basis of english grammar ةيزي لجنلاا ةغللا دعاوق يف تايساسأ

الأستاذ أنس البلوي0789077686

Basis of English Grammar أساسيات في قواعد اللغة الانجليزية

تتكون الجمله في الحالة العادية من :

Subject الفاعل + Verb الفعل + Object المفعول به + complement تكملة الجملة

Subject : الفاعل * The Subject in a sentence can be either a Noun or a Subject Pronoun :

يمكن أن يكون الفاعل في الجملة إما اسم أو ضمير فاعل :

1) Noun ( n. ) : الاسم

يم

*** Determiners : التي تسبق الأسماء المحددات

a, an , the , this, that , these, those , ( quantifiers محددات الكميه أو العدد ) → some, any, many, a

few, few, little , a little, all, enough, less, a lot of , lots of , more, most, no, none of , …..

2) Subject Pronouns : ضمائر الفاعل

I , He , She, It , You, They , We

I live in Amman.

They sleep early.

We like eating chocolate.

Definite ( معرفة )

وهي الأسماء التي تكون صريحة أو محددة بأداة مثل •the / this / that / these / those أو ان يكون ما

...... my / your/ their / ourقبلها صفة ملكية مثل

• Mohammad / Salam

• The student/s

• The job/s

• This girl/ these girls

• That man/ those men

• My/ Our/your... school

Indefinite ( نكرة)

وهي الأسماء اللتي تكون عن شيء او انسان بشكل عام•وليس اسم صريح وقد يسبقه بعض المحددات العامه

, some, few, a little of , noاو مثل a , anللمفردany , ....

• a girl

• An apple

• People

• Some students

• Few trees

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Verb الفعل

وهي الكلمة الدالة على وقوع الحدث .... وتنقسم إلى نوعين :

1) Helping verbs ( Auxiliaries ) الأفعال المساعدة :

Base V1 V2 V3

Be Is / am / are Was/ were been

Do Do / does did done

Have Have / has had had

Modals

will would

shall should

can could

may might

must had to

have / has to had to

going to -

Ought to -

2) Main Verbs : الأفعال الرئيسية

وهي نوعين :

وهو الذي لا يحتاج لمفعول به بعده ويكون معنى الجملة واضحا Intransitiveالفعل اللازم .1

…… / run / die / sleep /rain / cry / swim / shout / snow: بدونه مثل

مفعول به لإتمام معنى الجملة : إلىوهو الذي يحتاج Transitiveالفعل المتعدي .2

Put / cut / climb / give / offer / write / read / hear / smell / make / like / buy ……

2


me , him , her , it , you , them , us

Object المفعول به

.. Object Pronounأو ضمير مفعول به Nounلية الحدث ويكون إما اسما يقع ع وهو ما

Object pronouns :

The Pronouns : الضمائر

Subject فاعل

Object مفعول به

Possessive Adjective صفة ملكية قبل الاسم

Possessive ضمير ملكية بعد الاسم في ل السؤال وبعد فع

to be جمل في ال

Reflexive الانعكاسية

He him his his himself

She her her hers herself

It it its its itself

I me my mine myself

You you your yours yourself /

yourselves

They them their theirs themselves

We us our ours ourselves

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( : adverb ( أو ظرف ) adjective ة ) الجملة على صف*** قد تحتوي

1) Adjective : الصفة

وتنقسم الى مجموعتين :

صفات أصلية ) ليست مشتقه من فعل أو اسم ( مثل : .1

tall / short / big / fat / thin / happy / sad / bad / good / smooth

/thick / slim / ………..

ويتم إضافة مقطع في نهاية الكلمة الأصلية لتحويلها إلى ن اسم أو فعلصفات مشتقه م .2

صفه . مثل :

Beautiful / skillful / expensive / impressive / economical / psychological /

dangerous / fabulous / interesting / amazing

2) Adverb : الظرف

حدث او لبيان زمنه أو لبيان المكان : توضيح حال اليقوم الظرف ب

1. Place adverbs : ظروف المكان → Here , there

2. Time adverbs : ظروف الزمان → Tomorrow, yesterday , today , before , after ,

immediately, now, ….

