barron lectura 1

8/11/2019 Barron Lectura 1

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Digital Image ProcessingIntroduction, Advantages, and Applications

By:

Syed Muhammad Munavvar HussainB.Sc. Electrical Engineering

University College of Engineering and TechnologyBahauddin Zakariya University, ultan

2004-EE-17

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Table of Contents

Chapter No.

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Introduction to Digital Image Processing 3

Chapter No. "

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Origins of Digital Image Processing

Chapter No. #

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!"e Basics of Digital Image Processing #ystems 12

Chapter No. $

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$%%lications of Digital Image Processing 1

Chapter No. %

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&itations 27

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&"a%ter o,

!ne picture is "orth #ore than ten thousand "ords.

Anony#ous

Introduction of Digital ImageProcessing

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'hat is the Digital Image Processing(

It .ill /e /etter to start /y dictionary definitions of t"e .ords:

Digital) o%erating /y t"e use of discrete signals to re%resent data in t"eform of num/ers, 2

Image)an image from atin imago or %icture is an artifact5 usually t.o-

dimensional5 t"at "as a similar a%%earance to some su/6ect--usually a

%"ysical o/6ect or a %erson, 1

Processing) to %erform o%erations on data according to %rogrammed

instructions,[2]

!"us t".e definition of t"e digital image %rocessing may /e gien as:

$%igital i#age processing is the use of co#puter algorith#sto perfor# i#age

processingon digital i#ages.&

Digital image %rocessing is electronic data %rocessing on a 2-D array of num/ers,

!"e array is a numeric re%resentation of an i#age, +

It is a su/field of digital signal %rocessing5 and digital image %rocessing "as many

adantages oer analog image %rocessing8 it allo.s a muc" .ider range of

algorit"ms to /e a%%lied to t"e in%ut data5 and can aoid %ro/lems suc" as t"e

/uild-u% of noise and signal distortion during %rocessing, 3

Image %rocessing o%erations can /e roug"ly diided into t"ree ma6or categories:

1, Image &om%ression

2, Image En"ancement and 9estoration

3, easurement E;traction

Image com%ression is familiar to most %eo%le, It inoles reducing t"e amount of

memory needed to store a digital image, 4

5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing


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Interest in digital image %rocessing stems from t.o %rinci%al a%%lications areas:

1. Im%roement of %ictorial information for "uman inter%retation

2. Processing of image data for storage5 transmission5 and re%resentation for

autonomous mac"ine %erce%tion )

$n image nay /e defined as a t.o-dimensional function5 f;5 y5 ."ere ; and y are

s%atial %lane coordinates5 and t"e am%litude of f at any %air of coordinates ;5 y

is called t"e intensity or gray leel of t"e image at t"at %oint,


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!"ere is no general agreement among aut"ors regarding ."ere image %rocessing

sto%s and ot"er related areas5 suc" as image analysis and com%uter ision5 start,

#ometimes a distinction is made /y defining image %rocessing as a disci%line in

."ic" /ot" t"e in%ut and out%ut of a %rocess are images, !"is is /elieed to /e a

limiting and some."at artificial /oundary, 'or e;am%le5 under t"is definition5

een t"e triial tas@ of com%uting t"e aerage intensity of an image ."ic" yields

a single num/er .ould not /e considered an image %rocessing o%eration, On t"e

ot"er "and5 t"ere are fields suc" as com%uter ision5 including learning and /eing

a/le to ma@e inferences and ta@e actions /ased on isual in%uts, !"is area itself is

a /ranc" of artificial intelligence $I ."ose o/6ectie is to emulate "uman

intelligence, !"e field of $I is in its earliest stages of infancy in terms of

deelo%ment5 .it" %rogress "aing /een muc" slo.er t"an originally antici%ated,!"e area of image analysis also called image understanding is in /et.een image

%rocessing and com%uter ision, )

!"ere are no clear-cut /oundaries in t"e continuum from image %rocessing at one

end to com%uter ision at t"e ot"er, ?o.eer5 one useful %aradigm is to consider

t"ree ty%es of com%uteriAed %rocesses in t"is continuum: lo.-5 mid-5 and "ig"-

leel %rocesses, !"e logical %lace /et.een image %rocessing and image analysis is

t"e area of recognition of indiidual regions or o/6ects in an image, !"us5 ."at is

called t"e digital image %rocessing encom%asses %rocesses ."ose in%uts and

out%uts are images and5 in addition5 encom%asses %rocesses t"at e;tract

attri/utes from images5 u% to and including t"e recognition of indiidual o/6ects5

as a sim%le illustration to clarify t"ese conce%ts5 consider t"e area of automated

analysis of te;t, !"e %rocess of ac=uiring an image of t"e area containing t"e te;t5

