Banned Mind ControlTechniques Unleashed

Learn the Dark Secrets ofHypnosis, Manipulation,Deception, Persuasion,

Brainwashing and HumanPsychology

By Daniel Smith

Copyright 2014 by Make Profits EasyLLC

profitsdaily123@aol.com

Table of Contents IntroductionChapter 1: Types of Mind Control

BrainwashingHypnosisManipulationPersuasionDeception

Chapter 2: BrainwashingWhat is Brainwashing?Steps Used

Breaking Down of SelfAssault on IdentityGuilt

Self-betrayalBreaking Point

Possibility of SalvationLeniencyCompulsion to ConfessionChanneling of GuiltReleasing of Guilt

Rebuilding of SelfHarmonyFinal Confession and StartingOver

Brainwashing as Court DefenseLee Boyd Malvo Case

Common Tactics Used inBrainwashing

Chapter 3: HypnosisWhat is Hypnosis?

InductionSuggestionSusceptibility

ApplicationsHypnotherapyMilitary ApplicationsSelf-hypnosisStage Hypnosis

Types of HypnosisTraditional HypnosisEricksonian HypnosisEmbedded TechniqueNero-Linguistic Programming

NLP AnchoringNLP FlashNLP Reframe

Video HypnosisSubliminal Hypnosis

Chapter 4: ManipulationWhat is Manipulation?

Requirements to SuccessfullyManipulateHow to Control Victims

Harriet BraikerSimon

Techniques of ManipulationBlackmailEmotional Blackmail

Putting Down The Other PersonLyingCreating an Illusion

Chapter 5: PersuasionWhat is Persuasion?

Elements of PersuasionModern Persuasion

Methods of PersuasionUsage of ForceWeapons of Influence

ReciprocityCommitment and ConsistencySocial ProofLikingAuthority

ScarcityPersuasion Techniques

Create a NeedAppealing to Social NeedsUsing Loaded Images and Words

Chapter 6: DeceptionWhat is Deception?

Types of DeceptionMotives for DeceptionDetecting Deception

Main Components of DeceptionCamouflageDisguiseSimulation

Research on Deception

Social ResearchPsychological ResearchPhilosophy

Conclusion

Introduction Mind control is an idea that hasfascinated people for many years.Stories have been told by the mediaand in movies about groups of peoplewho have been brainwashed orhypnotized into doing things that theywould have never done otherwise.There are people on both sides of theissue; some believe that there is nosuch thing as mind control and that it isall just made up while others believethat they could be manipulated by mindcontrol at any moment. This guidebookis meant to explain some of thedifferent types of mind control, howthey work, and whether or not they can

have a daily life application. Chapter 1 starts out talking about thedifferent types of mind control that areavailable and which will be discussedin more detail throughout the book.These mind control techniques involvebrainwashing, hypnosis, manipulation,persuasion, and deception. This chapteris meant to give a nice introduction toeach of these types of mind control inorder to set the stage for the laterchapters. Chapter 2 continues on with talkingabout brainwashing. Topics such aswhat brainwashing is, the steps that areused during brainwashing, how

brainwashing has been used as a courtdefense throughout history, and someof the common tactics that can be usedduring the brainwashing process. Muchof this chapter is devoted to discussingthe different steps that are used duringthe brainwashing processes such as thethree stages; the breaking down of theself, the possibility of salvation, andthe rebuilding of the new self. Next, chapter 3 discusses the mind control technique of hypnosis. The first section spends some time talking about what hypnosis is and includes information on the induction, suggestion, and susceptibility stages. Other topics that are discussed in this

chapter include the applications of hypnosis, such as hypnotherapy, and the different types of hypnosis ranging from traditional hypnosis to video hypnosis and even subliminal hypnosis. Chapter 4 changes course a little todescribe some of the mind controltechniques that might be occurring indaily life. While the first twotechniques would require isolation ofthe subject and the subject to bewilling, these other forms cansometimes occur without the subjectsconsent or even knowledge. Chapter 4talks about the first of these which ismanipulation. This chapter will spendsome time discussing what

manipulation is and some of thetechniques that will be used inmanipulation. Chapter 5 spends some time discussingthe mind control technique ofpersuasion. It will delve into whatpersuasion is including the differentelements of persuasion along with themethods used to persuade the subjectand different persuasion techniques.Chapter 6 is the final chapter of thisguidebook and will take a look at themind control technique of deception.Deception is something that manypeople are familiar with although manymight not recognize it as a form ofmind control. In this chapter, topics

about deception including what isdeception, the main components ofdeception, and the uses of deceptionwill be discussed. There is a lot of information providedin the world about the various forms ofmind control. While some of them willrequire a lot of time and effort tochange the mind of the subject, such asin the case of brainwashing, others willoccur throughout daily life, such aswith deception, manipulation orpersuasion. Understanding thesedifferent forms of mind control canhelp to make it easier to be in controlof your own mind and limit theinfluence that others have on your own

belief systems and identity. Also byunderstanding these various mindcontrol techniques you will be able toapply some of the methods. However,if you decide to take this path makesure you do so with extreme caution,because mind control if appliedmaliciously can be a dangerous thingand get you into serious trouble. Sowithout further ado let’s begin andexplore the fascinating topic of mindcontrol.

Chapter 1: Types of MindControl

The idea of mind control has beenaround for many years now. Peoplehave had both fascination and fear ofwhat would happen if someone whereable to control their minds and makethem do things against their will.Conspiracy theories run abound aboutgovernment officials and other peopleof power using their talents to controlwhat small groups of people are doing.Even some court cases have beenbrought up using the excuse ofbrainwashing as an explanation for whythey committed the crime they areaccused of. Despite the dramatization

of mind control that has been portrayedin the media and the movies, there islittle that is known about the differenttypes of mind control and how each ofthem work. This chapter will explore alittle bit about the most common typesof mind control as an introduction toexplaining more about this interestingtopic. While there are many different types ofmind control that can be used tocontrol the intended victim, there arefive that are most commonly thoughtof. These include brainwashing,hypnosis, manipulation, persuasion,and deception. These will all bediscussed below.

Brainwashing Brainwashing is the first type of mindcontrol to discuss. Brainwashing isbasically the process where someonewill be connived to abandon beliefsthat they had in the past in order to takenew ideals and values. There are a lotof ways that this can be done althoughnot all of them will be considered bad.For example, if you are from anAfrican country and then move toAmerica, you will often be forced tochange your values and ideals in orderto fit in with the new culture andsurroundings that you are in. On theother hand, those in concentrationcamps or when a new dictator

government is taking over, they willoften go through the process ofbrainwashing in order to convincecitizens to follow along peacefully. Many people have misconceptions ofwhat brainwashing is. Some peoplehave more paranoid ideas about thepractice including mind control devicesthat are sponsored by the governmentand that are thought to be easily turnedon like a remote control. On the otherside of things, there are skeptics whodo not believe that brainwashing ispossible at all and that anyone whoclaims it has happened is lying. For themost part, the practice of brainwashingwill land somewhere in the middle of

these two ideas. During the practice of brainwashing,the subject will be convinced to changetheir beliefs about something through acombination of different tactics. Thereis not just one approach that can beused during this process so it can bedifficult to put the practice into a neatlittle box. For the most part, the subjectwill be separated from all of the thingsthat they know. From there, they willbe broken down into an emotional statethat makes them vulnerable before thenew concepts are introduced. As thesubject absorbs this new information,they will be rewarded for expressingideas and thoughts which go along with

these new ideas. The rewarding is whatwill be used in order to reinforce thebrainwashing that is occurring. Brainwashing is not something that isnew to society. People have been usingthese techniques for a long time. Forexample, in a historical context, thosewho were prisoners of wars were oftenbroken down before being persuaded tochanges sides. Some of the mostsuccessful cases of these would resultin the prisoner becoming a very ferventconvert to the new side. Thesepractices were very new in thebeginning and would often be enforceddepending on who was in charge. Overtime, the term of brainwashing was

developed and some more techniqueswere introduced in order to make thepractice more universal. The newertechniques would rely on the field ofpsychology since many of those ideaswere used to demonstrate how peoplemight change their minds throughpersuasion. There are many steps that go alongwith the brainwashing process. It is notsomething that is going to just happento you when you walk down the streetand talk to someone that you have justmet. First off, one of the mainrequirements that come withbrainwashing being successful is thatthe subject must be kept in isolation. If

the subject is able to be around otherpeople and influences, they will learnhow to think as an individual and thebrainwashing will not be effective atall. Once the subject is in isolation, theywill undergo a process that is meant tobreak down their own self. They aretold that all the things they know arefalse and are made to feel likeeverything they do is wrong. Aftermonths of going through all of this, thesubject will feel like they are bad andthe guilt is going to overwhelm them.Once they have reached this point, theagent will start to lead them towardsthe new belief system and identity that

is desired. The subject will be led tobelieve that the new choices are alltheir own and so it is more likely tostick. The whole process of brainwashing cantake many months to even years. It isnot something that is going to happenin just a conversation and for the mostpart it will not be able to happenoutside of prison camps and a fewisolated cases. Chapter 2 will go intomore detail of what occurs during thethree main stages of brainwashing andhow the whole process occurs. For the most part, those who undergobrainwashing have done so when

someone is just trying to persuadethem of a new point of view. Forexample, if you are in an argumentwith a friend and they convince youthat their ideas make sense, you havetechnically gone through brainwashing.Sure, it might not be evil and you wereable to think about it all logically, butyou were still convinced to change thebeliefs that you held before. It is veryrare that someone undergoes truebrainwashing where they will havetheir whole value system replaced. Itwill usually occur during the process ofcoming around to a new point of view,regardless of whether the tactics usedwere forcible or not.

Hypnosis The next type of mind control that iswell-known is hypnosis. There are a lotof different definitions of whathypnosis is. According to the AmericanPsychological Association, hypnosis isa cooperative interaction where thehypnotist will provide suggestions thatthe participant will respond to. Manypeople have become familiar with thetechniques of hypnosis thanks topopular performances whereparticipants are told to do ridiculous orunusual tasks. Another form ofhypnosis that is gaining in popularity isthe kind that uses this practice for itstherapeutic and medical benefits,

especially when it comes to thereduction of anxiety and pain. In someinstances, hypnosis has been able toreduce dementia symptoms in a fewpatients. As you can see, there are a lotof different reasons that hypnosis thatcan be used. The point where it starts tobecome mind control is when thehypnotist is able to recommendsuggestions that can be harmful orchange the way that the participant actsin their surroundings. For most people, when they hear abouthypnosis they think about a person onstage who is swinging a watch back andforth in order to put the participant in atrance. If you have been to a stage

show for entertainment, you may havesome images in your head of theridiculous acts that the participantsperformed. In reality, those who aregoing through what is considered realhypnosis are going through a processthat is very different from this image.“The hypnotist does not hypnotize theindividual. Rather, the hypnotist servesas a sort of coach or tutor whose job isto help the person become hypnotized,”said John Kihlstrom. This means thatthe hypnotist works to get theparticipant into an altered state of mindso that they are more open tosuggestions that are given. Many of the people who undergo

hypnosis say that they are in a sleep-like trance kind of state. Despite thesethoughts, while under hypnosis theparticipant is in a state that includesvivid fantasies, heightenedsuggestibility, and focused attention.This new state makes them moresusceptible to the suggestions that thehypnotist will be giving to them. It is hard to detail the effects thathypnosis can have on subjects since theexperiences will vary quite a bit foreach person who undergoes it. Somesubjects will report feeling like theyare detached from the wholeexperience, some will feel extremelyrelaxed during the hypnosis, and still

others will feel that the actions they aredoing will occur outside of theirconscious choices. On the other side ofthings, individuals will state that theyare fully aware of their surroundingsand will even be able to carry outconversations during their hypnoticstate. Some experiments that have been doneby Ernest Hilgard shows that hypnosiscan be used in order to alter theperceptions of the subjects. Theexperiment conducted by Hilgardincluded an instruction of the subject tonot feel any pain in their arm. Afterthey were told this, the subject hadtheir arm placed in some ice water.

Those who did this experiment andwere not hypnotized needed to taketheir arms out of the water in just a fewseconds since they felt pain. Those whowere hypnotized were capable ofleaving their arms in the water for afew minutes without experiencing pain.While more research will need to bedone, this study shows how strongmind control can be when using thetechnique of hypnosis. There are many different applicationsdemonstrated through research thathypnosis can be used for including:

Treating chronic pain suchas that found with

rheumatoid arthritis.Treating and reducing thepain that comes duringchildbirth.Reducing the symptoms thatare associated withdementia.Some ADHD patients haveseen reduction in theirsymptoms after usinghypnotherapy.Reducing cases of vomitingand nausea in chemotherapypatients.Controlling of pain duringdental procedures.Eliminating and reducingskin conditions such as

psoriasis and warts.Alleviating symptoms thatare associated with IrritableBowel Syndrome.

These are just a few of the uses thathave become common with hypnosis.While many people are under the misconception that using hypnosis is used to control the subject and make them perform horrific acts or denounce their own beliefs, the most common uses are those for improving the health of the individuals. Most experts are in agreement that theeffect of hypnosis as a form of mindcontrol is not really a reality. While it

may be possible to convince the mindto make a few changes in the habits andbehavior of the subject, it is not likelythat the subject will change their wholesystem of beliefs just through thisprocess. Many of the people who arecertified in this profession will use it toassist the subject in self-improvementand pain management rather than fortrying to take over their minds.

Manipulation Manipulation is another form of mindcontrol that can be used in variousways to determine the way theindividual will think. In thisguidebook, manipulation will refer topsychological manipulation. This is atype of social influence that works tochange the behavior or perception ofothers. This is done using abusive,deceptive, and underhanded tactics.This form of mind control is used toadvance the interests of the onemanipulating, often at the expense ofothers. The methods that are used areoften considered deceptive, devious,abusive, and exploitative. Many people

will recognize when they are beingmanipulated or when others are beingmanipulated around them, but they donot recognize this as a form of mindcontrol. This can often be a difficultform of mind control to avoid due tothe fact that the manipulation willusually occur between the subject andsomeone they know well. Manipulation leaves the subject feelinglike they have no choice in the matter.They will have been told outright liesor half-truths and did not realize thefull extent of the situation until it is toolate. If they find out about the situationahead of time, the agent will be able toblackmail and use the subject in order

to get to the final goal. The subjectessentially becomes stuck because theagent will have crafted everything outin such a way that they will not get introuble, the subject can take the blameor get hurt if it comes to that, and theagent will make it to their final goal. The most difficult thing about this isthat the agent is incapable of feelingthe needs of their subject or any otherperson; they are not going to care if thesubject gets harmed in the processwhether it is emotional or physicalharm. While the subject will beemotionally invested in the situation,the agent will be able to walk away (aslong as they meet their final goal)

without feeling any remorse or regretat what occurred along the way. Thiscan be a dangerous form of mindcontrol because the agent is going to bean expert at it, being able to blackmail,threaten, and do whatever else isnecessary; at times they may even beable to turn things around so thesubject feels like they are going insane.

Persuasion Persuasion is another form of mindcontrol that is similar to manipulationin that it works in order to influencethe behaviors, motivations, intentions,attitudes, and beliefs of the subject.There are many different reasons thatpersuasion could be used in everydaylife and often it is a necessary form ofcommunication in order to get peopleof differing ideas on the same page.For example, in business, the processof persuasion will be used in order tochange a person’s attitude toward someobject, idea, or event that is going on.During the process, either written orspoken words will be used in order to

convey reasoning, feelings, orinformation to the other person. Another time that persuasion can beused is to meet a personal gain. Thiswould include trial advocacy, whengiving a sales pitch, or during anelection campaign. While none of theseare considered bad or evil, they are stillused in a way to influence the listenerto act or think in a certain way. Oneinterpretation of persuasion is that ituses one’s positional or personalresources to change the attitudes orbehaviors of others. There are alsoseveral different types of persuasionthat are known; the process of changingthe beliefs or attitudes through appeals

to reason and logic is known assystematic persuasion; the processwhere beliefs and attitudes are changedbecause of an appeal to emotions orhabits is known as heuristic persuasion. Persuasion is a form of mind controlthat is used in society all of the time.When you talk to someone aboutpolitics you might try to persuade themto think the same way that you do.When you are listening to a politicalcampaign, you are being persuaded tovote a certain way. When someone istrying to sell you a new product, thereis a lot of persuasion that is going on.This form of mind control is soprevalent that most people do not even

realize that it is occurring to them atall. The issue will occur when someonetakes the time to persuade you intobelieving ideals and values that do notmatch up to your own system of values. There are a lot of different kinds ofpersuasion that are available. Not all ofthem have an evil intent, but all ofthem are going to work to get thesubject to change their minds aboutsomething. When a political candidatecomes on television, they are trying toget the subject, or the voter, to vote acertain way on the ballot on electionday. When you see a commercial ontelevision or online, the company whopresented that advertisement is trying

to get the subject to purchase thatproduct. All of these are types ofpersuasion that are bent at trying to getthe subject to change the way that theythink.

Deception Finally, deception is also considered aform of mind control because of theeffect that it can have on the subject.Deception is used in order to propagatein the subject beliefs in events andthings that just are not true, whetherthey are complete lies or just partiallies. Deception can involve a lot ofdifferent things including sleight ofhand, propaganda, and dissimulation,concealment, camouflage, distraction.This form of mind control is sodangerous because the subject oftendoes not know that any mind control isgoing on at all. They have beenconvinced that one thing is true when

the complete opposite is right. This canget dangerous when the deceit is hidinginformation that could keep the subjectsafe. Often, deception is seen duringrelationships and will usually lead tofeelings of distrust and betrayalbetween the two partners. Whendeception occurs, there has been aviolation of the relational rules and canmake it difficult for the partner to trustthe other for a long time. It can beparticularly damaging because mostpeople are use to trusting those aroundthem, especially relational partners andfriends, and expect them to be truthfulto them for the most part. When they

find out that someone they are close tois deceiving them, they may haveissues with trusting others and will nothave the sense of security that they areused to. Deception can cause a lot of issues in arelationship or within the agent andsubject. The subject will have a lot ofissues trusting the agent in the futureonce they find out about the deception.There will be times when the deceptionwill be done in order to help out therelationship. These would includethings such as not telling a spousewhen someone says something meanabout them. Other times the deceptionis more spiteful or harmful in nature

such as when the agent is hidingimportant information from the subjector is even deceiving in the person thatthey really are. No matter what type ofdeception is being deployed, mostpeople agree that deception is harmfuland should not be done.

Chapter 2: Brainwashing This chapter is going to focus on theprocess of brainwashing and all thecomponents that come with it. Throughthe media and the movies that are seen,many people see brainwashing as anevil practice that is done by those whoare trying to corrupt, influence, and togain power. Some who really believe inthe power of brainwashing believe thatpeople all around them are trying tocontrol their minds and their behavior.For the most part, the process ofbrainwashing occurs in a much moresubtle way and does not involve thesinister practices that most peopleassociate with it. This chapter will go

into a lot more detail about whatbrainwashing is and how it caninfluence the subject’s way of thinking.

