basic functional of computer hardware

BY : SIRNATEC IT CENTRE

Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre1

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Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 2

Chapter 1 Computer IntroductionChapter 1 Computer Introduction

Chapter 2 Functional of Computer HardwareChapter 2 Functional of Computer Hardware

Table Of Contents


Chapter Chapter 11

Computer IntroductionComputer IntroductionComputer IntroductionComputer Introduction


Chapter Chapter 1 1 -- Computer Introduction Computer Introduction

1.1) What is Computer?

◦ Machine response to Instruction & Executed

◦ Design by Charles Babbage on 1823

1.2) Type of Computers

Ultra Mobile PC (UMPC)

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

Tablet PC Laptop/Notebook Desktop PC

Server PC Workstation


1.3) What inside the Computer?

◦ CPU (Processor)◦ Memory (RAM) ◦ Motherboard ◦ Power Supply◦ Chassis/Based Unit◦ Storage Devices (HDD/FDD/ODD)◦ Output Devices (Video Display, Printer, Speakers, ◦ Output Devices (Video Display, Printer, Speakers, Modem, USB Ports)◦ Input Devices (Keyboard/Mouse, Scanner, Joystick)


1.3) What inside the Computer (continue)


Chapter Chapter 22

Functional of Computer Functional of Computer

HardwareHardware


Chapter Chapter 2 2 -- Functional of Computer Functional of Computer SystemSystem

2.1.1) What is Chassis?- “Home” for Computer Components

2.1.2) What inside Chassis?

2.1 Chassis (Casing)


• BTX (Balance Technology Extended) Family - BTX - Micro BTX - Pico BTX

• ATX (Advance Technology Extended) Family- ATX- Micro ATX

2.1.3) Type of Chassis (Form Factor)

2.1 Chassis

- Micro ATX- Flex ATX

Flex ATX/Pico BTXMicro ATX/BTX ATX/BTX


Form Factor Max. Width Allowance

Max. Depth Allowance

Supported Motherboard

BTX 311mm (12.8”) 243mm (10”) 1) BTX

2) Micro BTX

3) Pico BTX

Micro BTX 253mm (10.4”) 255mm (10.5”) 1) Micro BTX

2) Pico BTX

2.1.4) Dimension & Supported Motherboard

2.1 Chassis

2) Pico BTX

Pico BTX 219mm (9”) 255mm (10.5”) 1) Pico BTX

Micro ATX 244mm (9.6”) 244mm (9.6”) 1) Micro ATX

2) Flex ATX

Flex ATX 229mm (9”) 191mm (7.5”) Flex ATX

ATX 305mm (12”) 244mm (9.6”) 1) ATX

2) Micro ATX

3) Flex ATX


2.1.5) Main different Between ATX & BTX • Motherboard Layout

-Components Placement-Back Panel Layout-Two Cooling Fans

PSUCPUM

E

Card

Slots

2.1 Chassis

STORAGE

DRIVES

E

M

O

R

Y

Slots

STORAGE DRIVES

BTX ATX


2.1.6) Advantage of BTX • Thermal Environment

- In-line, high-velocity, low temp airflow

- Above and below mainboard airflow

• Acoustic Performance- Two-fan design

- Lower impedance allows lower fan speed

2.1 Chassis

• Mainboard- Balanced memory and I/O routing

- 4-layer mainboard design

• Structural Integrity

- 100% increase in heatsink mass (up to

1kg)

• Cost Structure- Steel case, standard components BTX Chassis sample


• Center Circuit Board or “Body” of Computer.

2.2.1) What is Motherboard?

2.2 Motherboard

Body


22..2 2 MotherboardMotherboard

2.2.2) What inside Motherboard?• Host CPU, RAM, HDD, ODD, FDD, Peripheral Cards, Power Supply (Internal Connectors)

IDE (Hard Disk/ ATX (Power Supply)

SATA (Hard Disk/Optical Drive)

IDE (Hard Disk/

Optical Drive)

CPU

PCI (Peripheral Cards)

DIMM

(RAM)

ATX (Power Supply)

FDD (Floppy Drive)

ATX_12V

(Power

Supply)

CPU_Fan

F_Panel


2.2.2) What inside Motherboard? (continue)• Host External Ports (Back Panel Connectors)


a) PS/2 Keyboard & PS/2 Mouse Port

b) Parallel Portc) Serial Portd) D-Sub Porte) USB Portf) RJ-45 LAN Portg) Line In Jack (Blue)h) Line Out Jack (Green)i) Mic In Jack (Pink)


2.2.2) What inside Motherboard? (continue)• Host BIOS (Basic Input Output System)


CMOS Battery

POST ScreenCopyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 17


2.2.3) Motherboard Form FactorForm Factors PCB

Size(mm)a)ATX 305x244b) Micro-ATX 244x244c) Flex-ATX 229x191d) BTX 325x266e) Mini-ITX 170x170e) Mini-ITX 170x170f) Nano-ITX 120x120g) Pico-ITX 100x72


2.2 Motherboard2.2 Motherboard

2.2.4) Block Diagram of Motherboard

DDR/DDR2 RAM

(400/533/667/800)

Graphics

Memory

Control Hub

Center Processing

Unit

(CPU)

Graphics 2D/3D

- PCI Express X16

- AGP 4X/8X

- Graphics

Accelerator

IO Control

Hub

Accelerator

ATA Interface

- ODD/FDD ATA

133/100/66

Serial ATA

Interface

- HDD SATA

USB 2.0/1.0 Ports

- USB Devices

(Mouse, Keyboard)

PCI Express x 1

- PCI Express

Devices

High Definition

Audio <etwork Interface

- 10/100Mb LA<

- Gb LA<


2.2.5) Function of Motherboard

• Through Chipset (Integrated Circuit)

• Graphics Memory Controller Hub (GMCH)�Memory (DDR2 RAM) (already move to CPU)�Graphics/Video/Display Card (PCI Express x16 or AGP 8x/4x, Graphic controller)

2.2 Motherboard

• Input Output Controller Hub (ICH)�ATA (Optical Drive/Floppy Drive/ZIP Drive)�SATA (Hard Drive/Optical Drive)�Network (10/100Mb LAN, Gb LAN, Wireless LAN)�USB Ports (Keyboard/Mouse/External Optical/Hard Drive/Pen Drive & others USB devices)

�IEEE Ports (Video camera & other IEEE devices)�PCI Express x1 peripheral cards�Audio (Audio codec/Speakers)


2.2.6) Type of GMCH & ICH

� Intel

1) Desktop – X58,P45, P35,G33,G31,G965

2.2 Motherboard


2.2.6) Type of GMCH & ICH (continue)

� Intel

2) Mobile –PM965, 945GM/PM, 915GM/GMS/PM,

2.2 Motherboard

Example – PM965 GMCH & ICHCopyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 22


◦ VIA

� VIA North Bridge (GMCH) � AMD – K8T900/K8T890/ K8N890/

� Intel – PT890/ PT880 ULTRA

� VIA South Bridge (ICH)� VT8251/VT8237R/VT8237A

2.2 Motherboard

Example – PT890 North & South Bridge



◦ SIS

� SIS (GMCH)

� AMD – 755

� Intel – 672FX/662/656FX/649FX/656/655TX/655FX/648FX

� SIS (ICH)

� Intel & AMD - 968

2.2 Motherboard

Example – SIS672FX & SIS968 Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 24

2.2.7) Chipset Identification on Motherboard

2.2 Motherboard

Brand Model Chipset

Intel DX58SO X58

Intel DP45SG P45

Intel DP35DP P35

Gigabyte GA-G33M-S2L G33Gigabyte GA-G33M-S2L G33

Gigabyte GA-G31M-S2L G31

MSI P965 Neo-F V2 P965


22..3 3 CPU (Center Processor Unit)CPU (Center Processor Unit)

2.3.1) What is CPU?• CPU stands for “Central Processing Unit”• “Brain” of the computer which process the data• Speed measured in Mhz (megahertz). 1 MHz=one million

cycles per second

26


2.3.2) What is “Bus”?- “Road” which connect 2 or more devices in a computer

2.3.3) Type of “Bus”

a) System bus or Front Side Bus (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7jdjEuyljs)

2.3 CPU (Center Processor Unit)

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7jdjEuyljs)

- The physical bi-directional data bus that carries all electronic signal information between the central processing unit (CPU), RAM,

Graphics and the Motherboard northbridge.

b) I/O bus- Connect between CPU to other components except RAM


2.3.3) Type of “Bus” (continue)

c) Data bus- The bus (connections between and within the {CPU}, memory, and peripherals) used to carry {data}

d) Address bus- The connections between the {CPU} and memory which carry the


- The connections between the {CPU} and memory which carry the {address/receiver} from/to which the CPU wishes to read or write.


2.3.4) Bus Size/Bus Bandwidth

- Total amount of data that can theoretically be transferred on the bus in a given unit of time (also call number of lanes).

- Express in bit/second (bps) or bytes/second for digital devices.


- Express in cycle/second or herts (Hz) for analog devices.

