basic engineering sciences reviewer - complete

8/10/2019 Basic Engineering Sciences Reviewer - Complete

1/87

BASIC ENGINEERING SCIENCES

REVIEWER(LECTURE)

Engineering Mechanics, Strength of Materials, Fluid Mechanics,Thermodynamics, and Engineering Economics

Revision 0

2011

Prepared By:

Agerico U. Llovido PME


2/87

CONTENTS

A. ENGINEERING MECHANICS

B. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

C. FLUID MECHANICS

D. THERMODYNAMICS

E. ENGINEERING ECONOMICS


3/87

A E EE EC A C ( EC E)

1. E E .

2. B E 2.1

.2.2 D

.3. B D

3.1 .

3.2 .

4. D :4.1 F ,

, . F 4.2 .4.3

. , . .

4.4 . . , .

.4.5 . .

/ .4.6 A .

/ 2.4.7 B .

5. 5.1 A .5.2 A

.5.3 A .

6. 6.1 . (E . , , , , .)6.2 . (E . , , , ).

7. F ( )7.1 C .7.2 .7.3 C .


4/87


7.4 .7.5 C , , .7.6 C .7.7 .7.8 , , .

8. 8.1 ,

.

8.2 C .

cosF F x = , sinF F y =

8.3

( ) += 180cos2 212221 F F F F R

cos2 212

22

1 F F F F R ++=

8.4 2

22

1 F F R +=

1

2tanF

F =

8.5

L++= 2211 coscos F F F x


5/87


L++= 2211 sinsin F F F y ( ) ( )22 += y x F F R

=

x

y

F

F tan

9. F

.cetan Dislar PerpendicuForceForceaof Moment =

d F M = 10. F B D

F .11. F E

= 0 xF = 0 yF = 0 M 12. C

= 0 A M ( ) 0

42=

L Lwd H

d wL

H 8

2

=

=

= = ( / ).2

2

2

+= L

w H T A

3

42

5

32

3

8

L

d Ld

LCableof Length +=


6/87


13. C

wyT T B A ==

= = 222 cs y +=

c

ysc x

+= ln

x L 2=

14. FF .

N f F =

N F

f == tan

:= = ( )

= . .

.

C ( ). C ( )

= =

= =


7/87


15. .

15.1 vt s =

:

= , = , / = ,

15.2

vdt ds = dt

dsv =

adt dv = dt

dva =

adsvdv = 15.3 C

t

vva 12

=

21

2

1at t vs +=

asvv 22122 +=

: = , / 2. (+) . ( ) .

= , / = , = ,

16. F B


8/87


t

vvg 12

=

21

2

1gt t vs +=

gsvv 22122 +=

: = , / 2. (+) . ( ) .

17. A

17.1 t =

17.2

t 12

=

21

2

1t t +=

22122 +=

:

= , / 2 / 2. (+) . ( ) .

= , / / .

= , = ,

18.


9/87


18.1 coso x vv =

sino y vv =

18.2 ( )t v x

o cos=

18.3

( ) 22

1sin gt t v y o =

18.4 E ( )

22

2

cos2tan

ov

gx x y =

18.5 ( )

g

v R o

2sin2=

gv

t y2=

18.6 ,

g

v H o

2

sin 22 =

g

vt

y=

: = , /

= , = , = , .

19. A

r s = r v = r a =


10/87


r v

a n

2

=

r mv

maF nc

2

==

22

t nT aaa +=

: = , = ,

= , = , /

= , / = , / 2

= , / 2 = , / 2

= , = ,

= , /2

= , /2

20. F (D )

ag

W maF ==

:F = ,

= , A = , / 2

21. D A ( )

maag

W = = E F ( )

A

= 0 xF = 0 yF


11/87


= 0 M

22. E 21 KE NW PW KE =+

: = =

g

Wv2

21

= =

= =g

Wv2

22

23. , E 23.1 . .

.