%re%rocessing t"at image5 e;tracting segmenting t"e indiidual c"aracters5

descri/ing t"e indiidual c"aracters in a form suita/le for com%uter %rocessing5

and recogniAing t"ose indiidual c"aracters are in t"e sco%e of ."at is called

digital image %rocessing in t"is re%ort, )

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The *uture of Digital Image Processing

!"e digital Image Processing is no. finding .ide range of uses in differenrt

modern a%%lications, 'e. of t"em in ."ic" researc"er are trying deelo%ments

include:

E;%ert #ystems

Parallel Processing

eural et.or@s 7

$nd many more(

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&"a%ter o, "

Things "hich "e see are not 'y the#selves "hat "e see (..

It re#ains co#pletely unkno"n to u

"hat the o')ects #ay 'e 'y the#selves and

apart fro# the receptivity of our senses.

*e kno" nothing 'ut our #anner of perceiving the#.

Immanual ant

!"e Origins of Digital ImageProcessing

+rief history

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One of t"e first a%%lications of digital images .as in t"e ne.s%a%er industry5

."en %ictures .ere first sent /y su/marine ca/le /et.een ondon and e. Cor@,

Introduction of t"e Bart-lane ca/le %icture transmission system in t"e early

1*20s reduced t"e time re=uired to trans%ort a %icture across t"e $tlantic from

more t"an a .ee@ to less t"an t"ree "ours, #%ecialiAed %rinting e=ui%ment coded

%ictures for ca/le transmission and t"en reconstructed t"em at t"e receiing end,

!"e first digital %icture .as %roduced in 1*21 from a coded ta%e /y a telegra%"

%rinter .it" s%ecial ty%e faces,

*igure ")

$ digital %icture %roduced in 1*21 from a coded ta%e /y a telegra%" %rinter )

$fter 1*215 t"e ca%a/ility of coding images .as im%roed ra%idly, ?o.eer5 t"e

/asis for ."at .e call a modern digital signal %rocessing is due to t"e

reolutionary inention of t"e digital com%uter, 1

!"e formal esta/lis"ing of t"e De%artment of Image Processing DIP at t"e

$stronomical O/seratory of "ar@o ational niersity s"ould /e referred to

t"e middle of t"e 70-t"s ."ile its origin can /e traced u% to t"e +0-t"s ."en t"e

first attem%ts to correct t"e errors of %"otometry of %lanetary discs for t"e effects

of atmos%"eric /lurring "ad /een underta@en at t"e $O ", ust at t"at time

t"e %ro/lem of seeing t"roug" t"e tur/ulent atmos%"ere /ecame of great

im%ortance for astronomical studies5 as .ell as for some a%%lied tas@s connected

.it" t"e international safety monitoring, $s a result5 a great num/er of ne.

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met"ods to o/tain information a/out t"e fine s%atial structure of astronomical

o/6ects "ad a%%eared ."ic" stimulated deelo%ment of t"e o/sering and

%rocessing tec"ni=ue5 and5 t"at is een more im%ortant5 a noticea/le %rogress in

understanding t"e %ro/lem "as /een ac"ieed,

*igure #)

!"e first %icture of t"e oon /y a ,#, spacecraft +angerta@en in 1*+4

Inestigation of statistical %arameters of t"e atmos%"ere res%onsi/le for t"e

image degradation .as fulfilled /y t"e DIP staff in 1*74-05 ."ic" "ad "el%ed

t"em to formulate t"e general strategy to reac" t"e "ig" angular resolution in

ground-/ased o/serations *,

$%%lication of interferometeric tec"ni=ue to telesco%ic o/serations /ecame an

im%ortant ste% in oercoming t"e natural limit of resolution %osed /y t"e

atmos%"ere, ?o.eer5 all t"ese met"ods needed a rat"er %o.erful image

%rocessing tec"ni=ue, But at t"at time a digital %rocessing tec"ni=ue could not

%roide %rocessing of "ig"-informatie astronomical images in a reasona/le time,

In addition5 no digital lig"t detectors e;isted at t"at time, !"at is ."y a co"erent

o%tical %rocessor /ecame t"e most natural instrument to fulfill image %rocessing

in t"e +0-t"s5 ."en t"e first industrial lasers a%%eared,

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!"e first attem%t to a%%ly a co"erent o%tical deice for %rocessing astronomical