- Power of 2, 8, 16, 32 & 64


2.3.5) PC “Bus” Block Diagram



2.3.6) System Clock- Also call Bus Speed.

- A faster clock speed will enable a processor to execute an instructionmore quickly (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjqe1eQx8vc)

- The system clock is a circuit that emits a continuous stream of precise highand low pulses that are all exactly the same length.


and low pulses that are all exactly the same length.

- One clock cycle is the time that passes from the start of one high pulse,until the start of the next cycle.

- Measure in Mhz (megahertz – million of cycles per second )


2.3.7) CPU Speed = CPU Multiplier x System Clock

Note: System Clock = FSB/4 for Intel CPU & FSB/2 for AMD CPU

Example:Intel 3.2Ghz = 16 x 200Mhz


AMD Athlon XP2700+ (2.17Mhz) = 13 x 166Mhz


2.3.8) What is Cache Memory?- CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to access memory.

- The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data

from the most frequently used main memory locations (backpack


from the most frequently used main memory locations (backpack story)

L2 Cache Video clips


2.3.9) What inside CPU?



2.3.10) Function of CPU

L2 Memory Cache- High speed Static RAM (SRAM) does not need to refresh

- Larger then L1 Memory Cache- Provide data to CPU at speed 10x faster then DRAM


- Provide data to CPU at speed 10x faster then DRAM

L1 Memory Cache- consists of Instruction & Data - input cache (smaller then L2 cache)- Instruction Cache is used for caching data from memory


Fetch Unit

- Loading instruction from memory

- look for L1 instruction cache first, if not it will go to

L2 memory cache. If the instruction is not there, then it will

directly load from the slow system RAM memory


2.3.10) Function of CPU (continue)

directly load from the slow system RAM memory


Decoder Unit- Figure out what particular instruction are by consulting

the ROM memory that exist inside the CPU call microcode.

- The microcode will teach CPU what to do.



- The microcode will teach CPU what to do.

- Add a+b, the microcode will tell decoder that it need 2 parametera & b.

- The decoder then require fetch unit to grab the data present in the next 2 memory position.

- Decoder unit will pass all data & step by step process on how to execute that instruction to the execute unit


Execute Unit- To execute the instruction given.

L1 Data Cache- In charge of sending the result back to RAM memoryor another place, such as video card



or another place, such as video card


2.3.11) Block Diagram of CPU



2.3.11) Block Diagram of CPU (continue)



2.3.12) CPU Socket- Connector on motherboard that accepts CPU

&forms an electrical interface with it.

2.3.13) Type of CPU Socket


2.3.13) Type of CPU Socketa) Intel- Socket 1366 (Desktop)

- Socket 775/LGA 775 (Desktop)- Socket M (Mobile-Intel Core 2 Duo)

b) AMD- AM3+ (Desktop)

- AM2+ (Desktop)- Socket S1 (Mobile)- Socket 563 (Mobile)

Socket 775 Socket M

Socket AM2+ Socket S1


2.3.14) Intel CPU Architecture

• Intel Core micro architecture- base on Pentium M arc/P6 such as core solo (65nm), core duo (yonah, dual core 65nm)

• Intel Pentium 4 Architecture


• Intel Pentium 4 Architecture

-7th generation x86 architecture


2.3.15) Duo Core Technology


In a single core processor, this “performance engine?takes in raw data and turns it into either video, movies, Music, digital-photos, games, email, or other rich multimediacontent

In a dual-core computer chip, there are two “performanceengines? that can take more data and simultaneouslyprocess the data into rich multimedia content at a faster rate.

Video ClipsCopyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 43

2.3.15) Duo Core Technology (continue)


Core i7 Circuitry


2.3.16) Type of CPU

• Intel® Core TM i7 processor- Quad-core,8MB L3 cache,2.93 GHz, 4.8GT/s QPI

• Intel® Core TM 2 Quad processor- Quad-core, 8MB L2 cache, 2.40 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB


- Quad-core, 8MB L2 cache, 2.40 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB

• Intel® CoreTM 2 Extreme processor - Quad-core/Dual-core, 8MB L2 cache, 2.93 GHz, 1066 MHz

FSB

• Intel® CoreTM 2 Duo processor - Dual-core, 4MB L2 cache, 2.66 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB

• Intel® Pentium D processor with dual core technology - Dual-core, 2x2MB L2 cache, 3.60 GHz, 800 MHz FSB


2.3.16) Type of CPU (continue)

• Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology† or greater- 2MB L2 cache, 3.80 GHz, 800 MHz FSB

• Intel® Celeron® D processor - 512KB L2 cache, 3.60 GHz, 533 MHz FSB


- 512KB L2 cache, 3.60 GHz, 533 MHz FSB

• Intel® Celeron® M processor - 1MB L2 cache, 2.00 GHz, 533 MHz FSB

• Intel® Pentium® processor Extreme Edition- Dual-core, 2x2MB L2 cache, 3.73 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB


2.1.16) Type of CPU (continue)

• AMD Phenom TM II X3

- 512MB L2 cache, 2.80 GHz, 64 bits technology

• AMD Athlon TM 64 processor - 1MB L2 cache, 2.60 GHz, 64 bits technology


• AMD Athlon TM 64 FX processor- Dual-core, 2MB L2 cache, 2.80 GHz, 64 bits technology

• AMD Athlon TM 64 X2 Dual-Core processor - Dual-core, 2MB L2 cache, 3.00 GHz, 64 bits technology

• AMD Athlon Sempron processor

• AMD Turion™ 64 X2 Dual-Core Mobile Technology

• AMD Turion 64 Mobile Technology Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 47

2.3.17) CPU Model Identification


Video Clips


2.3.17) CPU Model Identification (continue)



2.4.1) What is Memory?• Act as a “Foot Solder” for the CPU which are use to

stores information from the OS, applications & data (like Memory in our brain).

• Quickly accessible to be used for decision making by CPU• Size measured in MBs (megabyte). 1 MBs=one million

bytes of information

2.4 Memory

bytes of information


2.4.2) Type of Memory

◦ RAM (Random Access Memory)

- Read & write memory

- Need power to stored data

◦ ROM (Read Only Memory)

2.4 Memory

◦ ROM (Read Only Memory)

- Read only memory

- To stored that boot the computers & perform diagnostics

- Holds data even when it is not powered


Type of RAM

◦ SRAM (Static RAM)

- Used for high speed memory call L2 cache memory

- Faster & more expensive then DRAM

- Speed between 8 & 12ns

- Synchronous & asynchronous

2.4 Memory

- Synchronous & asynchronous

- Does not require refresh operation

◦ DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

- Use in computer main memory

- Must refresh every 2ms


Type of DRAM

◦ SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

- Transfer its commands, address & data on the rising edge of the clock

- Transfer one data words per clock cycle

- Consume more power 3.3v

- 168 pins

2.4 Memory

◦ DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate RAM)

- Transfer the commands, address & data on both rising & falling edge

of

the clock.

- Consume less power 2.5v

- 184 pins


Type of ROM

◦ PROM (Programmable ROM)

- Only programmable once

◦ EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)

- Able to program multiples times

2.4 Memory


- Can be erased but need to remove from devices

◦ EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM)


- Can be erased & do not need to remove from devices


Type of ROM (continue)

◦ Flash Memory

- Type of EEPROM

- Use in-circuit writing to erase by applying an electrical field to the entire chip or blocks

- Faster then EEPROM because it writes data in chunks, usually 512 bytes in size, instead of a byte at a time

2.4 Memory

bytes in size, instead of a byte at a time

◦ CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)

- Store system setup information


2.4.3) Memory Block diagram & Function- CPU request data from RAM, it place the address of the location on the data bus

& wait the request data bus to show up.

- The CPU grab the data in 32 / 64 bits chunks depend on the width of data bus.

- The CPU grabs 8 bytes of data at a time.