23.2 E . E . .

23.3 . . (1 = 1/ ).

velocityForcetime

cetandisForcePower =

=

input Work

output Work

input Power

output Power Efficiency ==

24. E24.1 E .

2

2

1mvKE =

24.2 E . , .

. ( ) .

mghWhPE ==

: = , = , /

= = , = ,

25. 25.1 .

t F pulse Im =


12/87


25.2 . . / .

mv Momentum =

26. C .

22112211 vmvmvmvm +=+ :

E .

.

C :C .

21

21

=

: = 1, = 0, .

27. . A

, .


13/87


ghv 2=

gv

h2

2

=

g

LT 2=

: = , / = , = ,

= ,

28. C

gr

W

F c2

tan ==

29. C FC .

30. C C ,

.

r mgr

Wvr

mvF c

222

===


14/87


: = ,

= , = 2 = = , /

= , / /

31. E B2222

2

1

2

1

2

1 I mk mvKE ===

, I r F T ==

: = , = , /

= , 2 = 2

= , / /

= , / 2 / 2

32. ,

.

B = 22 r R /

A B = x2 / 2

= = 2

= = onacceleratint displaceme

2

33. B C = C

. .


15/87


16/87


34. C , .

N W =

c f F F =

gr v

f 2

=

E


17/87

B E G H F A E A ( EC E)

1. E G H F A E A . .

2. AD .

F 2.1 D .2.2 .2.3 .2.4 .

3. E A D A .

,

=

= F ,

A = C

, . , .

,

,

= =

= C ,

=

D .

4. H E A , D F E A C A D D F G D ( HEA D )

H . .

F :

E ,

=


18/87


F :

,

=

E

( ) +=

12

5. E A D AG A

5.1 (A) .

5.2 E (B) .

5.3 (C D) .

5.4 (E) .


19/87


20/87


:

=

:

=

8. C E E E A D A

C :

=

C : =

9. HEA E A D A

.

=

,

=

.

10. BEA G E

B .


21/87


A : , C , , .

F :

B : ( )

= = D =

= , =

:

B = .

B :

=

= A

= = ,

= D

11. A E A D A G A F

( .

. .


22/87


:

F ,

==

= ,r = ,T = , J = ,G = ,l = , = A l .

F

4

32 =

316

=

F ( od ) ( id ).

( ) ( )[ ]4432

=

2

=

( )4416

=


23/87


( )43 116

=

=

=

=

==

602

= , = A / .

E :

025,63

= , .

11.1

C .

.

.

:

=22

2

11

121

+=+

F , GGG == 21


24/87


:

21 =

22

2

11

1

=

2

1

2

1

1

2

2

1

=

F == 21

2

1

1

2

2

1

=

12. BE D G E F E A E

==

= .

= . = . = ,

= .

B :

==

= .

13. HE A E E A D HE A E A /C AC

.


25/87


E /C =

=

=

==

= . = .= C .

14. EA A D A E A A

. .

15. A

=

0.25 0.35 .

16. AC E

.


26/87


E =

( ) +=21

++=

211

F :0=

2=

17. FF E .

18. A A E E G E .

221 2

==

19. C B ED E E

E A E E = 22 +=

E A E E =

++= 22

21


27/87


19.1 C

=

19.2 22

42

1

+= 19.3

22 421

21

++=

20. HE E F FA E DE A C AD

20.1 ( ) ( ).A ,

.

221 42

121

++==

= ,

= ,

,

= . = .

= F .20.2 ( G ).

A ,

22 421

+=

=

, = ,

= .

= F .


28/87


=

2

20.3 ( ) ( ).A ,

( ) ( . . ) .

= 21

221 42

121

++=

222 42

121

+=

20.4 ( H ).A ,

( ) .

20.5 ( H ).A ,

( ) ( . . )

.

( ) ( )2

212

22

1 2

=+

: .

21. E D A CE / FA G E E F

.

( ) ( )2

212

22

1 2

=+

N y

t t t t


29/87


30/87


24. E A D DEF EC BEA


31/87



32/87


33/87

C F ID ECHA IC ( EC E)

1. F ID ECHA IC1.1 F

, , .

