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Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 1
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-1
The
Fre
nch
Rev
olut
ion
The S
trugg
le
to S
urvi
ve
French Society Dur
ing
the
Late Eighteenth Cen
tury
How
Sub
sist
ence
Cris
is H
appe
ns
• In
crea
se in
pop
ulat
ion.
• In
crea
sed
dem
and
for
food
grai
ns.
• P
rice
of b
read
ros
e.•
Low
wag
es o
f wor
kers
.
• B
ad h
arve
st.
• In
crea
se in
the
pric
e of
bre
ad.
• Wag
es d
id n
ot k
eep
pace
with
incr
ease
in p
rices
.• W
iden
ed g
ap b
etw
een
the
rich
& th
e po
or.
• P
easa
nts
& w
orke
rs p
artic
ipat
ed in
rev
olts
aga
inst
incr
easi
ng ta
xes.
• S
ocia
l gro
ups
emer
ged.
• E
arni
ngs
thro
ugh
over
seas
trad
e, m
anuf
actu
re o
f woo
llen
& s
ilk te
xtile
s.•
Phi
loso
pher
s em
erge
d.
Joh
n L
ock
eR
ou
ssea
uM
on
tesq
uie
u•
Crit
icis
edth
e di
vine
&ab
solu
te r
ight
of th
e m
onar
ch.
• P
ower
was
dis
trib
uted
am
ong
the
legi
slat
ure,
the
exe
cutiv
e an
d th
e ju
dici
ary.
• La
ws
to tr
ansl
ate
the
ide
als
of li
bert
y an
d e
qual
ity in
to e
very
day
pra
ctic
e.
• S
lave
ry w
as a
bolis
hed
in
Fren
ch c
olon
ies
in 1
848.
• R
ight
s lik
e rig
ht to
life
, fre
edom
of s
peec
h e
qual
ity b
efor
e la
w, e
tc.,
wer
e in
trod
uced
• R
obes
pier
re’s
rul
e in
Fra
nce
was
kno
wn
as ‘R
eign
of T
erro
r’•
Law
s pl
acin
g a
max
imum
cei
ling
on w
ages
& p
rices
wer
e is
sued
.
• R
ise
of N
apol
eon
• Id
ea o
fgo
vern
men
tba
sed
on
soci
al c
ontr
act
betw
een
peop
le&
thei
rre
pres
enta
tives
.
• P
ropo
sed
div
isio
n of
pow
er w
ithin
the
gov
t. b
etw
een
the
leg
isla
tive,
the
exe
cutiv
e &
the
jud
icia
ry.
Fran
ce be
comes a
Con
stitu
tiona
l Monarchy
Out
brea
k of
the
Rev
olut
ion
The
Rev
olut
ion
and E
veryd
ay Life
The
Abo
litio
n of
Sla
very
Did
wom
en h
ave
a R
evol
utio
n?
Fran
ce a
bolis
hes
Mon
arch
y
and
beco
mes
a R
epub
lic
The
Rei
gn o
f Ter
ror
A D irecto
ry ru
les
Fran
ce
A Growing M
iddl
e C
lass
Envisages End
to P
rivile
ges
• Wom
en s
tart
ed th
eir
own
po
litic
al c
lubs
& n
ews-
pa
pers
to v
oice
thei
r
inte
rest
s.
2 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-2
The
Rus
sian
Rev
olut
ion
• Li
bera
ls w
ante
d a
natio
n w
hich
tole
rate
d al
l rel
igio
ns, t
hey
opp
osed
the
unco
ntro
lled
pow
er o
f dyn
astic
rul
ers.
• R
adic
als
wan
ted
a na
tion
in w
hich
gov
t. w
as b
ased
on
the
maj
ority
of a
cou
ntry
’s p
opul
atio
n.•
Con
serv
ativ
es o
ppos
ed to
rad
ical
s an
d lib
eral
s.
• C
omm
unis
t par
ties
wer
e fo
rmed
like
Com
mun
ist
Par
ty o
f Gre
at B
ritai
n.•
US
SR
sty
le o
f gov
ernm
ent w
as n
ot in
kee
ping
with
the
idea
ls o
f Rus
sian
Rev
olut
ion.
• In
tern
atio
nal r
eput
atio
n of
US
SR
as
a so
cial
ist
cou
ntry
dec
lined
.•
New
citi
es c
ame
up, r
ailw
ays
expa
nded
and
Indu
stria
l R
evol
utio
n oc
curr
ed.
• B
roug
ht m
en, w
omen
and
chi
ldre
n to
fact
orie
s, w
ork
hou
rs w
ere
long
and
wag
es p
oor.
• C
ame
in m
id-n
inet
eent
h ce
ntur
y.•
Soc
ialis
ts w
ere
agai
nst p
rivat
e pr
oper
ty.
• Fo
rmed
an
inte
rnat
iona
l bod
y–T
he S
econ
d In
tern
atio
nal.
• S
et u
p fu
nds
to h
elp
mem
bers
in ti
mes
of d
istr
ess,
dem
ande
d re
duct
ion
of w
orki
ng h
ours
and
rig
hts
to v
ote.
• R
uled
by
Tsa
r N
icho
las
II.•
Maj
ority
rel
igio
n w
as R
ussi
an O
rtho
dox
Chr
istia
nity
.Liberals, Radica
ls an
d
Conservative
s
The Age of Social Cha
nge
The
Com
ing
of S
ocia
lism
to E
urop
e
Suppo
rt fo
r Soc
ialis
m
The
Rus
sian
Em
pire
in 1
91
4
The
Rus
sian
Rev
olut
ion
• M
ost p
eopl
e w
ere
agric
ultu
rists
maj
or e
xpor
ters
of g
rain
, rai
lway
net
wor
k ex
tend
ed.
• S
et u
p a
new
spap
er, m
obili
sed
wor
kers
and
org
anis
ed s
trik
es
• D
eman
ded
a C
onst
itutio
n.•
Pric
es o
f ess
entia
l goo
ds r
ose,
rea
l wag
es d
eclin
ed,
• B
lood
y S
unda
y ov
er 1
00 w
orke
rs w
ere
kille
d w
ho w
ent t
o W
inte
r P
alac
e to
pre
sent
pet
ition
.
• A
cute
pro
blem
of g
rain
sup
plie
s.•
Col
lect
ivis
atio
n of
farm
s t
o re
duce
sho
rtag
es.
• B
olsh
evik
s ke
pt in
dust
ries
& b
anks
nat
iona
lised
, per
mitt
ed p
easa
nts
to
culti
vate
land
.
• N
on-B
olsh
evik
soc
ialis
ts, l
iber
als
and
sup
port
ers
of a
utoc
racy
con
dem
ned
the
Bol
shev
ik u
pris
ing.
• C
entr
al P
ower
s- G
erm
any,
Aus
tria
and
Tur
key.
• A
llied
Pow
ers-
Fra
nce,
Brit
ain
and
Rus
sia
Socialism in Russia
The F
irst W
orld
War
and
the
Russia
n Em
pire
Eco
nomy a
nd Society
A T
urbu
lent
T
ime. T
he 1905
Revolutio
n
Indus
trial
Soc
iety
and
Socia
l Cha
nge
The
Global In
fluence of the Russian Revolution
& the USSR
Wha
t Cha
nged
afte
r O
ctob
er?
Stali
nism and Collectivisation
The
Civ
il W
ar
Mak
ing
a Soc
ialist
Socie
ty
After Februaryin P
etro
grad
• C
onfli
ct b
etw
een
Pro
visi
onal
Gov
ernm
ent
and
the
Bol
shev
iks.
• A
rmy
offic
ials
, lan
dow
ners
and
ind
ustr
ialis
ts w
ere
influ
entia
l.
The
Feb
ruar
y R
evol
utio
n
The
Rev
olut
ion
of O
ctob
er 1
917
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 3
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-3
Naz
ism
and
the R
ise o
fH
itler
• B
oth
psyc
holo
gica
l & fi
nanc
ial e
ffort
s.•
Sup
port
ers
of W
eim
er R
epub
lic
wer
e at
tack
ed.
• S
ovie
ts o
f wor
kers
and
sai
lors
est
ablis
hed
• H
yper
infla
tion,
a s
ituat
ion
of h
igh
rise
in p
rices
pre
vaile
d.
• Wal
l str
eet e
xcha
nge
cras
hed
in19
29.
• G
reat
Eco
nom
ic D
epre
ssio
n st
arte
d w
ith th
e sa
le o
f 13
mn
shar
es.