2.4 Memory

<http://www.howstuffworks.com/ram.htm>


2.4.3) Memory Block diagram & Function (continue)

2.4 Memory

The capacitor in a dynamic RAM memoy cell is like a leaky bucket.It needs to be refreshed periodically or it will discharge to 0

Memory is made up of bits arranged in a two-dimensionalGrid. In this figure, red cells represent 1s and white cellsRepresent 0s. In the animation, a column is selected and thenRows are charged to write data into the specific column


2.4.4) Memory Pyramid

2.4 Memory


2.4.5) RAM Module

◦ DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module)- Soldered onto a modular PCB

- 168 pins (SDRAM),184 pins (DDR RAM), 240 pins (DDR2 RAM)

- 5.4 x 1”

- Capacity up to 2GB/module

2.4 Memory

- 64 bits data bus

168 pins DIMM


2.4.5) RAM Module (continue)

◦ SIMM (Single In-Line Memory Module)

- Soldered onto a modular PCB

- 30 & 72 pin connector

- 3.5 x 7.5 “ (30 pin)

- 4.25 x 1” (72 pin)

2.4 Memory

- 4.25 x 1” (72 pin)

- Capacity up to 256MB/module

- 32 bits data bus

72 pins SIMM 30 pins SIMM



◦ SODIMM (Small Outline Dual-In Memory Module)- Soldered onto a modular PCB - 72, 144 & 200 pins- 2.1 x 1”- Capacity up to 16 to 2GB/module

2.4 Memory

- Capacity up to 16 to 2GB/module- 32 bits (72 pins), 64 bits (144 pins) data bus

72 pins SODIMM 144 pins SODIMM



◦ RIMM (Rambus In-Line Memory Module)- Soldered onto a modular PCB - Similar size & pin configuration as DIMM- High speed data bus call Rambus Channel (16 bits chunks)- Generate lot of heats- Heat Spreader to prevent overheating

2.4 Memory

- Heat Spreader to prevent overheating- Capacity up to 256MB- 32 bits data bus

184 pins RIMM


2.4.6) DDR SDRAM Technology

◦ DDR3 SDRAM (DOUBLE DATA RATE three SYNCHRONOUS DRAM) � Higher bandwidth (up to 1600 MHz) � Performance increase at low power � Longer battery life in laptops � Enhanced low power features and thermal design

2.4 Memory


2.4.6) DDR SDRAM Technology (continue)

2.4 Memory


2.4.7) DDR SDRAM Module

◦ DDR3 SDRAM

2.4 Memory

Peak transfer rate = number of bits x clock/8


2.4.7) DDR SDRAM Module (continue)

◦ DDR2 SDRAM

2.4 Memory

http://www.simmtester.com/page/news/showpubnews.asp?num=150Peak transfer rate = number of bits x clock/8


2.4.8) Flash Memory Technologya) What is Flash Memory?- Type of EEPROM chip

- Storage devices for digital camera, mobile phone & video games consoles

- Solid stage storage devices (electronics)

b) Type of Flash Memory- Removable Flash Memory (Memory Stick, CompactFlash, SmartMedia, SD card,

2.4 Memory

- Removable Flash Memory (Memory Stick, CompactFlash, SmartMedia, SD card,

PCMCIA type I & II), USB Flash Drive (integrated with USB connector)

- Non Removable Flash Memory (BIOS chip-CMOS).


2.4.8) Flash Memory Technologyc) How Flash Memory Works?

- Grid of columns & rows with a cell that has two transistors at each

intersection.

- Two transistors (floating gate & control gate) are separated by a thin oxide

2.4 Memory

oxide

layer.

- Floating gate only link to the row/wordline.

- The cell has a value on 1 as long as the link is in place.


2.4.8) Flash Memory Technologyc) How Flash Memory Works? (continue)

2.4 Memory


2.4.8) Flash Memory Technologyc) How Flash Memory Works – Tunneling (continue)

- Tunneling is used to alter the placement of electrons in the floating gate.

- 10 to 13 volts electrical charge (come from the coloum/bitline) is applied to

the floating gate.

- This charge causes the floating-gate transistor act line an electron gun.

2.4 Memory

- This charge causes the floating-gate transistor act line an electron gun.

- The electrons are pushed through & trapped on other side of thin oxide layer

to become negative charges.

- This negative charge electrons acts as a barrier between the control gate &

floating gate.

- Cell sensor monitors the level of charge passing through the floating gate.

- If the flow through the gate > 50% of the charge, it has a value of 1.

- If the charge passing through drop below 50% threshold, the value changes

to 0.Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 70

2.4.8) Flash Memory Technologyc) How Flash Memory Works – Erasing (continue)

- Electric field or high-voltage charge is applied for erasing process.

- Flash memory uses in-circuit wiring to apply the electric field either entire

chip or predetermined sections known as blocks.

2.4 Memory


2.4.8) Flash Memory Technologyd) Removable Flash Memory Cards

2.4 Memory


2.4.8) Flash Memory Technologyd) Removable Flash Memory Cards (continue)

2.4 Memory


2.4.8) Flash Memory Technologye) Removable USB Flash Memory Drive (Pen Drive)

- USB data storage devices

- Removable & rewritable

- 1-4 inches length

- less than 56g weight

- Storage capacity up to 16GB

2.4 Memory

- Storage capacity up to 16GB

- Transfer speed about 3MB/s



What is Universal Serial Bus (USB)?

- Serial Bus standard to interface devices.

- Replaced Serial & Parallel ports.

- Connect mouse, keyboard, PDAs, joysticks, scanners, printers, digital

2.4 Memory

- Connect mouse, keyboard, PDAs, joysticks, scanners, printers, digital camera &

flash drive (Pen drive).



I) What Inside USB Flash Memory Drive

1) USB Connector – provides an interface to host computer

2) USB mass storage controller device – implements the USB host controller

3) Test points – for testing/loading code into microprocessor

4) Flash memory chip – stored data

2.4 Memory

4) Flash memory chip – stored data

5) Crystal oscillator – produces main 12MHz clock signal & control data output.

6) LED – indicate data transfer/reads and writes

7) Write-protect switch – “write-protection” mode indication

8) Space for 2nd flash memory chip



II) Common Application

- Personal data transport

- System administration

- Computer repair

- To boot operating system

2.4 Memory

- To boot operating system

-Window Vista ReadyBoost

- Audio players

- Music storage

- Backup


2.4.9) How much memory do I need?

2.4 Memory


2.5.1) What is HDD?◦ Permanent Storage component which use to stores information for the operating system, application & data.

◦ Like an on hand book.

◦ Write/Stored information to be read again at any time.

◦ Size measured in GBs (Gigabyte).1 GBs=one thousand million bytes of information.

2.5 Hard Disk (HDD)


2.5.2) HDD Block Diagram � Head Disk Assembly

� Aluminum Platters to store data� Read/Write Head read & write information� Actuator Arm which holds the Read/Write Head� Actuator which holds the actuator arm� Spindle Motor which control the spinning of platters� IDE/SATA/SCSI Interface which connect with

2.5 Hard Disk (HDD)

� IDE/SATA/SCSI Interface which connect with motherboard

� Power Connector which connect with motherboard� Steel Casing which protect the platters

� PCB Assembly� Control the movement of head disk assembly


2.5.2) HDD Block Diagram (continue)

2.5 Hard Disk (HDD)


2.5.3) How HDD Works

� Data is stored on the surface of a platter in sectors and tracks

� Tracks are concentric circles, and sectors are pie-shaped wedges on a track

� Sectors contain fixed number bytes, eg 256 or 512bytes which often group together into clusters

2.5 Hard Disk (HDD)

Sectors

Tracks

Video Clips


2.5.4) Capacity & Performance of hard disk

� Maximum Transfer Rate- The data rate is the number of bytes per second that the drive can deliver to the CPU. Rates between 5 and 40 megabytes per second are common.

� Spindle Rotation Speed

2.5 Hard Disk (HDD)

� Spindle Rotation Speed- Hard disk spindle rotation speed - Faster the rotation speed, more data can be written per second

� Seek/Access Time- Amount of time between when the CPU requests a file and when the first byte of the file is sent to the CPU. Times between 10 and 20 milliseconds are common.


2.5.4) Capacity & Performance of hard disk

◦ Capacity

- Number of Bytes the hard disk can hold

- Capacity = sectors * capacity of sectors * cylinder * Nb Heads.

◦ Revolution Speed

2.5 Hard Disk (HDD)

◦ Revolution Speed

- Number of revolutions of the engine of drive of the plates

- Express in Turn per Minutes or Revolution Per Minutes (R.P.M)

- Common hard disk turn per minutes is 5400, 7200 & 10000 R.P.M


2.5.5) File System – way of data is stored

� NSTC (NT file system)- 512MB cluster size (reduce the waste spaces)- 18.5 x 10¹º bytes

� FAT 32 (File Allocation Table)

2.5 Hard Disk (HDD)

� FAT 32 (File Allocation Table)- 4KB cluster size- Up to 2TB sizes

� FAT 16 - 32KB cluster size - Up to 2GB sizes


2.5.6) HDD Interface

a) IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) /ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)- Used in Personal Computers [PCs] as a hard-drive or peripheral bus

to interconnect the PC mother board and a hard drive

b) Parallel Bus (PATA)

- Maximum 133MB/s data transmission speed

- 40 signal (40 pins) using single-ended signaling on an 18” cable

2.5 Hard Disk (HDD)

- 40 signal (40 pins) using single-ended signaling on an 18” cable

- Extra 40 ground signal added to reduce noise & filter out outside noise for UDMA

c) Serial ATA (SATA)

- 2 pair of signal (7 pins) for sending & receiving

- Low voltage differential signaling

- 150MB/s data transmission speed

- Better immunity to outside noise

<http://www.directron.com/patasata.html>


2.5.6) HDD Interface (Summary of IDE modes)

2.5 Hard Disk (HDD)


2.5.7) eSATA compare with other bus

2.5 Hard Disk (HDD)

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA>

<http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/datasheet/disc/ds_internal_sata.pdf>

<http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/datasheet/disc/ds_internal_pata.pdf>