, , , ( ), , .

1.2 F ( ) ( ) ( ) ,

.

1.3 F , .

2. F IDA .A .

.

3. I A E IE F F ID .

.B .

.

4. C E IB E A D I C E IB E F IDC

. G .

I . .

5. IDEA A D EA F IDI F , , , . F ,

.


34/87


35/87


, 2, / ( ), 1/ , , ,

. = ( ) = = ( ) =

I .

, , ( F).

A (D ) ( .) 1 = 1 / 2, 1 = 1 / 2 = 0.1 . 1 ( ) =

0.01 .

( .) 2/ , 2/ , 1 = 1 2/ . = 0.0001 2/ . 1 ( ) = 0.01 .

9. E D BE

. I .

===

: = ,

= , = , /

= , 2/ = ,

10. E F F

F .

2000.

F . 4000. F .

F 2000 4000.


36/87


11. FACE E I A D CA I A AC I .

. .

C A .

12. C E IBI I A D B DC ,

.

=

:

= =

=

B , E B . I .

13. H D A IC E EH .

:

1. .

. .

2. A .


37/87


= D H

==

H ,

==

: = ( )

= ( )

= D

14. A E E

.


38/87


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) +++= 332211 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = 3432321211

15. B A C

B .

A B

1. A .

2. A .

=


39/87


=

:

=

= =

=

16. BA IC CIE IFIC A ED I HE A A I F F ID F

1. : .

. .

2. : . .

. .

3. : C . .

E B .

4. : .

17. F A E ( )

.

( ) .

18. C I I E A I

C E , , .

2211 == 222111 =


40/87


F . 21 == 21 ==

2211 =

19. E CI HEAD

:

.

2

2

=

: =

=

20. F IC I HEAD I I ED E

22

22

==

:

= , = , / /

= , = ,

= , (D ) = 9.81 / 2 32.2 / 2

21. C EFFICIE F F IC I ,

1.

C ( < 2300).64

=

2. C C , ( > 2300)

+=7.3

51.22 21


41/87


, =

A H:

211.1

7.39.68.1

+=

H. B E (4000 < < 10 5)

4

316.0=

22. H D A IC DIA E E

F ,

4=

= , = , . .

23. BE I E A IB . I

, . B : (1) ,(2) , (3) .B , , , .

2

222

1

211

22

++=++

:

=

= 2

2

E =


42/87


43/87


44/87

D HERMOD NAMICS (LEC RE)

1. HERMOD NAMICS (1)

, .

(2)

.2. HE ORKING S BS ANCE

F , , .

P S . A

.S S

.I =R ,

, , R , , . A

= RI

. M .

3. HE S S EMS (1) , , , ,

, . I , , .

S (2) . I .

S3.1 C S (1)

. A .C S (2) ,

( ) .)

I S (1) A .

I S (2) .

I S (3) . . I , .


45/87


3.2 O S (1) . E . A .

O S (2) .

C .

C S .S E .B ; , .

4. HERMOD NAMIC PROPER IES P (1)

,

P (2) ; , , ,

.C P1. I P ; , , , ,

.S P , .

2. E P .

. ,

. O , . , .

P F A , ,, , .

5. MASS AND EIGHM (1)

. , , . S .M (2) ,

( ). (1) ,

. N. S . F = . =9.81 / 2 32.2 / 2.

(2) .


46/87


47/87


( : ) 101.325P . 1 , : 760 H( ), 29.92 H , 14.696 .B . B . 1 B = 100P .

A = 101325(1 2.25577 10 5 ) 5.25588 , = (P ) = ( ).A

=

: = , ( )

= ( ), 0 = = 0 ( ) = 1.0 B (E )

0 = = 7 (E )O 1,000 , 1 H .

11. BAROME ERB . I , , .

12. ABSOL E AND GA GE PRESS RES

A , . A ( )

. I .