3. Adverbs of frequency : ظروف التكرار →

Always, usually, often , sometimes, never , ever , hardly, rarely , daily , weekly ,

monthly , yearly , once a day , twice a year , …….

4. Adverbs of manner : الحال → quickly, slowly , beautifully , badly , quietly , ……

لاحقا.. ** سيتم توضيح استخدامات الظرف ومكانها في الجملة

في الحالات التالية : تأتي الصفات

وتكون لوصف Verbs to Be ( is , am , are , was , were , been )بعد أفعال الكينونة : .1

شيء معينشخص أو

noisy. / The boys are cuteShe is

قبل الأسماء : .2

.investigation exhaustiveThe police did an bag. / smallThis is a

فعال معينه : بعد أ .3

Find , taste , sound , grow , get , be, look, seem , feel, become

في الوحدة الرابعة .** سيتم توضيح باقي الحالات في لاحقا

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➔ The Present Simple Tense : زمن المضارع البسيط

We use the present simple tense when we talk about : نستخدم زمن المضارع البسيط للتحدث عن

1. Something that is true in the present . شيء أو حدث حقيقي في الوقت الحاضر

She looks happy. ) هي تبدو سعيدة ) في الوقت الحالي

The sky is blue today. السماء زرقاء اليوم

They work hard. هم يعملون بجهد

2. Things that are always true ( facts ) . ) أشياء دائما صحيحة ) حقائق علمية

Water freezes at 0 c°. الماء يتجمد في درجة صفر مئوية

The sun rises from the east. الشمس تبزغ من الشرق

Aqaba is in the south of Jordan. تقع العقبة في جنوب الأردن

3. Habits or routines in the present . عادات وروتين متكرر في الوقت الحالي

We go to school every day. نحن نذهب للمدرسة يوميا

The man washes his car weekly. الرجل يغسل سيارته أسبوعيا

She is always on time. هي تكون موجودة دائما في الوقت المحدد

4. Scheduled or fixed events in the future. أحداث مجدولة أو محدد توقيتها في المستقبل

The plane leaves at 7 a.m. تغادر الطائرة الساعة 7 صباحا

We have an English lesson tomorrow morning. لدينا حصة لغة انجليزية في صباح الغد

The doctor has a surgery tonight. الطبيب لديه عملية جراحية الليلة

➔ Key words : الكلمات الدالة

( Adverbs of frequency ) :

Always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, every + ( day/week/month/year,

night/morning/ evening/ Sunday/ Monday/ ……. ) , daily, weekly, monthly,

yearly, frequently, seldom, hardly, scarcely, generally, normally, once, twice,…

• She visits her grandma twice a week.

• The students generally understand the new language.

• He hardly gets up early.

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The Sentence structure : صيغة الجملة

➔ I , they , we , you + V1 + complement

يكون الفعل بدون إضافاتاذا كان الفاعل في حالة الجمع

➔ He , She, It + V1( - s / es ) + complement

للفعل كالتالي : es أو s اذا كان الفاعل مفردا يتم اضافة

If the verb ends with these letters ( -ch, -sh, -ss, -s, -o, -z, -x ) we add - es ….

esاذا انتهى الفعل بالحروف التالية فيتم اضافة

Go → goes wish → wishes buzz → buzzes

Watch → watches fix → fixes focus → focuses

( Be ) → is / am / are * He is clever. / They are hungry.

( have ) → have / has * They have a big house. / He has a car.

( do ) → do / does * They do their work perfectly. / Salma does her homework

فقط s( فيضاف o, u, e, i, aوكان ما قبله حرف عله ) yانتهى الفعل بـ إذا

Employ → employs enjoy → enjoys

esويضاف iإلى yوكان ما قبله حرف ساكن فيتم تغيير yإذا انتهى الفعل بـ

Fly → flies cry → cries study → studies

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She doesn't speak French.

The students don't go to school in summer.

My brother doesn't have a car

They don't do their homework daily.

الى الفعل : notفيكون النفي بإضافة verb to beفي حالة أفعال يكون

is → is not → isn't

am → am not

are → are not → aren't

She isn't smart enough.

I am not alone.

They aren't tired.