• Fe
ar o
f pre
leta
riani
satio
n fil
led
the
soc
iety
.
• H
itler
was
giv
en th
e hi
ghes
t p
ositi
on in
the
cabi
net o
f min
iste
rs.
• H
e se
nt h
is e
nem
ies,
the
Com
mun
ists
, t
o co
ncen
trat
ion
cam
ps.
• E
cono
mic
rec
over
y th
roug
h fu
ll p
rodu
ctio
n an
d fu
ll em
ploy
men
t.
• C
reat
ed r
acia
l com
mun
ity b
y el
imin
atin
g th
e “
unde
sira
bles
” (Je
ws,
Gyp
sies
, etc
.)
• G
enoc
ide
& w
ar b
ecam
e tw
o si
des
of th
e sa
me
coin
.
• B
oys
wer
e ag
gres
sive
, mas
culin
e, s
teel
hea
rted
, g
irls
wer
e to
ld to
be
good
mot
hers
& r
ear
pur
e-bl
oode
d A
ryan
chi
ldre
n.
• H
oloc
aust
, atr
ociti
es &
suf
ferin
gs e
ndur
ed b
y Je
ws
durin
g th
e N
azi k
illin
g op
erat
ions
.
• N
azis
mad
e gr
eat u
se o
f l
angu
age
and
med
ia•
Naz
i ide
as w
ere
spre
ad t
hrou
gh im
ages
, pos
ters
, f
ilms,
etc
.
The Effe
cts o
f the
War
The Years o
f Dep
ress
ion
Polit
ical
Rad
ical
ism
and
Eco
nom
ic C
rises
Birth of the W
eim
ar
Repub
lic
The
Des
truc
tion
of D
emoc
racy
Reconstruct
ion
Hitl
er’s
Ris
e to
Pow
er
Esta
blis
hmen
t of t
he R
acia
l Stat
e
The Racial Utopia
The Nazi World
view
Yout
h in
Naz
i Ger
man
yTh
e A
rt o
f Pro
paga
nda
The Nazi Cult of Motherhood
Ord
inar
y Pe
ople
and the Crimes
Agai
nst H
umanity
Kno
wle
dge
abou
t the
Hol
ocau
st
4 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-4
Fore
st S
ociet
yan
dCo
loni
alis
m
• G
over
nmen
t ban
ned
shift
ing
cul
tivat
ion
whi
ch d
ispl
aced
man
y c
omm
uniti
es fr
om th
eir
hom
es in
for
ests
.
• Fo
rest
law
s ba
nned
peo
ple
fro
m k
illin
g an
imal
s fo
r th
eir
sur
viva
l and
spo
rt.
• P
eopl
e st
arte
d tr
adin
g in
fore
st p
rodu
cts
like
rubb
er, s
pice
s,fib
res,
etc
.•
Bel
ieve
d th
at e
ach
villa
ge w
as g
iven
its
land
by
Ear
th.
• S
how
ed r
espe
ct to
the
spiri
t o
f riv
ers,
fore
sts
and
mou
ntai
n.
• P
eopl
e w
ere
disp
lace
d fr
om v
illag
es a
nd fo
rced
to w
ork
free
for
the
fore
st d
epar
tmen
t.
• C
onse
rvat
ion
of fo
rest
s, r
athe
r
than
col
lect
ing
timbe
r be
com
e
mor
e im
port
ant.
• K
alan
gs w
as a
com
mun
ity o
f ski
lled
for
est c
utte
rs a
nd s
hifti
ng c
ultiv
ator
s.
• F
irst W
orld
War
and
Sec
ond
Wor
ld W
ar h
ad m
ajor
impa
ct.
• P
eopl
e’s
need
for
agric
ultu
ral l
and
led
the
m in
to c
onfli
ct w
ith fo
rest
dep
artm
ent.
• B
land
ongd
iens
ten,
a s
yste
m o
f im
posi
ng r
ents
on
land
bei
ng c
ultiv
ated
in fo
rest
and
exe
mpt
ing
som
e vi
llage
s if
they
pro
vide
d fr
ee la
bour
, buf
falo
es fo
r cu
tting
.
• P
rodu
ctio
n of
com
mer
cial
cro
ps l
ike
jute
,sug
ar, w
heat
& c
otto
n.•
Fore
sts
wer
e co
nsid
ered
unp
rodu
ctiv
e, t
hus,
to b
e br
ough
t und
er c
ultiv
atio
n.
• R
egul
ar s
uppl
y of
woo
d fo
r na
vy a
nd r
ailw
ay li
ne s
leep
ers.
How were the L
ives
of
People Affecte
d?
How
did
For
est R
ules
Affe
ct C
ultiv
atio
n?
Who
cou
ld H
unt?
New trades, New Employments andNew Services
The
Ris
e of
Com
mer
cial
For
estr
y
The
Peo
ple
of B
asta
r
Rebellion in the
Forest
The
Fear
s of
the
Peo
pleLand to be im
prov
ed
Pla
ntat
ions
Sleepe
rs o
n th
e
Trac
ks
Why Deforestation?
• P
lant
ed w
ith te
a, c
offe
e a
nd r
ubbe
r.
The Woodcutters of Java
War
and
Def
ores
tatio
n
Forestry
Dutch Scientific
Sam
in’s
cha
lleng
e
Fore
st T
rans
form
atio
ns in
Jav
a
New Developments in Forestry
• The
For
est A
ct m
ade
thin
gs d
iffic
ult f
or p
eopl
e.•
Peo
ple
cann
ot c
ut w
ood,
gra
ze t
heir
cattl
e, h
unt,
fish,
etc
.
• A
rgue
d th
at th
e s
tate
had
not
cre
ated
the
win
d, w
ater
, e
arth
& w
ood.
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 5
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-5
Past
oral
ists
in th
eM
oder
n W
orld
• A
dver
se e
ffect
s of
dro
ught
s a
re p
astu
res
drie
d ca
ttle
star
ved.
• D
eclin
e in
ani
mal
sto
ck
• M
asai
soc
iety
div
ided
into
tw
o ca
tego
ries:
eld
ers
& w
arrio
rs.
• C
hief
s ap
poin
ted
by c
olon
ial g
over
nmen
t s
urvi
ved
the
deva
stat
ion
of w
ar &
dro
ught
.•
Poo
r pa
stor
alis
ts w
ere
deep
ly a
ffect
ed.
• R
estr
icte
d by
the
bor
ders
of t
he r
eser
ves.
• N
ot a
llow
ed to
ent
er t
he m
arke
ts in
whi
te a
reas
.
• G
ujja
r B
akar
wal
s of
Jam
mu
& K
ashm
ir.•
Gad
di s
heph
erds
of H
imac
hal P
rade
sh.
• B
hotiy
as, S
herp
as, K
inna
ur is
of H
imal
ayas
.• T
hey
have
cyc
lical
mov
emen
t bet
wee
n
sum
mer
and
win
ter
past
ures
.
• R
educ
ed th
e nu
mbe
r of
ca
ttle
in th
eir
herd
s, d
isco
vere
d
new
pas
ture
s.•
Som
e bo
ught
land
& s
ettle
d d
own.
How did these ch
ange
s af
fect
the
lives
of Pas
torli
sts?
Col
onia
l Rul
e &
Past
oral
Life
How di
d th
e pa
stor
alis
ts c
ope
with
thes
e ch
ange
s?
On t
he P
late
aus,
Pla
ins
and
Deser
ts
In the m
ount
ains
Pastoral Nomads &
their Movements
Where have the Grazing lands gone ?
The
Bord
ers
are
Clo
sed
Not all were equally affe
cted
When pastures d
ry A
fric
aP
asto
ralis
m in
• D
hang
ars
of M
ahar
asht
ra.
• G
olla
s, K
urum
as, K
urub
as o
f K
arna
taka
& A
ndhr
a P
rade
sh.
• B
anja
ras
in U
ttar
Pra
desh
, Pun
jab,
Raj
asth
an, M
P &
Mah
aras
htra
.•
Rai
kas
in R
ajas
than
.
• P
astu
res
conv
erte
d i
nto
culti
vate
d fie
lds.
• S
hort
age
of fo
rage
for
ani
mal
s &
the
det
erio
ratio
n of
ani
mal
sto
ck.
• E
xpan
sion
in c
ultiv
atio
n.•
Gra
zing
land
s tu
rned
into
gam
e re
serv
es.