What is Brainwashing? Brainwashing in this guidebook will bediscussed in terms of its use inpsychology. In this relation,brainwashing is referred to as a methodof thought reform through socialinfluence. This kind of social influenceis occurring all throughout the day toevery person, regardless of whetherthey realize it or not. Social influenceis the collection of methods that areused in order to change other people’sbehaviors, beliefs, and attitudes. Forexample, compliance methods that areused in the workplace could technicallybe considered a form of brainwashingbecause they require you to act and

think a specific way when you are onthe job. Brainwashing can becomemore of a social issue in its mostsevere form because these approacheswork at changing the way someonethinks without the subject consentingto it. For brainwashing to work effectively,the subject is going to need to gothrough a complete isolation anddependency due to its invasiveinfluence on the subject. This is one ofthe reasons that many of thebrainwashing cases that are knownabout occur in totalistic cults or prisoncamps. The brainwasher, or the agent,must be able to gain complete control

over their subject. This means that theymust control the eating habits, sleepingpatterns, and fulfilling the other humanneeds of the subject and none of theseactions can occur without the will ofthe agent. During this process, theagent will work to systematically breakdown the subject’s whole identity tobasically make it not work rightanymore. Once the identity is broken,the agent will work to replace it withthe desired beliefs, attitudes, andbehaviors. The process of brainwashing is still upfor debate whether or not it will work.Most psychologists hold the beliefsthat it is possible to brainwash a

subject as long as the right conditionsare present. Even then, the wholeprocess is not as severe as it ispresented in the media. There are alsodifferent definitions of brainwashingthat make it more difficult todetermine the effects of brainwashingon the subject. Some of thesedefinitions require that there must besome sort of threat to the physical bodyof the subject in order to be consideredbrainwashing. If you follow thisdefinition, then even the practices doneby many extremist cults would not beconsidered true brainwashing as nophysical abuse occurs. Other definitions of brainwashing will

rely on control and coercion withoutphysical force in order to get thechange in the beliefs of the subjects.Either way, experts believe that theeffect of brainwashing, even under theideal conditions, is only a short termoccurrence. They believe that the oldidentity of the subject is notcompletely eradicated with thepractice; rather, it is put into hidingand will return once the new identity isnot reinforced anymore. Robert Jay Lifton came up with someinteresting thoughts on brainwashing inthe 1950s after he studied prisoners ofthe Chinese and Korean War camps.During his observations, he determined

that these prisoners underwent amultistep process to brainwashing.This process began with attacks on thesense of self with the prisoner and thenended with a supposed change inbeliefs of the subject. There are 10steps that Lifton defined for thebrainwashing process in the subjectsthat he studied. These included:

1. An assault on the identity ofthe subject

2. Forcing guilt on the subject3. Forcing the subject into self-

betrayal4. Reaching a breaking point5. Offering the subject

leniency if they change

6. Compulsion to confess7. Channeling the guilt in the

intended direction8. Releasing the subject of

supposed guilt9. Progressing to harmony

10. The final confession beforea rebirth

All of these stages must take place inan area that is in complete isolation.This means that all of the normal socialreferences that the subject is used tocoming in contact with are unavailable.In addition, mind clouding techniqueswill be employed in order to expeditethe process such as malnutrition andsleep deprivation. While this might not

be true of all brainwashing cases, oftenthere is a presence of some sort ofphysical harm which contributes to thetarget having difficulty in thinkingindependently and critically like theynormally would.

Steps Used While Lifton separated the steps of thebrainwashing process into 10 steps,modern psychologists organize it intothree stages in order to betterunderstand what goes on for the subjectduring this process. These three stagesinclude the breaking down of the self,introducing the idea of salvation to thesubject, and the rebuilding of the selfof the subject. Understanding each ofthese stages and the process thathappens with each of them can helpyou to understand what is going on tothe identity of the subject with thisprocess.

Breaking Down of Self The first stage of the brainwashingprocess is the breaking down of theself. During this process, the agentwants to break up the old identity ofthe subject in order to make them feelmore vulnerable and open to thedesired new identity. This step isnecessary in order to continue on theprocess. The agent is not going to bevery successful with their endeavors ifthe subject is still firmly set in theirresolve and their old identity. Breakingup this identity and making the personquestion the things around them canmake it easier to change the identity inthe later steps. This is done through

several steps including assault on theidentity of the subject, brining on guilt,self-betrayal, and then reaching thebreaking point.

Assault on Identity The assault on the identity of thesubject is basically the systematicattack on the subjects’ sense of self, ortheir ego or identity along with theircore system of belief. It makes thesubject question who they are bymaking them think that everything theyhave ever known is wrong. The agentwill spend a great deal of time denyingeverything that the subject is. Inprisoner camps, for example, the agentwill say things like “You are not

defending freedom,” “You are not aman,” and “You are not a soldier.” Thesubject will be under attacks like theseconstantly for days up to months. Thisis done in order to exhaust the subjectsso that they become disoriented,confused, and exhausted. When thesubject reaches this kind of state, theirbeliefs will start to seem less solid andthey might start to believe the thingsthat they are told.

Guilt Once the subject has gone through theassault on their identity, they will enterthe stage of guilt. The subject will beconstantly told that they are bad whilegoing through this new identity crisis

that has been brought on. This is donein order to bring a large sense of guilton to the subject. The subject will beconstantly under attack for any of thethings that they have done, regardlessof how big or small the acts may be.The range of the attacks can vary aswell; the subject could be criticized fortheir belief systems to the way thatthey dress and even because they eattoo slowly. Over time, the subject isgoing to start to feel shame aroundthem all of the time and they will feelthat all the things they are doing arewrong. This can help to make them feelmore vulnerable and likely to go alongwith the new identity the agent wantsto produce.

Self-betrayal Now that the subject has been led tobelieve that they are bad and that all oftheir actions are undesirable, the agentis going to work to force the subject toadmit that they are bad. At this point,the subject is drowning in their ownguilt and feeling very disoriented.Through the continuance of the mentalattacks, the threat of some greatphysical harm, or a combination of thetwo, the agent will be able to force thesubject to denounce his old identity.This can include a wide variety ofthings such as getting the subject todenounce their own peers, friends, andfamily who share the same belief

system as them. While this processmay take a while to occur, once it does,the subject will feel like he betrayedthose that he feels loyal to. This willalso increase the shame as well as theloss of identity that the target isalready feeling, further breaking downthe identity of the subject.

Breaking Point By this point, the subject is feelingvery broken down and disoriented.They may be asking questions such asWhere am I? Who am I? and Whatshould I do? The subject is in anidentity crisis at this point and is goingthrough some deep shame. Since theyhave betrayed all of the beliefs and the

people that he has always known, thesubject is going to go through anervous breakdown. In psychology, this just means acollection of severe symptoms thatoften indicate a large number ofsupposed psychological disturbances.Some of the symptoms can involvegeneral disorientation, deep depression,and uncontrolled sobbing. The subjectmay have the feelings of beingcompletely lost along with having aloose grip on reality. Once the subjectreaches this breaking point, they willhave lost their sense of self and theagent will pretty much be able to dowhatever they want with them at this

point since the subject has lost theirunderstanding of what is going onaround them and who they are. Also atthis point, the agent will set up thevarious temptations that are necessaryin order to convert the subject towardsa new belief system. The new systemwill be set up in a way to offersalvation to the subject from themisery that they are feeling.

Possibility of Salvation After the agent has been effective atbreaking down the self of the subject, itis time to move on to the next step.This step involves offering the subjectthe possibility of salvation only if they

are willing to turn away from theirformer belief system and insteadembrace the new one that is beingoffered. The subject is given the chanceto understand what is around them, aretold that they would be good again andthat they would feel better if theywould just follow the new desired path.There are four steps that are includedin this stage of the brainwashingprocess; leniency, compulsion toconfession, channeling of the guilt andreleasing of the guilt.

Leniency Leniency is the “I can help you” stage.The subject has been broken down andforced to turn away from the people

and the beliefs that they have held onto for so many years. They have beentold that they are bad and thateverything they do is wrong. Thesubject is going to feel lost and allalone in the world, shameful at all ofthe bad things that they have done andwondering which way they can turn.When they reach this stage, the agent isable to offer them some form of releaseby offering to help them. This will often be in the form of areprieve from the abuse the subject hasincurred or some other small kindness.For example, the agent can offer a littleextra food or a drink of water to thesubject or even take a few moments to

ask the subject personal questionsabout home and loved ones. In thesubject’s current state, these small actsof kindness will seem like a big deal,resulting in the subject feeling a bigsense of gratitude and relief towardsthe agent. Often these feelings are wayout of proportion in comparison to theoffering that has been made. In someinstances, the subject may feel like theagent has done the act of saving theirlife rather than just offering a smallservice. This distortion of events worksin the favor of the agent as the subjectis now going to gain ties of loyaltywith the agent rather than things of thepast.

Compulsion to Confession

Once the agent has been able to gainthe trust of their subject, they will tryto get a confession out of the process.This stage is often known as the “Youcan help yourself.” During this stage ofthe brainwashing process, the subjectstarts to see the differences betweenthe pain and guilt that they felt duringthe identity assault and the relief thatthey are feeling from the suddenleniency that is offered. If thebrainwashing process is effective, thesubject may even start to feel a desireto reciprocate some of the kindnessthat has been offered to them by theagent. When this occurs, the agent willbe able to present the idea of

confession as a possible means torelieving the subject of the pain andguilt that they are feeling. The subjectwill then be led through a process ofconfessing all of the wrongs and sinsthat they have done in the past. Of course, these wrongs and sins willbe in relation to how they affect thenew identity that is being created. Forexample, if the subject is a prisoner ofwar, this step will allow them toconfess the wrongs that they did bydefending freedom or fighting againstthe regime of the other country. Even ifthese are not necessarily wrongs orsins, they go against the new ideologythat the regime is always right and so

they must be confessed.

Channeling of Guilt Once the subject enters the channelingof guilt step, they have beenundergoing the assault of their self formany months. By the time the subjectreaches this point in the brainwashingprocess, they are able to feel the guiltand the shame that has been put onthem, but it has pretty much lost itsmeaning. They are not able to tell youexactly what they have done wrong tomake them feel this way; they justknow that they are wrong. The agent will be able to use the blankslate of the subject in order to explain

why they are in the pain that they arefeeling. The agent will be able to attachthe sense of guilt that the subject isfeeling to whatever they want. If theagent is trying to replace a system ofbeliefs, they will take the old systemand convince the subject that thosebeliefs are what are making them feelthe guilt. This is the stage where thecontract between the old beliefs and thenew beliefs are established; basically,the old belief system has beenestablished to correspond with thepsychological agony that the subjecthas been feeling while the new beliefsystem has been established tocorrespond with the ability to escapethat agony. The choice will be the

subjects’, but it is pretty easy to seethat they would choose the new systemin order to start feeling better.

Releasing of Guilt In this step, the subject has come torealize that their old values and beliefsare causing them pain. By this timethey are worn down and tired of feelingthe guilt and shame that has been puton them for many months. They start torealize that it is not necessarilysomething that they have done thatmakes them feel this way; rather, it istheir beliefs that are causing the guilt.The embattled subject is able to feelsome relief from the fact that there issomething that they can do about the

guilt. They will also feel relievedbecause they now have come to theunderstanding that they are not the badperson, rather it is the people that theyhave been around and their beliefsystem that is the true culprit that iscausing the malaise which is somethingthat they can fix in order to becomegood again. The subject has learnedthat they have a means of escapesimply by escaping the wrong beliefsystem that they have held andembracing the new one that is beingoffered. All that the subject will haveto do in order to release the guilt thatthey are feeling is to denounce theinstitutions and people that areassociated with the old belief system

and then they will be released from theguilt. The subject now has some control overthis stage. They will be able to realizethat the release of guilt is up to themcompletely. All the subject will need todo for this stage in order to be releasedfrom the wrongness is to confess to anyof the acts they have committed thatare associated with the old beliefsystem. Once the full confession isdone, the subject will have completedthe full psychological rejection of theirformer identity. The agent will need tostep in at this point in order to offer anew identity to the subject and helpthem to rebuild their identity into the

desired one.

Rebuilding of Self By this step, the subject has gonethrough a lot of steps and emotionalturmoil. They have been put through anordeal that is meant to strip them oftheir old identity, told that they are badand need to be fixed, and slowly cometo the realization that their beliefsystem is the cause of their wrongnessand that it needs to be changed. Onceall of this has been reached, the subjectis going to need to learn how to rebuildtheir self, with the help of the agent.This stage allows the agent the freedomto implant the ideas of the new system

since the subject is a clean slate andvery eager to learn how to be and feelbetter. There are two steps that are seenduring this stage including harmonyand the final confession before startingover.

Harmony The agent will use this step in order toconvince the subject that it is theirchoice to make a change. They mighttell the subject that they have thechoice to choose what is good andmake a change that will help them tofeel better. The agent will thenintroduce the new belief system andpresent it in a way that makes it thegood or the right choice. During this

stage, the agent will stop the abuse andinstead make a point of offering thesubject mental calm and physicalcomfort. The point of doing this is toalign the old beliefs with the pain andsuffering while aligning the newbeliefs with happiness and relief. This stage is set up so that the subjectis given the choice of which road totake, even though it really is not up tothem. The subject must use this stageto choose between the old beliefs andthe new beliefs, effectivelydetermining how they are going to feelfor the rest of their lives. By this point,the subject has already gone throughthe process of denouncing their old

beliefs due to the leniency and tormentthat they have gone through. Becauseof this, it is fairly likely that they aregoing to make the choice for the newsystem of belief in order to relievetheir guilt. The new identity that hasbeen presented is desirable and safebecause it is completely different thanthe old identity that led to thebreakdown in earlier steps. Using logicand considering the state of mind thatthe subject is in, it is easier to see thatthe only identity that the subject isgoing to choose for their own peace ofmind and safety is the new one.

Final Confession and Starting Over

Even though the choice is really nottheirs at all, the agent has strategicallyworked the whole time to lead thesubject to feeling like they have thefree will to choose the new identity. Ifthe brainwashing process is donecorrectly, the subject will thinklogically about the new choices anddetermine that the best one is to takeup the new identity. They have beenconditioned to think this way and intheir new state of mind, it is the onethat makes the most sense. There areno other choices; choosing the newidentity allows them to be relievedfrom the guilt that they feel and leadsto happiness while choosing the oldidentity leads to pain and guilt. If for

some reason the subject did deny thenew identity, there would be abacktracking in the wholebrainwashing process and they wouldbe forced to undergo it all again inorder to end up with the desired results. During this stage of the process, thesubject gets to decide that they willchoose good, which means that they getto choose to go with the new identity.When the subject contrasts the agonyand pain of their old identity with thepeacefulness that comes with the new,they are going to choose the newidentity. This new identity is like aform of salvation. It is the thing thathelps them to feel good and not have to

deal with guilt and unhappinessanymore. As this stage completes, thesubject is going to reject their oldidentity and will go through a processof pledging allegiance to their new one,knowing that it is going to work atmaking their life better. Many times, there are ceremonies andrituals that occur during this finalstage. The conversion from the oldidentity to the new identity is a big dealsince much time and energy has beenused on both sides. During theseceremonies, the subject will beinducted into the new community andembraced with the new identity. Forsome brainwashing victims there is the

feeling of rebirth during this period.You are allowed to embrace your newidentity and are welcomed with openarms into the new community that isnow your own. Instead of beingisolated and alone, you have many newfriends and community members onyour side. Instead of feeling the guiltand pain that has plagued you for manymonths you are going to feel happinessand peacefulness with everything thatis around you. The new identity is nowyours and the brainwashingtransformation is complete. This process can take place over aperiod of many months to even years.Most people are set in their identity

and the beliefs that they have; it is notpossible to change all of this in just afew days unless the person was alreadywilling to change and that would makethe brainwashing techniquesunnecessary. Isolation would also benecessary because outside influenceswill prevent the subject from relyingon the agent during this process. This iswhy most of the brainwashing casesoccur in prison camps and otherisolated instances; the vast majority ofpeople will not have the chance ofencountering brainwashing due to thefact that they are always surrounded bypeople and technology that wouldhinder the whole brainwashing process.Once the person is in isolation, the

process takes a long time due to themany steps that must be taken in orderto change the ideals held by theindividual for many years so that theywill embrace the new identity as theirown while also feeling that the choicehas always been theirs. As can be seen, there are quite a fewsteps that must be taken in order to gothrough the brainwashing process. It isnot something that is going to happenjust by running into someone on thestreet and exchanging a few words. Itrequires the isolation and time toconvince the subject that everythingthey know is wrong and that they are abad person. It then continues on with

trying to force out a confession that thesubject is bad and that they want torenounce all of the things that theyhave done that are bad due to their oldidentity. Finally, the subject will be ledin the direction of believing that theycan change for the better if they justabandon their old ideas and insteadembrace the peacefulness and rightnessthat comes with the new identity that ispresented. All of these steps mustoccur for the brainwashing to beeffective and the new identity to be putin place.

Brainwashing as Court Defense Throughout history, people have beenclaiming that they committed terriblewrongs because they had beenbrainwashed. It was an excuse thatmany would claim hoping to save theirown lives or to get away with a massmurder or some other crime againsthumanity. It might even be somethingas simple as stealing from anotherperson. Whatever the action was,brainwashing was an easy defensebecause it took the responsibility of theaction away from the accused and itwas difficult to prove whether someonehad been brainwashed or not.

Whether brainwashing pleas can beused as a defense in the courtroom isup to some debate. Many experts feelthat by allowing this defense into thecourtroom, the courts would becomeoverwhelmed with false claims ofbrainwashing and the resources forproving or disproving this defensewould be more than the courts couldhandle. Despite this, there have beensome cases brought to court that mayshow the validity of brainwashing as adefense for crimes committed. The first example of this happened in1976. Patty Hearst, the heiress to alarge publishing fortune, used thedefense of brainwashing when she

stood trial for a bank robbery. In theearly 1970s, Hearst was kidnapped bythe SLA, the Symbionese LiberationArmy, and ended up joining this group.During the trial, Hearst reported thatshe had been locked up in a closet forat least a few days after she had beenkidnapped. While in the closet, Hearststated that she was afraid of her life,brutalized, tired, and was not fed whilemembers of the SLA bombarded herwith their ideology against a capitalistcountry. Within the two months of herkidnapping, Patty had changed hername while also issuing a statementsaying that her family were “pig-Hearsts” and then appeared on thesecurity tape of a bank robbing it along

with those who had kidnapped her. In 1976, Patty Hearst stood trial forthis bank robbery and was defended byF. Lee Bailey. In the defense, it wasclaimed that Hearst had beenbrainwashed by the SLA. Thisbrainwashing had forced Hearst tocommit a crime that she would havenever done under any othercircumstance. In the mental state thatshe was under with the brainwashing,she was not able to tell the differencebetween right and wrong and thereforeshould not be found guilty of the bankrobbery. The court did not agree withthis analysis and instead found herguilty and placed her in prison for

seven years. Just a few years later,President Carter commuted hersentence so she only ended up spendingtwo years in total in prison.