48/87


G .

F = + ( )

.

F = P

.13. EMPERA RE

. I . I

. S :

1. F (F) S 180 32 F 212 F.2. C (C) S C S 100 0 C 100 C.R :

( ) oo

+=59

32

( )

=95

32 oo

A .

.A .A S :1. K (K) S C .2. R (R) S F .

R :

460+= oo

273+= oo

* 15.273273

* 67.459460

C :

( ) ( )

oooo

=

==

9

5

9

5

( ) ( ) oooo

=

==59

59

I 1 = 0 C 32 F.S ( ) 1 = 100 C 212F.


49/87


, , . 0.01 C 4.58 .

14. ENERGE .S E ,

; , .P E (1) . S P.E.P E (2)

=

= ( , ) = ( , ) = ( / 2, / 2)

= .

= 217.32

= 21

K E (1) . S K.E.K E (2) ; ,

.

2

2

=

= ( , ) = ( / , / )

= ( / 2, / 2)

= .

= 217.32

= 21

J C J 778 / B

I E (1) , ,, .

I E (2) .


50/87


I E (3) .

S I E . B / J/ . S .

P E .S P E P .

E (1) . I += .

E (2) . B / J/ . S .

S E += .

= =

=

C E .N E .

15. HEA AND ORK E ;

; .H (1) .S Q. B , B / , J .H (2)

.Q (+) Q ( )

H = =

. S . , J.

= = ( , N) = ( , )


51/87


.

P . .

=

16. PES OF ORKN , NF .

.F , F , . F = =( 2 1)S , SF ; .

17. SPECIFIC HEAH C ( )

( ).S H (1) . B / F B / C.S H (2)

.S

.

=

=

=

S .

=

=

= S

==

18. EN ROPE (1) .


52/87


53/87


19.3 SECOND LA OF HERMOD MANICS EN ROP , .

, , : I .

S :

C : I .

K P : I , .

A . N

. C : I 2 ,

1 2.

19.4 HIRD LA OF HERMOD NAMICS ABSOL E EMPERA RE

.A , .

.20. HERMOD NAMIC EQ ILIBRI M

E .

21. CONSER A ION OF MASS .

S S , .

C E S F

2

22

1

11222111

====

E : , / 3, 3/ , 2, / .

22. HEA RESER OIRH

.


54/87


23. HEA OR HERMAL ENGINE

H E (1) ( ) ; .H E (2) ( )

.24. ADIABA IC S RFACE AND PROCESS

A . I .

A .

25. A AILABILIA

,

.A , ,

,

.26. RE ERSIBILI

R (1) ( ) ,

, .R (2) " "

27. IRRE ERSIBILI

I

.

27.1 E .27.2 I .

28. A AILABLE ENERGA ,

, , ,

.29. HELMHOL F NC ION

H . S . F = .

30. GIBBS F NC IONG

. I . S . F = .


55/87


31. EQ ILIBRI M

E .M , , . A .

, . . .

C

. A . , ,

. A .

Q

32. PERPE AL MO ION MACHINE OF HE SECOND KIND

P .

33. BO LE S LAB L (1) ,

.B L (2)

.

2211 =

34. CHARLES LAC L (1)

.

2

2

1

1

=

C L (2) .

2

2

1

1

=

35. IDEAL GAS LA

I G L

; , P = R , P , , , R .

=

2

22

1

11

=

= , = , = , = , = .


56/87


36. BASIC PROPER IES OF IDEAL GAS

= 3143.8

=1545

=

=

1=

1=

: = =

=

= =

37. PROPER IES OF AIR 97.28=

4.1= == 287.03.53

=== 0.124.024.0

=== 716.0171.0171.0

38. A OGADRO S LA AND N MBER

A L .

A , N A 6.0225 1023 1 .

39. JO LE S LAJ L

.40. DAL ON S LA OF PAR IAL PRESS RE

D L P P

.

