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N F nitaT B S

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Definition of learningAny relatively permanent change in behavior brought

about through experience.(interaction withenvironment)

Not all change (biologic)

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Classical Conditioning : learning by

Association By Ivan Pavlov ( Russian physiologist )

UCS : a stimulus that can elicit a response withoutany learning

UCR : an unlearned, inborn reaction to anunconditioned stimulus

CS : a stimulus that comes to elicit responses as aresult of being paired with an unconditionedstimulus

CR : a response that similar or identical to theunconditioned response that comes to be elicitedby conditioned stimulus

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Importance of Classical Conditioning 1920 : JB Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Teaching a fear to an 11-month-old child : little Albert

1924 : Jones and Mary

Reduced fear of rabbit in another small child by graduallypairing the rabbit (CS) with cookies (UCS)

CR ( fearful crying ) : counterconditioning

Counterconditioning : process of eliminating a classically

conditioned response by pairing the CS with UCS for aresponse that is stronger than CR and that cannot occur atsame time as CR

Health ( immune response), sexual arousal, phobia

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Classical ConditioningWhen a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with

another stimulus that elicits an unlearned response ,the previously neutral stimulus will begin to elicit thesame or very similar response.

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Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement

Two important issues should be noted :

Timing and consistency indelivery of reinforcement

Primary Reinforcers : innate positive reinforcersthat do not have to be acquired through learning

food ,water, warmth physical activity etcSecondary Reinforcers : Learned positive reinforcers

school grade, prize, money, applause

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Positive reinforcement

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Secondary reinforcement

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Schedule of Positive Reinforcement Fixed Ratio

A reinforcement schedulein which the reinforcersis given only afterspecified number ofresponse

High rate but typically apause after eachreinforcer

Variable Ratio

A reinforcement schedulein which the reinforceris given after a varyingnumber of responseshave been made

sales, slot machinegambling

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Schedule of Positive Reinforcement Fixed interval :

A reinforcement schedulein which the reinforceris given following thefirst response occuringafter a predeterminedperiod of time

member of congress

Visiting with voters

Variable interval :

A reinforcementschedule in which thereinforcer is givenfollowing the firstresponse occuring after avariable amount time

fishing

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ShapingA strategy of positively reinforcing behaviour that are

successively more similar to desired behaviour

Method of successive approximations Skinner box : rats

Child 3-yo to clean her room

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shaping

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To be continue........