Subject Verb to be Verb to

have Verb to do Verb+ s/ es Negative

He is has does √ isn't /

doesn't + base

She is has does √ isn't /

doesn't + base

It is has does √ isn't /

doesn't + base

I am have do X am not/

don't + base

You are have do X aren't /

don't + base

They are have do X aren't /

don't + base

We are have do X aren't /

don't + base

Base ( v )

الفعل المجرد

7


Do you like English? Yes, I do. / No, don’t.

Does John have a car? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.

Where do you go every Friday? I go to Irbid.

When does Sam come to school? He comes to school at 7 a.m.

Are you happy? Yes, I am. / No, I'm not.

Is she beautiful? Yes, she is. / No, she isn't.

How are the kids? They are ( they're ) good.

Where is your dad? He is in the garden.

( adjective( هو غالبا الصفة ) verb to beنلاحظ مما سبق أن الذي يتبع فعل يكون )

في حالة الجملة.

8


Correct the verbs between brackets :

1. Nawal _______________ ( live ) in Amman.

2. Saleem _______________ ( have ) a car.

3. Razan ________________( not, be ) always on time for class.

4. She _________________( not, sit ) in the garden every day.

5. _______________ Maram ______________ ( study ) grammar daily?

6. What _____________ you usually _____________ ( do ) in weekends?

7. Aqaba ___________________ ( be ) in the south of Jordan.

8. Teachers often ________________ ( like ) students to ask questions.

9. I ___________________ ( not, have ) enough money to buy a new mobile.

10. _________________ ( not, be ) your father a doctor?

11. Where _______________ mum ______________ ( go ) every Friday?

12. He hardly _______________ ( catch ) the ball in football matches.

13. Mum _________________ ( look ) beautiful today.

14. The train ________________ ( leave ) at 9 a.m. tomorrow morning.

15. What languages _______________ she _____________ ( speak ) ?

16. Our company ________________ ( supply ) technical products.

17. We ___________________ ( not, work ) on Saturdays.

18. Judy __________________( write ) a letter every week.

19. ________________ Ruba _______________ ( walk ) to school?

20. She ___________________ ( enjoy ) her time.

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➔ The Present continuous Tense : زمن المضارع المستمر

We use the present continuous : : المستمر ع يستخدم زمن المضار

في

1. To talk about something that is happening at the moment of speaking.

للتحدث عن شيء يتم حدوثه وقت الكلام

The students are having a quiz now.

The baby is sleeping at the moment.

2. To describe something temporary. للتحدث عن شيء يحدث بشكل مؤقت

They are selling at low prices these days.

My family is having a great time this week .

3. For actions that happen repeatedly in the present. We use it with always.

( annoying actions ) للتحدث عن الأحداث المتكررة وتكون هذه الأحداث مزعجه

He is always working late at night. I wish he finishes early.

You are always watching T.V. Go and do something more active.

Mum is always calling me when I leave home. I hate it.

هو بين الفعل المساعد والفعل الرئيسي... salway مكان أننلاحظ

4. To talk about the future, where something has been planned .

ط لها في المستقبل تم التخطي أشياءللتحدث عن

They are leaving to France tomorrow.

I am having a birthday party next week.

بدلا من المستمر simple ـال صيغة نستخدم ing ال تقبل لا المستمرة التي غير الأفعال مع: ظةحوملStative verbs: love, like, prefer, hate, dislike, see, have (own), think (believe), know, understand, need, want, remember, realize, be, [start, begin]...etc.


• Adverbs / phrases of time :

Now, right now, at the moment, currently, at present, at the time being,

tonight, today, this week , these days, this year ,………

• Caution verbs :

Listen! , Look!, Be careful!, Look out!, Watch out!, Be quiet!, Stop!,

Don't move!,……



She is doing her homework now.

I am playing computer games at the moment.

Listen! The boys are coming.

She isn't coming right now.

You aren't studying well these days.

I am not sleeping at the moment.

Am I bothering you? No, you aren’t.

Are they having lunch now? Yes, they are

Is Salma having fun these days? Yes, she is.

What are you doing tonight? I am hanging out with my friends.

Where are you going tomorrow? I am going to Aqaba.