=+++=

L

[ ] ====== =

1=


57/87


41. AMAGA S LA OF PAR IAL OL MESA ' L P , .

=+++=

L

[ ] ====== =

1=

42. HERMOD NAMIC S S EMS AND PROCESSES P .

C P C ( ) .

R P , , , .

I P . ,

.A P .

.I P .

. A .

P P , L P ( ) L ( )

. O nPV = . P

, 21 hh = ; , 0=W ; , 0=Q .I P ( , )

.I P (I P ) (

), .I P ( , )

.

43. EQ A IONS FOR HERMOD NAMIC PROCESSESE = =

N F E

+=

S F E , 0= 0=

+=


58/87


S F E , 0K 0P

sf W PK H Q +++=

: =

= K = P =

=

=

I E

=

E =

N F =

S F , 0= 0=

= S F E , 0 0

=++

N :

=

44. ISOBARIC PROCESS

I P ( , ) .

= C


59/87


1

2

1

2

=

( )12 =

( )12 =

N :

+=

( )12 == =

E :

=

2

1

1

2

==

S F : +=

0== =

E : =

2

1

1

2

==

S H R :

=

=

45. ISOME RIC PROCESS (ISOCHORIC PROCESS)I P (I P ) (

), .


60/87


=

1

2

1

2

=

( )12 =

( )12 = N : +=

0==

=

E : =

1

2

1

2

==

S F : +=

( )12 == =

S H R :

=

=

46. ISO HERMAL PROCESSI P ( , )

.

= , =

( )12 =

( )12 =


61/87


N F E : +=

==== 2211

2

1

1

2

==

2

1

1

2

==

=

S F : +=

2

1

1

2

==

2

1

1

2

==

=

E :

1

2

=

2

1

=

2

1

1

2

==

47. ISEN ROPIC PROCESSI P .

= , 0= , = , 0=Q

=

2

1

1

2

,

1

2

1

1

2

=

,O

k k

p

p

T

T 1

1

2

1

2

=

( )12 =


62/87


( )12 = N : +=

=

=

11

11

1

2

1111

1

211

=

=

=

11

11

11

1

1

211

2

111

1

21

( )

=

=

=11

11

112212

1

21

B ,

1=

( ) == 12 S F : +=

=

=

=

=

11

11

11

11 1

211

2

11

1

1

21

1

1

211

( )

=1

12

B

1=

( ) == 12 N :

=

=

==

48. POL ROPIC PROCESSP P = C .


63/87


= , =

1

21

12

=

,

1

12

12

=

( )12 =

( )12 = N : +=

=

=

11

11

1

2

1111

1

211

=

=

=

111111

1

121

1

211

1

121

( )

=

=

=11

11

112212

1

21

B ,

1=

( )11

112212

=

=

( ) ( ) ( )( )( )( )111

11

11

11

1 112211221122

=

=

+

=

S F : +=

=

=

=

=

11

11

11

11 1

211

2

11

1

1

21

1

1

211


64/87


( )

=1

12

B

1=

( ) ( ) ( )11

11221212

=

==

( ) ( )11221122 1111

11

=

+

=

( )( )( )( )11

1122

=

E :

1

2

1

=

O

( )

=

2

1

=

=

1

2

1

1

2

1

N :S :

=++


65/87


66/87


67/87


54. PHASES OF P RE S BS ANCE

P (1) . I .

P (2) .

P (3) .54.1 S .54.2 L .

S L

.C L

. I , .

S L

.54.3 G .

.

S .

S .

55. PHASE RANSI IONSP C .

55.1 M .55.2 F .

55.3 S .55.4 D .

55.5 C .55.6 .

56. SA RA ED EMPERA RES ,

.57. SA RA ED PRESS RE

S P , , '

.58. DEGREES S PERHEA AND DEGREES S BCOOLING

D S .D S .


68/87


59. SENSIBLE HEAS H

60. LA EN HEAL H .60.1 L ,

.60.2 L ,

. I .61. CRI ICAL POIN

C P .

