basic civil & environmentalstructural engineering, geotechnical and foundation, engineering,...

Basic Civil & Environmental

Engineering

Semester I First Year Engineering Common to All Branches As per the new revised syllabus of SSPU. w.e.f. academic year 2012-2013

Prof.(Dr.). N. D. Chaudhari

Ph.D (Water Resources)

HOD (Civil Engineering)

Gokhale Education Society's

R. H. Sapat College of Engineering,

Management Studies and Research,

Nashik 422005

Dr. Sachin Khandekar

Ph.D. ( Hydraulics)

Head of Department of Civil

Engineering

Sinhgad Institute of Technology &

Science, Narhe, Pune.

Gigatech Publishing House

Igniting Minds

Basic Civil & Environmental Engineering

First Year Engineering Common to All Branches

As per new revised syllabus of SPPUw.e.f. academic year 2012-2013

Dr. N.D. Chaudhari, Dr. Sachin Khandekar

First Edition:2017

Published By –


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Office No. 105, First Floor, Shan Bramha Complex, Pune – 411 002.

Phone No. 952 952 0952

Copyright Gigatech Publishing House

All rights reserved. No part of this publication can be stored in any retrieval system or

reproduced in and form or by any means without prior permission of the Publisher.

LIMITS OF LIABILITY AND DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY

The Authors and Publisher of this book have tried their best to ensure that the

program, procedure and function described in the book are correct. However the

author and publisher make no warranty with regard to the program and documentation

contained in the book.

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Preface

This book 'Basic Civil & Environmental Engineering' is intended to be a

textbook for students of first year engineering of Savitribai Phule Pune University. In

most Sciences, one generation years down what another has built and what one has

established another undoes. In Basic Civil alone, each generation adds a new story to

the old structure. Keeping this in mind, this book is written to have a better introduction

of the Basic Civil. This book is presented with simple but exact explanation of subject

matter, application of each topic to real-life, engineering problems, large number of

illustrative examples followed by well graded exercises. We hope that the students will

not only learn some powerful Basic Civil concept, but also will develop their ability to

understand the concept and apply it properly to solve engineering problems. We feel

that faculty members will also enjoy reading this book which is enriched with

applications of each topic.

Acknowledgement

We express our sincere thanks to the Management Gokhale Education

Socity’s R.H.Sapat College of Engineeing. Mnagement Studies & Research, Nashik,

Hon. Prof. M. N. Navale, Founder-President STES, Hon. Dr. (Mrs.) Sunanda M.

Navale, Founder- Secretary STES, Hon. Mr Rohit Navale, Vice president (HR), STES

and Hon. Mrs. Rachana Navale – Ashtekar, Vice President (Admin), STES as they

are constant source of inspiration to us right from the first day of our teaching carreer.

We would also like to thank Principal GESRHSCOEMS,SCOE, SKNCOE, NBNSOE,

SAE, SITS, RMDSOE, SIT, SKNSITS for their co-operation and support. We would

also thank our department colleagues for their suggestions and timely help.

Any suggestions for the improvement of this book will be sincerely acknowledged and

incorporated in the next edition.

We are thankful to Mr. Harshal J Potadar and Rohit K Dongare from Gigatech

Publishing House (GPH) for their continuous support and patience in preparing this

book.

Scheme of Examination

Conduction of examination in four phases

Phase Examination Marks Syllabus Units Structure of Question Paper

I Online 25 Unit 1 & Unit 2 Objective -MCQ

II Online 25 Unit 3 & Unit 4 Objective -MCQ

III Written 50 Unit 1 to Unit 6 Theory Paper

IV Online 50 Unit 1,2,3,4 Objective -MCQ

Multiple Choice Questions- MCQ

Online exams as per University schedules

For the current semester , repeater students will appear for phase I, phase II & phase III Examinations of the subjects along with regular students

For subjects other than current semester, repeater students will appear for phase III & phase IV Examinations of the subject

Weightage all Units in Theory Examinations

Unit % Weightage

I &II 25 %

III & IV 25 %

V 25 %

VI 25 %e

Every Question will have Internal Option


Igniting Minds

SYLLABUS

Unit - I : Introduction to Civil Engineering (06 Hrs.)

a) Basic Areas in Civil Engineering Surveying, Construction Engineering, Fluid

Mechanics, Transportation Engineering, Irrigation Engineering, Project Management,

Structural Engineering, Geotechnical and Foundation, Engineering, Environmental

Engineering, Quantity Surveying, Town Planning, Earthquake Engineering,

Infrastructure Development.

b) Role of Civil Engineer in the construction of building, dams, expressways and

infrastructure projects for 21st century. Importance of an interdisciplinary approach in

engineering.