Lee Boyd Malvo Case Another well-known brainwashingdefense is the Lee Boyd Malvo case.This case used the defense of insanityby brainwashing and it ended up in thecourtrooms about 30 years after thePatty Hearst case. In 2002, Lee BoydMalvo was on trial for the role that heplayed in the sniper attacks thatoccurred around and in WashingtonD.C. Malvo, who was 17 at the time,and John Allen Muhammad, 42, ended

up killing 10 people and woundingthree during the killing spree. Thedefense that was used for this case wasthat the teenage Malvo had beenbrainwashed by Muhammad so that hewould commit the crimes. Just like inthe Hearst case, the defense claimedthat Malvo would not have committedthese crimes if he had not been underthe control of Muhammad. According to the background storyused by the defense, Malvo had beenabandoned by his mother on the islandof Antigua in the Caribbean when hewas 15 years old. Muhammad met theboy and brought him into the UnitedStates in 2001. Muhammad was an

army veteran at the time and worked tofill the head of the teen with visions ofa race war that was impending. To thatend, Malvo was trained to be an expertmarksman. In addition to sharing theseideas with Malvo, Muhammad isolatedMalvo from others while being steepedin the vitriolic and idiosyncratic brandof Islam that Muhammad followedalong with a strict exercise regimenand diet. All of this is believed to havebeen a part of the brainwashing processon the young Malvo. The defense argued that because of histime spent with Muhammad, Malvohad been brainwashed and because ofthis, he was not capable of telling what

was right from what was wrong.Despite the efforts of the defense,Malvo was found to be guilty and had asentence of life in prison without anychance of parole. In a separate trial,Muhammad was sentenced to the deathpenalty. So far, it does not seem likebrainwashing will gain much ground asa form of defense in the courtroom. Tostart with, it is much too difficult toprove that a defendant has beenbrainwashed in the first place. Next, itis very unlikely that someone has beenbrainwashed and instead the defense isjust using it as a means to get a lightersentence or the actions of their client

forgiven. In addition, many juries seemto find the idea of brainwashingcompletely ridiculous. Overall, thisdefense will probably not see muchstrength growing in the courtroom.

Common Tactics Used inBrainwashing Brainwashing is not always as intenseas what has been described so far inthis chapter. The methods described areused for “true brainwashing” and arerarely done to the subject. There aremany other types of brainwashing thatactually happen on a day to day basis.They might not work to make youcompletely give up your old identity infavor of a new one, but they do work tohelp shift your thoughts and ideas onwhat is going on around you. Thissection is going to focus on some of thetactics that are often used during thebrainwashing process, regardless of

whether it is true brainwashing or not. Hypnosis-hypnosis, which will bediscussed in more detail in the nextchapter, is a form of brainwashing insome circumstances. Hypnosis isbasically the induction of a high stateof suggestibility. This state is oftendisguised thinly as meditation orrelaxation. During the process ofhypnosis, the agent is able to suggestthings to the subject in hopes of gettingthem to act or react in a certain way.Many people are familiar withhypnosis from the stage shows theyhave seen. It is also often used as a wayto improve health.

Peer Pressure-everyone has an innateneed to belong. This could be with aparticular group, their family, friends,and the community. With the peerpressure tactic there is a suppression ofthe doubt that the subject feels alongwith getting rid of their resistance tonew ideas by exploiting this strongneed to belong. If done right, thesubject may be more willing to try outnew things, be less shy around newpeople, and may have an easier timemaking new friends. Love Bombing—the sense of family isvery strong in people. This is the groupthat you were born into and that youhave supposedly been around for your

whole life. They know you better thananyone and those who have missed outon this kind of relationship may findthat they are feeling alone andunwanted. With love bombing, theagent is able to create a sense of thefamily by the use of emotionalbonding, feeling and through sharingand physical touch. This allows theagent and the subject to bond in afamilial way, making it easier to tradein the old identity for the new one. Rejecting Old Values—as mentioneda little bit earlier in this chapter, theagent is working to convince thesubject to denounce all of their ownvalues. This process is accelerated

through the process of intimidation,physical threat, and other means. At theend, the subject will denounce thevalues and beliefs that they once heldclose and will begin to accept the newlifestyle that is presented to them bythe agent. Confusing Doctrine—in this tactic,there will be an encouragement toblindly accept the new identity whilerejecting other logic that the subjectwill have. In order to do this, the agentwill go through a complex set oflectures about a doctrine that is goingto be incomprehensible. The subjectwill learn to blindly trust what theagent is saying through this process,

whether it is about the doctrine orabout the new identity that is beingformed. Metacommunication—this tactic isemployed when the agent works toimplant subliminal messages into themind of the subject. This will be donewhen the agent stresses certain wordsor phrases that are key to the newidentity. These phrases and key wordswill be implanted into confusing longlectures that the subject will be forcedto sit through. No Privacy—privacy is a privilege thatmany subjects will lose until they haveconverted over to the new identity that

is provided to them. Not only is thistaken away as a method to make theguilt and wrongness more apparent tothe subject, but it also takes away theability the subject has to logicallyevaluate the things that they are beingtold. If the subject is allowed to haveprivacy, they will have time toprivately contemplate the informationthey are given and may discover that itis untrue or does not hold up to whatthey already believe. Taking away thisprivacy means that the agent or agentsare always around and the subject isalways being led to the new identity.Disinhibition—during this tactic, thesubject is encouraged by the agent togive childlike obedience. This makes it

easier for the agent to shape the mindof the subject.Unbending Rules—the rules that areput in place by the agent are often strictand will never be changed. These rulesare meant to make it difficult for thesubject to think and act on their own;rather, they will spend their time doingexactly what they are told to do by theagent. There are many different rulesthat could fit into this category such asthe rules that will be followed for thedisorientation and regression processall the way to how the subject isallowed to use medications, takebathroom breaks, and eat meals. Theserules are put in place in order tocompletely control the subject during

the brainwashing process.Verbal Abuse—verbal abuse is one of the tactics that is used during the breaking down stage. Often the subject will become desensitized when they arebombarded with abusive and foul language all of the time. At times, physical abuse may supplement or replace verbal abuse. Sleep Deprivation—when a person isnot getting the amount of sleep thatthey require they will often becomevulnerable and disoriented. This canhelp create the ideal environment thatthe agent is looking for during thebreaking down and confession stages ofthe brainwashing process. In addition,many times the subject will be required

to do prolonged physical and mentalactivities on top of the inadequate sleepin order to hurry the process evenmore.Dress Codes—enforcing a dress codefurther removes any individuality thatthe subject may have as well as thechoice they are used to of picking outtheir own clothes. Often during thebrainwashing process, the subject willbe demanded to wear the dress codeheld by the rest of the group.Chanting—the agent will work toeliminate any non-cult ideas that maybe present in the mind of the subject.One way to accomplish this is throughchanting or repetition of the phrasesthat are used by those who follow the

new identity.Confession—confession is deeplyencouraged in those who aretransforming from their old identity tothe new identity. During this process,the subject will destruct their ownindividual ego by confessing all oftheir innermost feelings of doubt andpersonal weaknesses to the agent. Oncethey are able to let go of these things,the introduction of the new identity isable to occur.Financial Commitment—in somecases, there will be financialcontributions which must be met. Thiscan help the agent in several ways.First, the financial commitment allowsan increased dependence of the subject

on the group because the subject maybe burning bridges to their past. Theywill donate different assets, whether itis their car, house, money, or someother financial contribution in thehopes that they will be able to get overtheir shame and guilt. Now they arefinancially attached to the new identity.In addition, the agent will be able touse these financial contributions tofurther their own needs.Pointing the Finger—when you areable to point the finger at someoneelse, you will feel a sense ofrighteousness. This is your way oftelling the world that you are goodsimply by pointing out some of theshortcomings that are going on in the

world. The agent may point out all ofthe killing, racism, and greed that arein the world before contrasting it to thegood of the new identity that thesubject is being led to.Isolation—if you are isolated fromeverything that is around you, itbecomes difficult to get outsideopinions that might change your mind.This is what the agent will strive forbecause they do not want all of theirwork to go away. Those who are beingbrainwashed will be separated fromsociety, friends, family, and any otherrational references that would changetheir way of thinking.Controlled Approval—the agent isgoing to work in order to maintain the

confusion and vulnerability of thesubject during the breaking downperiod. One method of doing this isthrough controlled approval. The agentwill alternately punish and rewardsimilar actions, making it difficult forthe subject to know what is right andwhat is wrong.Change of Diet—changing the amountof food the subject is allowed toconsume is another tactic used tocreate disorientation while increasingthe susceptibility of the subject toemotional arousal. When the agentdramatically decreases the amount offood that the subject is allowed toconsume, they are depriving thesubject’s nervous system of the

nutrients that are necessary to thrive.Adding drugs to the mix may also beadded into this category.Games—games are sometimes used inorder to induce more dependence onthe group. Games will be introducedand most of them will have reallyobscure rules that the subject will notunderstand. In some instances, thesubject will not be told the rules andthey must figure them out or the ruleswill constantly change. This tacticallows the agent to gain more control.No Questions—during thebrainwashing process, the subject is notallowed to ask questions. Questionspromote individual thinking and this isdangerous to the brainwashing practice.

When no questions are allowed, ithelps the agent accomplish anautomatic acceptance from the subjectto the new identity.Guilt—the subject has been told thatthey are bad and that everything theydo is bad. Guilt is a common tactic thatis used by the agent in order to makethe subject question their beliefs andwhat is going on around them. The sinsof the subject’s former lifestyle will beexaggerated in order to bring about theguilt and reinforce the need ofsalvation in the subject.Fear—fear is a powerful motivator andcan accomplish a lot more than theother tactics that have been listed.Agents may use fear in order to

maintain the obedience and loyalty thatare desired to the group. To do this, theagent may threaten the limb, life, orsoul of the subject for anything that isagainst the new identity that is beingpresented.These are just a few of the tactics thatcan be used during the brainwashingprocess. The point of each of them is toinstill the idea that the old identity ofthe subject is wrong and convince themthat the new identity is preferable.There are many different ways that thiscan be done and many will be moreeffective when used as a combination.While it is possible that brainwashingcan alter the way that someone thinksand act, most experts believe that true

brainwashing is exaggerated andcannot be done. While little examplesof brainwashing may occur in everydaylife, the majority of people will notfind that their whole belief systemshave been changed through thisprocess.

Chapter 3: Hypnosis While brainwashing is a well-knownform of mind control that many peoplehave heard of, hypnosis is also animportant type that should beconsidered. For the most part, thosewho are familiar with hypnosis knowabout it from watching stage shows ofparticipants doing ridiculous acts.While this is a type of hypnosis, thereis a lot more to it. This chapter is goingto concentrate more on hypnosis as aform of mind control.

What is Hypnosis? To start with is the definition ofhypnosis. According to experts,hypnosis is considered a state ofconsciousness that involves the focusedattention along with the reducedperipheral awareness that ischaracterized by the participant’sincreased capacity to respond tosuggestions that are given. This meansthat the participant is going to enter adifferent state of mind and will bemuch more susceptible to following thesuggestions that are given by thehypnotist. It is widely recognized that there are

two theory groups that help to describewhat is happening during the hypnosisperiod. The first one is known as thealtered state theory. Those who followthis theory see that hypnosis is like atrance or a state of mind that is alteredwere the participant will see that theirawareness is somewhat different fromwhat they would notice in theirordinary conscious state. The othertheory is the non-state theories. Thosewho follow this theory do not think thatthose who undergo hypnosis areentering into different states ofconsciousness. Rather, the participantis working with the hypnotist to enter atype of imaginative role enactment.

While in hypnosis, the participant isthought to have more concentration andfocus that couples together with a newability to intensely concentrate on aspecific memory or thought. Duringthis process, the participant is also ableto block out other sources that might bedistracting to them. The hypnotizedsubjects are thought to show aheightened ability to respond tosuggestions that are given to them,especially when these suggestionscome from the hypnotist. The processthat is used in order to place theparticipant into hypnosis is known ashypnotic induction and will involve aseries of suggestions and instructionsthat are used as a type of warm up.

There are many different thoughts thatare brought up by the experts as towhat the definition of hypnosis is. Thewide variety of these definitions comesfrom the fact that there are just somany different circumstances thatcome with hypnosis and no one personhas the same experience when they aregoing through it. Some of the differentdefinitions of hypnosis by expertsinclude the following:

1. “A special case ofpsychological regression,”Michael Nash.

2. Ernest Hilgard and Janet

Hilgard have written in great

depth about hypnosis anddescribe it has a way for thebody to dissociate fromitself in another plane ofconsciousness.

3. Sarbin and Coe, two well-known social psychologists,have use the term of roletheory to describe hypnosis.Under this definition, theparticipant is playing therole of being hypnotized;they are acting like they arehypnotized rather thanactually being in that state.

4. According to T.X. Barber,

hypnosis is defined based on

the different nonhypnoticbehavioral parameters.Under this definition, theparticipant will define thetask motivation and labelthe situation that they are inas hypnosis since they haveno other thing to call it.

5. Weitzenhoffer wrote in

some of his earlier writingsabout hypnosis. Heconceptualized that hypnosisis a state of enhancedsuggestibility. In morerecent writings, he went onto define the act of hypnosisas “a form of influence by

one person exerted onanother through the mediumor agency of suggestion.

6. Brenman and Gill used the

psychoanalytic concept of“regression in the service ofthe ego,” to help describewhat hypnosis was all about.Under this definition, theparticipant is willing to gounder hypnosis and into thealtered state because it helpsout their ego and makesthem to feel better.

7. According to Edmonston a

person who has undergone

hypnosis is simply in a deepstate of relaxation.

8. Spiegel and Spiegel have

stated that hypnosis issimply something thathappens because of thebiological capacity of theparticipant.

9. Erickson states that

hypnosis is an altered, inner-directed, and special state offunctioning. The participantis still able to function andis conscious of thingsaround them, but they are inan altered state compared to

their normal state. There are many different views andstatements that have been made abouthypnosis. Some people believe thathypnosis is very real and are paranoidthat the government and others aroundthem will try to control their minds.Others do not believe in hypnosis at alland think that it is just sleight of hand.Most likely, the idea of hypnosis asmind control falls somewhere in themiddle. There are three stages of hypnosis thatare recognized by the psychologicalcommunity. These three stages includeinduction, suggestion, and

susceptibility. Each of them isimportant to the hypnosis process andwill be discussed further below.

Induction The first stage of hypnosis is induction.Before the participant undergoes thefull hypnosis, they will be introducedto the hypnotic induction technique.For many years this was thought to bethe method used to put the subject intotheir hypnotic trance, but thatdefinition has changed some in moderntimes. Some of the non-state theoristshave seen this stage slightlydifferently. Instead they see this stageas the method to heighten the

participants’ expectations of what isgoing to happen, defining the role thatthey will play, getting their attention tofocus in the right direction, and any ofthe other steps that are needed in orderto lead the participant into the rightdirection for hypnosis. There are several induction techniquesthat can be used during hypnosis. Themost well-known and influentialmethods is Braid’s “eye fixation”technique or “Braidism.” There arequite a few variations of this approachincluding the Stanford HypnoticSusceptibility Scale (SHSS). This scaleis the most used tool for research in thefield of hypnosis.

To use the Braid induction techniquesyou will have to follow a couple ofsteps. The first one is to take any objectthat you can find that is bright, such asa watch case, and hold it between themiddle, fore, and thumb fingers on theleft hand. You will want to hold thisobject about 8-15 inches from the eyesof the participant. Hold the objectsomewhere above the forehead so thatit produces a lot of strain on the eyelidsand eyes during the process so that theparticipant is able to maintain a fixedstare on the object at all times. The hypnotist must then explain to theparticipant that they should keep their

eyes always fixed on to the object. Thepatient will also need to focus theirmind completely on the idea of thatparticular object. They should not beallowed to think of other things or lettheir minds and eyes wander or else theprocess will not be successful. After a short time, the participant’seyes will begin to dilate. With a littlemore time the participant will begin toassume a wavy motion. If theparticipant involuntarily closes theireyelids when the middle and forefingers of the right hand are carriedfrom the eyes to the object, then theyare in the trance. If not, then theparticipant will need to begin again;

make sure to let the participant knowthat they are to allow their eyes toclose once the fingers are carried in asimilar motion back towards the eyesagain. This will get the patient to gointo the altered state of mind that isknown as hypnosis. While Braid stood by his owntechnique, he did acknowledge thatusing the induction technique ofhypnosis is not always necessary forevery case. In fact, researchers inmodern times have usually found thatthe induction technique is not asimportant to the effects of hypnoticsuggestion as previously thought. Overtime, other alternatives and variations

of the original hypnotic inductiontechnique have been developed,although the Braid method is stillconsidered the best.

Suggestion The next stage of hypnosis is known asthe suggestion stage. When hypnosiswas first described by James Braid, theterm of suggestion was not used.Instead, Braid referred to this stage asthe act of having the conscious mind ofthe participant focus on one central anddominant idea. The way that Braid didthis was to stimulate or reduce thephysiological functioning of thedifferent regions on the participant’s

body. Later on, Braid began to placemore and more emphasis on the use ofdifferent non-verbal and verbal formsof suggestion in order to get theparticipant into the hypnotic state ofmind. These would include using“waking suggestions” as well as self-hypnosis.Another well-known hypnotist,Hippolyte Bernheim, continued to shiftthe emphasis of the physical state ofthe process of hypnosis over to thepsychological process that containedverbal suggestions. According toBernheim, hypnotism is the inductionof a psychical condition that is peculiarand which will increase thesusceptibility of the suggestion to the

participant. Often, he stated, thehypnotic state that is induced will helpto facilitate the suggestion, eventhough this might not be necessary tostart the susceptibility in the firstplace. Modern hypnotism uses a lot ofdifferent suggestion forms in order tobe successful such as metaphors,insinuations, indirect or non-verbalsuggestions, direct verbal suggestions,and other figures of speech andsuggestions that are non-verbal. Someof the non-verbal suggestions that maybe used during the suggestion stagewould include physical manipulation,voice tonality, and mental imagery.