2.6.1) What is Optical Drive?• Like a book on a local library• Huge information to used/read or write in their book• Use a media to read/write in their book• Size of media from MB (megabyte) to GB (gigabyte)• Refer to lasers which can see, read & write data on

optical disk

2.6 Optical Drive (ODD)


2.6.2) Optical Drive basic design



2.6.2) Optical Drive basic design (continue)

a) Laser Diode produce optical lightsb) Optical lights passing through a grating, the light diffracts into 3 beamsc) Three beams pass through a polarized beam splitter, quarter wave plate &collimator lens to transform laser beams into a collimated beam

d) Collimated laser beam then passed through a holographic Fresnel lens.e) The collimated beam then separated into 2 parts & focus to dual focal points,


e) The collimated beam then separated into 2 parts & focus to dual focal points, one for reading dvd data & the other for writing cd data.

f) the beams then reflect back to the same collimator lens, beam splitter & cylindrical lens & project onto four-quadrant photodiode which output focus error signals (FES)

g) FES then to drive the voice coil motor (VCM) to shift the objective lens untilfocal point is set on the disk surface.

h) The pick-up head then transforming the FES into digital signals


2.6.3) How CD Discs Worksa) Understanding of CD: Area of the Disc


PCA – Power Calibration Area (Stores temporary Table Of Content)PMA – Power Memory Area (Test Mark)


2.6.3) How CD Discs Works (continue)b) Understanding of CD: Material

- Stored up to 74 min of data- Maximum amount of data stored in cd is

44,100 samples/channel/second x 2 bytes/sample x 2 channels x 74 minutes x 60 seconds/minute = 783,216,000 bytes



2.6.3) How CD Discs Works (continue)c) Understanding of CD: The Spiral

- Single spiral of data circling from inner to outer side of the disk



2.6.3) How CD Discs Works (continue)d) Understanding of CD: Bumps/Pits




2.6.4) How DVD Discs Worksa) Understanding of DVD: Material

- Stored up to 133 min of data- Maximum amount of data stored in dvd is 8.5GB (DVD+/-R DL)



2.6.4) How DVD Discs Works (continue)b) Understanding of DVD: The Spiral




2.6.4) How DVD Discs Works (continue)

c) Understanding of DVD: Bumps/Pits- Single spiral of data circling from inner to outer side of the

disk



2.6.5) How CD-ROM/DVD-ROM Drives Works a) CD-ROM/DVD-ROM Components

- Finding & reading the data that stored as bumps on CD- Fundamental components

- Drive motor – spin the disc- Laser & Lens System focus in on & read the bumps- Tracking mechanism moves the laser assembly



2.6.5) How CD-ROM/DVD-ROM Drives Works (continue)b) What the CD-ROM/DVD-ROM does – Laser Focus

- Technology which involved in forming the data into understandable

& sending to DAC or computer- Fundamental jobs is to focus the laser on the track of bumps



2.6.5) How CD-ROM/DVD-ROM Drives Works (continue)c) What the CD-ROM/DVD-ROM does – Tracking System

- To keep the laser beam centered on the data track



2.6.6) DVD Disc Capacity


CD & DVD Manufacturing


2.6.7) DVD Disc Type



2.6.8) DVD Disc Format

a) Non-recordable format - DVD-ROM

- Similar to CD- Reflective surface is gold or silver- Single sided/single layered, double sided/double layer, double

sided/single layered & double sided/double layered


sided/single layered & double sided/double layered

- DVD-D- Self-destructing disposable DVD format

- DVD-Plus- Combine DVD & CD technology


2.6.8) DVD Disc Format (continue) b) Recordable format (DVD Forum)

- DVD-R- Record up to 4.7GB- Similar fashion to a CD-R disc - Can be played by most DVD player


- DVD-RW- Record up to 4.7GB- Similar fashion to a CD-RW disc

- DVD-R DL- Derivate of DVD-R

- Record up to 8.5GB


2.6.8) DVD Discs Format (continue)

b) Recordable format (continue)- DVD-RAM

- House in a cartridge- Record up to 4.7GB or 9.4GB

c) Recordable format (DVD+RW Alliance)


c) Recordable format (DVD+RW Alliance)- DVD+R

- Record up to 8.5GB (DL)- Similar fashion to a CD-R disc - Can be played by most DVD player

- DVD+RW- Record up to 4.7GB

- Similar fashion to a CD-RW disc- Data can be added & removed without erasing the whole disc- Treat as large Floppy disk


2.6.8) DVD Discs Format (continue)

c) Recordable format (DVD+RW Alliance)

• DVD+R DL• Derivate of DVD+R

• Record up to 17.1GB (DS)


• DVD+RW DL• Record up to 8.5GB• Data can be added & removed without erasing the whole disc• Treat as large Floppy disk


2.6.9) How CD-Burner Worksa) Writing CDs



2.6.9) How CD-Burner Works (continue)b) Burning CDs : Laser Assembly


The laser assembly inside a CD burner


2.6.9) How CD-Burner Works (continue)c) Burning CDs : Write Laser


The machinery in a CD burner looks pretty much the same as the machinery in any CD player.

There is a mechanism that spins the disc and another mechanism that slides the laser assembly.


2.6.9) How CD-Burner Works (continue)

d) Erasing CDs


In a CD-RW disc, the reflecting lands and non-reflecting bumps of a conventional CD are represented by phase shifts in a special compound. When the compound is in a crystalline state, it is translucent, so light can shine through to the metal layer above and reflect back to the laser assembly. When the compound is melted into an amorphous state, it becomes

opaque, making the area non-reflective.


2.6.10) Blue-ray Disc Technologya) Media Type - High-density optical disc

b) Encoding - MPEG-2,MPEG-4 AVCc) Capacity – 25GB (single layer) & 50GB (dual layer)d) Read mechanism

- 405 nm wavelength blue laser- 1x at 36 Mbit/s- 2x at 72 Mbit/s


- 2x at 72 Mbit/s- 4x at 144 Mbit/s- 6x at 216 Mbit/s- 12x at 432 Mbit/s

e) Usage - data storage, high-definition video & PlayStation 3 games


2.7.1) What is Monitor?- Talking & Writing Devices/Tools (Output Devices)- Send inputs to PC, CPU & produces useful output (Text/Graphics).

2.7 Monitor

Example of LCD Monitor


22..7 7 MonitorMonitor

2.7.2) Type of Display Technology

a) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)- Used in Digital watches, calculators & etc.- Made out of two layers of very fine glass material called substrate that form a “sandwich” around a thin layer of shaped molecules (liquid crystals) that flow like liquid.

b) CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) - Oldest form of display for PC computer systems.



2.7.3) What Inside CRT monitor?

(<egative terminal)

(Positive terminal) (Aperture Grill)



a) Cathode (Electron gun)

- Heated Element

- Electron gun fires electrons towards front through vacuum which exits in the glass ‘tube’ of the monitor

- The “ray” is the stream of electrons that pour off a heat cathode into the vacuum.

- The “ray” also correspond to the red, green and blue channel of the display.

2.7.3) What Inside CRT monitor? (continue)

b) Anode

- Positive terminal which attract the electrons that pouring off from the cathode.

- Magnetized according to instructions from the display controller



c) Shadow Mask/Aperture Grill- Shadow Mask- Shadow mask is a piece of metal with billion of holes which allow different of cathode ray through to hit the phosphor. - Suitable for CAD/CAM drawing application

- Aperture Grill

2.7.3) What Inside CRT monitor? (continue)

- Aperture Grill- Define the gap through which electrons pass using a mesh of wire.- Use for Flat screen model which produce a clear, undisturbed images & reduce glare from ambient light.



2.7.4) How CRT Monitor Works

Electricity supplied Cathode/Heat filament (A) heats up

"Ray" of electrons pour off from the cathode into vacuum

Anode (C) attracts the electrons & focus the particles into three narrow beams (E)

The beams strike the Phosphor-coated screen (D) & Shadow Mask/Apertube grill (F)

Phosphors emit red, green & blue light used in a color monitor

START

END



2.7.5) How LCD Monitor works?

a) Basic principles of LCD panel:1) Alignment of liquid crystal molecules can be controlled by

- fine grooves etched into a glass plate- electric current/voltage

2) Light follows liquid crystal molecules3) Polarizing filters block light



2.7.5) How LCD Monitor works? (continue)

b) What is a Liquid Crystal?- Physical properties of solid & liquid.- As a liquid they are able to flow over & around small grooves & can change their position depending on applied voltage.

c) Aligning Liquid Crystal Molecules & Rotating Light- Molecules are basically a rectangular shape which align in randomtilt with their long axes parallel.-When contact with grooved surfaces, the liquid crystal moleculeseasily orient to be parallel to the grooves.




c) Aligning Liquid Crystal Molecules & Rotating Light (continue)- To make a basic “twisted” LC panel, liquid crystal is

sandwichedbetween two transparent plates.

- Each plate contains very fine grooves, with grooves in each panel- Each plate contains very fine grooves, with grooves in each

panelplaced exactly perpendicular.