6 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-6
Peas
ants
and
Farm
ers
• R
educ
ed d
epen
denc
e on
labo
urer
s•
Land
owne
rs c
ut th
e w
ages
and
the
num
ber
of w
orkm
en th
ey e
mpl
oyed
• In
crea
sed
dem
and
of fo
odgr
ains
to
fe
ed th
e in
crea
sing
pop
ulat
ion.
• P
rices
of f
oodg
rain
s sk
y ro
cket
ed.
• P
easa
nts
culti
vate
d on
str
ips
of la
nd.
• A
llotm
ent o
f str
ips
of la
nds
of v
aryi
ng
qual
ity to
vill
ager
s.•
Res
t was
com
mon
land
, with
acc
ess
to
all
villa
gers
.
The A
ge o
f Enc
losu
res
Wha
t hap
pene
d to
the
poor
?
New Demands for Grai
n
Agricu
lture
in E
ngla
nd
The
Com
ing
of M
oder
nThe Time of Open Fields & Commons
The Introduction of
Threshing Machines
• E
IC b
ough
t tea
and
silk
from
Chi
na
and
paid
with
opi
um.
• Thr
ough
a s
yste
m o
f adv
ance
s
• D
ust s
torm
s bl
ew o
ver
sout
hern
pla
ins
• The
y co
nver
ted
into
bliz
zard
s.• W
hole
reg
ion
turn
ed in
to d
ust b
owl.
• In
crea
sed
dem
and
of w
heat
rai
sed
its p
rices
.•
Spr
ead
of r
ailw
ays
mad
e t
rans
port
atio
n ea
sy.
• Tra
ctor
s an
d di
sk p
loug
hs f
or b
reak
ing
the
grou
nd,
mec
hani
cal r
eape
r fo
r c
uttin
g.
• M
echa
nisa
tion
redu
ced
the
nee
d fo
r la
bour
.•
Farm
ers
took
loan
s to
buy
mac
hine
s, b
ut fo
und
it d
iffic
ult t
o pa
y ba
ck.
The
In
dian Farm
er and
Opium P
roduction
How
wer
e U
nwill
ing
Cul
tivat
ors
mad
eto
pro
duce
Opi
um?
A Taste for Tea :
The Trade with China
Whe
re d
id o
pium
com
e fro
m?
The westward move and
wheat cultivation
Dus
t Bow
l
The Coming o
f New
Tech
nolo
gy
The Wheat Farmers
Wha
t hap
pene
d to
the
poor
?B
read
Bas
ket
& D
ust B
owl
• R
adic
al in
nova
tions
in a
gric
ultu
ral t
echn
olog
y a
nd n
ew la
nds
unde
r cu
ltiva
tion
to in
crea
se f
ood-
grai
n pr
oduc
tion.
•
Enc
losu
res
to m
ake
long
-ter
m in
vest
men
ts o
n la
nd &
cro
p ro
tatio
n to
impr
ove
soil.
• La
rge
volu
mes
wer
e su
ppor
ted
by B
enga
l.•
Farm
ers
wer
e un
will
ing
to g
row
opi
um b
ecau
se it
req
uire
d be
st la
nd, p
ulse
s c
ould
not
be
grow
n th
ere.
• The
poo
r co
uld
not c
olle
ct fi
rew
ood
fro
m fo
rest
s an
d gr
aze
thei
r ca
ttle
on
com
mon
s.• W
ork
beca
me
inse
cure
, em
ploy
men
t u
ncer
tain
, poo
r ha
d no
wor
k
• A
grar
ian
expa
nsio
n, w
estw
ard
mov
emen
t of w
hite
set
tlers
.•
Indi
an c
lear
ed th
e la
nd fo
r cu
ltiva
tion
and
sow
ed c
orn
and
whe
at.
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 7
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-7
Wha
t is
Dem
ocra
cy?
Why
Dem
ocra
cy?
• M
ajor
dec
isio
ns b
y el
ecte
d le
ader
s.•
Free
and
fair
elec
tora
l com
petit
ion.
• O
ne p
erso
n, o
ne v
ote,
one
val
ue.
• R
ule
of la
w a
nd r
espe
ct fo
r rig
hts.
• Le
ader
s ke
ep c
hang
ing,
lead
ing
to
inst
abili
ty.
• A
ll ab
out p
oliti
cal c
ompe
titio
n a
nd p
ower
pla
y.•
Lead
s to
cor
rupt
ion
as it
is b
ased
on
elec
tora
l com
petit
ion.
• A
form
of g
over
nmen
t in
whi
ch t
he r
uler
s ar
e el
ecte
d by
peo
ple.
Feat
ures
of D
emoc
racy
What is Democra
cy?
Bro
ader
Mea
ning
s of
Dem
ocra
cy
Arg
umen
ts a
gain
st D
emoc
racy
Why Democracy?Ar
gum
ents
for
Dem
ocra
cy
• B
ette
r go
vern
men
t as
it is
mor
e a
ccou
ntab
le.
• Im
prov
es q
ualit
y of
dec
isio
n m
akin
g.•
Dea
ls w
ith d
iffer
ence
s &
con
flict
s.•
Enh
ance
s th
e di
gnity
of c
itize
ns.
• A
llow
s us
to c
orre
ct it
s ow
n m
ista
kes.
• N
o on
e go
es h
ungr
y to
bed
in a
trul
y de
moc
ratic
cou
ntry
.•
Eve
ry c
itize
n pl
ays
equa
l r
ole
in d
ecis
ion
mak
ing
with
equ
al in
form
atio
n, b
asic
edu
catio
n, e
qual
res
ourc
es.
8 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-8
Cons
titut
iona
lD
esig
n
• A
sys
tem
of r
acia
l dis
crim
inat
ion
in
Sou
th A
fric
a.•
Div
ided
peo
ple
on th
e ba
sis
of
col
our
(bla
ck &
whi
te)
colo
ured
.
• A
part
heid
gov
ernm
ent e
nded
.•
Mos
t ext
ensi
ve r
ight
s gi
ven
to c
itize
ns.
• A
set
of w
ritte
n ru
les
acce
pted
by
all p
eopl
e.•
Gen
erat
es a
deg
ree
of tr
ust n
eces
sary
for
diff
eren
t kin
d of
peo
ple
to li
ve to
geth
er.
• S
peci
fies
how
the
govt
. will
be
cons
titut
ed.
• Li
mits
the
pow
er o
f gov
t.•
Exp
ress
es th
e as
pira
tions
of p
eopl
e of
cre
atin
g a
goo
d so
ciet
y.
• In
192
8, M
otila
l Neh
ru &
eig
ht C
ongr
ess
lea
ders
dra
fted
a co
nstit
utio
n.•
Incl
usio
n of
uni
vers
al a
dult
fran
chis
e, r
ight
to fr
eedo
m, e
qual
ity, e
tc.
• Le
ader
s w
ere
insp
ired
by id
eals
of F
renc
h R
evol
utio
n, B
ill o
f Rig
hts
in U
S, e
tc.
• D
rafte
d th
e co
nstit
utio
n.•
299
mem
bers
wro
te th
e In
dian
Con
stitu
tion.
• S
ome
mem
bers
wer
e na
mel
y, D
r. R
ajen
dra
Pra
sad
(firs
t Pre
side
nt o
f Ind
ia),
Jai
pal s
ingh
(fo
unde
r of
Jha
rkha
nd P
arty
), H
.C. m
ookh
erje
e.
• A
ll in
equa
litie
s r
emov
ed fr
om In
dia.
• S
tate
men
t of b
asic
val
ues
is c
alle
d P
ream
ble.
• In
dia
to b
e a
Sov
erei
gn, S
ocia
list,
Sec
ular
, Dem
ocra
tic R
epub
lic.
• To
ensu
re J
ustic
e, L
iber
ty,
Equ
ality
, Fra
tern
ity to
all
citiz
ens.
• P
roce
dure
for
choo
sing
the
per
sons
who
gov
ern
the
coun
try.
• R
ight
s pr
ovid
ed to
citi
zens
so
that
gov
ernm
ent’s
act
ions
are
lim
ited.
Dem
ocra
tic Constitution
in South Africa
Tow
ards
a N
ew C
onst
itutio
n
Why do we n
eed
a C
onst
itutio
n?