One of the distinctions that are made inthe types of suggestion that can beoffered to the participant includesthose suggestions that are deliveredwith permission and those that aremore authoritarian in manner. One of the things that have to beconsidered in regards to hypnosis is thedifference between the unconsciousand the conscious mind. There areseveral hypnotists who view the stageof suggestion as a way ofcommunicating that is directed for themost part to the conscious mind of thesubject. Others in the field will see it inthe opposite direction; they see thecommunication occurring between the

agent and the subconscious orunconscious mind. Proponents of the first class of thoughtincluded Bernheim, Braid, and otherpioneers of the Victorian age. Theybelieved that the suggestions werebeing addressed straight to theconscious part of the subjects mind,rather than to the unconscious part. Infact, Braid goes further and actuallydefines the act of hypnotism as thefocused attention upon the suggestionor the dominant idea. The fear of mostpeople that hypnotists will be able toget into their unconscious and makethem do and think things beyond theircontrol is simply impossible according

to those who follow this train ofthought. The nature of the mind has also beenthe determinant of the differentconceptions about suggestion. Thosewho believed that the responses givenare through the unconscious mind, suchas in the case of Milton Erickson, bringup the cases of using indirectsuggestions. Many of these indirectsuggestions, such as stories ormetaphors, will hide their intendedmeaning in order to conceal it from theconscious mind of the subject.Subliminal suggestion is a form ofhypnosis that relies completely on thetheory of the unconscious mind. If the

unconscious mind were not being usedin hypnosis, this kind of suggestionwould not be possible. The differencesbetween the two groups are fairly easyto recognize; those who believe that thesuggestions will go primarily to theconscious mind will use direct verbalinstructions and suggestions whilethose who believe the suggestions willgo primarily to the unconscious mindwill use stories and metaphors withhidden meanings. In either of these theories of thought,the participant will need to be able tofocus on one object or idea. This allowsthem to be led in the direction that isneeded in order to go into the hypnotic

state. Once the suggestion stage hasbeen completed successfully; theparticipant will then be able to move into the third stage, susceptibility.

Susceptibility Over time, it has been observed thatpeople will react differently tohypnosis. Some people find that theyare able to fall into a hypnotic trancefairly easily and do not have to putmuch effort into the process at all.Others may find that they are able toget into the hypnotic trance, but onlyafter a prolonged period of time andwith some effort. Still others will findthat they are not able to get into the

hypnotic trance and even aftercontinued efforts will not reach theirgoals. One thing that researchers havefound interesting about thesusceptibility of different participantsis that this factor remains constant. Ifyou have been able to easily get into ahypnotic state of mind, you are likelyto be the same way for the rest of yourlife. On the other hand, if you havealways had difficulty in reaching thehypnotic state and have never beenhypnotized, then it is likely that younever will. There have been several differentmodels developed over time to try anddetermine the susceptibility of

participants to hypnosis. Some of theolder depth scales worked to inferwhich level of trance the participantwas in through the observable signsthat were available. These wouldinclude things such as the spontaneousamnesia. Some of the more modernscales work to measure the degree ofself-evaluated or observedresponsiveness to the specificsuggestion tests that are given such asthe direct suggestions of arm rigidity. According to the research that has beendone by Deirdre Barrett, there are twotypes of subjects that are consideredhighly susceptible to the effects ofhypnotism. These two groups include

dissociaters and fantasizers. Thefantasizers will score high on theabsorption scales, will be able to easilyblock out the stimuli of the real worldwithout the use of hypnosis, spend a lotof their time daydreaming, hadimaginary friends when they were achild, and also grew up in anenvironment where imaginary play wasencouraged. On the other side of things are thedissociaters. This group will oftencome from a background of trauma orchildhood abuse, found ways to forgetthe unpleasant events that are in theirpast, and can escape into a numbness.If a person in this group does

daydream, it is more in the terms ofgoing blank instead of creatingfantasies. Both of these groups scoredhigh on the tests of hypnoticsusceptibility. The two groups thathave the highest rates ofhypnotizability include those sufferingfrom posttraumatic stress disorder anddissociative identity disorder.

Applications Hypnosis as a field and as an idea hasbeen around for a long time. Due tothis, various applications have begun toemerge that help to put the process ofhypnosis to good use. In fact, thevarious applications of using hypnosiscross many fields such asentertainment, self-improvement,military uses, and medical uses. Otherareas that have recently begun to usehypnotism include rehabilitation,physical therapy, education, sports, andforensics. Even artists have begun toemploy hypnotism in order to reachcertain creative purposes. This isshown the most by Andre Breton, a

surrealist artist, who has employedhypnosis among other techniques forhis own creative purposes. One of thegrowing uses of hypnosis is in the fieldof self-improvement; many peoplehave chosen to do self-hypnosis inorder to help them lose weight, reducestress, and quit smoking. The following sections will discusssome different fields where hypnosishas been growing as well as how theprocess of hypnosis is working in thosefields.

Hypnotherapy Hypnotherapy is the use of hypnosis asa form of psychotherapy. It is used as a

method to help the patient or subjectthrough troubling issues that areplaguing them, especially when othermethods of self-control are noteffective. Licensed psychologists andphysicians might perform a form ofhypnotherapy on willing patients inorder to help them treat posttraumaticstress, compulsive gambling, sleepdisorders, eating disorders, anxiety,and depression. It is also possible to visit with acertified hypnotherapist to assist you intreating issues such as weightmanagement and the cessation ofsmoking. If you go to a certifiedhypnotherapist, it is important to

remember that they are notpsychologists or physicians so theywill just be able to assist you withreaching the hypnotic state and notwith curing your more seriousailments. It is best that you make surewhoever you are working with has beencertified to provide you with theseservices, whether you choose ahypnotherapist or a physician. The process of hypnotherapy has beenseen in many different forms inmodern history. All of them have hadvarying degrees of success dependingon the issue faced and the participants.Some of the forms that have been usedinclude:

Cognitive-behavioralhypnotherapy—this is acombination of clinicalhypnosis along withdifferent elements of theCognitive-BehavioralTherapy.Hypnoanalysis—this is alsoknown as age regressionhypnotherapy.Hypnosis to assist withdealing with phobias andfears.Ericksonian hypnotherapy.Hypnotherapy to assist withaddictions.Hypnotherapy to assist with

habit control.Hypnotherapy to assist withpain management in thosewho suffer from chronicpain.Hypnotherapy to assist inthe psychological therapythe patient is already dealingwith.Hypnotherapy to assist withrelaxation.Hypnotherapy to assist withskin diseases.Hypnotherapy to assist withsoothing patients who areanxious about undergoingsurgery.Hypnotherapy to assist with

the performance of athletesbefore a competition.Hypnotherapy to assist withweight loss.

Military Applications In addition to assisting people who dealwith various health issues andaddiction, people have long wonderedif hypnosis has been used by militaryand governmental officials in order tochange the way citizens think aboutthings. So far, there has been littleproof that the American military iscapable or has used hypnosis to reachtheir goals. In fact, a declassifieddocument that was obtained out of the

Freedom of Information Act archiverecently shows that the process ofhypnosis has been investigated for theuse in military applications. Despitethe research that has been done, thestudy concluded that there reallywasn’t any evidence that the process ofhypnosis would be useful in a militaryapplication. In addition, there was notany evidence that clearly showed thathypnosis actually exists in regards asan actual phenomenon outside ofsubject expectancy, high motivation,and ordinary suggestion. The document further goes on toexplain how it would be nearlyimpossible for hypnosis to be used in a

military application. It states:“The use of hypnosis in intelligencewould present certain technicalproblems not encountered in the clinicor laboratory. To obtain compliancefrom a resistant source, for example, itwould be necessary to hypnotize thesource under essentially hostilecircumstances. There is no goodevidence, clinical or experimental, thatthis can be done.”The document goes on to explain that ithas been difficult to study the effectsand application of hypnosis to be usedin the military because no one is ableto say with certainty whether hypnosisis a unique state with some conditionedresponses or just a form of suggestion

that has been induced as a result of thepositive relationship between thesubject and the hypnotist.

Self-hypnosis There are some instances, such as whena certified hypnotherapist or otherprofessional is not available, when youmay decide to use the process of self-hypnosis. This process occurs when aperson is able to hypnotize themselves,often using the tactic ofautosuggestion. The primary use forthis technique is for self-improvementand many people will perform it inorder to reduce their stress levels, quitsmoking, or to get the motivation they

need to go on a diet. While somepeople may be able to self-hypnotizethemselves, many find that they needsome sort of assistance in reaching thealtered state. This could includehypnotic recordings or even mindmachine devices to help them reachthat state. Other areas that you coulduse self-hypnosis for include youroverall physical well-being, to relax,and to get over stage fright.

Stage Hypnosis When most people think of hypnosis,they think of stage hypnosis. This is aform of entertainment that will occurin a theatre or a club in front of an

audience. The hypnotist is often shownas a great showman and this helps toencourage the idea that hypnosis iscompletely about mind control. In thebeginning of the act, the hypnotist willattempt to put the whole audienceunder the altered state before selectingcertain individuals who meet thecriteria to come up on the stage and gothrough different embarrassing actswhile the rest of the group watches. It is unknown why stage hypnosis is soeffective although it is commonlythought to be a combination oftrickery, stagecraft, physicalmanipulation, suggestibility,participant selection, and psychological

factors. For the most part, experts believe that the participant is just playing along in a way with the hypnotist and providing a good show. These individuals may be willing to do this because they desire to be in the middle of all the attention, the pressure to please others, and the excuse to go against their own suppressors of fear make it easy to get the participants to perform. Some of the books that have been written by former stage hypnotistsreinforce the idea of trickery and deception and some are entirely composed of fake hypnosis where private whispers where used the whole time.

Types of Hypnosis There are a lot of different types ofhypnosis that the subject will be able toundergo. Each of them will work inslightly different ways and some ofthem work to help with various issues.Some may be more fit to helping thesubject to relax while others can helpmore with weight loss or painmanagement. This section will talk inmore detail about the different types ofhypnosis that are available.

Traditional Hypnosis The most common type of hypnosisthat is used is known as traditionalhypnosis. During this process, the

agent is simply making suggestionsdirectly to the subject’s unconsciousmind. This type of hypnosis will workthe best on a subject who is known foraccepting the things that they are toldand they do not ask a lot of questions.If you go and visit a certified hypnotistor purchase a tape to do the process ofself-hypnosis, you will be goingthrough the process of traditionalhypnosis. The reason that this type ofhypnosis is so popular is because itdoes not take that much experience ortraining to learn how to do. Thehypnotist is just going to have to writea simple script and tell the subject whatto do. While this technique will workvery well on those who accept what is

going on around them, it is ineffectivefor those who think critically andanalytically.

Ericksonian Hypnosis The next type of hypnosis to bediscussed is Ericksonian Hypnosis.This one is a little more in depthbecause it is going to require the use ofmetaphors and little stories. These areused in order to present the ideas andsuggestions that are required to theunconscious mind. Even though thismethod will require a little moreexperience and training to do, it is avery effective and powerful method touse. The reason that it works so well is

because it is able to eliminate theresistance and blockage that the subjectmay have to the suggestions. There are two main types of metaphorsthat will often be used in this kind ofhypnosis; isomorphic and interspersal.For the metaphor that is interspersal innature, the command that is explainedhas been imbedded into the story andwould not be easily discovered by thesubject outside of their unconsciousmind. The other type, isomorphicmetaphor, is a little more common andoffers directions to the unconsciousmind simply by presenting a story tothe subject that will offer a moral at theend. The unconscious mind will be able

to draw a one to one relationshipconnecting the elements that comefrom the story and the elements thatcome with the behavior or problemsituation. An example of an isomorphic metaphoris the story “Boy Who Cried Wolf.”Many parents will use this story toteach their children about lying,especially if their child tells a lot oflies. After hearing the story, theunconscious mind of the subject wouldsee a parallel between the telling of liesand the boy who is in the story. Theywould see that telling lies might lead toa disaster and the child might be morewilling to stop lying in the process in

order to prevent that disaster fromoccurring.

Embedded Technique Another type of hypnosis is called theembedded technique. During thisprocess, the hypnotist will tell thesubject an interesting story. This storyis meant to help distract and engage theconscious mind of the subject. It willalso contain indirect suggestions thatare hidden within the story but whichwill be accepted into the unconsciousmind of the subject. Through this storythe hypnotist will use processinstructions in order to direct theunconscious mind of the subject to find

the memory that is needed. Thismemory is usually about learningexperience that is appropriate from thepast. The hypnotist will then be able toapply that learning experience to helpthem to make changes to their present.

Nero-LinguisticProgramming With Neuro-Linguistic Programming,or NLP, hypnotists have a greatselection of the methods that they areable to use in the hypnosis process.When using the process of NLP, thehypnotist will be able to use the samethought patterns that are creating theproblem in the subject. This can save a

lot of time compared to going throughthe process of suggestion. For example,the thought patterns that are used withstress or excessive appetite will beused to help eliminate the problem thatthe subject is dealing with. If used witha certified hypnotist or psychologist,NLP has been shown to be veryeffective. There are many differenttypes of NLP programming that havebeen utilized by hypnotists. Some ofthe most commonly used forms of NLPinclude NLP Anchoring, NLP Flash,and NLP Reframe.

NLP Anchoring The first type of NLP that will bediscussed is NLP Anchoring. A good

way to think about how anchoringworks is thinking about an old songthat you know. Have you ever sat in acar and heard a song that you have notheard in a long time? Did that songtrigger some sort of feeling in you thatcame from the past? The first time youheard that song, or sometime down theroad when you heard it, you were goingthrough these feelings and theunconscious mind attached thesefeelings to that particular song.Through this process, the song wouldbecome the anchor for these feelings.Now, each time that you hear thisparticular song, you will trigger thebrain to have these feelings all overagain. This is a good example of

anchoring. Many hypnotists have found thatanchoring is a useful technique forthem to use in hypnotizing theirsubjects. For example, if you have amemory of being rewarded for doingsomething right in the past, thehypnotist will be able to get into thatparticular memory and help you torecreate the feelings that you weregoing through at the time. At the sametime, the hypnotist will have you dosome sort of action, such as touchingyour two fingers together during the re-creation of the process. Now each timethat you touch your fingers together,you will be able to feel those same

happy feelings again. The process of anchoring can work inorder to motivate you to accomplishsomething by associating good feelingswith it. For example, this method isoften used to help people find themotivation they need to stick to losingweight and maintaining a diet. Thehypnotist will work with the subject tocreate a positive anchor that isassociated with the mental image of thesubject—in this case it will be thesubject thinking about themselves in athin and sexy body. When the subjectpictures this image again, they willtrigger the anchor and get the positivemotivation that they need. In fact, there

is a dramatic increase in the motivationfor weight loss in those who undergohypnosis compared to those who donot. The process of anchoring can beused in a variety of different instancesto assist in self-improvement of theindividual.

NLP Flash NLP Flash is another form of hypnosisthat is considered to be extremelypowerful and only done by a certifiedprofessional. It is often used in order tochange thoughts and feelings around inthe unconscious mind of the subject. Itcan be a good way to help those whofeel chronic stress or are addicted to asubstance. In this process, the hypnotist

will switch the feelings of the subjectaround, instead of a certain actbringing pleasure, that act will start tobring pain or instead of a certain actbringing stress, it will bring the subjectrelaxation. For example, someone whois addicted to a substance, such ascigarettes or alcohol, will find a feelingof pleasure and happiness when theyconsume that substance. Through thetechnique of NLP flash, these feelingswill get switched around resulting inthe subject feeling discomfort or painwhen they consume the substance. Thiscan help them to get over theiraddiction more effectively. Those who are undergoing a lot of

stress have also found the technique ofNLP Flash to work well for them.When a person is feeling chronicstress, they may have difficulties incontrolling their blood pressure andtheir tempers and are going to feeluncomfortable a lot of the time. Sincestress is so hard on the body, there aremany patients willing to undergo theNLP Flash hypnosis in order to assistthem in relaxing. With this technique,the subject will learn their triggers ofstress and redirect them so that thosetriggers start to release feelings ofrelaxation in their minds instead. This technique has also been shown tobe effective in extinguishing the

conditioned responses in the mind ofthe subject. An example of this is withsmoking. If you are a smoker thatenjoys a cigarette while having a cup ofcoffee in the morning, yourunconscious brain is going to startpairing these two behaviors together.This means that the subject will get acraving to have a cigarette anytimethey enjoy a cup of coffee, especiallyin the morning. When the subject goesthrough the NLP Flash technique, theywill learn how to dissociate the twoevents from each other. This allows thesmoker to have a cup of coffee withoutalso getting the urge to smoke at thesame time. This makes it an even moreeffective technique to use when trying

to stop smoking.

NLP Reframe The third form of NLP that has beenused in hypnosis is known as NLPReframe. This technique is reallypotent because it works so well inassisting the subject to change the waythat they behave. To do this process,the hypnotist must understand thatthere is a secondary gain, or a positiveoutcome, that is accomplished by eachof the behaviors that a personaccomplishes. The outcome that occursfrom the behavior is important sincethat is the reason the subject is actingin the first place. Despite theimportance of the outcome, the

behavior that is chosen to accomplishthe outcome is really not thatimportant. During the process of reframe, thehypnotist works to negotiate and reasonwith the unconscious mind of thesubject. The goal is to get it to takeover the responsibility for making thesubject substitute in some newbehavior that is available and effectiveat accomplishing the requiredsecondary gain. While this is all goingon in the subconscious, the newbehavior will be more acceptable to thesubject in their conscious mind. Forexample, if the person is in the habit ofeating when they are sad in order to

make themselves feel better, thehypnotist is going to perform thismethod to teach the unconscious to dosome other activity. The act of eatingmight be replaced with exercise orreading a nice book, helping the subjectto lose weight, eat healthier and feelbetter all around.

Video Hypnosis While the other forms of hypnosis havebeen extremely popular in assistingsubjects to overcome obstacles andchange the way that they think in orderto live better lives, new forms ofhypnosis are always being developed.One of the newest forms of

hypnotherapy that has been developedis video hypnosis. This form is offeredthrough commercial means so thatpeople are able to purchase them anduse at their own convenience. Thetechniques that are used in some of thebrands of video hypnosis are also basedon the Neuro-Linguistic Programmingtechnology that was discussed earlier.This means that the video hypnosistechnique will work based on utilizingthe existing thought processes that thesubject has rather than using hypnoticsuggestion like traditional methods. The reason why video hypnosis hasgrown so rapidly is that more than 70%of people have found that they learn

things easier and more quickly whenthey see things compared to when theyonly hear the information. Thesubject’s mind will learn to change thefeelings that it is having as well as itsvisual associations automatically onthe conscious level while watching thevisual movies that are presented. While there are many different kinds ofvideo hypnosis programs that areavailable, Neuro-VISION is one of themost popular because it has beendeveloped using some of the besttechniques in the industry. This type ofvideo method works to train theunconscious mind of the subjectthrough digital optics, which is a high

tech simulation process on thecomputer. This will free the subject oftheir tensions, urges, and compulsions.Through this process, the smoker willfind that stopping smoking is easy, thedieter will lose their appetite, and thosewho feel stress will begin to relaxmore. It will often take at least a fewsessions of video hypnosis to seeresults, although there are those whofind that just one viewing will start toshow some of the results that theywant.