- Follow the direction of the molecules as the light passed through

the liquid crystals.




c) Aligning Liquid Crystal Molecules & Rotating Light (continue)- Liquid Crystal Molecules can be rearranged by applying an external

voltage.- The liquid crystal molecules begin to rearrange themselves with - The liquid crystal molecules begin to rearrange themselves with the electric field as the voltage applied.




d) Blocking Light with Polarizing Filters (continue)

- Polarizing filter is a set of extremely closely spaced parallel lines.

- This lines only allow the light waves that are parallel to them to pass through. Light from other direction are blocked.pass through. Light from other direction are blocked.




e) Controlling Light with an LCD Panel- Light can be rotated by using the properties of liquid crystal.

- Figure below illustrations the polarizing filter are oriented perpendicular,

thus prevent incoming light from getting through.

- Figure left illustrated : Light waves with “A” orientation pass through the

1st(top) filter. These light waves are then rotated 90o by liquid crystal in the

twisted structure arrangement.

- Figure right illustrated: A voltage is applied to the liquid crystal, causing the

molecules to re-align themselves vertically causing no light passes through

the liquid crystal panel.


2.7 Monitor2.7 Monitor

2.7.6) Performance Measurements

a) Monitor Size & Viewable Area: measured diagonally from one corner ofthe glass to the opposite.CRT – actual size & viewable screen size LCD – actual size/viewable screen size

b) Resolution: number of horizontal & vertical pixels that the monitor b) Resolution: number of horizontal & vertical pixels that the monitor contain (without scaling the screen contents up or down).Here are some of the common resolutions found in LCD monitor,14-15": 1024x768 (XGA) 17-19": 1280x1024 (SXGA) 20"+: 1600x1200 (UXGA) 19” (Widescreen): 1440x900 (WXGA+) 20” (Widescreen): 1680x1050 (WSXGA+) 24” (Widescreen): 1920x1200 (WUXGA) 30” (Widescreen): 2560x1600



2.7.6) Performance Measurements (continue)

Here are some of the common resolutions found in CRT monitor,SVGA : 800x600 XGA : 1024x768 SXGA : 1280x1024 UXGA : 1600x1200

c) Aspect Ratio: ratio between the horizontal dimension & the vertical dimension. Common aspect ratios are 4:3 (1.333) & 5:4(1.25).Resolutions with a 4:3 aspect ratio:800 x 6001024 x 7681152 x 8641600 x 1200Resolutions with a 5:4 aspect ratio:1280 x 10241600 x 1280




d) Dot pitch: measure of the amount of space between each pixel.(Note: the smaller the dot pitch, the sharper the image)

e) Brightness: determined by the intensity & quality of the backlighting. Usually measured in luminance (candelas per square meter).

f) Color depth: the number of colors that can represented on a displayf) Color depth: the number of colors that can represented on a display

without dithering (full color depth for CRT able to provide 16,770,000 colors while for LCD only able to provide 2,600,000 colors)

g) Contrast: measure of the range between the lightest tones & the darkest

tones. A higher contrast ratio makes the information more readable.

h) Viewing angle: determines how far above,below,or either side of thedisplay a person can view.




i) Pixel response rate/Response Time: the time it takes for a pixel to response to voltage (to be turned “on”) & then back to its normal state. It measured in milliseconds or microseconds (the minimum response time should be at least 25ms & 17ms is recommended).

j) Vertical Refresh Rate: The number of times a screen can be completely redrawn/re-painted in a second. The refresh rate of 75Hz is sufficient forredrawn/re-painted in a second. The refresh rate of 75Hz is sufficient forLCD monitor



2.7.7) Comparison of LCD & CRT Monitor



2.7.8) Pros & Cons of CRT & LCD Monitors

a) CRT Monitors

Pros:� Multisync Capable� High Refresh Rates� Color Clarity & Depth� Color Clarity & Depth

Cons:� Very Heavy & large� Use Large Amount of Energy� Generate Excess Heat



2.7.8) Pros & Cons of CRT & LCD Monitors (continue)

b) LCD Monitors

Pros:� Smaller and Lighter� Energy Efficient� Causes Less Eye Fatigue� Causes Less Eye Fatigue

Cons:� Blurry images outside Native Resolution� Motion Blur on Fast Moving Images� Come Models Have Reduced Color Clarity


22..8 8 ModemModem

2.8.1) What is Modem?

- Peripheral devices which allows 2 computers to communicate over standard phone lines (Communication Platform)

- The word “modem” stand for “modulator-demodulator”

- The sending modem modulated the digital data into analog signal & the receiving modem demodulates back the analog signal into digital the receiving modem demodulates back the analog signal into digital data.

- Download speed up to 3Mbps

- Upload speed up to 1Mbps


22..8 8 ModemModem

2.8.2) What Inside Modem?a) Tuner

- receives the modulated digital signals from cable outlet & passes to

the demodulator - Splitter to separate the internet data from normal TV programming - Diplexer allow to make use of one set frequency for downstream &another for upstream data

b) Demodulator- Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) demodulator takes a radio-- Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) demodulator takes a radio-

frequency signal that had information encoded in it by varying bothamplitude & phase of the wave & turn into simple signal that can beprocessed by A/D converter.- A/D converter turn into series of digital 1s & 0s.- Error correction module then check the received information against aknown standard


22..8 8 ModemModem

2.8.3) Modem Technologya) Smart Modem-V.90 bits standard operating at 56kbps, upload speed up to 33.6kbps- V.92 bits standard operating at 56kbps, upload speed up to 48kbps- able to put dial-up internet connection on-hold when answering a call- ability to “quick connect” to one’s ISP

b) DSL modem (broadband) - Stand for “Digital Subscriber Line” which allow high speed internet - Stand for “Digital Subscriber Line” which allow high speed internet access to home & small internet business over existing telephone

wires.- Download speed up to 8Mbps, upload speed up to 1Mbps- Capable of modulating/demodulating hundreds of channel

simultaneously

- Include function of Routers


22..8 8 ModemModem

2.8.4) DSL Technology - Stand for “Digital Subscriber Line”- Convert s existing copper telephone lines into high speed

datacommunication.- Transmit through downstream & upstream bandwidth.- Operate over a single twisted copper pair of wires.


2.8 Modem2.8 Modem

2.8.5) Advantage & Disadvantage of DSL• Advantage of DSL

• You can leave your Internet connection open and still use the phone line for voice calls.

• The speed is much higher than a regular modem• DSL doesn't necessarily require new wiring; it can use the

phone line you already have.• The company that offers DSL will usually provide the modem as

part of the installation.

• Disadvantage of DSL• A DSL connection works better when you are closer to the

provider's central office. The farther away you get from the central office, the weaker the signal becomes.

• The connection is faster for receiving data than it is for sending data over the Internet.

• The service is not available everywhere.


22..8 8 ModemModem

2.8.6) DSL Equipment

• Transceiver - At the customer's location, there is a DSL transceiver, which may also provide other services.

• DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM) - The DSL service provider has a DSLAM to receive customer connections.


22..8 8 ModemModem

2.8.7) DSL Type

• Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) - It is called "asymmetric" because the download speed is greater than the upload speed. ADSL works this way because most Internet users look at, or download, much more information than they send, or upload.

• High bit-rate DSL (HDSL) - Providing transfer rates comparable to a T1 line (about 1.5 Mbps), HDSL receives and sends data at the same speed, but it requires two lines that are separate from your normal phone line.

• ISDN DSL (ISDL) - Geared primarily toward existing users of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), ISDL is slower than most other forms of DSL, operating Digital Network (ISDN), ISDL is slower than most other forms of DSL, operating at fixed rate of 144 Kbps in both directions. The advantage for ISDN customers is that they can use their existing equipment, but the actual speed gain is typically only 16 Kbps (ISDN runs at 128 Kbps).

• Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL) - An extremely fast connection, VDSL is asymmetric, but only works over a short distance using standard copper phone wiring.

• Multirate Symmetric DSL (MSDSL) - This is Symmetric DSL that is capable of more than one transfer rate. The transfer rate is set by the service provider, typically based on the service (price) level.

• Rate Adaptive DSL (RADSL) - This is a popular variation of ADSL that allows the modem to adjust the speed of the connection depending on the length and quality of the line.


22..8 8 ModemModem

2.8.7) DSL Type (continue)

• Symmetric DSL (SDSL) - Like HDSL, this version receives and sends data at the same speed. While SDSL also requires a separate line from your phone, it uses only a single line instead of the two used by HDSL.

• Voice-over DSL (VoDSL) - A type of IP telephony, VoDSL allows multiple phone lines to be combined into a single phone line that also includes data-transmission capabilities.