The P
ath
to C
onst
itutio
nThe Constitu
ent Ass
embl
y
Making of t
he In
dian
Constitu
tion
Institutional Design
Gui
ding
val
ues
of th
e
Indi
an C
onst
itutio
n
Philo
soph
y of
the
cons
titut
ion
The
Dre
am a
nd th
e Pr
omiseStr
uggl
e ag
ains
t Apa
rtheid
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 9
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-9
Elec
tora
lPo
litics
• P
eopl
e ca
n ch
oose
who
will
mak
e la
ws,
form
the
gov
erm
ent a
nd ta
ke m
ajor
dec
isio
ns (
Rep
rese
ntat
ives
).
• E
very
one
shou
ld b
e ab
le to
cho
ose.
• S
omet
hing
to c
hoos
e fr
om, p
artie
s an
d c
andi
date
s sh
ould
offe
r re
al c
hoic
e to
the
vote
rs.
• C
hoic
e sh
ould
be
offe
red
at r
egul
ar in
terv
als.
• C
andi
date
pre
ferr
ed b
y pe
ople
sho
uld
get e
lect
ed.
• Fr
ee &
fair
elec
tions
.
• R
egul
ar e
lect
oral
com
petit
ion
prov
ides
inc
entiv
es to
pol
itica
l par
ties
and
lead
ers.
• It
may
cau
se d
ivis
ions
& u
glin
ess,
but
fina
lly h
elps
to fo
rce
polit
ical
par
ties
& le
ader
s to
ser
ve th
e pe
ople
.
• C
andi
date
s an
d pa
rtie
s w
ith
a lo
t of m
oney
enj
oy b
ig a
nd
unfa
ir ad
vant
age.
• C
rimin
al c
onne
ctio
n of
can
dida
tes.
• Tic
kets
are
dis
trib
uted
to fa
mily
mem
bers
.
• B
oth
the
rulin
g &
the
los
ing
part
ies
have
to a
ccep
t t
he r
esul
ts o
f the
ele
ctio
ns.
• E
lect
ions
are
con
duct
ed th
roug
h E
C.
• It
impl
emen
ts th
e co
de o
f con
duct
& p
unis
hes
any
cand
idat
e or
par
ty th
at v
iola
tes
it.
Why do we need ele
ctio
ns?
Wha
t mak
es a
n el
ectio
n
dem
ocra
tic?
Why elections?
Is it
goo
d to
hav
e po
litic
al c
ompe
titio
n?
Electoral Con
stitu
enci
es
Vote
r’s li
st
Reser
ved
Const
ituen
cies
What is O
ur S
yste
m
of Ele
ctio
ns?
Nominatio
n of
candidat
es
Election Campaign
Pollin
g an
d co
untin
g of
vot
es
• Fo
r w
eake
r se
ctio
ns l
ike
SC
, ST
& O
BC
.
• A
ny p
erso
n ab
ove
25 y
ears
of
age
can
bec
ome
cand
idat
e.•
Hav
e to
fill
nom
inat
ion
form
& g
ive
mon
ey a
s se
curit
y de
posi
t.
• C
andi
date
s co
ntac
t vot
ers,
le
ader
s ad
dres
s el
ectio
n
mee
tings
, foc
us p
ublic
atte
ntio
n.
• Vot
ing
take
s pl
ace
in a
pol
ling
bo
oth.
• D
one
thro
ugh
EV
Ms,
whi
ch a
re o
pene
d af
ter
a fe
w d
ays
& e
ach
can
dida
te’s
vot
e is
cou
nted
.
Challenges to free and fair elections
Wha
t Mak
es E
lect
ions
in In
dia
Dem
ocra
tic?
Inde
pend
ent E
lecti
on C
ommission
Pop
ular
Par
ticip
atio
n
Acc
epta
nce of
elec
tion
ou
tcome.
• A
rea
base
d sy
stem
of
rep
rese
ntat
ion.
• P
eopl
e’s
part
icip
atio
n is
m
easu
red
by v
oter
tu
rnou
t fig
ures
.•
Inte
rest
of v
oter
s in
ele
ctio
n ha
s be
en in
crea
sing
,
poor
, illi
tera
te,
und
erpr
ivile
ged,
eve
rybo
dy p
artic
ipat
es.
• Li
st o
f peo
ple
who
can
and
who
can
not v
ote
(A
bove
18
year
s).
10 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-1
0
Wor
king
of
Inst
itutio
ns
• O
ffice
Mem
oran
dum
, an
orde
r is
sued
by
GO
I on
Aug
uest
13,
199
0.•
Dec
lare
d 27
% in
gov
ernm
ent s
ervi
ces
for
SE
BC
.•
Pol
itica
l Exe
cutiv
e, e
lect
ed b
y th
e pe
ople
for
a s
peci
fic p
erio
d.•
Per
man
ent E
xecu
tive,
app
oint
ed fo
r lo
ng te
rm.
• C
ounc
il of
Min
iste
rs u
sual
ly h
ave
60
to 8
0 M
inis
ters
.•
Cab
inet
Min
iste
rs, t
op le
vel l
eade
rs o
f rul
ing
part
y, M
inis
ters
of S
tate
with
inde
pend
ent
cha
rge,
inch
arge
of s
mal
ler
Min
istr
ies,
Min
iste
rs o
f Sta
te, a
ssis
t Cab
inet
Min
iste
rs.
• P
resi
dent
(Hea
d of
the
Sta
te) a
nd h
ighe
st fo
rmal
aut
horit
y in
cou
ntry
.•
Prim
e M
inis
ter (
Hea
d of
the
govt
.)•
Pre
side
nt a
nd tw
o H
ouse
s, L
ok S
abha
and
Raj
ya S
abha
con
stitu
te th
e P
arlia
men
t.
• The
Prim
e M
inis
ter
& th
e C
abin
et a
re i
nstit
utio
ns th
at ta
ke a
ll im
port
ant p
olic
y d
ecis
ions
.•
Civ
il S
erva
nts
are
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
im
plem
enta
tion
of m
inis
ter’s
dec
isio
n.•
Sup
rem
e co
urt s
ettle
s di
sput
es
bet
wee
n ci
tizen
s an
d th
e go
vern
men
t.
• The
fina
l aut
horit
y fo
r m
akin
g l
aws
in a
ny c
ount
ry.
• E
xerc
ises
con
trol
on
the
govt
.•
Con
trol
s al
l the
mon
ey th
at g
over
nmen
ts h
ave.
• H
ighe
st fo
rum
of d
iscu
ssio
n an
d
deba
te o
n pu
blic
issu
es.
• The
Cou
ncil
of S
tate
s (R
ajya
Sab
ha).
• The
Hou
se o
f the
Peo
ple
(Lok
Sab
ha)
• C
hairs
cab
inet
mee
tings
, coo
rdin
ates
the
wor
k of
diff
eren
t dep
artm
ents
, giv
es fi
nal d
ecis
ion
in c
ase
of d
isag
reem
ents
bet
wee
n de
part
men
ts.
• E
lect
ed b
y M
Ps
& M
LAs.
• S
upre
me
com
man
der
of th
e d
efen
ce fo
rces
of I
ndia
.
• A
ll th
e co
urts
at d
iffer
ent l
evel
s in
a c
ount
ry p
ut to
geth
er a
re c
alle
d th
e Ju
dici
ary.
• In
dian
Jud
icia
ry c
onsi
sts
of S
upre
me
Cou
rt
for
the
entir
e na
tion,
Hig
h C
ourt
s in
the
Sta
tes,
Dis
tric
t Cou
rts
& c
ourt
s at
loca
l lev
el.
A Government Order
The
Dec
isio
n M
aker
sH
ow is
a M
ajor
P
olicy
Dec
isio
n Ta
ken?
Nee
d
for Political
Insti
tutions
The Judicia
ry
Why do
we
need
a P
arlia
men
t?
Two
Hou
ses
of P
arlia
men
tPa
rliam
ent
Polit
ical
and
Per
man
ent E
xecu
tive
Prime M
inis
ter
Powers
of th
e
Prim
e M
inis
t er
&
Cou
ncil
of M
inis
ters
Politic
al E
xecu
tive
The President
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 11
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-1
1
Dem
ocra
ticR
ight
s
• R
ight
to fr
eedo
m o
f pre
ss, i
nfor
mat
ion
and
edu
catio
n.•
Free
and
com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n fo
r c
hild
ren
upto
14
year
s.•
Rig
ht to
pro
pert
y, r
ight
to v
ote.
• R
ight
to E
qual
ity.
• R
ight
to F
reed
om.
• R
ight
aga
inst
Exp
loita
tion.
• R
ight
to fr
eedo
m o
f Rel
igio
n.•
Cul
tura
l and
Edu
catio
nal R
ight
s.