images .as underta@en at t"e $O " in 1*70, By 1*73 a co"erent o%tical

%rocessor .it" t"e e;cellent tec"nical %arameters "ad /een created /y t"e efforts

of t"e DIP staff5 3545 and for long /ecame t"e main instrument for soling a

.ide range of %ro/lems connected .it" image %rocessing, *

any of t"e tec"ni=ues of digital image %rocessing5 or digital %icture %rocessing

as it .as often called5 .ere deelo%ed in t"e 1*+0s at t"e et Pro%ulsion

a/oratory5I!5Bell a/s5niersity of aryland5 and a fe. ot"er %laces5 .it"

a%%lication to satellite imagery5 .ire%"oto standards conersion5 medical

imaging5 ideo%"one5 c"aracter recognition5 and %"oto en"ancement,1But t"e

cost of %rocessing .as fairly "ig" .it" t"e com%uting e=ui%ment of t"at era, In

t"e 1*70s5 digital image %rocessing %roliferated5 ."en c"ea%er com%uters and

dedicated "ard.are /ecame aaila/le, Images could t"en /e %rocessed in real

time5 for some dedicated %ro/lems suc" as teleision standards conersion, $s

general-%ur%ose com%uters /ecame faster5 t"ey started to ta@e oer t"e role of

dedicated "ard.are for all /ut t"e most s%ecialiAed and com%ute-intensie

o%erations,


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&"a%ter o, #

There-s #ore to it than #eets the eye.

F1*t" century %roer/

!"e Basics of Digital ImageProcessing #ystems

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*undamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

!"ere are seeral different ste%s inolced in t"e image %rocessing8 listed a fe.

of t"em are:

*igure $)

'undamental ste%s in digital8 image %rocessing

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*igure %)

Im%ortant ste%s inoled in digital image %rocessing

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Image ,nhancement

Image defects ."ic" could /e caused /y t"e digitiAation %rocess or /y faults in t"e

imaging set-u% for e;am%le5 /ad lig"ting can /e corrected using Image

En"ancement tec"ni=ues, 11

*igure -)

Image En"ancement and 9estoration

!"e image at t"e left of 'igure ) "as /een corru%ted /y noise during t"e

digitiAation %rocess, !"e GcleanG image at t"e rig"t of 'igure ) .as o/tained /y

a%%lying a median filter to t"e image,

*igure )

$d6usting t"e image "istogram to im%roe image contrast

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$n image .it" %oor contrast5 suc" as t"e one at t"e left of 'igure +5 can /e

im%roed /y ad6usting t"e image "istogram to %roduce t"e image s"o.n at t"e

rig"t of 'igure +,

*igure /)

&orrecting for a /ac@ground gradient

Components of an Image Processing System

$s recently as t"e mid-1*0s5 numerous models of image %rocessing systems

/eing sold t"roug"out t"e .orld .ere rat"er su/stantial %eri%"eral deices t"at

attac"ed to e=ually su/stantial "ost com%uters, ate in t"e 1*0s and early in t"e

1**0s5 t"e mar@et s"ifted to image, 1

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*igure 0)

&om%onents of a digital image %rocessing sytem

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&"a%ter o, $

or a long ti#e, I li#ited #yself to one color////

as a for#of discipline.

Pa/lo Picasso

$%%lications of Digital Image

Processing #ystems

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1pplications)

There is a 2ide range of applications of the digital image processing3

all of 2hich may not be discussed in this short report. That is 2hy 2e

shall enlist them and discuss only a fe2 in detail in this section later.

1. &om%uter ision

2. 'ace detection

3. 'eature detection

4. ane de%arture .arning system

5. on-%"otorealistic rendering

6. edical image %rocessing

7. icrosco%e image %rocessing

8. or%"ological image %rocessing

9. 9emote sensing13

Images from 4arious 1pplications

. ,ngineering

*igure 5)

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_detectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_detection_(computer_vision)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_departure_warning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-photorealistic_renderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_image_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope_image_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_image_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_detectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_detection_(computer_vision)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_departure_warning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-photorealistic_renderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_image_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope_image_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_image_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing


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Engineering a%%lication

". Medicine 6M7 Image8

*igure )