DSL Type

Max. Send Speed

Max. Receive Speed

Max. Distance

Lines Required

Phone Support

ADSL 800 Kbps 8 Mbps18,000 ft(5,500 m)

1 Yes

HDSL 1.54 Mbps 1.54 Mbps12,000 ft(3,650 m)

2 No

IDSL 144 Kbps 144 Kbps35,000 ft(10,700 m)

1 No

MSDSL 2 Mbps 2 Mbps29,000 ft(8,800 m)

1 No

RADSL 1 Mbps 7 Mbps18,000 ft(5,500 m)

1 Yes

SDSL 2.3 Mbps 2.3 Mbps22,000 ft(6,700 m)

1 No

VDSL 16 Mbps 52 Mbps4,000 ft(1,200 m)

1 Yes


22..9 9 Local Area Network (LAN)Local Area Network (LAN)

2.9.1) Network Overview• Network - a group of computers connected together in a way that allows

information to be exchanged between the computers.

• Node - A node is anything that is connected to the network. While a node is typically a computer, it can also be something like a printer or CD-ROM tower

• Segment - A segment is any portion of a network that is separated, by a switch, bridge or router, from other parts of the network

• Backbone - The backbone is the main cabling of a network that all of the segments connect to. Typically, the backbone is capable of carrying more segments connect to. Typically, the backbone is capable of carrying more information than the individual segments. For example, each segment may have a transfer rate of 10 Mbps (megabits per second), while the backbone may operate at 100 Mbps



2.9.1) Network Overview• Topology - Topology is the way that each node is physically connected to the

network

• Local Area Network (LAN) - A LAN is a network of computers that are in the same general physical location, usually within a building or a campus. If the computers are far apart (such as across town or in different cities), then a Wide Area Network (WAN) is typically used

• Network Interface Card (NIC) - Every computer (and most other devices) is connected to a network through an NIC. In most desktop computers, this is an Ethernet card (normally 10 or 100 Mbps) that is plugged into a slot on the computer's motherboardcomputer's motherboard

• Media Access Control (MAC) address - This is the physical address of any device -- such as the NIC in a computer -- on the network. The MAC address, which is made up of two equal parts, is 6 bytes long. The first 3 bytes identify the company that made the NIC. The second 3 bytes are the serial number of the NIC itself

• Unicast - A unicast is a transmission from one node addressed specifically to another node

• Multicast - In a multicast, a node sends a packet addressed to a special group address. Devices that are interested in this group register to receive packets addressed to the group. An example might be a Cisco router sending out an update to all of the other Cisco routers

• Broadcast - In a broadcast, a node sends out a packet that is intended for transmission to all other nodes on the network



2.9.2) LAN Component• Network Interface Card (NIC)

• Writing Hub



2.9.2) LAN Component• Cables or Transmission Media

• Network Cabling• Coaxial cable• Coaxial cable



2.9.2) LAN Component• Cables or Transmission Media

• Network Cabling (continue)• Twisted-pair (or copper)

• Fiber-optic cable


2.9 Local Area Network (LAN)2.9 Local Area Network (LAN)

2.9.3) Bandwidth• A rate of data transfer, or bit rate, measured in bits per second• Difference between the highest and the lowest

frequencies available for network signals. This quantity is measured in Megahertz (MHz)



2.9.3) LAN Topology• Bus - Each node is daisy-chained (connected one right after the

other) along the same backbone, similar to Christmas lights. Information sent from a node travels along the backbone until it reaches its destination node. Each end of a bus network must be terminated with a resistor to keep the signal that is sent by a node across the network from bouncing back when it reaches the end of the cable.


2.9 Local Area Network (LAN)2.9 Local Area Network (LAN)

2.9.3) LAN Topology (continue)• Ring - Like a bus network, rings have the nodes daisy-chained. The difference is that the

end of the network comes back around to the first node, creating a complete circuit. In a ring network, each node takes a turn sending and receiving information through the use of a token. The token, along with any data, is sent from the first node to the second node, which extracts the data addressed to it and adds any data it wishes to send. Then, the second node passes the token and data to the third node, and so on until it comes back around to the first node again. Only the node with the token is allowed to send data. All other nodes must wait for the token to come to them.



2.9.3) LAN Topology (continue)• Star - In a star network, each node is connected to a central device

called a hub. The hub takes a signal that comes from any node and passes it along to all the other nodes in the network. A hub does not perform any type of filtering or routing of the data. It is simply a junction that joins all the different nodes together.



2.9.3) LAN Topology (continue)• Star bus - Probably the most common network topology in use today,

star bus combines elements of the star and bus topologies to create a versatile network environment. Nodes in particular areas are connected to hubs (creating stars), and the hubs are connected together along the network backbone (like a bus network). Quite often, stars are nested within stars



2.9.4) LAN Devices• Hub

• Bridge

• Switches



2.9.4) LAN Devices (continue)• Router

•A device that forwards data packets along networks. •A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP’s network. •Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect. •Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts.



2.9.5) LAN Technology • Ethernet

• Ethernet is the most popular physical layer LAN technology because it strikes a good balance between speed, cost, and ease of installation

• Supports virtually all network protocols• Ethernet is standardized as IEEE 802.3 which raises speed from 10

Mbps to 100 Mbps• Gigabit Ethernet is an extension of IEEE 802.3 which increases

speeds to 1000 Mbps, or 1 Gbps• Gigabit Ethernet is an extension of IEEE 802.3 which increases

speeds to 1000 Mbps, or 1 Gbps

• Ethernet Protocol Name



2.9.5) LAN Technology • Ethernet Protocol



2.9.6) Home Networking• Residential local area network which used to connect

multiple devices within the home• Connect 2 or more PCs for sharing files, printers, and a single

connection to the Internet (usually broadband Internet through a cable or DSL provider)



2.9.7) Home Networking Devices

• A broadband modem for connection to the internet (either a DSL modem using the phone line, or cable modem using the cable internet connection)

DSL Modem

Cable Modem



2.9.7) Home Networking Devices (continue)

• A residential gateway/router connected between the broadband modem and the rest of the network. This enables multiple devices to connect to the internet simultaneously. Residential gateways, hubs/switches, DSL modems, and wireless access points are often combined.

Wired RouterWired Router Layout

Wireless Router

Wireless Router Layout




• A wireless access point, usually implemented as a feature rather than a separate box, for connecting wireless devices

New Wireless Network Setup –Wireless Router Existing Wired Router –Wireless Access Point




• A Physical layout of Streamyx Broadband Services


22..10 10 Graphic CardGraphic Card

2.10.1) What is Graphic Card?

- Output Devices- As a “Translator” which convert binary data from CPU into picture - Consists of GPU, Memory, Motherboard & Monitor connection

VGA Port

S-Video(TV Out)

DVI Port



2.10.2) What inside Graphic Card?

a) Print Circuit Board i) Motherboard- Houses GPU & RAM- BIOS (input/output system) stores the card’s setting & perform diagnostics.

ii) GPU (Graphics Processor Unit)

- Perform complex mathematical & geometric calculations.- Usually cover with heat sink due to a lot of heat generated.- ATI & nVidia cover up majority of GPUs market.



2.10.2) What inside Graphic Card? (continue)

a) Print Circuit Board (continue)iii) Video BIOS (Firmware)

- Basic program that governs video card operation.- Contain information on memory timing, operation speeds & voltages

iv) Video Memory (VRAM)




a) Print Circuit Board (continue) iv) Video Memory (VRAM) (continue)- Act as frame buffer which hold information until suitable time to display.- Capacity from 32MB to 1024MB- Base on DDR & GDDR Technology- Memory Clock in between 400 MHz and 1.6 GHz. - Operate very high speeds & can read & write at the same time.- Connect to DAC (digital-to-anolog converter) which translate the image- Connect to DAC (digital-to-anolog converter) which translate the imageinto anolog signal that monitor can use.



2.10.2) What inside Graphic Card? (continue)b) Interface Connector- VGA (Video Graphic Array) Outputs (D-Sub)

- DVI (Digital Visual Interface) Output

- Composite Video

- S-Video




b) Interface Connector (continue)- Component Video (Y, Pb, Pr)

- HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)- Support both Video & Audio information in same cable.- Created for TV/Movie application



2.10.3) Graphic Card Interfacea) PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

Graphic Card Connector

Graphic Card Motherboard’s Connector

- Maximum 65 bit wide bus that run at 66 MHz

- Bandwidth of 133 MB/s



2.10.3) Graphic Card Interface (continue)b) AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port)

- Based on PCI re. 2.1 specification- Directly read/write capabilities with system memory- Directly read/write capabilities with system memory- Bandwidth/Data Rate up to 2.1 GB/s / AGP 8x

Version ChannelOperate Frequrency Data Rate

Signaling Voltage

AGP 1x 32-bit 66 MHz 266 MB/s 3.3 V

AGP 2x 32-bit 133 MHz 533 MB/s 3.3 V

AGP 4x 32-bit 266 MHz 1066 MB/s 1.5 V

AGP 8x 32-bit 533 MHz 2133 MB/s 0.8 V



2.10.3) Graphic Card Interface (continue)c) PCI-E/PCIe (PCI Express)

- Maximum Bandwidth of 80 Gb/s for x16 lanes.



