basics of vibration analysis
DESCRIPTION
Contains very brief introduction to vibration analysis in powerpoint documentTRANSCRIPT
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Balancing andDiagnostic Systems
Welcome to the seminar:Welcome to the seminar:Welcome to the seminar:
Basics of vibration technology– Measurement & Analysis
Basics of vibration technology– Measurement & Analysis
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Balancing andDiagnostic Systems
Lecturer : RolandLecturer : Roland KewitschKewitsch
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Vibration analysis increases knowledge
Provides necessary information for:
Evaluation of machine condition
Recognition of on-going machine damage symptoms
Identification of the cause and the damaged components
Prognosis of remaining service life
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Machine damage in a power station
Total destruction of agenerator
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Rolling-element bearing damage
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Diagnosis methods
Vibration measurement and analysis
Displacement, expansion and process value measurement
Lubricant analysis(e.g. spectroscope, ferroscope, radionuclide)
Temperature, speed and phase measurement
Optical examination(e.g. endoscope, microscope)
Non-destructive testing(e.g. ultra-sound, X-rays)
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Vibration Measurement in the past (& still today)
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Diagnosis methods
Diagnosisby
vibration measurement
Overallmethods
Machineassessment using
Overall measurements
=
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Balancing andDiagnostic Systems
Diagnosis methods
Overallmethods
Machineassessment using
Overall measurements
Fault identificationusing frequency
analysis measurements
Dynamic behaviour
analysis
With self-excitationmethods
With externalexcitation methods
Diagnosisby
vibration measurement
Analytical methods
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Balancing andDiagnostic Systems
Measuring machine conditionin the past
The first portable vibration measuring instrument from the Schenck company
Demonstrated at an exhibition in Leipzig / Germany in 1925
Schenck was founded in 1881
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Modern machine diagnosis
Measuring machine condition with a modern measuring Instrument(VT-60)
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Balancing andDiagnostic Systems
Measurement types for mechanical vibrations
Vibration displacement „s“ in µm or mil= deviation of measured point
from rest position
Vibration velocity „v“ in mm/s or ips= velocity with which measured
point moves about rest position
Vibration acceleration „a“ in m/s2 or g= acceleration with which measured
point moves about rest position
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Balancing andDiagnostic Systems
Characteristics of composite vibrations
• Narrow-band examination- Extraction into harmonic components (e.g. using a frequency analyser or tracking filters)
• Broad-band examination- Through a summing formation in a defined frequency
range (e.g. 10 …. 1,000 Hz)
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Balancing andDiagnostic Systems
Amplitude data for vibration measurement
so = speak = sm
su = speak = sm
speak-peak = spp
srms = seffSaverage
t
s
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Composite vibrationsX
t
f
t
X
+2f
t=
f + 2fX
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Vibration in Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain x
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x
fx
tx
f1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x
f1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x
t
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Influence of integration - Practice
Vibration velocity spectrum
Vibration acceleration spectrum
Vibration displacement spectrum
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Balancing andDiagnostic Systems
Selecting the measurement type
Vibration displacement: Machines with speeds under approx. 600 rpm (10 Hz)
Structural vibrations or
Relative motions (shaft vibrations) in journal bearing machines of any speed
Vibration velocity:
Vibrations in machines with speeds above 600 rpm(10 … 1,000 Hz)
Vibration acceleration:Vibrations with frequencies of interest above 2,000 Hz
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Balancing andDiagnostic Systems
Vibration types in machines
Bearing casing
Absolutebearing vibrations
Relativeshaft vibrations
Rotor
Foundation
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Measuring Absolute Bearing Vibration
Sensor must sit securely and not wobble
Loose paint and rusted surfaces should be cleaned or avoided
Measuring points should be flat, clean and free of grease
Measurement points should be exactly defined and clearly marked
General rules:
Sensor and cable should not move during measurement
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Acceleration sensors
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Vibration velocity sensors
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Measuring Relative Shaft Vibration
45° 45°A B
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Eddy-current sensors
Separate converter (oscillator)
Calibrated extension cable
Sensor with integral cable
Discrete type:
Note:
Cable lengths may not be altered!
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Eddy-current sensors
Integrated type:
Use in temperatures above 110°C is not possible
Cable can be extended up to 1,000m in length
Sensor with built-in oscillator and extension cable
Advice:
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Machine assessment using the Trend
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Machine assessment acc. to Standards and Guidelines
A number of important Standards and Guidelines for rotating masses have been replaced during the last years by:
DIN ISO 10816, parts 1 to 6 (absolute bearing vibrations) and
DIN ISO 7919, parts 1 to 5 (relative shaft vibrations)
Reciprocating machines, including compressors, can be assessed according to
DIN ISO 10816-6 (Reciprocating machines with > 100 kW)
DIN ISO 8528-9 (Reciprocating internal combustion machines)
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Assessment of an electric motor acc. to ISO 10816
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Assessment zones
Assessment zones according to DIN ISO 10816:
Zone A:Vibration in newly-installed machines
Zone B:Machines may be operated for an unlimited time without restriction
Zone C:Machines may be operated for a limited time
Zone D:Vibrations are at a dangerous level and may cause damage to the machines
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DIN ISO 10816 Part 3, Group 2
Medium-sized machines with nominal power from 15 kW to 300 kW;Electrical machines with shaft height 160 mm ≤ H >315 mm
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Vibrations created in damaged bearings
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Impulses from a damaged bearing
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Balancing andDiagnostic Systems
Damage frequencies in a rolling-element bearing
D
ßß Contact angled Rolling-element diametern No. of rolling elementsN Speed of shaft
Outer race damage fo = ( 1 - cos ß )dD
n • N2 60
Inner race damage fi = ( 1 + cos ß )dD
n • N2 60
[ ]²Rolling-element damage fr = ( 1 - cos² ß )D • Nd 60
dD
Cage damage fc = ( 1 - cos ß )dD
N2 60
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Balancing andDiagnostic Systems
Damage frequencies in a rolling-element bearing
Ball-bearing SKF 6211
DimensionsD = 77.5 mmD = 14.3 mmn = 10ß = 0°
N = 3,000 rpm
Damage frequenciesFo = N/60 4.1 = 205 HzFi = N/60 5.9 = 295 HzFr = N/60 5.2 = 260 HzFc = N/60 0.4 = 20 Hz
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BCU signal process
f
t
X
ft
X
t
BCU
t
X
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Trend observation Example:
Damage progress in a rolling-element bearing
Destruction