• C
itize
ns n
eed
right
s to
exp
ress
thei
r o
pini
on,fo
rm p
oliti
cal p
artie
s.•
Rig
hts
prot
ect m
inor
ities
.•
Rig
hts
are
guar
ante
es w
hich
can
be
use
d w
hen
thin
gs g
o w
rong
.
• P
opul
atio
n w
as e
thni
c A
lban
ian
Mus
lims,
but
Ser
bs in
maj
ority
.•
Milo
sevi
c, s
erb
natio
nalis
t wan
ted
ser
bs to
dom
inat
e.•
Alb
ania
ns w
ere
mer
cile
ssly
kill
ed.
• A
bout
600
peo
ple
wer
e se
cret
ly p
icke
d u
p by
US
forc
es &
put
in p
rison
.•
Pris
oner
s w
ere
tort
ured
and
not
allo
wed
to m
eet a
nyon
e or
app
roac
h c
ourt
s.
• C
ount
ry is
rul
ed b
y a
here
dita
ry k
ing.
• The
kin
g se
lect
s th
e le
gist
atur
e an
d
the
exec
utiv
e.•
Citi
zens
can
not f
orm
pol
itica
l par
ties
an
d po
litic
al o
rgan
izat
ions
.•
No
free
dom
of r
elig
ion,
eve
ry c
itize
n i
s re
quire
d to
be
Mus
lim.
• Wom
en a
re s
ubje
cted
to m
any
publ
ic r
estr
ictio
ns.
• R
ight
to C
onst
itutio
nal R
emed
ies,
whi
ch is
itse
lf a
Fun
dam
enta
l Rig
ht.
It m
akes
oth
er r
ight
s ef
fect
ive.
• P
ublic
Inte
rest
Liti
gatio
n (P
IL)
if a
ny r
ight
is v
iola
ted
whi
ch is
aga
inst
soc
ial o
r pu
blic
inte
rest
.
Prison
in G
uant
anam
o B
ay
Citi
zen ’
s R
ight
s in
Sau
di A
rabi
a
Ethn
ic massacre in Kosovo
Life
With
out R
ight
s
Expanding S
cope
of R
ight
s
Fund
amen
tal R
ight
sRig
hts
in th
e
Indian
Con
stitu
tion
How can we secu
re th
ese
right
s?
What a
re ri
ghts
?
Why
do
we
need
righ
ts in
a D
emoc
racy
?Rig
hts
in a
Dem
ocra
cy
• R
easo
nabl
e cl
aim
s of
per
sons
rec
ogni
sed
by s
ocie
ty a
nd
san
ctio
ned
by la
w.
12 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-1
2
The
Sto
ry o
fV
illag
ePa
lam
pur
• P
alam
pur
is w
ell-c
onne
cted
with
nei
ghbo
urin
g vi
llage
s &
tow
ns.
• Tra
nspo
rts
like
bullo
ck c
arts
, ton
gas,
b
ogey
s, je
eps,
etc
. are
ava
ilabl
e.•
Ele
ctric
pow
ered
tube
wel
ls a
re a
vaila
ble.
• S
tory
of a
n im
agin
ary
villa
ge.
• Wat
er, f
ores
ts, m
iner
als.
• P
eopl
e lik
e ed
ucat
ed w
orke
r, m
anua
l wor
kers
.
• Too
ls, m
achi
nes,
bui
ldin
gs
• R
aw m
ater
ials
and
mon
ey in
han
d.
• H
uman
kno
wle
dge.
• Fa
rmin
g is
mai
n pr
oduc
tion
activ
ity.
• N
o ex
pans
ion
in c
ultiv
able
land
.•
Som
e w
aste
land
s co
nver
ted
to
culti
vabl
e la
nds.
• In
rai
ny s
easo
n (K
harif
) j
owar
& b
ajra
is g
row
n.•
Pot
ato
betw
een
Oct
ober
& D
ecem
ber.
• In
win
ter
(rab
i) w
heat
is s
own.
• C
aref
ul u
tilis
atio
n of
land
.•
Mod
ern
met
hods
hav
e o
veru
sed
natu
ral
res
ourc
e ba
se.
• Lo
ss o
f soi
l fer
tility
due
to i
ncre
ased
use
of c
hem
ical
fer
tiliz
ers.
• P
eopl
e ha
ve in
suffi
cien
t lan
d f
or c
ullti
vatio
n.•
Abo
ut 1
/3rd
peo
ple
are
land
less
.•
Cul
tivat
ion
from
sm
all p
lots
doe
sn’t
brin
g ad
equa
te in
com
e.•
Sm
all f
arm
ers
alon
g w
ith th
eir
fam
ilies
cul
tivat
e th
eir
land
s.•
Med
ium
& la
rge
farm
ers
hire
farm
labo
urer
s.
• M
ost s
mal
l far
mer
s bo
rrow
mon
ey.
• M
ediu
m &
larg
e fa
rmer
s ha
ve th
eir
ow
n sa
ving
s.
Introduction
Labo
ur
Organisatio
n of
Production
Fixe
d ca
pita
l
Wor
king
cap
ital
Phys
ical
Cap
ital
Land
Human Capita
l
Land
is fi
xed
mor
e fro
m th
e sa
me
land
?Is
ther
e a
way
one
can
gro
w
Will
the
land
sus
tain
?
How is
land
dist
ribut
ed b
etwee
n
the
farm
ers o
f Pala
mpur
The capital needed in farming
Who will provide the labour?
Sale o
f Sur
plus
Far
m P
rodu
cts
Farmin
g in
Pal
ampu
r
Dai
ry th
e ot
her c
om
mon activ
ity
Transport : a fast developing sector
man
ufac
turin
g in
Pal
ampu
rAn
exa
mpl
e of
sm
all s
cale
The shopkeepers
of
Palampur
Non
-Far
m A
ctiv
ities
in P
alam
pur
• R
iksh
a, to
nga,
jeep
, t
ract
or, e
tc.
• Ite
ms
sold
are
ric
e w
heat
, sug
ar, t
ea, e
tc.
Jagg
ery
man
ufac
turin
g.
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 13
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-1
3
Peop
le a
sR
esou
rce
• P
rimar
y (a
gric
ultu
re,
for
estr
y fis
hing
, etc
)•
Sec
onda
ry (
man
ufac
turin
g).
• Ter
tiary
(tr
ade,
tran
spor
t, b
anki
ng, e
tc)
• P
opul
atio
n is
an
asse
t, ra
ther
tha
n lia
bilit
y.•
Abi
lity
to c
ontr
ibut
e in
cre
atio
n of
Gro
ss N
atio
nal P
rodu
ct.
• H
uman
res
ourc
e is
dev
elop
ed in
to H
uman
Cap
ital F
orm
atio
n.
• U
nem
ploy
men
t exi
sts
whe
n pe
ople
who
are
will
ing
to w
ork
at th
e go
ing
wag
es c
anno
t fin
d jo
bs.
• M
arke
t act
iviti
es (
perfo
rmed
for
pay
or
prof
it).
• N
on-M
arke
t act
iviti
es (
prod
uctio
n fo
r se
lf- c
onsu
mpt
ion)
.
• C
ontr
ibut
es to
war
ds th
e g
row
th o
f soc
iety
.•
Enh
ance
s na
tiona
l inc
ome,
cul
tura
l ric
hnes
s an
d in
crea
ses
the
effi
cien
cy o
f gov
erna
nce.
• H
elps
a p
erso
n to
rea
lise
his
pot
entia
l & th
e ab
ility
to fi
ght
illn
ess.
• U
nhea
lthy
pers
on is
a li
abili
ty f
or o
rgan
isat
ion.
• E
duca
ted
Une
mpl
oym
ent
(ed
ucat
ed y
outh
s ar
e no
t a
ble
to fi
nd jo
bs).
• S
easo
nal U
nem
ploy
men
t (
peop
le a
re jo
bles
s du
ring
som
e m
onth
s of
the
year
).•
Dis
guis
ed U
nem
ploy
men
t (
peop
le a
ppea
r to
be
em
ploy
ed).
Three Sec
tors
Two
Part
s
Men
and
Wom
enE
cono
mic
Act
iviti
es b
y
Edu
catio
n
populationQuality of
Hea
lth
Introduction
Une
mpl
oym
ent
Mea
ning
Urban
Type
sRural
14 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-1
4
Pove
rty
as a
Chal
leng
e
• P
oor
have
to li
ve o
nly
in a
poo
r s
urro
undi
ng w
ith o
ther
poo
r pe
ople
.•
Exc
lude
d fr
om e
njoy
ing
soci
al e
qual
ity.
