Basic principles of nutritional Basic principles of nutritional sciencescience

Department of Applied ScienceDepartment of Applied Science

King Saud University/ Community King Saud University/ Community CollegeCollege

By: Murad SawalhaBy: Murad Sawalha

OutlineOutline Nutrition & health promotion (basic Nutrition & health promotion (basic

definitions, importance of a balanced diet)definitions, importance of a balanced diet) Functions of nutrients in foodFunctions of nutrients in food Good nutrition:Good nutrition:

1) Optimal nutrition1) Optimal nutrition

2) Under nutrition2) Under nutrition

3) Malnutrition 3) Malnutrition

4) Over nutrition4) Over nutrition Nutrient & food guides for health promotionNutrient & food guides for health promotion

Basic definitionsBasic definitions Nutrition: concerns the food people eat and how Nutrition: concerns the food people eat and how

their bodies use it. their bodies use it. Nutrition: is a basic need that must be met for all Nutrition: is a basic need that must be met for all

clients.clients. Nutritional science: comprises the body of Nutritional science: comprises the body of

scientific knowledge governing human foods scientific knowledge governing human foods requirements for maintenance, growth, activity, requirements for maintenance, growth, activity, & reproduction.& reproduction.

Dietetics: is the health profession responsible for Dietetics: is the health profession responsible for applying nutritional science to promote human applying nutritional science to promote human health and treat disease health and treat disease

Basic definitionsBasic definitions Registered dietitian: clinical nutrition Registered dietitian: clinical nutrition

specialist, he has the major responsibility of specialist, he has the major responsibility of nutritional care in patients & clients.nutritional care in patients & clients.

Health: is defined as absence of disease, Health: is defined as absence of disease, and must meeting basic human needs and must meeting basic human needs (physical, mental, psychological, & social (physical, mental, psychological, & social well-being).well-being).

Wellness: seeks the full development of Wellness: seeks the full development of potential for all persons.potential for all persons.

Basic definitionsBasic definitions

Traditional & preventive approach to Traditional & preventive approach to health: - preventive approach: health: - preventive approach: involves identifying risk factors that involves identifying risk factors that increase a persons chances of developing increase a persons chances of developing health problem. - health problem. - Traditional approach: only attempts Traditional approach: only attempts change when symptoms of illness or change when symptoms of illness or disease already exist.disease already exist.

Importance of a balanced Importance of a balanced dietdiet

Food plays an important role in maintaining good Food plays an important role in maintaining good health and recovering from illness.health and recovering from illness.

Assessing a patients nutritional status & Assessing a patients nutritional status & identifying nutritional needs are primary activities identifying nutritional needs are primary activities in the development of a health care plan.in the development of a health care plan.

Signs of good nutrition: well developed body, Ideal Signs of good nutrition: well developed body, Ideal body weight, height, & good muscle development. body weight, height, & good muscle development. - Appetite, - Appetite, digestion, & elimination are normal. digestion, & elimination are normal.

Calculation of ideal body weight: depend on height Calculation of ideal body weight: depend on height - Every 60 inch give 100 bounds - Every 60 inch give 100 bounds - Every 1 inch above 60 we add 5 bound for - Every 1 inch above 60 we add 5 bound for female, & 6 for male. female, & 6 for male.

Functions of nutrients in Functions of nutrients in foodfood

The nutrients must perform the The nutrients must perform the following three basic functions following three basic functions within the body:within the body:

1)1) Provide energy.Provide energy.

2)2) Build tissueBuild tissue

3)3) Regulate metabolic processes.Regulate metabolic processes.

Energy sourcesEnergy sources

Kilocalorie: is the measure of heat necessary Kilocalorie: is the measure of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1L of water 1 to raise the temperature of 1L of water 1 °C, °C, 1 kcal= 1000 calories.1 kcal= 1000 calories.

Carbohydrates: such as starches & sugars, Carbohydrates: such as starches & sugars, consider primary source for heat & energy, consider primary source for heat & energy, also may store energy as glycogen. also may store energy as glycogen. - Each gram of - Each gram of carbohydrate gives 4Kcal of body energy carbohydrate gives 4Kcal of body energy (fuel factor). - In (fuel factor). - In a well balanced diet, carbohydrate should a well balanced diet, carbohydrate should provide about 45%-65% of the total Kcalories.provide about 45%-65% of the total Kcalories.

Energy sourcesEnergy sources

Fats: either animal or plants Fats: either animal or plants sources, provide the body sources, provide the body secondary, or storage form of heat secondary, or storage form of heat & energy. - Each & energy. - Each gram of fat consumed yields 9Kcal. gram of fat consumed yields 9Kcal. - Fat - Fat should provide no more than 20%-should provide no more than 20%-35% of the total Kcalories.35% of the total Kcalories.