2.10.3) Graphic Card Interface (continue)d) PCIe Lanes



2.10.4) Type of Graphic Carda) NVIDIA (Geforce Series)i) GeForce 8 Seriesii) Geforce 7 Seriesiii) Geforce 6 Series GPUs

b) NVIDIA (Quadro Series)i) FX 4500 SDIii) FX 4000 SDIii) FX 4000 SDIiii) FX 4500

c) ATI Radeon (R300 PCIe Series)i) Radeon Xpress 200 IGPii) Radeon Xpress 1100 IGP iii) Radeon Xpress 1150 IGPiv) Radeon Xpress 300 SE



2.10.4) Type of Graphic Card (continue)d) ATI Radeon (R400 PCIe Series)

i) Radeon Xpress 1250 IGPii) Radeon Xpress 1270 IGPiii) Radeon Xpress 1250 IGP

e) ATI Radeon (R500 PCIe Series)i) Radeon Xpress 1300ii) Radeon Xpress 1550ii) Radeon Xpress 1550iii) Radeon Xpress 1600

f) ATI Radeon (R600 PCIe Series)i) Radeon 780 IGPii) Radeon HD 2350iii) Radeon HD 2400iv) Radeon HD 2600v) Radeon HD 2900


22..11 11 KeyboardKeyboard

2.11.1) What is Keyboard- Like an eyes & ears- Use to control computers- Series of switches connected to microprocessor to initiates response of changes- A typing or input devices

- To type a document, keystroke shortcuts, access menu, play games

- Part of a laptop or attach to the computer

2.11.2) Types of Keyboard2.11.2) Types of Keyboard- 101-key Enhanced keyboard- 104-key Windows keyboard- 82-key apple standard keyboard

- 108-key Apple Extended keyboard



2.11.3) Common Keyboard Keys

i) Typing keys- letters of an alphabet- same pattern layout (QWERT) as typewriters - others layout is Dvorak, ABCDE, XPeRT, QWERTZ & AZERTY

ii) Numeric keypad- Data entry (0 to 9)- Data entry (0 to 9)- 17 keys- Same configuration as adding machines & calculators

iii) Function key- Arranged in a line across the top of keyboard- F1 to F12



2.11.3) Common Keyboard Keys (continue)iv) Control key- Arrow keys- Home, End- Insert, Delete- Page Up, Page Down- Control (Ctrl), Alternate (Alt)- Escape (Esc) -Windows/Start



2.11.4) What inside Keyboard?i) Microprocessor & controller circuitry

ii) Key Matrix- Grid of circuits underneath the keys- Press a key, it presses a switch, allowing current to through.- Mechanical action of the switch causes vibration, called bounce.- Character map is a comparison chart or lookup table



2.11.5) Keyboard Switchesi) Dome-switch- Also called direct-switch keyboards - Kind of hybrid of membrane & mechanical keyboard- Bring two circuit board trances together under a rubber “dome” or

bubble

ii) Scissor-switch

- The keys are attached to the keyboard via two plastic piece interlock like a

scissor.- Mainly used in laptop/notebook.



2.11.5) Keyboard Switches (continue)iii) Capacitive- Pressing the key changes the capacitance of a pattern printed on a

PC board - Resist wear, foreign objects & dirt

iv) Mechanical-switch

- Use real switches, one under each key.

- Mainly used in Apple Extended II.

v) Membrane - Flat

- Often found on microwave ovens/photocopies- Consists of 3 layers1) Top layer has a label printed on front & conductive stripes printed on the

back.2) Spacer layer, holds the front & back layer apart3) Back layer has conductive stripes printed perpendicularly to those of the

front

layer

vi) Roll-up Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 177


2.11.6) Connection Typesi) PS/2

ii) USB (Universal Serial Bus)

iii) Wireless - Infrared (IR), radio frequency (RF) or Bluetooth connections.- Require a receiver to be plug into USB port.

- AC power connection or batteries for power.


22..12 12 MouseMouse

2.12.1) What is Mouse?- Input or Pointing Devices - To control a cursor to manipulate data without complicated command

2.12.2) What inside Mouse?

Mechanical Portion

Electrical

Controller

(DSP)



2.12.3) Type of Mousea) Mechanical Mouse - Set on flat surface

- Distance & speed of the rollers determine how far the cursormoves on the screen

b) Optical Mouse - Light-emitting diode (LED) & photodiodes to detect themovement relative to underlying surface.movement relative to underlying surface.

- Benefit of Optical Mouse over Mechanical Mousei) No moving parts means less wear and a lower chance of failure.

ii) There's no way for dirt to get inside the mouse and interfere with thetracking sensors.

iii) Increased tracking resolution means smoother response.

iv) They don't require a special surface, such as a mouse pad.



2.12.3) Type of Mouse (continue)c) Wireless Mouse - Radio frequency (RF) technology for communication

- Two main components: a transmitter & receiver - Benefit of Wireless Mousei) RF transmitters require low power and can run on batteriesii) RF components are inexpensive RF components are light weight



2.12.4) How a Mechanical Mouse Worksi) Moving the mouse turns the ball.

ii) X and Y rollers grip the ball and transfer movement.iii) Optical encoding disks include light holes.iv) Infrared LEDs shine through the disks. v) Sensors gather light pulses to convert to X & Y velocities



2.12.5) How an Optical Mouse Worksi) The CMOS sensor sends each image to a digital signal processor (DSP)

foranalysis.

ii) The DSP detects patterns in the images and examines how the patterns have

moved since the previous image.

iii) Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the DSPiii) Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the DSPdetermines how far the mouse has moved and sends the corresponding coordinates to the computer.

iv) The computer moves the cursor on the screen based on the coordinates

received from the mouse. This happens hundreds of times each second, making the cursor appear to move very smoothly



2.12.6) How an Wireless Mouse Worksi) The transmitter is housed in the mouse. It sends an electromagnetic (radio)signal that encodes the information about the mouse's movements and the buttons you click.

ii) The receiver, which is connected to your computer, accepts the signal, decodes it and passes it on to the mouse driver software and your

computer's operating system.

iii) The receiver can be a separate device that plugs into your computer, a special

card that you place in an expansion slot, or a built-in component.



2.12.7) Data Interface- USB

- PS/2- PS/2


22..13 13 Power SupplyPower Supply

2.13.1) What is Power Supply• Supplies power to a computer• Also call “Switching Power Supplier”• Use switcher technology to convert the alternating current (AC) to

direct current (DC)• Typical voltages supplied are 3.3 volts, 5 volts & 12 volts• 3.3 & 5 volts used by digital circuits• 12 volt used t run motors in disk drives & fans• Main specification of power supply is watts (voltage x current)



2.13.2) Basic Component of PSU• Cover - square metal box. Dimensions of an ATX PSU are usually 150 x 86

x 140mm

• On-off Switch - manual switch on the back to ensure that the computer is truly off and no power is being sent to the components

• Fan - 80mm or 120mm or even a 140mm fan to cool it’s components and exhaust the heat out the back

Power Connectors

Cover

Power Connectors

Fan

Power CordPort

On-off Switch



2.13.2) Basic Component of PSU (continue)• Main Power Connectors (also called 20- or 24-pin ATX connector) - the

connector that goes to the motherboard to provide the power.

• ATX12V 4-pin power connector (also called “CPU power connector”) - a 2nd connector that goes to the motherboard that brings extra power to the CPU socket area



2.13.2) Basic Component of PSU (continue)• 4-pin peripheral power connectors (also known as Molex connectors)

which for various drives e.g. Hard disk, CD/DVD-ROM

• Serial ATA (SATA) power connectors - a 15-pin connector for components which use SATA power plugs e.g. SATA Hard disks

SATA PowerConnector



2.13.2) Basic Component of PSU (continue)• 6-pin & 8-pin PCI-E power connector

• Power Rating for PCI-E Graphic Card

8-pin PCI-E Power Connector 6-pin PCI-E Power Connector



2.13.3) How Power Supplies Work

• Used Transformers & Capacitors to convert Line Voltage at 120 volts & 60 herts into 5 volts & 12 volts DC

Capacitors

Transformer



2.13.4) Power Supply Terms1) Watt

- The accepted market rating for power supplies

-Watts = Volts(v) x Amps(A)- This formula is important to calculate the wattage on each rail

2) Rails- Every power supply has many rails. Each rail is rated for aspecific voltage, and will always carry that voltage no matterhow many devices are connected to it- However, each rail has an AMPERE RATING (A). The more devices- However, each rail has an AMPERE RATING (A). The more devicesyou connect to each rail, the lower the available amperage to the rest of your computer system will be on that specific rail.



2.13.5) Power Supplies Form Factor



2.13.6) How to read PSU Specification• 1st Row - shows your AC input (your wall socket voltage i.e. 240v for Malaysia)

• 2nd Row - shows the DC output to all the rails (i.e. +3.3v, +5v, dual 12v rail(+12V1 & +12V2), -12v, +5vsb)

• 3rd Row - shows the Amperage (A) for each rail• 4th Row - shows the maximum wattage for the rails



2.12.6) How to read PSU Specification (continue)- Output Power Calculation

ATX/NLX, SFX & WTX form factor



2.13.7) How much Power do you need?