• It
is h
unge
r an
d la
ck o
f she
lter.
• La
ck o
f cle
an w
ater
and
san
itatio
n fa
cilit
ies.
• La
ck o
f a r
egul
ar jo
b at
a m
inim
um d
ecen
t lev
el.
• P
oor
peop
le a
re il
l-tre
ated
at f
arm
s, f
acto
ries,
hos
pita
ls, e
tc.
• G
reat
er p
roba
bilit
y of
cer
tain
com
mun
ities
of b
ecom
ing
or r
emai
ning
poo
r in
com
ing
year
s. (
Mem
bers
of b
ackw
ard
cast
e,
wid
ow, e
tc.)
• M
etho
d to
mea
sure
pov
erty
bas
ed o
n in
com
e or
con
sum
ptio
n le
vels
.•
Inco
me
or c
onsu
mpt
ion
leve
l fal
ls b
elow
giv
en ‘‘
min
imum
leve
l’’ n
eces
sary
to fu
lfill
basi
c ne
eds.
• La
test
est
imat
es in
dica
te a
sig
nific
ant r
educ
tion
in th
e n
umbe
r of p
oor i
n In
dia.
• S
ched
uled
cas
te, s
ched
uled
trib
e, u
rban
cas
ual l
abou
r, ru
ral
agr
icul
tura
l lab
our
hous
ehol
ds.
• P
ropo
rtio
n of
poo
r is
diff
eren
t in
ever
y st
ate.
• B
ihar
& O
rissa
are
two
poor
est s
tate
s.•
Dec
line
in p
over
ty in
Ker
ala,
Mah
aras
htra
, A
ndhr
a P
rade
sh, G
ujar
at, e
tc.
• S
ubst
antia
l red
uctio
n i
n gl
obal
pov
erty
• Lo
w le
vel o
f eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent u
nder
Brit
ish
adm
inis
trat
ion.
• H
igh
grow
th r
ate
of p
opul
atio
n.
• P
over
ty r
educ
tion.
• P
rovi
ding
hea
lth c
are
edu
catio
n &
job
secu
rity
for
all,
etc.
• P
rom
otio
n of
eco
nom
ic g
row
th.
• A
nti-p
over
ty p
rogr
amm
es li
ke P
rime
Min
iste
r R
ozga
r Y
ozan
a (P
MR
Y),
Ant
yoda
ya A
nna
Yoza
na (
AAY
), e
tc.
Social E
xclu
sion
Vuln
erab
ility
Pove
rty
as s
een
by
soci
al s
cien
tists
Introduction
Challenges ahead
Anti-
Pove
rty M
ea
sures
Cau
ses
of P
over
ty
Inte
r-Sta
te D
ispa
ritie
s
Glo
bal P
over
ty S
cena
rio
Vuln
erable Groups
Poverty Estimates
Pove
rty
Line
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 15
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-1
5
Food
Sec
urity
in I
ndia
• To
ensu
re fo
od a
t all
times
.• T
o as
sist
poo
rest
sec
tion
& s
omet
imes
peo
ple
abo
ve p
over
ty li
ne a
t the
tim
e of
nat
iona
l dis
aste
r o
r ca
lam
ities
.
• La
ndle
ss p
eopl
e w
ith li
ttle
or n
o la
nd to
dep
end
upon
, tra
ditio
nal a
rtis
ans,
pro
vide
rs o
f tra
ditio
nal s
ervi
ces,
etc
.•
In u
rban
are
as, p
eopl
e w
ho a
re e
mpl
oyed
in i
ll-pa
id o
ccup
atio
ns &
cas
ual l
abou
r m
arke
t.
• In
dia
is a
imin
g at
sel
f-su
ffici
ency
in f
oodg
rain
s si
nce
Inde
pend
ence
.•
Gre
en R
evol
utio
n in
pro
duct
ion
of w
heat
& r
ice.
• C
ount
ry h
as a
void
ed fa
min
e.• T
wo
co
mp
on
ents
: B
uffe
r st
ock
and
P
ublic
Dis
trib
utio
n S
yste
ms.
• S
tock
of f
oodg
rain
s, n
amel
y w
heat
& r
ice
proc
ured
by
the
govt
. thr
ough
Foo
d C
orpo
ratio
n of
Indi
a (F
CI)
.•
Min
imum
Sup
port
Pric
e, a
pre
anno
unce
d pr
ice
paid
to fa
rmer
s.•
Dis
trib
utio
n of
food
grai
ns a
t a lo
wer
pric
e th
an th
e m
arke
t pric
e, k
now
n as
Issu
e P
rice.
• Fo
od d
istr
ibut
ion
by F
CI t
hrou
gh g
over
men
t reg
ulat
ed r
atio
n sh
ops.
• R
atio
n sh
ops
also
kno
wn
as F
air
Pric
e S
hops
.• T
hree
kin
ds o
f rat
ion
card
s: (
a) A
ntyo
daya
car
ds fo
r th
e po
ores
t (
b) B
PL
card
s fo
r th
ose
belo
w p
over
ty
li
ne.
(c)
AP
L ca
rds
for
all o
ther
s.
• U
nive
rsal
.•
Rev
ampe
d P
ublic
Dis
trib
utio
n S
yste
m
(RP
DS
) fo
r ba
ckw
ard
bloc
ks.
• Tar
gete
d P
ublic
Dis
trib
utio
n S
yste
m
(T
PD
S)
for
poor
, non
-poo
r, B
PL,
AP
L.•
Ant
yody
a A
nna
Yoja
na (
AAY
) f
or p
oore
st o
f the
poo
r.•
Ann
apur
na S
chem
e (A
PS
) f
or in
dige
nt s
enio
r ci
tizen
s.•
Nat
iona
l Foo
d S
ecur
ity A
ct (
NF
SA
) f
or p
riorit
y ho
useh
olds
.
• A
vaila
bilit
y of
food
(fo
od p
rodu
ctio
n w
ithin
the
coun
try)
• A
cces
sibi
lity
(food
is w
ithin
rea
ch o
f eve
ry p
erso
n).
• A
fford
abili
ty (
Indi
vidu
al h
as e
noug
h m
oney
to b
uy s
uffic
ient
, saf
e &
nut
ritio
us fo
od).
• A
roun
d 94
% fa
ir pr
ice
shop
s in
Tam
il N
adu
are
by c
oope
rativ
es.
• In
Del
hi, M
othe
r D
airy
pro
vide
s m
ilk &
veg
etab
les
to c
onsu
mer
s a
t con
trol
led
rate
s.•
In G
ujar
at ,
Am
ul is
coo
pera
tive
in m
ilk &
milk
pro
duct
s.•
In M
ahar
asht
ra, A
cade
my
of D
evel
opm
ent S
cien
ce(A
DS
) f
acili
tate
d a
netw
ork
of N
GO
s fo
r se
tting
up
grai
n ba
nks.
What is Food Security?
It m
eans Food
Secur
ity in
Indi
a
What is Buffer Stock?
Why fo
od se
curit
y?
Wha
t is
the
publi
c
Who
are
food
-inse
cure
?
Rol
e of
Coo
peratives
in fo
od se
curity
Cur
rent
Sta
tus
of P
ublic
Dis
trib
utio
n S
yste
m
Dis
tribu
tion
Syste
m?
16 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-1
6
Indi
a - S
ize
and
Loc
atio
n
Nor
ther
n H
emis
pher
e•
Lat
itu
des
: 8°4
'N a
nd 3
7°6'
N•
Lo
ng
itu
des
: 68°
7'E
and
97°
25'E
Land
mas
s of
Indi
a ha
s•
Are
a: 3
.28
mill
ion
squa
re k
m.
• La
nd b
ound
ary:
15,
200
km.
• Le
ngth
of c
oast
line
: 7,5
16.6
km
.•
Sta
ndar
d M
erid
ian:
82°
30'E
• C
entr
al lo
catio
n be
twee
n th
e E
ast &
the
Wes
t Asi
a.• T
rans
Indi
an O
cean
rou
tes
con
nect
Wes
t Eur
opea
n co
untr
ies
& E
ast A
sian
cou
ntrie
s.• V
ario
us p
asse
s ac
ross
nor
ther
n m
ount
ains
pro
vide
d pa
ssag
es to
anc
ient
trav
elle
rs.
• R
oute
s ha
ve c
ontr
ibut
ed in
the
exc
hang
e of
idea
s an
d co
mm
oditi
es.