Unit - II : Materials and Construction (06 Hrs.)

a) Basic materials for construction: cement, bricks, stone, natural and artificial sand,

Reinforcing Steel Mild, Tor and High Tensile Steel. Concrete types – PCC, RCC

Pressurised and Precast. Recycling of materials.

b) Substructure: Definition and functions of Foundation, (Only concepts of settlement

and Bearing capacity of soils.) Types of shallow foundations, Deep foundation (only

concept of settlement and Bearing capacity of soils.) Types of shallow foundations,

Deep foundation (only concept of friction and end bearing pile).

c) Superstructure: Types of loads: DL and LL, wind loads, earthquake considerations.

Types of Construction-Load Bearing, Framed, Composite, Fundamental requirements

of masonry.

d) Introduction to automation in construction: Concept, need, examples related to

different civil engineering projects.

Unit – lll : Uses of maps and field surveys (06 Hrs.)

a) Principles of Survey : Introduction to scale, types of map and their uses, modern

survey methods using levels, Theodlite, EDM, lasers, total station and GPS.

Measuring areas from maps using digital planimeter.

b) Simple and differential levelling for setting out various benchmarks, determining the

elevation of different points and preparation of contour maps introduction to GIS

software and its application areas.

Unit - IV: Ecology and Eco System (06 Hrs.)

a) Concept of Environment: Biotic and Abiotic factors. Impact of the human behavior

and the technological advancements on the environment. Need for conserving

natural resources and preserving the environment. Engineer's role in achieving

sustainable development. Environmental Impact Assessment (only concept).

b) Introduction to solid waste management, electronic wastes and its disposal.

F. E. (Basic Civil and Environmental Engg.) 2 Contents


Igniting Minds

Unit - V : Planning for the Built Environment (06 Hrs.)

a. Concept of an integrated built environment-natural and manmade. Principles of

planning, viz. Aspect, Prospect, Roominess, Grouping, Privacy, Circulation,

Sanitation, Orientation, Economy.

b. Use of various eco-friendly materials in construction. Concept of green buildings.

c. Role of by-laws in regulating the environment, Concept of built up area, carpet area,

plinth area. Plot area, FSI

Unit - VI : Energy and Environmental Pollution (06 Hrs.)

a) Types of Energy : Conventional – non-conventional. Need for harnessing alternative

energies to meet the increased demand. Method of harnessing energies.

b) Source, causes , effects and remedial measures associated with :

1. Air pollution

2. Water pollution

3. Noise pollution

4. Land pollution



Igniting Minds

CONTENTS

1. Introduction of Civil Engineering 1.1 – 1.27

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Role of Civil Engineering in construction of buildings :