62. MOLLIER DIAGRAMM D ( ) .


69/87


63. EMPERA RE EN ROP DIAGRAM

64. C

66. PROPER IESS , .I E ,

.E , : = + .


70/87


E , ; .

67. MI RESM .=

= 1 = P

+=

+=

+=

+=

68. PROCESSES IN OL ING P RE S BS ANCES. I : 1 = 2 . I : 1 = 2 E .. I : 1 = 2

F : 1 = 2 I : 1 = ( + )2 . I : 1 = 2 I ( ) ( , ,

).. ( ) : 1 = 2 I : 1 = ( + )2

I , :( + )1 = 2 69. ESSEN IAL ELEMEN S OF A HERMOD NAMIC HEA ENGINE

69.1 , , .69.2 S (H , H , S )

.69.3 H (R , C , S ) .69.4 E .

70. HE CARNO C CLE


71/87


3421 = 3241 =

( )411 = ( ) ( )412322 ==

( ) ( )412411 == ( ) ( )( )411

412411

=

==

=

=

1

21

=

= C

1 = H =

2 = L = 71. S IRLING AND ERICSSON C CLE

I S C , .

I E C , .

72. BASIC ORKING C CLES FOR ARIO S APPLICA IONS

A B CS P P R CG E (S I ) O CD E (C I ) D CG B CR S R C

E


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E E GI EE I G EC IC ( EC E)

5. C IC

.

( ) += 1 = ( ) ( )niniPF += 1%,,

( )niPF PF %,,= = ( ) ( ) += 1,,

( )niF PF P %,,= :

= = =

= 6. C F D

C .

7. DD .D , PF D =

,F

PF d

=

8. E I

.E

. E .

ni = =

E = 11

+=

mn

m

ii


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:= 2 = 4 = 12 = 6

= 360

9. C C I rt PeF =

: = =

= =

10. A

A .

A .

10.1 A 10.1.1 I .10.1.2 A .10.1.3 D10.1.4 .

10.2

10.2.1 A .10.2.2 A D .10.2.3 D A .10.2.4 .

11. A


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= ( ) ( )i

ini AF

n 11%,,

+=

( )ni AF AF %,,=

= ( )( ) 11

%,,+

=

ni

iniF A

( )niF AF A %,,=

C = ( ) ( )( ) 11

1%,,

+

+=

n

n

i

iiniP A

( )niP AP A %,,=

= ( ) ( )( )n

n

ii

ini AP

+

+=

1

11%,,

( )ni AP AP %,,=

: = . =

= A =

=

12. A D

( )4%,, i AP A AP += ( )5%,, iPF PF = ( )51 iPF +=


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13. D A

( )( )3%,,5%,, iF Pi AP AP = ( )8%,, iPF PF = ( )81 iPF +=

14.

i

AP =

:

= = A

=

15. A G

A = ( ) ( )( ) ( )nn

n

ii

n

ii

iniGP

+

+

+=

11

11%,,

2

A = ( ) ( )in

i

iniGF

n

+=

2

11%,,

A = ( ) ( ) 111%,,

+=

nin

iniG A


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( )niGPGPG %,,= ( )niG AG AG %,,= ( ) ( )niGF GniPF PF GG %,,%,, ==

: = E .

16. G G

=+

+

+

=

igi

n A

iggi

ig

A

P

n

g

1

1

11

1

1

( )niPF PF gg %,,=

17. D

D . D .

17.1 D17.1.1

, , .


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17.1.2 F ,

.17.2 D

17.2.1 .17.2.2

.17.3 D

F C ( ) .

E ( ) . (A )

.

.

17.4 C .

B ( ) .

( ) ; .

( ) .F

. .

F ( ) .

18. C D18.1

.

A D =n

SV FC d

=

B .

=

n

SV FC mFC BV

D ( ) .


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D =Cost First

on Depreciati Annual

18.2 F

.

A D =( ) ( )

ii

SV FC ni AF

SV FC d n 11%,, +

=

=

: =

B .