• P
akis
tan
and
Afg
hani
stan
in th
e no
rth
wes
t.•
Chi
na (
Tib
et),
Nep
al &
Bhu
tan
in th
e no
rth.
• M
yanm
ar a
nd B
angl
ades
h in
the
east
.•
Sou
ther
n ne
ighb
ours
are
two
isla
nd c
ount
ries:
Sri
Lank
a an
d M
aldi
ves
• S
ri La
nka
is s
epar
ated
by
the
Pal
k S
trai
t &
the
Gul
f of M
anna
r.
Loca
tion
Size
Indi
a &
the
Wor
ldIn
dia'
s N
eigh
bour
s
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 17
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-1
7
Phy
sica
l Fea
ture
sof
Ind
ia
• Tw
o pl
ates
mov
e h
oriz
onta
lly p
ast e
ach
othe
r.
• N
orth
ern
mos
t ran
ge is
kno
wn
as H
imad
ri or
the
Inn
er H
imal
ayas
.•
Ran
ge s
outh
of t
he H
imad
ri i
s kn
own
as H
imac
hal o
r th
e L
esse
r H
imal
ayas
.•
Out
erm
ost r
ange
is c
alle
d t
he S
hiw
alik
s.
• T
he In
dus,
the
Gan
ga
& th
e B
rahm
aput
ra.
• W
este
rn g
hats
• E
aste
rn g
hats
• Tw
o pl
ates
mov
e t
owar
ds e
ach
othe
r.
• Tw
o pl
ates
mov
e aw
ay f
rom
eac
h ot
her.
• K
ashm
ir &
Him
acha
l H
imal
aya
from
wes
t to
east
.•
Kum
aon
Him
alay
as ly
ing
bet
wee
n S
atlu
j & K
ali r
iver
s.•
Nep
al H
imal
ayas
lyin
g b
etw
een
Kal
i & T
ista
riv
ers.
• A
ssam
Him
alay
as b
etw
een
Tis
ta &
Dih
ang
river
s.•
Pur
vach
al H
imal
ayas
.
• T
he P
unja
b P
lain
, the
Gan
ga P
lain
& th
e B
rahm
aput
ra P
lain
.
• M
alw
a pl
atea
u.•
Cho
tana
gpur
pla
teau
.
• Li
es to
war
ds th
e w
este
rn m
argi
ns o
f the
Ara
vali
Hill
s.•
Und
ulat
ing
sand
y pl
ain
cov
ered
with
san
d du
nes.
• A
rid c
limat
e w
ith lo
w v
eget
atio
n co
ver.
• K
onka
n C
oast
• K
anna
d P
lain
• M
alab
ar C
oast
• N
orth
ern
Circ
ar•
Cor
oman
del
Coa
st
• B
ig in
siz
e, n
umer
ous
& s
catte
red.
• A
n el
evat
ed p
ortio
n of
sub
mar
ine
mou
ntai
ns.
• Li
es c
lose
to th
e M
alab
ar c
oast
of K
eral
a.•
Sm
all c
oral
isla
nds.
• K
avar
atti
isla
nd is
the
adm
inis
trat
ive
head
quar
ters
.
Convergent B
ound
ary
Tran
sfor
m B
ound
ary
Div
erge
nt B
ound
ary
Classification of Plate Movements
Longitudin
al D
ivis
ions
Regiona
l Div
isio
nsThe H
im
alaya
n M
ount
ains
Form
ed b
y
thre
e riv
ers
Three
Sectio
ns
The
Nor
ther
n Plain
Dec
can
Pla
teau
Central H
ighl
an
ds
The Peninsular
Plateau The Indian Desert
Major Physiographic
Divisions
Eastern Coast
Wes
tern
Coa
st
The Islands
The Coastal P
lains
Laks
hadweep
And
aman
& N
ico
bar
18 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-1
8
Dra
inag
e • E
g. -
Sam
bhar
lake
.•
Eg.
- W
ular
lake
, D
al la
ke, B
him
tal,
etc.
• E
g. -
Gur
u G
obin
d S
agar
• B
asic
nat
ural
res
ourc
e•
Attr
acte
d se
ttler
s fr
om a
ncie
nt ti
mes
.•
Use
d fo
r irr
igat
ion,
nav
igat
ion,
etc
.
• Fe
d by
Gan
gotr
i G
laci
er.
• R
ises
in T
ibet
eas
t of L
ake
Man
saro
war
.
• R
ises
in th
e A
mar
kant
ak h
ills
in M
P.
• R
ises
in th
e S
atpu
ra r
ange
s in
MP.
• R
ises
in th
e h
ighl
ands
of
Chh
attis
garh
.
• R
ises
from
the
slo
pes
of W
este
rns
Gha
ts.
• R
ises
in T
ibet
, nea
r La
ke M
ansa
row
ar. •
Ris
es fr
om a
spr
ing
nea
r M
ahab
ales
hwar
.•
Ris
es in
the
Bra
hmag
ri r
ange
of W
este
rn G
hats
.
• E
g. -
Chi
lika
lake
, P
ulic
at la
ke,
Kol
leru
lake
.
• D
ue to
gro
win
g d
omes
tic, m
unic
ipal
, i
ndus
tria
l, ag
ricul
tura
l d
eman
d.
Riv
er P
ollut
ion
Role
of R
iver
s in
the
Eco
nom
y
Ox-
bow
Lak
esAr
tific
ial L
akes
Fresh Water Lakes
Salt W
ater Lake
Lakes
The Indus River System
The Himalayan R
ivers
The Narmada Basin
The
God
avar
i Bas
in
The Tapi B
asin
The
Mah
anad
i Basin
The Krishna Basin
The Kaveri Basin
The P
enin
sula
r R
iver
s
Dra
inag
e S
yste
ms
in In
dia
The Brahm
aput
ra
Rive
r Sys
tem
The
Gan
ga R
iver
Sys
tem
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 19
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-1
9
Clim
ate
• S
ix m
ajor
con
trol
s: la
titud
e, a
ltitu
de,
pre
ssur
e an
d w
ind
syst
em, d
ista
nce
fro
m th
e se
a (c
ontin
enta
lity)
, o
cean
cur
rent
s a
nd r
elie
f fea
ture
s.
• G
ives
Indi
a's
clim
ate
cha
ract
eris
tics
of tr
opic
al a
nd s
ubtr
opic
al c
limat
es.
• H
imal
ayas
pre
vent
the
cold
win
ds fr
om C
entr
al A
sia
from
ent
erin
g th
e su
b co
ntin
ent,
due
to w
hich
sub
cont
inen
t h
as m
ild w
inte
rs.
• D
iffer
entia
l hea
ting
and
cool
ing
of la
nd a
nd w
ater
.•
Shi
ft of
the
posi
tion
of In
ter T
ropi
cal C
onve
rgen
ce Z
one
(IT
CZ
).•
Pre
senc
e of
the
high
-pre
ssur
e ar
ea, e
ast o
f Mad
agas
car.
• T
ibet
an p
late
au g
ets
inte
nsel
y he
ated
dur
ing
sum
mer
.•
Mov
emen
t of w
este
rly je
t str
eam
and
trop
ical
eas
terly
je
t str
eam
.
• P
ress
ure
and
surf
ace
win
ds.
• U
pper
air
circ
ulat
ion.
• W
este
rn c
yclo
nic
dist
urba
nces
and
trop
ical
cyc
lone
s.
• C
limat
e re
fers
to th
e su
m to
tal o
f wea
ther
con
ditio
ns a
nd v
aria
tions
ove
r a
larg
e ar
ea f
or a
long
per
iod
of ti
me.
• W
eath
er r
efer
s to
the
stat
e of
the
atm
osph
ere
o
ver
an a
rea
at a
ny p
oint
of t
ime.
• M
onso
on w
inds
are
not
ste
ady,
but
pul
satin
g i
n na
ture
.•
With
its
arriv
al, t
he n
orm
al r
ainf
all i
ncre
ases
and
con
tinue
s fo
r se
vera
l day
s, w
hich
is k
now
n as
bur
st.
• W
ithdr
awal
is a
gra
dual
pro
cess
, whi
ch b
egin
s
in n
orth
wes
tern
sta
tes
of In
dia.
• T
he c
old
wea
ther
sea
son
(Win
ter)
.•
The
hot
wea
ther
sea
son
(Sum
mer
).•
Adv
anci
ng m
onso
on (
The
Rai
ny S
easo
n)•
Ret
reat
ing/
pos
t mon
soon
s (
The
Tra
nsiti
on S
easo
n).