$ edical a%%lication---agnetic resonance imaging

$ magnetic resonance imaging instrument 9I scanner uses %o.erful magnets

to %olarise and e;cite "ydrogen nuclei single %roton in .ater molecules in

"uman tissue5 %roducing a detecta/le signal ."ic" is s%atially encoded resulting

in images of t"e /ody, In /rief5 9I inoles t"e use of t"ree @inds of

electromagnetic field: a ery strong of t"e order of units of teslas static magnetic

field to %olariAe t"e "ydrogen nuclei5 called t"e static field8 a .ea@er time-arying

of t"e order of 1 @?A for s%atial encoding5 called t"e gradient fields8 and a

.ea@radio-fre=uency 9' field for mani%ulation of t"e "ydrogen nuclei to

%roduce measura/le signals5 collected t"roug" an9' antenna,

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)


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*igure ")

P"otogra%"y and Digital Image Processing

*igure #)

Digital Image Processing in $stronomy

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*igure $)

'ingure Prints Detection

*igure %)

icense Plate 9eaders

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Digital camera images

Digital cameras generally include dedicated digital image %rocessing c"i%s to

conert t"e ra. data from t"e image sensor into a color-corrected image in a

standard image file format, Images from digital cameras often receie furt"er

%rocessing to im%roe t"eir =uality5 a distinct adantage digital cameras "ae

oer film cameras, !"e digital image %rocessing is ty%ically done /y s%ecial

soft.are %rograms t"at can mani%ulate t"e images in many .ays, 12

Computer vision

Computer vision is t"e science and tec"nology of mac"ines t"at see, $s a

scientific disci%line5 com%uter ision is concerned .it" t"e t"eory for /uilding

artificial systems t"at o/tain information from images, !"e image data can ta@e

many forms5 suc" as a ideo se=uence5 ie.s from multi%le cameras5 or multi-

dimensional data from a medical scanner,

$s a tec"nological disci%line5 com%uter ision see@s to a%%ly t"e t"eories and

models of com%uter ision to t"e construction of com%uter ision systems,

E;am%les of a%%lications of com%uter ision systems include systems for:

&ontrolling %rocesses e,g, an industrial ro/otor an autonomous e"icle,

Detecting eents e,g, for isual sureillance or%eo%le counting,

OrganiAing information e,g, for inde;ing data/ases of images and image

se=uences,

odeling o/6ects or enironments e,g, industrial ins%ection5 medical

image analysis or to%ogra%"ical modeling,

Interaction e,g, as t"e in%ut to a deice for com%uter-"uman interaction,

1nimal Trac9ing

In order to collect s%atial information a/out an animalGs moement /y means of

digital image %rocessing tec"ni=ues t"e information "as to /e collected

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_counterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-human_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_counterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-human_interaction


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se=uentially, !"is can /e ac"ieed /y analyAing su/se=uent image frames of a

digitiAed ideo, By means of e;tracting t"e H- and C- coordinates re%resenting

t"e %osition of a mouse for eac" indiidual image frame5 t"e %at" can /e

measured, Ideally5 time as an additional information5 s"ould /e included, If t"e

images are ca%tured and analyAed at a constant framerate or5 alternatiely5 t"e

e;act time for eac" coordinate %air is e;tracted simultaneously5 alua/le

information li@e s%eed5 sto%s5 etc, can /e calculated from t"e data, !al@ing a/out

timelines5 it "as to /e noted t"at de%ending u%on t"e framerate time resolution

t"e total %at"lengt" may ary to a great e;tend,

*igure -)

$ mouse is digitiAed to c"ec@ its moements 13

Medical imaging

edical imaging refers to t"e tec"ni=ues and %rocesses used to create imagesof

t"e "uman /ody or %arts t"ereof for clinical %ur%oses medical %rocedures

see@ing to reeal5 diagnoseor e;amine disease or medical science including t"e

study of normalanatomyand %"ysiology,

$s a disci%line and in its .idest sense5 it is %art of /iological imaging and

incor%orates radiology in t"e .ider sense5 radiological sciences5 endosco%y5

25
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_procedurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiological_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_procedurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiological_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopy


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medical t"ermogra%"y5 medical %"otogra%"y and microsco%ye,g, for "uman

%at"ological inestigations,

easurement and recording tec"ni=ues ."ic" are not %rimarily designed to

%roduce images5 suc" as electroence%"alogra%"y EE and

magnetoence%"alogra%"yE and ot"ers5 /ut ."ic" %roduce data susce%ti/le

to /e re%resented asma%si,e, containing %ositional information5 can /e seen as

forms of medical imaging, 14

,lectron microscopy

!"e electron microsco%e is a microsco%e t"at can magnify ery small details .it"