1.3 Role of civil engineering in construction of dam :

1.4 Role of Civil Engineer in Infrastructure Development

1.4.1 Basic Areas / Branches of Civil Engineering,

Involved in a Construction of Fly over Bridge

1.4.2 Importance of Interdisciplinary Approach in Engineering

1.4.3 Construction work carried out by civil engineer in various branches of

engineering

1.5 Adverse conditions civil engineer has to face

1.6 Surveying

1.6.1 Practical applications of surveying in construction field

1.6.2 Remote sensing, GIS, and GPS :

1.7 Fluid Mechanics

1.7.1 Definition of fluid

1.7.2 Fluid mechanics is based on three laws :

1.7.3 Applications of Fluid Mechanics

1.8 Transportation Engineering

1.8.1 Applications of Transportation Engineering

1.8.2 Types of Pavements

1.8.3 Difference between Flexible Pavements and Rigid Pavements

1.8.4 Necessity of Roads

1.8.5 Gauges

1.8.6 Comparison between roadways and railways

1.9 Irrigation Engineering

1.9.1 Applications of Irrigation Engineering

1.10 Project Management :

1.10.1 Application of Project Management

1.11 Quantity Surveying:



Igniting Minds

1.11.1 Practical Applications of ‘Quantity Surveying’

1.11.2 Valuation:

1.11.2.1 Necessity of valuation

1.11.2.2 Types of values :

1.11.3 Difference between Estimation and Valuation of a Building

1.12 Town Planning:

1.13 Earthquake Engineering:

1.14 Structural engineering:

1.15 Environmental Engineering:

1.16 Geotechnical Engineering:

1.16.1 Applications or Importance of soil mechanics or geotechnical engineering

1.17 Construction Engineering

2. Materials and Construction 2.1 – 2.34

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Construction materials

2.3 Cement

2.3.1 Important physical properties of cement:

2.3.2 Types & uses of cement:

2.4 Bricks

2.4.1 Chemical composition of brick :

2.4.2 Uses of bricks:

2.5 Stone

2.5.1 Requirement of good stone

2.6 Natural and Artificial sand

2.6.1 Importance of sand in construction

2.6.2 Advantages of artificial sand :

2.6.3 Bulking of sand

2.7 Steel

2.7.1 Types of steel

2.7. 2 Use of Steel

2.8 Concrete types



Igniting Minds

2.8.1 Plain Cement Concrete :

2.8.2 RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete)

2.8.3 Precast concrete

2.8.4 Pr-stressed concrete

2.9 Recycling of Materials

2.10 Introduction to Smart Materials

2.10.1 Application

2.11 Substructure

2.11.1 Foundation

2.11.2 Functions of foundation

2.11.3 Bearing capacity

2.11.4 Settlement of foundation

2.11.5 Causes of Settlement

2.11.6 Uniform settlement

2.11.7 Differential settlement

2.11. 8 Types of foundation

2.11.9 Shallow foundation

2.12 Superstructure

2.12.1 Types of loads as per IS 875

2.13 Type of construction

2.13.1 Load bearing construction

2.13.2 Framed structure

2.13.3 Fundamental requirements of masonry

2.13.4 Important terms in masonry

2.14 Introduction to automation in construction

2.14.1 Need for automation in construction industry

2.14.2 Benefits of automation:

2.14.3 Automation is useful for:

3. Uses of maps and field surveys 3.1 – 3.20

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Principles of surveying



Igniting Minds

3.2.1 To work from whole to part.

3.2.2 To locate any new point or station w.r.t. any other point by at least two

independent measurements or process.

3.3 Maps and their Uses

3.3.1Topographic map :

3.3.2 Location Map.

3.3.3 Cadastral maps :.

3.3.4 Forest maps ;

3.3.5 Geological maps :

3.3.6 Environmental maps:

3.3.7 Biogeographic map:

3.3.8 Comparison between map and plan

3.4 Modern survey method :

3.5 Necessity of Electonic Distance meter and Digital Theodolite ;

3.5.1 Electronic distance meter ;

3.5.2 Principle :

3.5.3 Uses of Electronic distance meter

3.6 Digital theodolite

3.6.1 Main parts of digital theodolite

3.6.2 Practical Applications of digital theodolite :

3.7 Digital Planimeter

3.7.1 Measurement procedure

3.8 Electronic Total Station :

3.8.1 Use of Electronic Total Station:

3.9 GPS – Global positioning system.

3.9.1 Components of GPS

3.9.2 Advantages of G.P.S.

3.9.3 Limitations of GPS

3.9.4 Application of GPS :

3.10 GIS – Geographic information system (GIS)

3.10.1 Application of Geographical Information System

3.11 Application of LASER in Construction :

3.12 Digital Mapping :



Igniting Minds

3 a. Vertical Measurements Leveling and Contours 3a.21 – 3 a.86

3a.1 Introduction:

3a.2 Basic leveling operation with level instrument

3a.3 Closing the level circuit

3a.4 Important terms used in levelling

3a.5 Dumpy Level

3a.6 How to Use a Dumpy Level for Surveying

3a.7 Definitions

3b 1. Introduction

3b.2 Characteristics of the contours:

3b.3 Uses of Contours:

3b.4 Methods of Plotting Contours:

3b.5 Geographic information system

3b .6 Applications of GIS

3b.7 Introduction to Surveying Softwares

4. Ecology and Eco System 4.1 – 4.41

4.1 Concept of Environment

4.2 Main Features of Environment

4.3 Ecosystems

4.4 Types and Components of Ecosystem

4.5 Biotic Components

4.6 Abiotic Components

4.7 Introduction to Ecosystems

4.7.1 Food Chain

4.7.2 Food Web

4.7.3 Major Ecosystems

4.7.4 Forest Ecosystem

4.7.5 Grassland Ecosystem

4.7.6 Desert Ecosystem

4.7.7 Aquatic Ecosystem



Igniting Minds

4.8 Concept of the Ecological Cycles

4.8.1 Hydrological Cycle

4.8.2 Carbon Cycle

4.8.3 Nitrogen Cycle

4.8.4 Oxygen Cycle

4.9 Natural Resources

4.10 Mineral Resources:

4.10.1 Necessity of Conservation of Natural Resources

4.11 Engineer's Role in Achieving Sustainable Development

4.12 Role of Construction Sector for Sustainable Development

4.13 Role of Engineers towards Achieving Sustainable Development

4.14 Environmental Impact Assessment

4.15 Methods of Carrying out EIA

4.16 Solid Waste Management

4.17 Methods of Treatments of Solid Waste

4.18 Disposal Methods:

4.19 Management of E-Waste:

5. Planning for the Built Environment 5.1 – 5.35

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Principles of Planning :

5.3 Role of bye – laws in regulating the Environment :

5.3.1 Building Bye-laws

5.4 Set back distance :

5.5 Green building :

5.6 Concept of an Integrated Environment — Natural and Man-made:

5.6.1 Role of Byelaws in Regulating the Environment

5.6.2 Building Bye-Laws

5.6.3 Necessity of Building Bye-Laws

5.6.4 Open Space Requirement

5.7 Various Forms of Building Coverage

5.7.1 Set Back Distance:



Igniting Minds

5.8 Environmental Protection Act 1986

5.8.1 Objectives of environmental Protection Act:

5.8.2 Difference between Building planning principles and building bye-laws:

5.8.3 Difference between Building line and Control line:

5.8.4 Difference between Aspect and orientation:

5.9 Site Selection:

5.9.1 Factors of Selecting Site for Educational Building

5.9.2 Factors of Selecting Site for Factory

6. Energy And Environmental Pollution 6.1 – 6.24

6.1 Energy Sources:

6.2 Conventional Sources

6.3 Non-conventional Sources

6.3.1 Advantages of non-conventional sources:

6.4 Importance of Non-Conventional Energy Sources in current 21st Century

6.5 Impact of Harnessing Various Sources of Energy on Environment

6.6 Need for Harnessing Energy Sources

6.7 Urbanization and Industrialization

6.8 Pollution:

6.9 Classification of pollution

6.10 Effects of Air Pollution

6.11 Green house effect and global Worming

6.12 Control of Air Pollution

6.13 Noise pollution

6.14 Sources of noise pollution

6.15 Sound pressure level of noise sources:

6.16 Noise Control

6.17 Water pollution

6.18 Land pollution

SOLVED QUESTION PAPER DEC. 2015 Q.1-Q.10

MCQ 1-66


Igniting Minds

1.1 Introduction :

Civil engineering is the oldest branch of engineering which is growing right from stone age

of civilization. Civil engineering has taken the form with the passage of time as is evident

from the present scenario of architecturally, structurally and functionally sound building all

over the world.

Civil engineering deals with design, construction and maintenance of man made structure

e.g. buildings, dam, canal, expressway etc.so the different type of structures were

designed and constructed for various proposes Residential apartments, bungalows,

commercial complexes, bank, hospital, industries, roads, railway tracks, runways, ports,

and so on.

It is traditionally broken in to the following sub branches.

: Syllabus :

a) Basic Areas in Civil Engineering Surveying, Construction Engineering, Fluid

Mechanics, Transportation Engineering, Irrigation Engineering, Project

Management, Structural Engineering, Geotechnical and Foundation,

Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Quantity Surveying, Town Planning,

Earthquake Engineering, Infrastructure Development.

b) Role of Civil Engineer in the construction of building, dams, expressways and

infrastructure projects for 21st century. Importance of an interdisciplinary

approach in engineering.

Unit

1 Introduction to Civil

Engineering

Basic Civil & EnvironmentalEngineering

Publisher : Gigatech PublishingHouse

Author : N D Chaudhari AndSachin Khandekar

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