Subliminal Hypnosis The final type of hypnosis that will bediscussed in this chapter is subliminal

hypnosis. Often the subliminalhypnosis messages will be placed on arecording for the subject to listen to.The recording will have two tracks andeach one will talk to a different part ofthe mind. One track will contain acover sound that will be heard throughthe conscious mind of the subject. Thecover sound is often something that iseasy for the brain to listen to such asnature sounds or music. The other trackwill contain direct suggestions that willbe heard through the unconscious mindof the subject. These suggestionspresent on the second track will berepeated over and over throughout thewhole session.

Subliminal programs have the abilityto be played at any time and in anyplace. You could be listening to thesemessages while you are working oreven while watching TV. The best partis you will not have to stop the taskthat you are doing and sit down andrelax like what is required with NLP ortraditional hypnosis. In some cases,subliminal programs will be added toyour regular hypnotic programs. The use of subliminal programming isnot that prevalent. Most people will notchoose this method to change theirhabits and behaviors. Research hasshown that subliminal programs are notreally that effective and so they will

not be able to replace NLP or hypnosis.By some accounts, it could take morethan 80 hours of listening to thesubliminal message before it has aneffect and many times even that willnot be enough for most people.According to Joel Weinberger, aprofessor at the Adelphi University anda psychologist, regular audiosubliminal tapes that can be purchasedat stores or online just do not work. Subliminal psychodynamics may workas long as there is some form of visualspresent. The popular options availableonly contain auditory components. Theauditory is not enough to make thismethod work on its’ own. Subliminal

suggestion will need to be paired withother forms of hypnotherapy in order tohave the effectiveness that is desired. Despite the portrayal of hypnosis by the media, it is not an evil plot that is meant to take over the minds of unwilling subjects. In fact, if the subject is not willing to undergo hypnosis, it is pretty much impossible to get them to go into the altered state. Often, the use of hypnosis is to help others improve their lives. This could be in the form of weight management, stopping smoking, improving other health conditions, and assisting with chronic pain management. Each of the techniques is also important in helping

the subject to get to their overall goal. While all of them can be effective, the professional that you choose to work with as well as the issue at hand will be used to determine which of these methods will best fit your needs and assist in improving your life.

Chapter 4: Manipulation Brainwashing and hypnosis are the twoforms of mind control that easily cometo mind. While these two are importantto understanding the functioning ofmind control and how it all works, theyare not the only options that areavailable. In fact, there are others thatcan be used and are often moreeffective in the short term than eitherbrainwashing or hypnosis. Theseparticular tactics are ones that can beused in everyday situations, forexample like in normal conversations aperson may have with others. While itis not likely that a person will bemanipulated or persuaded to change

major beliefs through normalconversations, they can be convinced tochange little things such as beingpersuaded to purchase cookies from alocal girl scout or to vote a certain wayin an election. The main thing to remember about thenext three forms of mind control is thatthey are more likely to occur in apersons’ daily life with the people thatthey know and trust. Obviously, aperson is not going to put their subjectinto isolation or force them into analtered state of mind as withbrainwashing. Instead they will employdifferent techniques in an effort tochange the way their subject thinks.

The three types of mind control that fitinto this category includemanipulation, persuasion, anddeception. This chapter is going to discussmanipulation and how it can work tochange the way “the subject” thinks.While manipulation may not put theperson who is employing the tactic inharms’ way or cause any immediatedanger, it is set up to work in adeceptive and underhanded way tochange the behavior, viewpoint andperception that the intended subject hasin regards to a particular topic orsituation.

What is Manipulation? The first question that is often asked iswhat manipulation is? In thisguidebook we will discussmanipulation in the terms ofpsychological manipulation, which is asocial influence that works to changethe behaviors or perception of others,or the subject, through abusive,deceptive, or underhanded tactics. Themanipulator is going to work toadvance their own interests, usually atthe expense of another, so most of theirmethods would be considereddeceptive, devious, abusive, andexploitative. While social influenceitself is not always negative, when a

person or group is being manipulated,it has the possibility of causing themharm. Social influence, such as in the case ofa doctor working to persuade theirpatients to start adopting healthyhabits, is usually perceived to besomething that is harmless. This is trueof any social influence that is capableof respecting the right of thoseinvolved to choose and is not undulycoercive. On the other hand, ifsomeone is trying to get their own wayand is using people against their ownwill, the social influence can beharmful and is generally looked downupon.

Psychological or emotionalmanipulation is seen as a form ofpersuasion and coercion. There aremany components that can be includedin this form of mind control such asbullying and brainwashing. For themost part, people will see this asabusive or deceptive in nature. Thosewho decide to employ manipulationwill do so in order to attempt to controlthe behavior of those around them. Themanipulator will have some end goal inmind and will work through variousabuse forms in order to coerce thosearound them into helping themanipulator get to the final goal. Oftenemotional blackmail will be involved.

Those who practice manipulation willuse mind control, brainwashing, orbullying tactics to get others tocomplete the tasks for them. Thesubject of the manipulator may notwant to perform the task, but feel thatthey have no other option due to theblackmail or other tactic used. Mostpeople who are manipulative lack theappropriate caring and sensitivitytowards others so they may not see anissue with their actions. Other manipulators just want to get totheir final goal and are not concernedwith who has been bothered or hurtalong the way. In addition,

manipulative people are often afraid toget into a healthy relationship becausethey are afraid others will not acceptthem. Someone who has a manipulativepersonality will often have the inabilityto take responsibility for their ownbehaviors, problems, and life. Sincethey are not able to take theresponsibility for these issues, themanipulator will use the tactics ofmanipulation to get someone else totake over the responsibility. Manipulators are often able to use thesame tactics that are found in otherforms of mind control in order to getthe influence they want over others.One of the most commonly used tactics

is known as emotional blackmail. Thisis where the manipulator will work toinspire sympathy or guilt in the subjectthey are manipulating. These twoemotions are chosen since they areconsidered the two strongest of allhuman emotions and are the mostlikely to spur others into the action thatthe manipulator wants. Themanipulator will then be able to takecomplete advantage of the subject,using the sympathy or guilt that theyhave created to coerce others intocooperating or helping them reach theirfinal goal. Often, the manipulator will not only beable to create these emotions, they will

be able to inspire degrees of sympathyor guilt that are way out of proportionfor the situation that is going on. Thismeans that they can take a situationsuch as missing out on a party seemlike the subject is missing out on afuneral or something that is actuallyimportant. Emotional blackmail is just one of thetactics that is employed bymanipulators. One of the other tacticsthat has been successful for manymanipulators is to use a form of abusethat is known as crazy making. Thistactic is usually aimed with the hope ofcreating self-doubt in the subject beingmanipulated; often this self-doubt will

become so strong that some subjectsmay start to have feelings that they aregoing crazy. At times, the manipulatorwill use forms of passive-aggressivebehavior in order to bring about crazymaking. They might also choose toshow support or approval of the subjectverbally, but then give non-verbal cuesthat show contradictory meanings. Themanipulator will often actively try toundermine certain events or behaviorswhile showing their support out loudfor that same behavior. If themanipulator is caught in the act, theywill use denial, justification,rationalization, and deception of illintent in order to get out of the trouble.

One of the biggest issues withpsychological manipulators is that theyare not always able to recognize whatothers around them may need and theywill lose the ability to meet or evenconsider these needs. This does notexcuse the behavior that they are doing,but often the needs of others are notconsidered or are not a priority to themanipulator so they are able to performmanipulative tasks without feelingguilt or shame. This can make itdifficult to stop the behavior andexplain in a rational way why themanipulator must stop. In addition, the manipulator may findthat it is difficult for them to form

meaningful and long lastingfriendships and relationships becausethe people they are with will alwaysfeel used and will have difficulty intrusting the manipulator. The issuegoes both ways in the formation ofrelationships; the manipulator will notbe able to recognize the needs of theother person while the other personwill not be able to form the requiredemotional connections or trust with themanipulator.

Requirements toSuccessfully Manipulate A successful manipulator must havetactics at hand that will make them

successful at using people to get totheir own final goal. While there areseveral theories on what makes asuccessful manipulator, we will take alook at the 3 requirements that havebeen set out by George K. Simon, asuccessful psychology author.According to Simon, the manipulatorwill need to:

1. Be able to concealtheir aggressivebehaviors andintentions from thesubject.

2. Be able to determinethe vulnerabilities oftheir intended subject

or victims in order todetermine whichtactics will be themost effective inreaching their goals.

3. Have some level ofruthlessness readilyavailable so that theywill not need to dealwith any qualms thatmay arise due toharming the subjects ifit comes to that. Thisharm can be eitherphysical or emotional.

The first requirement that themanipulator has to accomplish in order

to successfully manipulate theirsubjects is to conceal their aggressivebehaviors and intentions. If themanipulator goes around tellingeveryone their plans or always actsmean to others, no one is going to stickaround long enough to be manipulated.Rather, the manipulator needs to havethe ability to conceal their thoughtsfrom others and act like everything isnormal. Often, those who are beingmanipulated will not realize it, at leastnot in the beginning. The manipulatorwill be sweet, act like their best friend,and perhaps help them out with someissue or another. By the time thesubject is aware of the issue, themanipulator has enough information on

them to coerce the subject intocontinuing on. Next, the manipulator will need to havethe capability of determining what thevulnerabilities of their intended victimor victims are. This can help them todetermine which tactics need to beused in order to reach the overall goal.Sometimes the manipulator may beable to do this step through a little bitof observation while other times theyare going to need to have some kind ofinteraction with the subject beforecoming up with the full plan. The third requirement is that themanipulator needs to be ruthless. It is

not going to go well if the manipulatorputs in all their work and then worriesabout how the subject is going to fair inthe end. If they did care about thesubject, it is not likely that they wouldbe going through with this plan at all.The manipulator is not going to careabout the subject at all and does notreally care if any harm, either physicalor emotional, befalls the subject aslong as the overall goal is met. One reason that manipulators are sosuccessful is that the subject often doesnot realize they are being manipulateduntil later on in the process. They maythink that everything is going alongjust fine; perhaps they think that they

have made a new friend in themanipulator. By the time the subjectrealizes they are being used or nolonger wants to be a part of the process,they are stuck. The manipulator will beable to use many different tactics,including emotional blackmail to gettheir way in the end.

How to Control Victims One of the things that the manipulatorneeds to be able to accomplish to seesuccess is to control their subjects.There are several different theories thatare available to help explain how themanipulator will be able to do this.Two of the theories that will be

discussed in this section include thosestarted by Harriet Braiker and Simon.

Harriet Braiker Harriet Braiker is a clinicalpsychologist who has written a self-help book. In her book, she has definedfive basic ways that the manipulator isable to control their subjects. Theseinclude:

Positive reinforcementNegative reinforcementPartial or intermittentreinforcementPunishmentTraumatic learning that only

provides one trial The first two tactics that are discussedinclude positive reinforcement andnegative reinforcement. In positivereinforcement the manipulator will usea variety of tactics such as publicrecognition, facial expressions (like asmile or a forced laugh), attention,gifts, approval, money, excessiveapologizing, superficial sympathywhich may include crocodile tears,superficial charm, and praise. Thepoint of utilizing this kind ofreinforcement is to give the person areason to want to be your friend. If yougive someone a gift or some money,they might be more willing to help you

out when the time comes. If you canmake the subject feel sorry for you,then they will have the requiredsympathy to be on your side later. Theother type of reinforcement that can beused is negative reinforcement. In thistactic the manipulator will remove thesubject from a situation that is negativeas a reward for doing something else.An example of this would be “Youwon’t have to do your homework if youallow me to do this to you.”Each ofthese has particular strengths andweaknesses that allow the manipulatorto get what they want out of thesubject. Often, the manipulator will usea combination of different tactics inorder to get the things that they want.

Partial or intermittent reinforcementcan also be used by a manipulator. Thisform of reinforcement is used in orderto effectively create a climate of doubtand fear in the subject. An example ofthis comes in gambling. While thegambler may win at times, they arestill going to lose some form of moneyoverall, especially if they play for along time. But the winning is oftenenough to keep the subject persistingon the same path, long after they arenot able to do so. The manipulator willuse this tactic to provide reinforcementto the subject at enough intervals tokeep the subject coming back.

Punishing is another method that isused in order to control the subject ofthe manipulator. There are a lot ofdifferent actions that can fit into thiscategory. They include playing thesubject, crying, sulking, using the guilttrip, emotional blackmail, swearing,threats, and intimidation, using thesilent treatment, yelling, and nagging.The point of using this method is tomake the subject feel like they havedone something wrong. The subjectwill feel bad and want to make thingsright, falling right back in with themanipulator. Finally, the last method that Braikermentions in her work is the traumatic

one trial learning. This is where themanipulator will explode for the littlestthings in the hopes of conditioning ortraining the subject into not wanting tocontradict, confront, or upset themanipulator. Some of the tactics thatmight be used in this method includeexplosive anger, verbal abuse, andother behavior that is intimidating andused to establish superiority anddominance over the subject.

Simon Simon has also come up with a list oftactics that manipulators must use inorder to successfully control theirvictims. Some of these are similar tothose listed by Braiker but with some

more details. These would include:

Lying: manipulators arereally good at lying to theirsubjects. Often, the subjectswill find that it is difficult totell when they are being liedto at the time. When thesubject finds out about theapparent lie, it is usually toolate to do anything about it.The only way that thesubject can make sure thatthey are reducing theirchances of being lied to arewatching out for differentpersonality types that areexperts in the art of cheating

and lying. The manipulatorwill lie about anything inorder to get their way andfor the most part theirsubjects will not have anyidea that it is going on untilit is too late to do anythingabout it.

Omission lying: this one issimilar to the method listedabove with a few slightdifferences. Omission lyingis a little more subtlebecause the manipulator willtell some of the truth butwill withhold certain keyissues that should have been

revealed. In some cases thismight be called propaganda.The manipulator might saythat they need to borrowsome money to get gas to gobuy groceries when inreality they need the moneyto go pick up some drugs orother illegal substance.While they did use themoney to purchase gas, justlike they said, they left outan important part. Thesubject probably would nothave given the money ifthey knew the end of thestory and now they may becaught up in something

illegal.

Denial: manipulators areexperts at denial. None ofthem will admit that theyhave done something wrong,even when all of theevidence is pointing towardsthem. They will always denyeverything and often makethe subject look to be theone at fault.

Rationalization: this is whenthe manipulator will makeup an excuse that makesthem look good. They mightsay they only did the act

because they were trying tohelp the subject. This tacticis also related to thetechnique of spinning.

Minimization: this is ablend of the rationalizationand the denial tactics. Themanipulator will telleveryone that their behavioris really not as irresponsibleor harmful as the subjectthought. An example of thiswould be when themanipulator says that aninsult or taunt theyperformed was just a jokeand that the subject should

not take it so seriously.

Selective attention orinattention: during thistactic, the manipulatorworks to avoid givingattention to anything thatwill distract them from theirfinal goal. They willtrivialize it and make itseem not that important tothem, which it really isn’t.An example of this would bewhen the manipulator says“I don’t want to hear it.”

Diversion: manipulators arenot only good at lying to

their subjects; they are alsoexperts at avoiding givingstraight answers to questionsthat are given to them. Ifsomeone asks them aquestion that they do notlike or wants to knowoutright if they are lying tothem, the manipulator willtry to push the conversationin another direction. Oftenthe manipulator will brieflygive a vague answer to thequestion before moving theconversation to anothertopic.

Evasion: this tactic is very

similar to diversion with afew differences. In thistactic, the manipulator willanswer the questions that aregiven to them, but they willuse weasel words, vagueresponses, ramble, andprovide irrelevant responsesto the question. They willleave the subject with morequestions than answers whenthey are done.

Intimidation: Themanipulator will always tryto keep the victim on thedefensive in order to makesure that they remain on the

same team throughout theprocess. Often this is doneby using veiled, implied,indirect, or subtle threats tothe subject.

Guilt Trip: manipulatorslike to use the guilt trip as aform of intimidation inorder to get the subject to dowhat they want. Themanipulator will try to makethe subject feel guilty insome way, such as by sayingthat the subject has it tooeasy, is too selfish, or justdoes not care about themanipulator enough. This

will result in the victimstarting to feel bad for themanipulator. The subjectwill then be kept in asubmissive, anxious, or self-doubting position, making iteasier for the manipulator tostill use them.

Shaming: the whole goal ofthe manipulator is to makethe subject feel bad or havesympathy for them so thatthe subject keeps goingalong with the plan. Oneway that the manipulatorcan do this is by using put-downs and sarcasm in order

to shame the subject. Thistactic will make the subjectfeel unworthy. Most of theshaming tactics used will bevery subtle and wouldinclude things such as subtlesarcasm, rhetoricalcomments, unpleasant toneof voice, or a fierce glance.

Playing as a victim: nomatter what, themanipulator wants to looklike they are the victim,even though they are the onein control. When themanipulator acts like theyare the victim of their

circumstances or thebehavior of someone else,they will be able to evokecompassion, sympathy, andpity. Most people will not beable to stand by and watchas someone suffers and themanipulator will find that itis easy to get these samepeople to cooperate withthem.

Vilifying the subject: this isone of the most powerfultactics that can be usedbecause it will almostinstantly put the subject onthe role of defense while at

the same time hiding themanipulators aggressiveintents. The manipulatorwill try to turn thecircumstances around sothat the subject looks likethey are the villain and theone who has caused all ofthe trouble. The subject willthen want to find ways tochange this outlook and geton the side of themanipulator again, makingit easy to be used.

Servant role: manipulatorswill often hide their ownagendas by making it look

like the work they are doingis for some noble cause.They only said the meanthing about your outfitbecause the principal wantsto start sprucing up the lookof the school and theywanted to help out. The term“just doing my job,” wouldalso fit under this category.

Seduction: manipulators canuse seduction to get thethings that they want. Sometools that fit into thiscategory would includeintense support, flattery,praise and charm. This is

done in order to get thesubject to lower theirdefenses. After time, thesubject will begin to givetheir loyalty and trust to themanipulator who will use itas they please.

Projecting the blame: themanipulator will spend a lotof time blaming others forthe problems they arehaving. Often it is hard todetect when this is going onso no one is able to callthem out on it.

Feigning innocence: if the

manipulator is caught in theact of reaching their ownagenda, they will try tosuggest that if harm wasdone, it was completelyunintentional. They mayeven completely deny thatthey did anything in the firstplace. When caught, themanipulator will place alook of indignation orsurprise on their faces. Thepoint of this tool is to makethe victim question theirown sanity and judgmentsince it looks like they werewrong.

Feigning confusion: anotherthing that might happen ifthe manipulator is caught isthat they might play dumb.This will happen if themanipulator tries to pretendthat they do not have anyidea what the subject istalking about. They mightalso act like they areconfused when a criticalissue is brought up to them.

Brandishing anger: when themanipulator uses anger, it isto get the subject to feelsorry or sympathy for them.If done in the right way, the

manipulator will be able toshock their subject back intosubmission. Often, themanipulator is not reallyangry; they are just puttingon an act in order to getwhat they want.