( ) +=

ii

d FC BV n 11

18.3 D ( D) D 1 .

( )2

1+==

nnSOYDT

( )SV FC T k n

d k

+

=1

( )SV FC T

nd

=1

( )SV FC T

nd

=1

2

( )SV FC T

nd

=2

3

E .B .

( )md d d d FC BV L+++= 321 18.4 D B

(A D B , , C C ).

( )nr FC SV = 1

( )( ) 11 = k k r FC r d ( )FC r d =1

( )( )r FC r d = 12 ( )( )23 1 r FC r d =


80/87


E .B .

( )mr FC BV = 1

18.5 D D B D

. D .

L

LFC SV

=2

1

( )1

21

2

=

k

LFC

Ld k

( )FC L

d 2

1 =

( )

= L

FC L

d 2

12

2

( )2

32

12

= L

FC L

d

E .B .

m

LFC BV

=2

1

18.6

.

D ,capacityunitsof No

SV FC d

.

=

18.7 H H

D ,capacityhoursof No

SV FC d

.

=

19. D , , , .

D19.1 C D , , . I

.C

.


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capacityresource

t cos first pt =

. . I

, .

19.2 D . A ,

50% . F , 100% .

=

, .

20. C (F A C )20.1 F

C = A D + I C

A D =( )

ii

SV FC n 11 +

I C = ( )FC i 20.2

C = A D + A I

A D =n

SV FC

I C = ( ) ( )SV iSV FC n

ni+

+ 1

2

21. C CC C , ,

.

C C C21.1 F .

C C =i

OM FC +

21.2 F .

C C =( ) 11 +

++

ni

SV FC i

OM FC


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23.3 C , , ,

. I 15, . . .

. ,

. , .

F C C C23.3.1 C .23.3.2 I (5 15)

.23.3.3 .23.3.4 .

. C ..

.

24. CC .24.1 F B C

24.1.1 , .24.1.2 .24.1.3 .24.1.4 B .

24.2 B .24.3 , ,

, .24.4

, , .25. B

B 10 .

25.1 25.1.1

.


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25.1.2 C .

25.1.3 D .

25.2 B

( ) ( ) %,,%,, += :

= =

= = = ( )=

26. B I 26.1 .

Investment Total

rofit P Net turn Reof Rate =

26.2 .

FlowCash Annual Net

ValueSalvage Investment TotalPeriod Payout

=

27. A

27.1

E .

, , .27.2

. .

27.3

.27.4 A C

A C = D + I C + + E

.27.5

.


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27.6 F F

.

28.

.28.1

quired ReCapital Additional

placement Re By Incurred Savingsturn Reof Rate =

28.2 A CA C = D + I C + +

E

I , .

29. B C B C

.

: =

= =

= = = , , .

= ( ) ( )niF ASV niP AFC C %,,%,, =

B C

C OM B

C B

=

B/C 1 .


86/87


30. E E (E ) .A (E ) : .

h

ak QO E

2=

: = ( )

= , = ( )

31. A31.1 B

B . A . A

, .31.2 B

B :

A = + E

D . A .

F , .31.3 C

C .

31.4 F F .F ,

.31.4.1 F

31.4.1.1 B .31.4.1.2

. . E , , . , , , .

31.4.2 B 31.4.2.1 C

.


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31.4.2.2 F , , , .

31.4.2.3 C , .

31.4.2.4 .

31.4.3 F 31.4.3.1 C .

s LiabilitieCurrent

AssetsCurrent RatioCurrent =

31.4.3.2 A .

s LiabilitieCurrent

AssetsQuick RatioTest Acid =

31.4.3.3 .

ceivables Re Average

Credit onSales Net Turnover ceivable Re =

31.4.3.4 G .

Sales Net

ofit Pr Grossinarg M Gross =

31.4.3.5 .

Sales Net

Tax Before Income Net Ratioinarg M ofit Pr =

31.4.3.6 .

EquitysOwner

Income Net Investment onturn Re

'=

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