"ig" resoling %o.er due to t"e use of electrons as t"e source of illumination5

magnifying at leels u% to 250005000 times,

Electron microsco%y is em%loyed in anatomic %at"ology to identify organelles

.it"in t"e cells, Its usefulness "as /een greatly reduced /y immun"istoc"emistry

/ut it is still irre%lacea/le for t"e diagnosis of @idney disease5 identification of

immotile cilia syndrome and many ot"er tas@s

*luoroscopy

'luorosco%y %roduces real-time images of internal structures of t"e /ody in a

similar fas"ion to radiogra%"y5 /ut em%loys a constant in%ut of ; rays5 at a lo.er

dose rate, &ontrast media5 suc" as /arium5 iodine5 and air are used to isualiAe

internal organs as t"ey .or@, 'luorosco%y is also used in image-guided

%rocedures ."en constant feed/ac@ during a %rocedure is re=uired, $n image

rece%tor is re=uired to conert t"e radiation into an image after it "as %assed

t"roug" t"e area of interest, Early on t"is .as a fluorescing screen5 ."ic" gae

.ay to an Image $m%lifier I$ ."ic" .as a large acuum tu/e t"at "ad t"e

receiing end coated .it" cesium iodide5 and a mirror at t"e o%%osite end,

Eentually t"e mirror .as re%laced .it" a !> camera,

26
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoencephalographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomic_pathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunhistochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_rayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium_iodidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoencephalographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomic_pathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunhistochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_rayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium_iodide


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Nuclear medicine

Images from gamma camerasare used in nuclear medicine to detect regions of

/iological actiity t"at are often associated .it" diseases, $ s"ort lied isoto%e5

suc" as 123I is administered to t"e %atient, !"ese isoto%es are more readily

a/sor/ed /y /iologically actie regions of t"e /ody5 suc" as tumors or fracture

%oints in /ones,

Pro:ection radiography

9adiogra%"s5 more commonly @no.n as ;-rays5 are often used to determine t"e

ty%e and e;tent of a fracture as .ell as for detecting %at"ological c"anges in t"e

lungs,


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&"a%ter o, %

*hen so#ething can 'e read "ithout effort,

0reat effort has gone into its "riting.

Enri1ue 2ardiel 3oncela

&itations

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5. R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods. Digital !age "#o$essing. "ea#son

Ed%$ation.Ele&ent' ndian Re(#int) 2005.

6. "tt%:JJs"o.,doc6aa,com:0+J/oo@Ji%i6Jc")J"tmlJc")Kt,"tm

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, c'arlane

9. "tt%:JJ...,astron,@"ar@o,uaJdi%J/rief,"tm

10. "tt%:JJen,.i@i%edia,orgJ.i@iJDigitalKimageK%rocessing

11. "tt%:JJ.e/,uct,ac,AaJde%tsJ%"ysicsJlaserJ"an/uryJintroKi%,"tml

12. "tt%:JJen,.i@i%edia,orgJ.i@iJDigitalKimageK%rocessingL$%%lications

13. "tt%:JJen,.i@i%edia,orgJ.i@iJImageK%rocessingL$%%lications

14. "tt%:JJ...,%"enoty%ing,deJdigital,"tml

15. "tt%:JJen,.i@i%edia,orgJ.i@iJedicalKImageKProcessing

16. Er"ardt- 'erron, Theory and Applications of %igital I#age 3rocessing.

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http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=12&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image&usg=AFQjCNHVKRtIJmwVDpMd_aYnGzphudFwzwhttp://www.bores.com/courses/intro/basics/1_whatis.htmhttp://web.uct.ac.za/depts/physics/laser/hanbury/intro_ip.htmlhttp://show.docjava.com:8086/book/ipij/ch5/html/ch5_t.htmhttp://www.r-s-c-c.org/rscc/v3.htmlhttp://www.astron.kharkov.ua/dip/brief.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_processinghttp://web.uct.ac.za/depts/physics/laser/hanbury/intro_ip.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_processing#Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing#Applicationshttp://www.phenotyping.de/digital.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Image_Processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_image_processinghttp://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=12&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image&usg=AFQjCNHVKRtIJmwVDpMd_aYnGzphudFwzwhttp://www.bores.com/courses/intro/basics/1_whatis.htmhttp://web.uct.ac.za/depts/physics/laser/hanbury/intro_ip.htmlhttp://show.docjava.com:8086/book/ipij/ch5/html/ch5_t.htmhttp://www.r-s-c-c.org/rscc/v3.htmlhttp://www.astron.kharkov.ua/dip/brief.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_processinghttp://web.uct.ac.za/depts/physics/laser/hanbury/intro_ip.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_processing#Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing#Applicationshttp://www.phenotyping.de/digital.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Image_Processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_image_processing

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