As can be seen, there are a lot of toolsthat the manipulator can use in order toget to their final goals. Often, thesetactics will be used in such a way thatthe subject will not realize what isgoing on in the beginning and it willtake some time for them to catch on.Once they do, the manipulator will beable to employ some of the techniquesthat will be discussed in the next

section in order to keep the subjectgoing in the right direction. Themanipulator is skilled at using acombination of these skills to get thethings that they want and it does notmatter to them how much they harmthe other person in the process.

Techniques of Manipulation As discussed before, a manipulator isgoing to work in order to reach theirfinal goal. In order to reach this finalgoal, the manipulator will use anytechnique that they can in order to getpeople to do what they want. The fivemost common techniques that will beused by a manipulator to reach theirfinal goals include blackmail,emotional blackmail, putting down theother person, lying, and creating anillusion. These will each be discussedin the preceding sections.

Blackmail Blackmail is the first technique that

would be utilized by a manipulator.Blackmail is considered an act thatinvolves threats that are unjustified inorder to make a certain gain or cause aloss to the subject unless themanipulator’s demand is met. It canalso be defined as the act of coercionthat involves threats of prosecution as acriminal, threats of taking the subject’sproperty or money, or threats ofcausing physical harm to the subject.There is a long history of the wordblackmail; originally it was a term thatmeant payments that the settlersrendered to the area that was borderingScotland to the chieftains in charge.This payment was made in order togive the settlers protection from the

marauders and thieves that were goingin to England. It has since changed tomean something else and in certaininstances it is an offense in the UnitedStates. For the purposes of this section,blackmail is more of a threat, eitherphysical or emotional, to the subject inorder to coerce them into doing whatthe manipulator wants. Blackmail is also considered extortionin some cases. Although there aretimes when the two are consideredsynonymous, there are somedifferences. For example, extortion iswhen someone takes the personalproperty of another by threatening todo future harm if the property is not

given. On the other hand, blackmail iswhen threats are used in order toprevent the subject from engaging inlawful activities. At times, these twoevents are going to work together. Theperson may threaten someone andrequire money in order to be kept atbay and not cause the subject harm. The manipulator is going to be able touse this technique in order to get whatthey want. They are going to take thetime to learn things of personal natureabout their subject and then they canuse that as a form of blackmail againstthem. They might blackmail theirsubject by threatening to spill anembarrassing secret or by ruining their

chances of getting a new job orpromotion. Or the manipulator mightwork in a more menacing way bythreatening to physically harm theirsubject or the subject’s family if theydo not agree to go along with themanipulator. Whatever the blackmailmay be, it is used to help themanipulator to get to their final goalwith the assistance of the subject.

Emotional Blackmail Another similar tactic that may be usedby the manipulator is known asemotional blackmail. During thistechnique, the manipulator will seek toinspire sympathy or guilt in their

subject. These two emotions are thestrongest ones for humans to feel andthey will often be enough to spur thesubject into the action that themanipulator wants. The manipulator isgoing to take advantage of this fact inorder to get the thing that they want;they will use the sympathy or the guiltthat they inspire in order to coerce thesubject in to cooperating or helpingthem. The degree of sympathy or guiltwill often be blown out of proportion,making the subject even more likely tohelp out in the situation. The point of using this type ofblackmail is to play more on theemotions of the subject. In regular

blackmail, the subject has a threat todeal with, mostly in terms of physicalharm to themselves or someone theylove. With emotional blackmail, themanipulator will work to inspireemotions that are strong enough toincite the subject to action. While thesubject may think that they are helpingout of their own free will, themanipulator has worked to ensure thatthey subject is assisting and will bringout the emotions again whenever it isneeded.

Putting Down The OtherPerson There are other options available to the

manipulator if they would like to gettheir subject to assist in reaching thefinal goal. One technique that has quitea bit of success is when themanipulator is able to put down theirsubject. In normal cases, if themanipulator uses verbal skills in orderto put their subject down, they will runa high risk of making the subject feelas if a personal attack has been placedon them. When the subject feels likethey are attacked, they will bristle andnot be willing to assist the manipulatorin the way that they want. Instead, thesubject will not like the manipulatorand will stay as far away from them aspossible, making it very difficult forthe manipulator to reach their final

goal. This is why the manipulator is notgoing to just go around and put downtheir subject. They have to be morediscreet about the process and find away to do it without raising red flags ormaking the subject feel like they arebeing attacked. One way that this canbe done is through humor. Humor isable to lower barriers that mightotherwise show up because humor isfunny and makes people feel good. Themanipulator is able to turn their insultinto a joke. Despite the fact that the putdown has been turned into a joke, itwill work just as effectively as if thejoke were not present without leaving

the visible scars on the subject. Often, the manipulator will direct theirput down into the form of third person.This helps them to mask what they aresaying more easily along withproviding an easy way to deny causingharm if it comes back to haunt themlater on. For example, they might starttheir put down with “Other peoplethink…” If the subject is still able toguess that the comments were made atthem, then the manipulator would endit with a throwaway line that mightinclude something like “presentcompany excepted, of course.” The idea of the put down is to make the

subject feel like they are somehow lessthan the manipulator. It raises themanipulator up to a new level andleaves the subject feeling likesomething is wanting. The subject ismore likely to want to make thingsbetter and to fix any wrong that theyhave done. This will put themanipulator in a position of power, andthey will be able to more easily get thesubject to assist them.

Lying No matter what the end goal of themanipulator is, lying is something thatthey are an expert in and which theywill do all of the time to get what they

want. There are several different typesof lies that can be used by themanipulator that will help them toreach their final goals. One is that theytell complete lies and others includeomitting parts of the truth from theirsubjects. When the manipulator lies, it isbecause they know that the lie is goingto further their agenda much moreeffectively than the truth would.Telling someone the truth might makethem not want to help the manipulatorout and that would go completelyagainst their plans. Instead, themanipulator will tell a lie to get thesubject convinced to do something for

them and by the time the subject findsout about the lie, it is too late to fix theissue. The manipulator might also decide toomit part of the truth in the stories thatthey are telling. With this method, theyare going to tell parts of the truth, butwill keep certain things out that areunsavory or which might hinder theprogress that is being made. Thesekinds of lies can be just as dangerousbecause it will become increasinglydifficult to tell what the truth of thestory is and what the lie is. It is important to realize that when youare dealing with the manipulator,

anything that they tell you may be a lie.It is not a good idea to trust anythingthat the manipulator is saying sincethey are just trying to abuse and usetheir subjects in order to reach thatfinal goal. The manipulator is going todo and say anything possible, evenlying, to get what they want and theyare not going to feel sorry about it. Aslong as they get what they want, theyare not too concerned about how it isaffecting the subject or others aroundthem.

Creating an Illusion In addition to lying, the manipulator isgoing to be an expert at creating

illusions that are capable of bringingabout their final goal more effectively.They will work to create a picture thatthey want and then convince thesubject that this illusion is actuallyreality; whether or not it is does notmatter to the manipulator. In order todo this, the manipulator is going tobuild up the evidence that is needed toprove the point that works to their goal. To start the illusion, the manipulator isgoing to plant the ideas and theevidence into the minds of the subject.Once these ideas are in place, themanipulator will be able to step backfor a few days and let the manipulationoccur in the subjects mind over that

time. After that time the manipulatorwill have more of a chance of gettingthe subject to go along with the plan. Manipulation is a form of mind controlthat is difficult for the subject to avoid.Unlike brainwashing and hypnosis thatwas described in the previous chapters,manipulation is able to occur in dailylife and in some instances it can occurwithout the subject having muchknowledge or control of it. Themanipulator is going to work discretelyin order to reach their final goalwithout getting the subject suspiciousand derail the process. The manipulatorwill not worry about who they arehurting or how others might feel and

most of them are not capable ofunderstanding the needs of theirsubjects. They just know that they wantsomething and that the subject theyhave chosen is going to help them toget to their goal. The techniques that are discussed inthis chapter are meant to help explainwhat goes on during the process ofmanipulation and how the mind of themanipulator will work. It is often bestto attempt to steer clear of anyone whomight be a manipulator so that you areable to avoid this kind of mind control.

Chapter 5: Persuasion Persuasion is another form of mindcontrol that is going to be discussed.While there might not be as muchmedia hype about this form of mindcontrol as there is with brainwashingand hypnosis, it can be just as effectiveif done correctly. The issue with thisform is that there are just so manydifferent forms of persuasion that arepresent in daily life that it can bedifficult for any one source to getthrough to the subject and make adifference. While persuasion works to change thethoughts and the beliefs of the subject

like the other forms of mind control, itseems like everyone is trying topersuade you about something so itbecomes easier to ignore thepersuasion that is coming towards thesubject. For example, the commercialson television, when an argument isgoing on, or even when a conversationis going on there is some form ofpersuasion that is occurring. Peoplewill often use persuasion to theiradvantage without noticing. Thischapter is going to go into more detailsabout persuasion and how it can beeffectively used as a form of mindcontrol.

What is Persuasion? To start with is the definition ofpersuasion. When people think aboutpersuasion, they will often come upwith many different answers. Somemay think of the commercials andadvertising that they see all aroundthem that urge the purchase of a certainproduct over another. Others may thinkabout persuasion in the terms ofpolitics and how the candidates may tryto sway the voters’ opinion in order toget another vote. Both of these areexamples of persuasion because themessage is trying to change the waythat the subject is thinking. Persuasioncan be found in daily life and it’s a

very powerful force as well as majorinfluence on the subject and society.Advertising, mass media, legaldecisions, and politics all will beinfluenced by how persuasion worksand in turn it will work on persuadingthe subject as well. As can be seen, there are some keydifferences between persuasion and theother forms of mind control whichhave been discussed so far in thisguidebook. Brainwashing and hypnosiswill require the subject to be inisolation in order to change their mindsand identity. Manipulation will alsowork on just one person to get to thefinal goal. While persuasion can be

done on just one subject to change theirmind, it is also possible to usepersuasion on a larger scale in order topersuade a whole group or even societyto change the way that they arethinking. This can make it even moreeffective, and perhaps dangerous,because it has the ability to change theminds of many people all at once ratherthan the mind of just a single subject. Many people fall under the falseimpression that they are immune to theeffects of persuasion. They think thatthey would be able to see any salespitch that is thrown their way, whetherthe agent is actually selling a productor some new idea, and then be able to

comprehend the situation that is goingon and find the conclusion throughtheir own logic. In some scenarios thisis going to be true; no one falls foreverything they hear all of the timewhen they use logic, especially if itgoes completely against their beliefs,no matter how strong the argumentmay be. In addition, most subjects willbe able to avoid the messages aboutpurchasing televisions and fancy carsor the newest product on the market.Many times the act of persuasion isgoing to be much more subtle and itcan be more difficult for the subject toform their own opinions about whatthey are being told.

When the act of persuasion is broughtup, most people are going to see it in anegative light. They will think of asalesman or a conman who is trying toconvince them to change all of theirbeliefs and who is going to push andbother them until the change occurs.While this certainly is one way to thinkabout persuasion, this process can oftenbe used in a positive way rather thanjust a negative way. For example,public service campaigns can urgepeople to quit smoking or recycle canbe forms of persuasion that are able toimprove the lives of the subject. It isall in how the process of persuasion isused.

Elements of Persuasion As with the other forms of mindcontrol, there are certain elements to bewatched out for when it comes topersuasion. These elements help todefine exactly what persuasion is sothat it is more recognizable. Accordingto Perloff in 2003, persuasion isdefined as “A symbolic process inwhich communications try to convinceother people to change their attitudesor behaviors regarding an issue throughthe transmission of a message in anatmosphere of free choice.” This is one of the things that makepersuasion different from the other

forms of mind control; the subject isoften allowed to make their own freechoices in the matter even if the tacticsof persuasion are going to work to shiftthe subject’s mind in a particulardirection. The subject is able to choosewhich way they want to think, if theywant to purchase a product or not, or ifthey think the evidence behind thepersuasion is strong enough to changetheir minds. There are a few elements that arepresent in persuasion that help todefine it even further. These elementsinclude:

Persuasion is symbolic

which means that it utilizessounds, images, and wordsto get the point across.Persuasion will involve theagent deliberatelyattempting to influence thesubject or group.Self-persuasion is a key partof this process. The subjectis usually not coerced andinstead they are given thefreedom to choose their owndecision.There are many ways thatpersuasive messages can betransmitted including face toface, internet, radio, andtelevision. The

communication can alsooccur nonverbally orverbally.

Let’s look at each of these points in alittle more detail. The first element ofpersuasion is that it needs to besymbolic. In order to persuadesomeone to think or act in a certainway, you need to be able to show themwhy they should change their thoughts.This is going to include the use ofwords, sounds, and images to get thenew point across. You can use words tostart up a debate or argument to showyour point. Pictures are a great way toshow the evidence that is needed topersuade someone to go one way or the

other. Some nonverbal cues arepossible, but they are not going to be aseffective as using the words andimages. The second key is that persuasion isgoing to be used in a deliberate way inorder to influence the way others areacting or thinking. This one is prettyobvious, if you are not purposely tryingto influence others, you are not usingpersuasion to get them to change. Thepersuader is going to try differenttactics in order to get the subject tothink the same way that they do. Thiscould be something as simple as justhaving a debate with them orpresenting evidence that supports their

point of view. On the other hand, itcould get much more involved andinclude more deceptive forms tochange the subject’s mind. More aboutthe techniques that are used inpersuasion will be discussed later inthis chapter. The unique thing about persuasion isthat it allows the subject to have someform of free will. The subject isallowed to make their own choice inthe manner. For the most part, nomatter how hard someone tries topersuade them of something, they donot have to go for it. The subject mightlisten to a thousand commercials aboutthe best car to purchase, but if they do

not like that brand or are not in need ofa new vehicle at that time, they are notgoing to go out and purchase it. If thesubject is against abortion, it is notgoing to matter how many people comeout and say how great abortion is, thesubject is not likely to change theirmind. This allows much more freedomof choice than what is found in theother forms of mind control, whichmight explain why many people do notsee this as a type of mind control whenasked. Persuasion is a form of mind controlthat can occur in many different ways.While brainwashing, hypnosis, andmanipulation have to occur on a face to

face basis, and in some cases incomplete isolation, persuasion iscapable of occurring in other ways.You can find examples of persuasionall over the place including when youare talking to people you know, on theInternet, and through radio andtelevision. It is also possible to providepersuasive messages through nonverbaland verbal means; although it is muchmore effective when verbal techniquesare used.

Modern Persuasion Over time, persuasion has been able toevolve and change from its originalbeginnings. Persuasion has been around

for many years; in fact it has beenaround since the time of ancientGreece. This does not mean that the artand process of persuasion is exactly thesame as it was way back then. In fact,there have been quite a few changesmade to the art of persuasion and howit is used in modern times. Some of thekey elements of modern day persuasionwill be discussed in this section. Richard M. Perloff has spent quite a bitof time studying modern persuasion,how it is used, and how it can affectsociety as a whole. He wrote a bookcalled The Dynamics of Persuasion:Communication and Attitudes in the21st Century, which outlines the five

ways that the use of modern persuasionis different from how it was used in thepast. These five ways include:

The number of messagesthat are consideredpersuasive has grown byleaps and bounds: In thetimes of ancient Greece,persuasion was used just inwriting and in debatesamong the elites. Theoccurrence of persuasionwas not a big thing and youwould not see it very often.In modern times, it isdifficult to get anywherewithout some message of

persuasion following youaround. Think of thedifferent types and sourcesof advertisements that areout there; the average adultin the United States willcome across up to 3000 ofthese each day. In additionto that, there are alwayspeople knocking on yourdoor trying to get you to buysomething, believe theirideas, or try something newout. Persuasion is muchmore a part of modern lifethan it has been at any othertime in history.

Persuasion travels reallyquickly: back in the times ofancient Greece, it could takeweeks or longer for apersuasive message to getfrom one point to another.This limited the impact ofpersuasion because mostpeople would not be able toget the message. Most actsof persuasion had to be donein the context of face to facecommunication. In moderntimes, persuasive messagescan cover a large distance inhardly any time at all thanksto the use of the internet,radio, and television.

Political candidates canreach constituents all atonce in just seconds and anymessage can be spreadeasily. Persuasion takes on amuch larger role when it canbe spread so quickly.

Persuasion can mean a lot ofmoney: now that companieshave discovered the powerof persuasion, they are doingeverything they can to makeit work for them. The moreeffective they are atpersuading consumers topurchase their products themore money they will make.

Some companies are inbusiness solely because ofthe persuasive process, suchas public relationscompanies, marketing firms,and advertising agencies.Other companies will beable to use the persuasivetechniques offered by thesecompanies in order to reachand surpass the sales goalsthat they set.

Persuasion has become moresubtle than in the past: in thebeginnings of persuasion,the agent would announcetheir views out loud for the

whole group to hear in thehopes of getting them all tochange their minds. Thosedays are over and theprocess of persuasion hasbecome much more discrete.While it is possible to findacts of persuasion that arestill very loud and in yourface, such as in some formsof advertising, many othersare following a more subtleroute.

An example of this is whenbusinesses craft a certain imageof themselves, such as beingfamily friendly, in order to get

consumers to purchase theirproducts. You might also noticethat instead of getting into adebate with your friend overgoing to a party, they will usepeer pressure or just list a fewfacts to try and get you to comewith them. Despite being moresubtle, persuasion is still aseffective today as it has everbeen.

The process of persuasionhas become more complex:along with persuasion beingmore subtle and sometimesharder to point out, it is alsogoing along the road ofbecoming more complex.

The subject being targeted ismore diverse than in the pastand they have a lot morechoices to make. Forexample, where once aperson just went to the onestore in town to purchaseeverything they need, nowthey are able to pick fromdifferent stores for theirneeds from the hardwarestore to the grocery storeand the clothing store. Ontop of that, there is oftenmore than one optionavailable for each of theseshopping categories in thearea. All these choices make

it more difficult for theagent to find a goodpersuasive message for theconsumer or any othersubject.

Methods of Persuasion Persuasion methods can often go underother names and be referred to in suchways as persuasion strategies andpersuasion tactics. There is not just onemethod that can be used to persuadesomeone to think or act in a certainway. The agent may be able to talk tothe subject while presenting evidencein order to switch the subject’s mind,they may be able to use some sort offorce or pull they have against thesubject, and they can perform somesort of service for the subject, or useanother tactic. This section will go intomore details about the differentmethods of persuasion that are

available and how each of them mightbe effective in the process ofpersuasion.