Adding -ing to the verbs :

change → changing have→ havingمن الفعل eبعد حذف الـ ingأضف eهى الفعل ب اذا انت •

ingفيجب مضاعفة الحرف الأخير عند اضافة الـ واحد اذا كان الفعل ينتهي بحرف ساكن مسبوق بحرف علة •

Sit → sitting run → running dig → digging plan → planning shop→

shopping

ingعدا عن ذلك فلا يتم تغير أي شيء عند اضافة ال •

Rain → raining play → playing do → doing enjoy → enjoying


Correct the verbs between brackets :

1. Listen! Someone ________________ ( knock ) at the door.

2. Don't make any noise! The kids _________________ ( sleep )

3. __________ you ___________ ( do ) anything important at the time being?

4. No one ____________________ ( use ) floppy disks these days.

5. My sister ________________________ ( always, wear ) my clothes.

6. Sami _________________ (not, do ) his homework now.

7. Where ___________ Dana ___________ ( go ) tonight ?

8. Why ___________ you ______________ ( not , listen ) to me?

9. I __________________ ( leave ) to Aqaba tomorrow.

10. My sister ___________________ ( prepare ) for her presentation at the moment.

11. Be careful! A car __________________ ( pass ) now.

12. Now, I ________________ (think) that you’re right, my friend!

13. Amal _________________ (clean) her room at this time.

14. Windows __________________ (shut down) now. This is typed on the computer

screen.

15. Look! It __________________ (rain) heavily. We can’t go outside today!

16. My neighbour ______________ (paint) his house next week. I’m sure about this.

2018وزاري .17 The workers _____________________ at the moment. They're on a

break. ( not , work )


➔ Present Perfect Simple المضارع التام البسيط

Uses (Functions): الاستخدامات 1- To express finished activities at unspecific time in the past, but their CONSEQUENCES (results) are still there at present.

.الحاضر الوقت في ( قائمة ) موجودة زالت لا نتائجها أن إلا الماضي، في منتهية وأنشطة أفعال عن للحديث الزمن هذا يستخدم

(To talk about something that was true in the past and continues to be true in the

present)

1. I have cut my finger. It's bleeding now. (cut)

2. She has already prepared for her presentation. (prepare)

2- To talk about achievements:

الإنجازات عن للحديث كذلك الزمن هذا يستخدم

(To discuss our experience up to the present) 1. The student has already finished his project. (finish)

2. I have just done my homework. (do)

NOTE: With stative (non-continuous) verbs: love, like, prefer, hate, dislike, see, have (own), think (believe), know, understand, need, want, remember, realize, be, [start, begin]...etc. 1. I have known him since 2000. (know)

2. Sami has had this house for 10 years. (have)


already, yet, just, since, for, lately, recently, ever, so far, up to now, up till

now, still, once, twice, (five) times, so (he) can, today, (this week, month,

year,…)



1. The kids have written five stories since the holiday started.

2. Salem has known his best friend for 15 years. ( Know → stative verb )

1. We haven’t eaten dinner yet.

2. Salma still hasn’t completed her work .

1. Have you ever visited Petra ? Yes, I have / No, I haven’t.

2. What has she just said?


* Correct the verbs between brackets with the correct form of the present perfect tense :

1. I …………………… just ……………………….. my homework. ( finish )

2. Huda ……………………….. already ………………………. the report. (type )

3. …………………………you ……………………… a new job yet? ( find )

4. ……………………….. your sister ………………………. In America lately? ( be )

5. Sam ……………………….. yet. ( not, come )

6. We ………………………………… this movie for several times. ( watch )

7. I ……………… never ……………………….. someone famous. ( meet )

8. Where …………………..you ………………… since this morning? ( be )

9. It is really hot in this room. Someone ……………………. the air conditioner. ( turn off )

10. I ………………………………….. my friend since the last meeting. ( see )

11. Samir wasn’t there when I came. He …………………………………… yet. ( not, arrive )

12. My little brother ……………… never ……..………… Wadi Rum. ( see )

13. The road is closed. It …………………………………. an accident. ( be )

14. I ……………………………… basketball all my life. ( love )

15. Sami ………………………………….. Shadi for four years. ( know )

16. My father ………………………………. This watch since he was a child. ( have )

17. …………………… you …………………… your hair? It looks awful ! ( cut )

18. Sally …………………. just …………………… learning French. ( start )

19. The lights of the house are still on. They ………………………………. yet. ( not, sleep )

أسئلة وزارية

1- Maher ............... his driving test, so he can borrow his brother’s car next week. (pass) ► 2011

2- The children ….... already ……. the sandcastle on the beach. (build) ► 2012

3- Our neighbours …………. recently…………. to Aqaba. (move) ► 2012

4- Laila …………….. recently………… learning English. (start) ► 2013

5- My friends ………… already ……….. preparing for their trip to Aqaba. (finish) ► 2013

6- Zaid ………….. lately ………… the prize of the champion so he can participate in it again.