Energy sourcesEnergy sources

Proteins: each gram gives 4Kcal. Proteins: each gram gives 4Kcal. - In a well balanced diet, protein - In a well balanced diet, protein should provide about 10%-35% of should provide about 10%-35% of total Kcal. total Kcal.

- Primary function of protein is - Primary function of protein is tissue building, some of it may be tissue building, some of it may be used for energy if necessary.used for energy if necessary.

Tissue buildingTissue building Proteins: dietary protein provides amino acids, Proteins: dietary protein provides amino acids,

which are the building units necessary for which are the building units necessary for constructing & repairing body tissues.constructing & repairing body tissues.

Vitamins & minerals: such as vitamin C which Vitamins & minerals: such as vitamin C which used to develop cementing intracellular ground used to develop cementing intracellular ground substance (collagen). substance (collagen). - Collagen helps build strong tissue - Collagen helps build strong tissue and prevents tissue bleeding. and prevents tissue bleeding. - Two major minerals (calcium, - Two major minerals (calcium, & phosphorus): they help in building & & phosphorus): they help in building & maintaining bone tissue. - Also iron, maintaining bone tissue. - Also iron, which contributes to building the oxygen carrier which contributes to building the oxygen carrier hemoglobin in red blood cells. hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Tissue buildingTissue building

Fatty acids: derived from fat Fatty acids: derived from fat metabolism, help build the metabolism, help build the central fat substance of cell walls central fat substance of cell walls and promote the transport of fat and promote the transport of fat soluble materials across the cell soluble materials across the cell wall.wall.

Regulation & controlRegulation & control The multiple chemical processes in the body The multiple chemical processes in the body

necessary for providing energy & building necessary for providing energy & building tissue should be regulated and controlled to tissue should be regulated and controlled to maintain a smooth, balanced operation.maintain a smooth, balanced operation.

Vitamins and minerals are nutrients that help Vitamins and minerals are nutrients that help regulate many body processes.regulate many body processes.

Vitamins: many vitamins function as coenzyme Vitamins: many vitamins function as coenzyme factors, which are components of cell enzymes, factors, which are components of cell enzymes, in governing chemical reactions during cell in governing chemical reactions during cell metabolism - Example: B-complex vitamins.metabolism - Example: B-complex vitamins.

Minerals: many minerals also serve as Minerals: many minerals also serve as coenzyme. - Example: cobalt, which is a coenzyme. - Example: cobalt, which is a central constituents of vitamin B12, functions central constituents of vitamin B12, functions with this vitamin to combat pernicious anemia.with this vitamin to combat pernicious anemia.

Regulation & controlRegulation & control

Other nutrients: water & fiber Other nutrients: water & fiber consider regulatory agents.consider regulatory agents.

Water: basic for our life, providing Water: basic for our life, providing the essential base for all metabolic the essential base for all metabolic processes.processes.

Dietary fiber regulate the passage Dietary fiber regulate the passage & absorption of material through & absorption of material through the gastrointestinal tract.the gastrointestinal tract.

Good nutritionGood nutrition1)1) Optimal nutrition: means that a person receives Optimal nutrition: means that a person receives

and uses substances that are obtained from a and uses substances that are obtained from a varied diet of carbohydrates, fat, proteins, varied diet of carbohydrates, fat, proteins, minerals, vitamins, water, & dietary fiber in minerals, vitamins, water, & dietary fiber in ideal amounts for the specific individual.ideal amounts for the specific individual.

2)2) Under nutrition: suboptimal diet, but this not Under nutrition: suboptimal diet, but this not mean undernourished, still person can maintain mean undernourished, still person can maintain health, but has a greater risk for physical health, but has a greater risk for physical illness, also nutritionally deficient people are illness, also nutritionally deficient people are limited in their physical work capacity, immune limited in their physical work capacity, immune system, function, and mental activity. system, function, and mental activity.

Good nutritionGood nutrition3) Malnutrition: when nutrient & energy 3) Malnutrition: when nutrient & energy

intake insufficient meet day to day needs intake insufficient meet day to day needs or added metabolic stress. or added metabolic stress. - Mostly we see in poor society. - Mostly we see in poor society. - Vulnerable persons: pregnant - Vulnerable persons: pregnant women, infants, children, & elderly adult).women, infants, children, & elderly adult).

4) Over nutrition: excess nutrient & energy 4) Over nutrition: excess nutrient & energy intake over time intake over time - Harmful gross body weight: morbid - Harmful gross body weight: morbid obesity.obesity.

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