• 40
0 cm
rai
nfal
l in
part
s of
wes
tern
coa
st a
nd n
orth
eas
tern
Indi
a; 6
0 cm
i
n w
este
rn R
ajas
than
, par
ts o
f Guj
arat
, H
arya
na &
Pun
jab.
• Lo
w r
ainf
all i
n in
terio
r of
Dec
can
Pla
teau
a
nd e
ast o
f Sah
yadr
i.•
Sno
wfa
ll in
Him
alay
an r
egio
n.• M
onso
on w
inds
bin
d th
e w
hole
cou
ntry
by
prov
idin
g w
ater
to s
et th
e ag
ricul
tura
l a
ctiv
ities
.•
Riv
er v
alle
ys w
hich
car
ry th
is w
ater
als
o u
nite
as
a si
ngle
riv
er v
alle
y un
it.
Climat
ic C
ontr
ols
Introduction
Latit
ude
Pressure and
Win
ds
Alti
tude
Fact
ors
Affe
ctin
g
Indi
a's
Clim
ate
Affe
cted
by
The Indian Monsoon
The Onset of The Monsoon
and Withdrawal
The
Sea
sons
Dis
trib
utio
n of
Rai
nfall
M
onsoon as a
Unifyin
g Bond
20 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-2
0
Nat
ural
Veg
etat
ion
and
Wild
Lif
e
• W
et te
mpe
rate
fore
sts
• Tem
pera
te fo
rest
s•
Alp
ine
vege
tatio
n• T
undr
a ve
geta
tion
• Tr
ees
are
scat
tere
d &
hav
e lo
ng r
oots
.•
Com
mon
pla
nts:
Pal
ms,
Cac
ti, e
tc.
• C
omm
on a
nim
als:
Fox
, Wol
f, et
c.
• D
ense
man
grov
es w
ith r
oots
of t
he p
lant
s su
bmer
ged
in w
ater
.•
Com
mon
tree
s: K
eora
, Aga
r, et
c.•
Com
mon
ani
mal
s: T
urtle
s, S
nake
s, e
tc.
• 14
bio
sphe
re r
eser
ves
have
bee
n se
t up.
• P
rovi
ded
finan
cial
and
tech
nica
l a
ssis
tanc
e to
man
y B
otan
ical
Gar
dens
.•
Man
y an
imal
pro
tect
ion
proj
ects
sta
rted
.
• La
rge
num
ber
of a
nim
als,
bi
rds
& fi
sh s
peci
es.
• S
hare
s 5
to 8
per
cent
of
th
e w
orld
's a
mph
ibia
ns,
re
ptile
s &
mam
mal
s.
• A
ffect
s th
e na
tura
l veg
etat
ion
dire
ctly
& in
dire
ctly
.
• D
iffer
ent t
ypes
of s
oil a
nd d
iffer
ent t
ypes
of v
eget
atio
n.
• Te
mpe
ratu
re. •
Pho
tope
riod
(Sun
light
)•
Pre
cipi
tatio
n
• P
lant
s &
ani
mal
s in
an
area
whi
ch a
re i
nter
depe
nden
t & in
terr
elat
ed.
• B
iom
e is
a v
ery
larg
e ec
osys
tem
hav
ing
dis
tinct
type
s of
veg
etat
ion
and
anim
al li
fe.
• N
o de
finite
tim
e fo
r tr
ees
to s
hed
thei
r le
aves
.•
Com
mon
tree
s: E
bony
, Mah
ogan
y, e
tc.
• C
omm
on a
nim
als:
Lem
ur, D
eer,
etc.
• Tr
ees
shed
thei
r le
aves
for
6 to
8 w
eeks
in
dry
sum
mer
.•
Com
mon
tree
s: S
al, P
eepa
l, et
c.•
Com
mon
ani
mal
s: L
izar
ds, S
nake
s, e
tc.
Man
grov
e Fo
rest
s
Tropical E
verg
reen
For
ests
Montane Fo
rest
s
Trop
ical
Dec
iduo
us
For
ests
The T
horn
For
est
san
d S
crub
s
Types of Vegetation
Clim
ate
Eco
syst
em
Wild
Life
Indi
a is
rich in its fauna
Ste
ps ta
ken
by g
over
nmen
t
to p
rote
ct fl
ora
& fa
una
Intro
ducti
on
• N
atur
al v
eget
atio
n is
a p
lant
com
mun
ity g
row
n na
tura
lly w
ithou
t hum
an a
id.
Land So
il
Relief
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 21
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e C
hapt
er-2
1
Popu
latio
n
• R
efer
s to
the
chan
ge in
the
num
ber
of in
habi
tant
s o
f a c
ount
ry/te
rrito
ry d
urin
g a
spe
cific
per
iod
of ti
me.
• Chi
ldre
n (b
elow
15
year
s).
• Wor
king
Age
(15-
59 y
ears
).• A
ged
(Abo
ve 5
9 ye
ars)
.
• B
irth
rate
.•
Dea
th r
ate.
• M
igra
tion
(Int
erna
l or
Inte
rnat
iona
l).
• In
dia'
s po
pula
tion
on M
arch
200
1 w
as 1
,028
mill
ion
• U
ttar
Pra
desh
is th
e m
ost p
opul
ous
stat
e.•
Laks
hadw
eep
is le
ast p
opul
ous.
• C
alcu
late
d as
the
num
ber
of p
erso
ns p
er u
nit a
rea.
• R
ugge
d te
rrai
n &
unf
avou
rabl
e cl
imat
ic c
ondi
tions
are
res
pons
ible
fo
r sp
arse
pop
ulat
ion
in a
reas
like
Aru
nach
al P
rade
sh.
• N
orth
ern
Pla
ins
and
Ker
ala
in S
outh
hav
e ve
ry h
igh
popu
latio
n de
nsiti
es b
ecau
se o
f fla
t pla
ins
with
fert
ile s
oil &
abu
ndan
t rai
nfal
l.
• N
umbe
r of
fem
ales
per
100
0 m
ales
in th
e po
pula
tion.
• O
nly
info
rmed
and
edu
cate
d c
itize
ns c
an m
ake
inte
llige
nt c
hoic
es a
nd u
nder
take
res
earc
h a
nd d
evel
opm
ent p
roje
cts.
• Dis
trib
utio
n of
pop
ulat
ion
acc
ordi
ng to
diff
eren
t typ
es o
f occ
upat
ion
is re
ferr
ed to
as
occu
patio
nal s
truc
ture
.• O
ccup
atio
ns a
re c
lass
ified
as:
Prim
ary,
Sec
onda
ry
and
Ter
tiary
.
• A
ffect
s th
e pr
oces
s o
f dev
elop
men
t.•
Dea
th r
ates
hav
e d
eclin
ed d
ue to
im
prov
emen
t in
publ
ic h
ealth
, pre
vent
ion
of i
nfec
tious
dis
ease
s an
d a
pplic
atio
n of
mod
ern
med
ical
pra
ctic
es in
tre
atm
ents
.
• A
ge g
roup
of 1
0 to
19
year
s•
Con
stitu
tes
one-
fifth
of t
he to
tal p
opul
atio
n.•
Hig
h nu
triti
on
req
uire
men
ts.
• N
PP
200
0 pr
ovid
es p
olic
y fr
amew
ork
for
impa
rtin
g fr
ee a
nd c
ompu
lsor
y s
choo
l edu
catio
n, r
educ
ing
infa
nt m
orta
lity
rate
, uni
vers
al im
mun
isat
ion
of c
hild
ren,
pro
mot
ing
dela
yed
mar
riage
for
girls
.
• P
olic
y em
phas
izes
on
prot
ectio
n fr
om u
nwan
ted
preg
nanc
ies
and
sexu
ally
tra
nsm
itted
dis
ease
s (S
TD
).
India's Populatio
n Size
and
Dis
tribu
tion
by N
umbe
rs
Indi
a's
Pop
ulat
ion
Dis
trib
utio
n by
Den
sity
Population
Size
and
Dis
trib
utio
n
Processes of Populatio
n
Growth/Change
Age C
ompo
sitio
n
Occ
upat
iona
l Str
uctu
reAdolescent population
Nat
iona
l Pop
ulation Policy
NP
P 2
000
and
Ado
lesc
ents
Sex
Rat
io
Pop
ulat
ion
Gro
wth
and
Pro
cess
es
of P
opul
atio
n C
hang
e
Popu
latio
n
Growth
HealthLite
racy
rat
es