Usage of Force Depending on the situation, the agentmay decide it is a good idea to usesome force in order to persuade thesubject to think their way. This mayhappen if the ideas do not match upcorrectly, regular talking is notworking, or when the agent isbecoming frustrated or upset with theturn of the conversation. Often force isused as a type of scare tactic because itgives the subject less time to thinklogically about what is going on

compared to when a normalconversation occurs. Usually force willbe used when the agent has had lesssuccess using the other means ofpersuasion that are available, althoughstarting with the use of force issometimes done as well. At othertimes, force may be used if the agentfeels like they are losing control orwhen the subject is able to presentcontradictory evidence to the agent andthe agent becomes angry. Often it is not the best idea to use forcewhen it comes to the process ofpersuasion. This is because manysubjects will see the use of force as athreat due to the fact that the agent will

not give other options to the requestthat they are making. The whole appealof persuasion is that it offers thesubject the choice of paths, but onceforce is brought into the mix, thatfreedom of choice is gone and thesubject is more likely to feelthreatened. Once the subject feelsthreatened, they are less likely to listenand consider anything that the agent issaying and so the process will not goany further. Due to these reasons, theuse of force is generally discouragedand avoided in the art of persuasion;unlike the other forms of mind controldiscussed.

Weapons of Influence

Another method that can be used inorder to persuade the subject to lean aspecific way is to use the weapons ofinfluence that are available. These sixinfluences were developed by RobertCialdini in his book Influence. Thisbook discusses the art of persuasionand defines the six weapons ofinfluence that can make the agentsuccessful in their goals. The sixweapons of influence are reciprocity,commitment and consistency, socialproof, liking, authority, and scarcity.These six weapons of influence arevery important to the agent since theyare a part of the process of change intheir subjects. Each of these six

weapons will be discussed below.

Reciprocity The first weapon of influence is theprinciple of reciprocity. This principlestates that when one person, the agent,provides the other person, the subject,with something of value, the subject isgoing to attempt to repay the agent inkind. This basically means, when theagent performs some type of service tothe subject, the subject will feel thatthey have an obligation to perform asimilar service to the agent at sometime. While the two services might notbe identical, they have the same kind ofvalue so that the obligation of each isequaled out.

The act of reciprocation ends upproducing a sense of obligation in thesubject, which the agent will then beable to use as a powerful tool whenthey want to use persuasion. The ruleof reciprocity is very effective becauseit helps the agent get the subject intothe right frame of mind for the act ofpersuasion by instilling andoverpowering the subject with a senseof obligation. The agent may be morelikely to get the subject convinced todo or act a certain way because thesubject will have that sense ofobligation hanging over them. Another added benefit for the agent in

using reciprocity is that it is not just amoral standing that will put theobligation on the subject; it is also astanding that is held up by social codes.The agent is not going to need to worryabout whether the subject has the rightmoral code to return the favor. If thesubject does not feel the need to do so,the agent has some tools available tospur them into action. As a society, people do not likeindividuals who are negligent inreturning a favor or payment when theyare offered a free gift or service. If theagent does not feel like the subject isgoing to reciprocate to them, they willbe able to turn them in to their social

group. They can do this by telling otherfriends or coworkers about how theydid a favor for the subject but thesubject never returned it when it wasneeded. Now the agent has forcedsocial standards on the subject throughthe telling of the favor, making it evenmore likely that they will be able topersuade the subject into doingsomething. For the most part, the subject will behappy to reciprocate to the agentwithout needing any outside forces.When the favor is granted, the subjectwill begin to look for ways that theycan repay the agent so that the score iseven and they do not seem greedy or

selfish. The agent will then be able toprovide an easy solution to the subjecton how to repay this debt; the subjectwill feel gratitude at having this easysolution and will be more likely to gothe way that the agent wants.

Commitment and Consistency The next weapon of influence that is tobe discussed is that of commitment andconsistency. The agent is going to needto use both of these if they wish topersuade anyone to change to theirpoint of view. When things areconsistent, they are easier tounderstand and can help the subject tomake their decisions better. It does notdo well for the agent to always change

the facts that they are using or tochange other information that is neededin order to help the subject process theinformation. Rather than helping withthe process of persuading, constantlykeeping away from consistency isgoing to make the agent look like a liarand someone who cannot be trusted,resulting in the failure of thepersuasion process. Consistency is one of the mostimportant aspects of the persuasionprocess. This is because:

Consistency is valued highlyin society: people like tohave things stay a certain

way most of the time. Whilethere is a lot of variety indaily life, people feel safeknowing that overall thingswill stay pretty consistent. Itallows them to rememberwhat has gone on, knowwhat to expect, and beprepared if any changes dohappen to occur. Ifconsistency were notavailable, things would bevery difficult to plan andthere would always be issuesof chaos going around. Ifyou wish to persuade asubject of a particular thing,then you must make sure

that your facts are consistentand make sense to them.

Consistency results inbenefiting the daily lifeapproach of most people.Have you ever tried to plan aday out when somethingunexpected comes up? It canmake things almostimpossible to do and willend up feeling like adisaster. People likeconsistency because itallows them to know what toexpect and what to do. Theyknow when it is time to eat,when it is time for work, and

when other things willhappen throughout the day.

Consistency provides ashortcut that is veryvaluable through thecomplications present inmodern existence. Life isdifficult enough withouthaving to add in other thingsthat do not make since.When people are able tohave consistent lives, itmakes things a whole loteasier.

Consistency is a great tool because itallows the subject the ability to make

the right decisions and to processinformation. If the agent wants to besuccessful in their endeavors ofpersuading the subject, they need tomake sure that their message isconsistent. There is no room for falseevidence that can show up later andruin the whole process. Keep the factstruthful and concise and it is muchbetter for persuading the subject. Something that ties in with consistencyis the act of commitment. In order toknow that the subject is actuallypersuaded and that the effort has paidoff, it is important to have some kindof commitment in place. In advertising,this can mean that the subject is going

to purchase the product or in politics itcan mean that the subject will vote fora particular candidate. Thecommitment that is made will varydepending on the nature of thepersuasion. According to the concept ofconsistency, if a person commits,either in writing or orally, they aremuch more likely to honor thecommitment that they have made. It has been found that this is even moretrue in terms of written commitmentssince the subject will be more concretepsychologically and there is some hardproof that they agreed to thecommitment. This makes a lot ofsense; many people will promise orally

that they will fix something or dosomething, just to turn around and notdo it. Sure, some people will do whatthey said, and they are more likely todo it if promising orally than notpromising at all, but often it is stilldifficult to get the results that you wantin this way. In addition, there is no wayto back it up since an oral agreementwill just become a he said she saiddisagreement and no one will win. Onthe other hand, if the agent is able toproduce a written commitment fromthe subject, they have the proof theyneed that the thing has been done. The reason that it is so important forthe agent to get the subject to agree to a

commitment is because once thesubject has committed to the newstance, they have more of a tendency toact in a way that is fitting to thatcommitment. After that point, thesubject will continue on and begin toengage in self-persuasion for the cause.They will provide themselves alongwith others with various justificationsand reasons to support the commitmentin order to avoid any issues with theagent. If the agent is able to get thesubject to that point, the agent willhave a lot less work to deal with.

Social Proof Persuasion is a form of socialinteraction and therefore is going to

need to follow the social rules where itis occurring. The subject is going to beinfluenced by the people who arearound them; they are going to be morelikely to want to do what others aredoing rather than do their own thing.The subject will base their beliefs andaction according to what others aredoing around them, how these samepeople act, and how they believe. Forexample, if the subject grows up in acity, they are more likely to act likeothers who are from that area; on theother hand, those who grow up in acommunity that is very religious mayspend a lot of their time praying,learning, and helping others.

Under this belief the saying “the powerof the crowd,” can be very effective.The subject is going to want to knowwhat other people around them aredoing at all times. It has becomealmost an obsession in this country tobe able to do what others are doing inorder to fit in, despite the fact thatpeople will say how they want to bedifferent and be an individual. An example that is given about howpeople will do something becauseothers are doing it can be found with aphone-a-thon. If the host sayssomething like “Operators are waiting,please call now,” the subject may feellike there are operators who are sitting

around with nothing to do because noone is calling them. This will make thesubject less likely to call because theyfigure if someone else isn’t callingthen they shouldn’t either. If the hostjust changes up a few words andinstead says “If operators are busy,please call again,” there can be a verydifferent result. The subject is nowgoing to assume that the operators arebusy with the calls of many otherssubjects so the organization must begood and legitimate. The subject willbe much more likely to call in whetheror not they get through right away orhave to be put on hold. The persuasion technique of social

proof is the most effective in situationswhere the subject is uncertain of whatthey will do or when there seem to bemany similarities in the situations. Inambiguous or uncertain situations thathave multiple choices or possibilitiesto be made, the subject will oftenchoose to conform to what othersaround them are doing. This is becausethe choices are so similar that any ofthem will work, but they will assumethat the choice the others are making isthe one that is right. The other way thatsocial proof can be used is when thereare some similarities occurring. Forexample, the subject is much morelikely to conform and change aroundthose who are similar to them in some

way. If there is someone who is similarto the subject that is in charge, thesubject is likely to listen and followthem more than if the person in chargeis very different from the subject. The agent will be able to use the ideaof social proof to help with theirprocess of persuasion. The first waythey can do this is watching thewording that they are saying. With theexample given of the game show, bothof the quotes were saying the samething, but by switching up the wordingthey came up with two differentmeanings. Neither of them were a lie;they were just effective at eliciting adifferent kind of response. If the agent

is able to watch the way that they wordthings, they can elicit the rightresponse out of their subjects andconvince the subject to follow the sameideas and beliefs. In addition, the agent will find thatthere is more success if they are able toget those who are similar to them toshare in the ideas. This is whypoliticians will try to campaign togroups with the similar ideas to them.If they need to reach a larger group,they will modify their ideas in order tomake them more appealing to thesenew groups.

Liking

The agent is going to work very hard inorder to get the subject to like them.There is a very simple reason or this; ifthe subject likes the agent, they aremuch more likely to say yes to them.There are two main factors that willcontribute to how well the subject likesthe agent. The first one is physicalattractiveness and the second issimilarity. For the first one, if the agent is moreattractive physically to the subject,they are going to have the feeling ofbeing more persuasive since they areable to get what they want more easilywhile also changing the attitudes ofothers. This attractiveness factor has

been proven effective in sendingfavorable messages and impressions ofother traits that the agent may haveincluding intelligence, kindness, andtalent. This all works together to makeit more likely that an attractive personwill be able to more easily persuade thesubject. The second factor, similarity, is a littlesimpler. The idea states that if thesubject is similar to the agent, they aremuch more likely to answer in theaffirmative to what the agent is asking.This process is pretty natural and mostof the time the subject will not have tothink about whether it is the right thingto do when they like and are similar to

the agent.

Authority One of the ways that the agent will besuccessful in persuading the subject isto become an authority. There is atendency in most people to believe thatsomething an expert says on a subjectis true. The subject is more likely toenjoy listening to an agent that istrustworthy and knowledgeable; thismeans that if the agent can bring thesetwo things to the table, then they arealready on the way to getting theirsubject to listen and believe them. There have been studies done to showhow this authority technique can work

in persuading the subject to listen towhat the agent has to say. The studydone was known as the Milgram studyand was actually a whole series ofexperiments started in 1961. Theparticipants consisted of two subjectsand each was placed into differentrooms. The first subject was thenattached to a harness that was electricand which could administer the shock.The second subject was instructed bythe agent, who was dressed up in ascientist’s coat and looked official, toask the first subject questions and thento punish them whenever a questionwas answered incorrectly. The secondsubject was asked by the agent todeliver electrical shocks that came

from a panel that was under the secondsubject’s control. After delivering ashock, the second subject had to pickthe next highest voltage to use the nexttime and would continue to do thisuntil the highest voltage of 450 voltswas reached. One thing that was not known to thesecond subject was that the first subjectwas simply an actor who was fakingthe pain; this first subject was notactually being harmed in the process.This experiment was conducted inorder to see how well the secondsubject would obey someone inauthority, not to harm someone onpurpose. The statement that went along

with this study was “When an authoritytells ordinary people it is their job todeliver harm, how much suffering willeach subject be willing to inflict on anentirely innocent person if theinstructions come from above?”According to this study, most of thesecond subjects were willing to provideas much pain to the first subject as wasavailable. This led to the conclusionthat most subjects are willing to placepain upon others if they are told to doso by an authority figure of some sort. Of course, when it comes to persuasion, pain is not something that is necessary at all times in order to change the way that people think. This

study was just an illustration of how the subject is going to react to the agent if the agent is able to prove they are some sort of authoritarian person. Keeping this in mind can help the agentto reach their own agenda.

Scarcity Scarcity is another form of persuasionthat people may be familiar with butwhich is often underestimated. When aproduct or idea has a limitedavailability, it is more likely to beassigned a higher value. According toCialdini “people want more of whatthey cannot have.” While this mightsound like it is describing a child whois trying to get into the cookie jar when

they are told no, it can also describehow regular adults will act. When thereis the issue of scarcity to consider, thecontext is going to matter as well. Thissimply means that within specificcontexts, the idea of scarcity mightactually be an advantage. The agent of persuasion will be able touse the idea of scarcity to theiradvantage. They will need to find away to make the subject believe thatthe item is scarce by explaining whythat item is so special and what it doesthat nothing else is able to do. Theagent is going to have to work theirsubject in the right way. The agent canalso choose to go the other way; rather

than explaining what the customer willgain by the item or idea, they canexplain what they will lose by nothaving the item. For example, the agentcould say something like “you will lose$5” rather than going with “you couldsave $5”. This is just another way thatthe agent will be able to makesomething sound like it is scarcer. There are two reasons why thisprinciple of scarcity works. First off,when items or products are difficult toobtain, they will usually gain morevalue. The more value an item has thebetter quality it will seem to have, evenif this is not true. The second thing isthat when something is not as available

as it once was, the subject will begin torealize that they are going to lose thechance at acquiring it in the future.Once this begins to happen, the subjectwill begin to assign the service or itemthat is scarce a higher value simplysince it is going to become harder toacquire. The idea that is behind this principle isthat the subject is going to want thethings that are out of their reach. Ifsomething is easy to get, no one willwant it as much as when the item ismore difficult. If the agent is able toplant the idea that their thoughts,beliefs, or items are scarce anddifficult to come by, they will have a

much higher chance of seeing successin their persuasion efforts.

Persuasion Techniques If the agent wants to be successful inpersuading the subject into something,they are going to have to come up withsome techniques that will help themout. Every day the subject is going tobe confronted with different forms ofpersuasion. Food makers will work toget the subject to purchase the newproducts or more of the old whilestudios will advertise their latestblockbusters. Since persuasion can befound almost anywhere, it is going tobe a big challenge to the agent to find away to impress their point of view onthe subject.

The techniques that come withpersuasion have been observed andstudied for many years, all the wayback to ancient times. This has beendone because influence is so useful to awide variety of different people. Theformal study of these techniques hasgrown starting in the early 20th century.Since the ultimate goal of usingpersuasion is to convince the subject totake the persuasive argument,internalize it, and then adopt it as anew attitude, there is a lot of value indiscovering which techniques ofpersuasion are the most successful. Thethree persuasion techniques thatprovide the most value to the agent andwhich will be discussed in this section

are creating a need, appealing to thesocial needs, and using loaded imagesand words.

Create a Need One way that the agent is going to beable to get the subject to change theirway of thinking is to create a need orthey can appeal to a need that alreadyexisted in the subject. This type ofpersuasion will appeal to the subject ifdone correctly; this means that for theagent to be successful they will need toappeal to the fundamental needs of thesubject such as their need for self-actualization, self-esteem, love, food,and shelter. The reason that this

method is going to work so well for theagent is because the subject is actuallygoing to need these things. Food is notsomething that they will be able tosurvive without for very long. If theagent is able to persuade the subjectthat their store is the best or byswitching their beliefs they would beable to get more food or shelter, thereis a higher chance for success.

Appealing to Social Needs Next, the agent could appeal to thesocial needs of the subject. Whilesocial needs are not as effective to useas the primary needs, they are still animportant tool that can be used. People

like to be wanted and part of the crowd.They like the prestige that some itemsare able to give them and to feel likethey belong in a higher social standing.The idea of appealing to the socialneeds of the subject can be found inmost television commercials that areon; in these commercials the viewerwill be encouraged to buy an item sothat they can become well-known or bejust like everyone else. When the agentappeals to the social needs of thesubject, they are able to reach a newarea that might interest the subject.

Using Loaded Images andWords

When it comes to persuasion, thechoice of words that are made canmake all of the difference. There aremany different ways to say the samething but one way might spur thesubject into action while the other willnot. Saying the right words the rightway is going to make all of thedifference when it comes to usingpersuasion. The example about thephone-a-thon earlier in this chapter is agood example of how words can beused to persuade subjects to jump intoaction. Persuasion is a powerful tool of mindcontrol that is often underestimatedand overlooked. Perhaps this is because

it offers more of a choice to the subjectcompared to the other forms of mindcontrol. In the other options, thesubject is forced into submission,sometimes in isolation, by the agentand ends up not having much of achoice in what is going on in theprocess. In terms of persuasion, thefacts are presented so that the subject isable to make up their own mind, evenif the facts are placed in a certain wayto show them in the best light.

Chapter 6: Deception The next type of mind control that willbe discussed is deception. This mindcontrol technique is going to havesome similarities to manipulation inthe fact that manipulators will use a lotof deception in order to get to theirfinal goal. This chapter will go intomore details about how deceptionworks, the techniques involved in it,and some of the research that has beenfound.

What is Deception? To start with is the definition aboutwhat deception is. Deception, alongwith subterfuge, mystification, bluff,deceit, and beguilement, is an act usedby the agent to propagate beliefs in thesubject about things that are falsehoodsor which are only partial truths.Deception can involve a lot of differentthings such as concealment,camouflage, distraction, sleight ofhand, propaganda, and dissimulation.The agent will be able to control themind of the subject because the subjectis going to trust them. The subject willbelieve what the agent is saying andmight even be basing future plans and

shaping their world based on the thingsthat the agent has been telling them. If the agent is practicing the process ofdeception, the things they have beentelling the subject will be false. Trustcan easily be ruined once the subjectfinds out, which is why the agent mustbe talented at the process of deceptionand good at turning things around ifthey want to continue on with theirsubject. Often, deception will come up in termsof relationships and it can lead tofeelings of distrust and betrayalbetween the two partners who are in therelationship. This is because deception

violates the rules of most relationshipsand is also seen to have a negativeinfluence on the expectations that comewith that relationship. Most peopleexpect to be able to have a truthfulconversation with their partner; if theyhave learned that their partner isdeceptive, they would have to learnhow to use misdirection and distractionin order to get the reliable and truthfulinformation that they need. The trustwould also be gone from therelationship, making it difficult tobuild the relationship back up to whereit had once been. The subject wouldalways be questioning the things thatthe agent was telling them, wonderingif the story were true or something

made up. Because of this new mistrust,most relationships will end once thesubject finds out about the deception ofthe agent.