22..14 14 PrinterPrinter22..1414..1 1 Printer FeaturesPrinter Features

I) What is Printer?- Devices that print text or graphics on physical print media such as paper

II) Printing Speed- Speed is measured in ppm (pages per minute)

III) Printing Paper Type

- Continuous-Form Paper (don’t need to load in paper often)-- Single Sheet (can change to special paper easily, like letterhead or envelopes)


22..14 14 PrinterPrinter22..1414..1 1 Printer Features Printer Features (continue)(continue)

iv) Printing Quality - Measure in print resolution or dot per inch(dpi)- 1200 to 2400 dpi printers for graphics used while 600 dpi for normal printing

v) Printing Mode (what we saw from paper after printing)- Typeface

- Styles (Bold, italic, underlined..)- Size (measured in points, one point = 1/72 inch)- Size (measured in points, one point = 1/72 inch)- Font- Color- Graphics


22..14 14 PrinterPrinter

2.14.2) Inject Printer• Introduction to Inject Printer

- Image is created by placing extremely small droplets of ink onto paper

- Dots are extremely small (between 50 and 60 microns in diameter)- Resolution up to 1440x720 dots per inch (dpi)- Different colors combined to create photo-quality images

- Use Serial Printing Process

- Also use Line inject printer printing process



2.14.2) Inject Printer• Inject Printer Features

- Quiet operation

- Capability to produce color images with photographic quality- Expensive to maintenance compare with laser printing



2.14.2) Inject Printer• What inside Inject Printer?

Print Head Assemblyi) Print Head – the core of inject printer which contains a series of nozzles

thatare used to spray drops of ink.

ii) Ink cartridges – come in various combinations (color & black in single & separated cartridges)

Print Head Assembly




Print Head Assembly (continue)iii) Print Head Stepper Motor – moves the print head assembly (print head

&ink cartridges) back & forth across the paper.

Stepper motors control the movement of most parts of an inject printer




Print Head Assembly (continue)iv) Belt – attach the print head assembly to the stepper motor.v) Stabilizer bar – to ensure that movement is precise & controlled.

Stabilizer bar & Belt




Paper Feed Assemblyi) Paper Tray/Feeder – to load the paper into.ii) Rollers – pull the papers in from the tray or feeder.iii) Paper feed stepper motor – supply powers the rollers to move the paper

inthe exact increment needed.

iv) Power supply – supply power to the printeriv) Power supply – supply power to the printer




Power Supply- To supply power to the printer.

Control Circuitry- To control mechanical aspects of operation.- To decode information send from computer.



2.14.3) Laser Printer

- Produces high quality text & graphics on printing media such as paper

- Images is produced by direct scanning of a laser beam across the photoreceptor



2.14.3) Laser Printer• What inside Laser Printer

- Static electricity- As temporary “glue”

- Core component is photoreceptor

The path of a piece of paper through a laser printer Basic component of laser printer



2.14.3) Laser Printer• How Laser Printer Works

- Roster image processing

- Each horizontal strip of dots across the page is known as

Raster/scan line .- Raster Image Processor (RIP) is use to create an image to be

printed.- Source material may encoded in Adobe PostScript(PS)/Printer Command Language(PCL)/Unformatted text-only data. Command Language(PCL)/Unformatted text-only data. - Raster Image Memory generate bit map of final pages by RIP.

Generating the raster image data



2.14.3) Laser Printer• How Laser Printer Works (continue)

- Charging- Corona wire projects an electrostatic charge onto

photoreceptor(photosensitive drum or belt).

Applying a negative charge to the photosensitive drum




-Writing- Laser is reflected onto photoreceptor (discharge certain points).

- The laser “draws” the letters & images to be printed as a pattern of

electrical charges (electrostatic image)

How the bitmap is written to the photosensitive drum




- Developing- Done by spreading positive charges toner, fine powder over the surface, making

thelatent image visible.

- Transferring- Photoreceptor is pressed over paper, transferring the images.- Discharged by the detac corona wire immediately after picking up the toner.- Discharged by the detac corona wire immediately after picking up the toner.

Note: before the paper rolls under the drum, it is given a negative charge by the transfer

corona wire. This charge is stronger than negative charge of the electrostatic image,so the paper can pull the toner powder away




- Fusing- Paper passes through rollers in the fuser assembly where heat and pressure bond the plastic powder to the paper.

- Cleaning- Electrically neutral soft plastic blade cleans excess toner from the photoreceptor and deposits into a waste reservoir



2.14.3) Laser Printer• Printer Controller: The Conversation

- Receive, process & transfer page data- Communicate through parallel/serial/USB port



2.14.3) Laser Printer• Printer Controller: The Language

- Communicate between printer controller & host computer- Common language is Printer Command Language (PCL) &Postscript. Describe the page is vector form.

• Printer Controller: Setting up the Page- Raster Image Processor (RIP) takes the arranges text/graphics

ininwhole piece/piece by piece & break down into an array of

tinydots.



2.14.3) Laser Printer• Printer Controller: Laser Assembly

- A laser- A movable mirror- A lens



2.14.3) Laser Printer• Scanning Process

Latent Image Creation

LED Scanning Process



2.14.3) Laser Printer• Printer Features


22..15 15 SpeakerSpeaker

2.15.1) What is Speaker- Output devices that able to produce sound for a given

instruction.

2.15.2) Type of Speakera) PC Speaker - Also known as Multimedia Speakers commonly come with a

low-power internal amplifier.power internal amplifier.- Standard audio connection is a 3.5mm stereo jack plug (green).



2.15.2) Type of Speaker (continue)b) Loudspeakers - Complete speaker system consists of an enclosure.



2.15.2) Type of Speaker (continue)c) Sound card - Computer expansion card that facilitates the input & output of

audiosignals to/from a computer.



2.15.2) Type of Speakerd) Headphone - Also known as earphones, headsets are a pair of small

loudspeakerwith a way of holding them close to ears.



2.15.2) Type of Speakere) Microphone - Also known as mike or mic is an acoustic-to-electric

transduceror sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal.



2.15.3) Common features of PC Speakera) LED power indicator

b) 3.5mm (1/8-inch) headphone jackc) Controls for volume, bass & trebled) A remote volume control

(a)

2.5mm mono,3.5mm mono and stereo & 6.3mm stereo jack plugs

(b)

(c)



2.15.4) Sound Basic- Object produces sound when it vibrates in the air.

- Example of how to produces a sound (Bell)



2.15.5) Inside Speaker- Speaker is the final translation machine which translate

electricalsignal back into physical vibrations to create sound waves.



2.14.5) Inside Speaker (continue) I) Cone - made of paper/plastic/metal attached on wide end to

thesuspension.

II) Suspension/surround - allows the cone to move, attached to the

metal frame, called the basket.

III) Voice coil - connected from the cone.

IV) Spider - hold the coil in position, but allow to move freely back

& forth.



2.15.6) How Sound is produced

When the electrical current flowing through the voice coil changes direction, the coil's polar orientation reverses. This changes the magnetic forces between the voice coil and the permanent magnet, moving the coil and attached diaphragm back and forth.



2.15.7) Type of DriverI) Woofers - biggest drivers which are use to produce low

frequencysounds.

II) Tweeters – to produce high frequency sounds



2.15.7) Type of Driver (continue)III) Midrange – produce a range of frequency in the middle of

thesound spectrum



2.15.8) Sealed Speaker Enclosures III) Midrange – produce a range of frequency in the middle of

thesound spectrum

A typical sealed speaker enclosure thatholds a tweeter, a woofer and a midrange driver.

In a sealed speaker setup, the driver diaphragm compresses air in the enclosure when it moves inand rarefies air when it moves out.


22..16 16 Turn On & Off ComputerTurn On & Off Computer

2.16.1) Identify PC Switches, Ports & Connectors

Optical DriveButton

Power CordPort

Power On-off Switch

PS2 Keyboard

PS2 Mouse

Power Switch

Reset Switch

USB PortFront Panel Microphone PortFront Panel

Speaker Port

KeyboardConnector

PS2 Mouse Connector

VGAConnector

ParallelPort

USB PortNetworkPort

MicrophonePort Speaker

Port HeadphonePort



2.16.2) Plug in Cables on PC Connectors or Ports

Power Cord

VGA/DisplayCable

Speaker Cable

USB CableNetwork Cable



2.16.3) Turn On PC• Press Power Switch

Press here (Power Switch)



2.16.3) Turn On PC• POST screen on display on monitor



2.16.3) Turn On PC• Loading Window



2.16.3) Turn On PC• Window Welcome screen



2.16.3) Turn On PC• User Selection



2.16.3) Turn On PC• Window Desktop screen



2.16.4) Turn Off PC• Shut Down & Switch off PC


basic functional of computer hardware

Documents

centre copyright

flex atx flex atx

computer components

body copyright

motherboardform factor

joystick copyright

body of computer

computer introduction1