of water disposed)


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2.4.1 Collection of Hull Waste Water2.4.1 Collection of Hull Waste Water

• Collect Collect hull washwater hull washwater and remove all and remove all visible solids before discharging to a sewer or visible solids before discharging to a sewer or receiving waters. Inspect and clean all sumps, receiving waters. Inspect and clean all sumps, filters and/or screens regularlyfilters and/or screens regularly

• Avoid any high pressure washing of hull Avoid any high pressure washing of hull unless prior clean-up of the dock floor, lift unless prior clean-up of the dock floor, lift platform, or yard surface is completed.platform, or yard surface is completed.

• Various treatment systems are available to Various treatment systems are available to remove the contaminants from hull remove the contaminants from hull washwater.washwater.


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2.4.2 Collection of Hull Waste 2.4.2 Collection of Hull Waste WaterWater

• Option 1 - Very Low concentrations of Option 1 - Very Low concentrations of suspended solids and/or organics (e.g. storm suspended solids and/or organics (e.g. storm water), water), – collected wastewater can be pumped and disposed collected wastewater can be pumped and disposed

of directly into the sanitary sewer system.of directly into the sanitary sewer system.

• Option 3- Option 3- If the volume of wastewater is If the volume of wastewater is relatively small and contains a high relatively small and contains a high concentration of solids, concentration of solids, – the wastewater can be directly processed by a the wastewater can be directly processed by a

mechanical filter system.mechanical filter system.


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2.4.3 Collection of Hull Waste 2.4.3 Collection of Hull Waste WaterWater

• Option 2 - Option 2 - usually applicable to ship and boat usually applicable to ship and boat building and repair facilities with large volumes of building and repair facilities with large volumes of wastewater containing high concentrations of solids. wastewater containing high concentrations of solids. – An engineered holding settling tank system is an An engineered holding settling tank system is an

important component of the treatment system. The settling important component of the treatment system. The settling tank is designed to remove most of the solids. tank is designed to remove most of the solids.

– After treatment, the clarified effluent or overflow from the After treatment, the clarified effluent or overflow from the holding/settling tank can be discharged into the sewer holding/settling tank can be discharged into the sewer system. system.

– The settled sludge can be further processed by dewatering The settled sludge can be further processed by dewatering through a mechanical filter and then disposed of at an through a mechanical filter and then disposed of at an approved facility.approved facility.


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Waste Water TreatmentWaste Water Treatment


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Travel Lift SystemTravel Lift System


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Marine Railway SystemMarine Railway System


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DrydockDrydock


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2.4.3 Add On Controls for drydocks• Drydock/ground liquid

barriers– impervious barrier, may be

temporary or permanent, prevents contact of the waste stream with the ground or floor of the drydock, contains the waste stream until it can be removed

• Filter System/Barrier– barrier that filters the waste

stream as it flows from the drydock


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2.5 Treatment Technology2.5 Treatment Technology

• No “off-the-shelf ” technology that will reduce TBT levels in water to below safe-levels (less than 30-50 parts per trillion, ie 50ng/l)

• Unproven technology such as Dissolved Air Floatation, and Activated Carbon Adsorption are the best candidates to destroy TBT in waste streams


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2.6 Alternates2.6 Alternates

•Alternative processes include the use of oxidizers (hydrogen peroxide and ozone) and the use of UV light to degrade TBT in wastewaters

• Heat agitation and organic solvents Heat agitation and organic solvents to separate TBT from water are also to separate TBT from water are also used. used.


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2.7 Treatment with 2.7 Treatment with activated sludgeactivated sludge

TBT will attach to organic material and bind loosely.Treats up to 20 tonnes of effluent per hour. Concentrating the TBT into a small volume of oil which can be safely incinerated or re-used. Industrial waste streams from shipyards have measured TBT levels as high as 480,000 ng/L, which is known to be sufficient to kill the bacteria in activated sludge (Argaman et al, 1984)


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2.8 Floating Treatment Plant2.8 Floating Treatment Plant

• System developed in 1999

•Waste separation and carbon treatment

•TBT < 50 ng/l


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3.1 Summary Removal 3.1 Summary Removal MethodsMethods• Removal of paint and fouling Removal of paint and fouling

organisms can be performed in a organisms can be performed in a number of waysnumber of ways– Abrasive GritAbrasive Grit– High pressure HydroblastingHigh pressure Hydroblasting– Ultra high pressure HydroblastingUltra high pressure Hydroblasting– Mechanical removal (scraping)Mechanical removal (scraping)

• What is the best way?What is the best way?– Ultra high pressure is currently Ultra high pressure is currently

recommendedrecommended


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3.2 Summary 3.2 Summary Treatment/DisposalTreatment/Disposal

• Waste treatment is possible at high Waste treatment is possible at high costcost

• Treat to the level that can be Treat to the level that can be achieved practically and achieved practically and economicallyeconomically

• Good housekeeping is the key to Good housekeeping is the key to waste reduction.waste reduction.


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3.3 Summary3.3 Summary

• Contamination SourcesContamination Sources– Fouling organisms- living and deadFouling organisms- living and dead– Paint ChipsPaint Chips– GritGrit– SprayingSpraying

• Reduction of waste and treatment Reduction of waste and treatment – Use Best Management Practice for Use Best Management Practice for

source reduction, collection and source reduction, collection and treatmenttreatment


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4 Summary 4 Summary • REMEMBERREMEMBER

– Keep it practical and safe for workersKeep it practical and safe for workers– Containment: primary step in waste Containment: primary step in waste

managementmanagement– Recycling: further step in reduction of waste and Recycling: further step in reduction of waste and

overall cost for treatment/disposaloverall cost for treatment/disposal– Untreated hazardous waste TBT and other Untreated hazardous waste TBT and other

biocidal paint chips: special waste to land sites biocidal paint chips: special waste to land sites or treated by purpose built systemsor treated by purpose built systems

• THANK YOUTHANK YOU

bangkok, thailand june 20091 measures for the safe removal, collection and disposal of harmful...

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