Types of Deception Deception is a form of communicationthat relies on omissions and lies inorder to convince the subject of theworld that best fits the agent. Sincethere is communication involved, therewill also be several different types ofdeception that could be occurring.According to the InterpersonalDeception Theory, there are 5 differenttypes of deception that are found. Someof these have been shown in the other

forms of mind control, showing thatthere can be some overlapping. Thefive main forms of deception include:

Lies: this is when the agentmakes up information orgives information that iscompletely different fromwhat is the truth. They willpresent this information tothe subject as fact and thesubject will see it as thetruth. This can be dangeroussince the subject will notrealize that they are beingfed false information; if thesubject knew theinformation was false, they

would not likely be talkingto the agent and nodeception would occur.

Equivocations: this is whenthe agent will makecontradictory, ambiguous, orindirect statements. This isdone to lead the subject toget confused and to notunderstand what is going on.It can also help the agent tosave face if the subjectcomes back later and tries toblame them for the falseinformation.

Concealments: this is one of

the most common types ofdeception that are used.Concealments are when theagent omits information thatis relevant or important tothe context, intentionally, orthey engage in any behaviorthat would hide informationthat is relevant to the subjectfor that particular context.The agent will not havedirectly lied to the subject,but they will have made surethat the importantinformation that is needednever makes it to thesubject.

Exaggeration: this is whenthe agent will overstate afact or stretch the truth alittle bit in order to turn thestory the way that theywould like. While the agentmay not be directly lying tothe subject, they are going tomake the situation seem likea bigger deal than it really isor they may change the trutha little bit so that the subjectwill do what they want.

Understatements: anunderstatement is the exactopposite of the exaggerationtool in that the agent is

going to downplay orminimize aspects of thetruth. They will tell thesubject that an event is notthat big of deal when in factit could be the thing thatdetermines if the subjectgets to graduate or gets thatbig promotion. The agentwill be able to go back laterand say how they did notrealize how big of a deal itwas, leaving them to lookgood and the subject to lookalmost petty if theycomplain.

These are just a few of the types of

deception that might be found. Theagent of deception is going to use anymethod that is at their disposal in orderto get to their final goal, much likewhat occurs in the other forms of mindcontrol. If they are able to reach theirgoal using another method against thesubject, then they are going to do it sothe list above is in no way exclusive.The agent of deception can be reallydangerous because the subject will notbe able to tell what the truth is andwhat an act of deception is; the agent isgoing to be so skilled at what they dothat it will be almost impossible todetermine what is the truth and what isnot.

Motives for Deception Researchers have determined that thereare three main motives that are presentin deceptions found in closerelationships. These would includepartner focused motives, self-focusedmotives, and relationship focusedmotives. Let’s look at the partner focusedmotives first. In this kind of motive,the agent is going to use deception inorder to avoid causing harm to thesubject, or their partner. They may alsouse the deception in order to protect thesubject's relationship with an outsidethird party, to avoid having the subject

worry about something, or to keep theself-esteem of the subject intact. Often,this kind of motivation for deceptionwill be viewed as relationallybeneficial as well as socially polite. This kind of deception is not as bad assome of the others. If the agent hearsabout something bad that the subject’sbest friend said about them, the agentmay choose to keep it to themselves.While this is a form of deception, ithelps the subject keep that friendshipwhile preventing the subject fromfeeling bad for themselves. This is theform of deception that is found themost frequently in relationships andmight also not cause that much damage

if found out. Most couples wouldchoose to utilize this form of deceptionin order to protect their partner. Next is the self-focused motive ofdeception. This one is not considered tobe as noble as the first one and istherefore more looked down upon thanthe other methods. Instead of worryingabout the subject and how they arefeeling, the agent is going to just thinkabout how they feel and about theirown self-image. In this motive, theagent is using the deception in order toprotect or enhance their own self-image. This form of deception is usedin order to shield the agent fromcriticism, embarrassment, or anger.

When this deception is used in therelationship, it is usually perceived tobe a more serious issue andtransgression than what is found withthe partner-focused deception. This isbecause the agent is choosing to act ina selfish way rather than working toprotect the relationship or the otherpartner. Finally, the relationship focusedmotive of deception. This deceptionwill be used by the agent in the hope oflimiting any harm that might come tothe relationship simply by avoidingrelational trauma and conflict.Depending on the situation, this formof deception will sometimes help the

relationship and at other times it mightbe the cause of harming therelationship because it is going to makethings more complicated. For example,if you choose to hide how you arefeeling about supper because you donot want to get in a fight, this mighthelp the relationship. On the otherhand, if you had an affair and choose tokeep this information to yourself, it isonly going to make things morecomplicated in the end. Regardless of the intention ofdeception in the relationship, it is notrecommended. The agent iswithholding information that might beimportant to the subject; once the

subject finds out about it, they willstart to lose trust in the agent andwonder what else the agent is hidingfrom them. The subject is not going tobe too concerned for the reason behindthe deception, they will just be upsetthat something has been kept fromthem and the relationship will begin tohave a crack. It is often best to stickwith the policy of honesty in therelationship and surround yourself withpeople who do not practice deceptionin your social group.

Detecting Deception If the subject is interested in avoidingdeception in their life in order to avoid

the mind games that come with it, it isoften a good idea to learn how to detectwhen deception is going on. Often, it isdifficult for the subject to determinethat deception is occurring unless theagent slips up and either tells a lie thatis obvious or blatant or they contradictsomething that the subject alreadyknows to be true. While it may bedifficult for the agent to deceive thesubject for a long period, it issomething that will commonly occur ineveryday life between people whoknow each other. Detecting whendeception occurs is often difficultbecause there are not really anyindicators that are completely reliableto tell when deception happens.

Deception, though, is capable ofplacing a large load on the cognitivefunctioning of the agent since they aregoing to have to figure out how torecall all of the statements that theyhave made to the subject so that thestory remains believable andconsistent. One slip up and the subjectwill be able to tell that something isnot right. Because of the strain ofkeeping the story straight, the agent ismuch more likely to leak outinformation to tip off the subject eitherthrough nonverbal or verbal cues. Researchers believe that detectingdeception is a process that is cognitive,

fluid, and complex and which willoften vary depending on the messagethat is being exchanged. According tothe Interpersonal Deception Theory,deception is an iterative and dynamicprocess of influence between the agent,who works to manipulate theinformation how they want it so that itis different from the truth, and thesubject, who will then attempt to figureout if the message is valid or not. Theagent’s actions are going to beinterrelated to the actions that thesubject takes after they receive themessage. During this exchange, theagent is going to reveal the nonverbaland verbal information that will cue thesubject in to the deceit. At some points,

the subject may be able to tell that theagent has been lying to them. It is not always possible to tell whenthe agent is being deceptive. Accordingto Alert Vrij, a noted deception scholar,there are not any nonverbal behaviorsthat are associated with deceptionuniquely. While there are somenonverbal behaviors that can becorrelated with the act of deception,these cues can also occur when otherbehaviors are present so it is difficultto determine if the agent is usingdeception unless they do an outrightlie. Another scholar of deception, Mark

Frank, proposes another idea ofdeception that includes how it can bedetected at the subject’s cognitivelevel. When deception occurs, itrequires a conscious behavior that isdeliberate on the part of the agent sothe listening to words and payingattention to the body language that isgoing on are both critical when tryingto determining if someone is deceivingyou. If someone offers up a questionand the agent is not willing to answer itdirectly, instead using some form ofdisturbance, has a poor structure oflogic, repeats words a lot, and uses lesstime talking for that particularquestion, they are most likely lying.

Basically, there are not many signs thatcan be considered when trying to figureout when deception is occurring. Thereare a few nonverbal signs that might bepresent when someone is deceiving, butthey might also have some other issuesuch as nervousness or being shy.

Main Components of Deception While it may be difficult to determinewhich factors show when deception isoccurring, there are some componentsthat are typical of deception. Often thesubject will not realize that thesecomponents have occurred unless theagent has told an outright lie or beencaught in the act of deceiving. Theseare components that will be recognizedlater on if the agent is using the processof deception in the right way. The threemain components of deception includecamouflage, disguise, and simulation.

Camouflage The first component of deception is

camouflage. This is when the agent isworking to hide the truth in anotherway so that the subject will not realizethat they are missing the information.Often this technique will be used whenthe agent uses half-truths when they aretelling information. The subject willnot realize that the camouflaging hasoccurred until later when these truthsare revealed in some way. The agentwill be skilled in camouflaging thetruth so that it is really difficult for thesubject to find out about the deceptionby chance.

Disguise Disguise is another component that can

be found in the process of deception.When this occurs, the agent is workingto create an impression of beingsomething or somebody else. This iswhen the agent is hiding somethingabout themselves from the subject suchas their real name, what they do for ajob, who they have been with, and whatthey are up to when they go out. Thisgoes further than just changing theoutfit that someone wears in a play or amovie; when disguise is used in theprocess of deception, the agent istrying to change their whole persona inorder to trick and deceive the subject. There are several examples that canillustrate the use of disguise in the

process of deception. The first is inrelations to the agent disguisingthemselves, usually as another person,so that they are not recognizable. Theagent may do this in order to get backinto a crowd of people that does notlike them, change their personalities tomake someone like them, or foranother reason to further their goals. Insome cases, the word disguise can referto the agent disguising the true natureof a proposal in the hopes of hiding aneffect or motivation that is unpopularwith that proposal. Often this form ofdisguise is found in propaganda orpolitical spin. Disguise can be harmful because it is

hiding the true nature of what is goingon. If the agent is hiding who they arefrom the subject, it can be reallydifficult for the subject to determinewho they really are. When informationis withheld from the subject, it cloudsthe way that they are able to think sincethey do not have the right informationto make logical choices. While thesubject may think that they are makinglogical choices of their own free will,the agent has taken away keyinformation that may change thesubject’s mind.

Simulation The third component of deception is

known as simulation. This consists ofshowing the subject information whichis false. There are three techniques thatcan be used in simulation includingdistraction, fabrication, and mimicry. In mimicry, or the copying of anothermodel, the agent will be unconsciouslydepicting something that is similar tothemselves. They may have an ideathat is similar to someone else’s andinstead of giving credit, they will saythat it is all theirs. This form ofsimulation can often occur throughauditory, visual, and other means. Fabrication is another tool that theagent may use when using deception.

What this means is that the agent willtake something that is found in realityand change it so that it is different.They may tell a story that did nothappen or add in embellishments thatmake it sound better or worse than itreally was. While the core of the storymay be true, yes they did get a badgrade on a test, it is going to have someextra things put in such as the teachergave them a bad grade on purpose. Thereality is that the agent didn’t studyand that is why they got the bad gradein the first place. Finally, distraction is another form ofsimulation in deception. This is whenthe agent tries to get the subject to

focus their attention on somethingother than the truth; usually by baitingor offering something that might bemore tempting than the truth that isbeing concealed. For example, if thehusband is cheating and thinks the wifeis starting to find out, he may bringhome a diamond ring to distract herfrom the issue for a short while. Theissue with this technique is that it oftendoes not last long and the agent mustfind another way to deceive the subjectin order to keep the process going.

Research on Deception Deception has become a major part ofeveryday life. Whether the agent meansto cause harm or not, there are manyinstances where deception will creep into relationships of all sorts. The agentmay deceive their boss in order to getmore time to finish a project; a spousemay deceive their partner in order tonot hurt their feelings. While manycases are not to cause harm, they arestill present in society. Because of thisprevalence, there has been researchdone to try and determine why it occursand who may be more likely to performthe acts.

Social Research Socially there has been some researchdone to see the effects of deception onsociety. There are severalmethodologies found in socialresearch, such as in psychology, whichdeal directly with deception. In thesemethodologies, the researchers aregoing to intentionally misinform ormislead their participants in terms ofwhat is really going on in theexperiment. This keeps the subjectsunaware as to what is going on and willhelp to deliver better results. A study that was done in 1963 byStanley Milgram shows how deception

will work on people. The agents toldthe subjects that they would be helpingout in a study that dealt with learningand memory; in reality this study waslooking at how willing the subjectswere to obeying commands of someonewho is in charge, even when thatobeying meant that they would have toinflict pain upon one of the othersubjects. While the person who wasreceiving the pain was just an actor anddid not really get harmed in theexperiment, it was found that thesubjects would inflict the highestavailable pain on the actor if told to doso by the authority. At the end of thisstudy, the subjects were told what thestudy’s true nature was and people

were given assistance in order to insurethey left in a state of well-being. The use of deception in this role hasraised a lot of issues with researchethics. Currently it is being regulatedby the American PsychologicalAssociation and other professionalbodies to ensure that the subjects arebeing treated fairly and are notreceiving undo harm in the process.

Psychological Research Psychological research is the branchthat will use deception the mostbecause this is necessary to determinethe results that would actually happen.The rationale behind doing this

deception states that humans are verysensitive to the way that they mightappear to others, as well as tothemselves, and the self-consciousnessthat they feel may distort or interferewith the way the subject would behavein normal circumstances outside ofdoing the research where they wouldnot feel scrutinized. The deception ismeant to make the subjects feel moreat ease so that the agent is able to getmore accurate results. For example, the agent might beinterested to find out what conditionsmight make a student cheat on a test. Ifthe agent asks the student outright, it isnot very likely that the subjects would

admit to cheating and there would beno way for the agent to figure out whois telling the truth and who is not. Inthis case, the agent would have to usedistraction in order to get an accurateidea of how often cheating occurs. Theagent might instead say the study is tofind out how intuitive the subject is;the subject might even be told duringthe process that they may have theopportunity to look at someone else’sanswers before they give their own. Atthe end of this research that involvesdeception, it is required that the agenttells the subject what the true nature ofthe study is and why the deception wasnecessary. Also, most agents will alsoprovide a quick summary of the results

that occurred between all of theparticipants when the research is alldone. Although deception is used a lot inthese kinds of research studies, they arebound by the ethical guidelines set outby the American PsychologicalAssociation, there are some debatesabout whether deception is somethingthat should be permitted at all. Somebelieve that allowing deception is notnecessary and it is causing harm to thesubjects who are participating. Othersbelieve that the results would beskewed if the subjects knew the exactnature of the study ahead of time.Often the biggest issue with using

deception in a study is not the actualdeception itself. Rather, it is theunpleasant treatment that is used in astudy of this sort, as well as theimplications of what is going to happenin the study that is unpleasant. This isusually the underlying reason whysome are against using these kinds ofstudies and why it is considered to beunethical in nature. Another argument against the ethics ofusing deception in these kinds ofstudies is that the subject has alreadygiven their informed consent toparticipate in the study. They havebeen read the rules and regulations thatgo along with the study and feel like

they are informed enough about the endresults that are wanted in order to signa waiver in order to begin. It is arguedthat if the agent is deceiving thesubject and leaving out importantinformation about the study, regardlessof if it is in the best interest of thestudy, then the subject really is notinformed to start with. Because of this,the subject should not be participatingin the study since they did notexplicitly give consent to the actualstudy being conducted. Regardless of the arguments that areout there on this topic, there have beensome interesting findings when thesubjects are deceived about the nature

of the study. For example, in regards tothe study mentioned above aboutcheating; if the subjects had been toldabout the true nature of the study it isnot likely that most of them wouldhave cheated. This would be becausenone of them would want to be seen asdishonest or false to others aroundthem. The deception allowed the researchersto see what would happen in a realworld application. In addition, if thesubjects of the memory test mentionedearlier in the guidebook knew the truenature about that study, they would nothave been as likely to listen to theauthority figure and administer the

results that they did. Despite the objections that have beenformed about using deception inresearch, the use of deception hasprovided researchers with a lot ofinteresting results. These results maynot have been possible without the useof deception since the subject mayhave reacted in a different way to thestudy.

Philosophy Psychology may be the main reasonthat deception is used in research, butthere is also a lot of deception that hasshown up in modern philosophy. Infact, deception is a very regular

occurrence in philosophy. For example,in the meditations of Descartes thatwere published in 1641, the notion ofDeus deceptor was introduced; thisnotion was something that was able todeceive the ego, when it was thinkinglogically, about what was going on inreality. This notion went on to be usedas part of his hyperbolic doubt; this iswhere the subject then begins to doubteverything that is available to doubtbecause they have been deceived in thepast. Often, skeptical arguments willuse this Deus deceptor as theirmainstay in order to put into doubt orquestion the knowledge of reality thatone person holds. The main part of theargument states that everything the

subject knows may be wrong since it iseasy to deceive the subject. This is just one of the cases ofdeception found in philosophy. Manyworks have been written on this topictrying to explain exactly what it is, howit affects the subject, and ways that thesubject may be able to avoid coming incontact with it. There has also been alot of research done trying to determinewhen deception may be fine and whenit can be harmful. This is up forconsiderable debate; some peoplebelieve that all deception is bad whileothers see deception in order to savesomeone’s feelings as fine in somecases such as a husband withholding

the fact that someone said somethingmean about their wife.

Conclusion This guidebook took some time toexplore the different types of mindcontrol that are present in the worldtoday as well as some of the methodsand techniques that go along with eachkind. Each of the mind controltechniques work in a different way.Brainwashing works to convince thesubject to change their whole identitywith the use of isolation, shaming, andeventually offering a way to feel betterthat conforms to the new desiredidentity. Hypnosis allows the subject toenter a new altered state of mind wherethey will be more likely to beperceptive and open to new ideas.

On the other hand, manipulation anddeception will alter the current thoughtprocess of the subject using subterfugeas a primary tactic, while persuasioninvolves influencing a person's beliefs,attitudes, intentions, motivations orbehaviors. Except for brainwashing and deception,mind control is a tool that can be usedin a positive way to achieve one's goalsor objectives. It all depends on the typeof mind control that is involved and theintent of the individual who wants toapply it. It also depends on whether thetarget or subject of mind control willbenefit from it.

Other books available by publisheron Kindle, paperback and audio

Why Is My Partner So Jealous? HowTo Identify And Effectively Deal WithJealousy, Insecurity, Low Self-EsteemAnd Trust Issues In Your Relationships Emotional Intelligence: A Guide ToManaging And UnderstandingEmotions Within Yourself And OthersTo Achieve Happiness, GreatRelationships And Success In Life! Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT):How To Overcome Phobias,Addictions, Depression, Anxiety, AndOther Problematic Disorders

Anxiety Management And StressRelief: An In Depth Guide On How ToOvercome Anxiety, Stress, AndDepression In Your Life Meditation And Mindfulness: TheSecrets To Raising Your Awareness,Spirituality And Inner Peace ThroughMindfulness Meditation Why Women Manipulate Men:Understanding How And Why WomenChoose To Use Manipulation On Men Self Confidence, Self Esteem, And SelfLove: How To Build UnbreakableConfidence Through Self Love And ByRaising Your Self Esteem

Overcoming Codependency: How toHave Healthy Relationships and BeCodependent No More Emotionally Abusive RelationshipsIdentifying and Effectively Dealingwith Narcissists, Sociopaths,Psychopaths and Toxic People Manifesting Abundance: The SecretPrinciples Of Using The Law OfAttraction To Manifest Wealth, Love,Happiness And Anything You CanImagine