(win) ► 2014

7- The government ………. recently …….. new laws to try to reduce the crime rate in the country.

(announce) ► 2014


➔ Present Perfect Continuous المضارع التام المستمر

Uses (Functions): الاستخدامات 1- To express unfinished activities that began in the past and continues in the present ; an action repeated many times from the past until the present.

حدث يتكرر لعدة مرات من الماضي ،ومستمرة في الحاضر الماضي بدأت في منتهيةغير وأنشطة أفعال عن للحديث الزمن هذا يستخدم

حتى الحاضر

1. I have been waiting for Ali for four hours but he hasn’t come yet. (be, wait) 2. She has been working on her project. I think she needs more time. (be, work)

2- Activities from the recent past which have visible consequences at present.

النتيجة بخلاف من أكثر في الماضي هالحدث واستمراريت على التركيز ويكون الظاهرة، وعواقبها آثارها ولها القريب الماضي في أحداث .البسيط التام المضارع

1. They’re out of breath. They have been running for a long time. (be , run)

2. He is exhausted. He has been cleaning his room all night. (be, clean)

إذا كان هنالك جملتان ) أو جملة ( أولاهما تحتوي على فعل مضارع، ويكون معنى الفعل بين الأقواس يحتاج * ملاحظات مهمة :

: للاستمرارية، فيتم حل الفعل بحالة المضارع التام المستمر ...ومن هذه الأفعال

run, swim, do, write, sleep, eat, paint, work, remove, think يفكر , smoke, rain ……..

1. He is very tired. He has been working all day.

2. I have been thinking about my future for a while. ... لاحظ وجود حرف الجر بعد الفعل

3. Your hands are dirty. Have you been cleaning the car?


all day, all night, all morning, all evening, all the time, for, since, for (five) years now



1. Sua’ad has been working all night.

2. We are exhausted. We have been running for two hours now.

1. We haven’t been sleeping all day.

2. The woman hasn’t been doing her work since this morning.

1. Have you been sleeping all night ? Yes, I have / No, I haven’t.

2. What has she been writing all day?


Exercise:

* Correct the verbs between brackets with the correct form of the present perfect tense :

1. Sami has a headache. He …………...........………….. TV for a long time. (be, watch)

2. Ali …....................…………………. a short story all morning. (be, write)

3. I ………..............…….. for my final exams, so I’m busy. I haven’t finished yet. (be, prepare)

4. She …………..............……………. her assignment all day. (be, do)

5. Ahmed ……….............……………. for this organization for five years now. (be, work)

6. He …………............……………… an answer for 2 hours but with no value. (be, look for)

7. I ......................................... the house. That’s why I have some paint on my clothes. (be, paint)

8. I am out of breath because I ………………………………….. in the garden. ( be, work )

9. ………………. Ahmed …………………. in the room? There is much smoke. ( be, smoke)

10. The ground is very wet. It ……………………………………… all night. ( be, rain )

أسئلة وزارية

1- Nour …………………….. an essay all morning. (be, write) ► 2011

2- Hatem looks tired. He …………. his science project all night. (be, do) ► 2011

3- The detectives ……………. people all week. (be, interview) ► 2012

4- The child has ………………….…. all night. (be, sleep) ► 2012

5- Jamal and Fawaz have ……………. evening classes for a few weeks now. (be, take) ► 2013

6- Fadia has ……………… to be a nurse since 2010. (be, train) ► 2013

7- Hassan looks very pale. He has ……………. very well recently. (not, be , sleep) ► 2014

8- How nice to sit down! I’ve …. for three hours non-stop. (be , walk) ► 2015

9- Asem: I think the waiter has forgotten us. We )1( ………….)be, wait( here for over half an hour

and nobody )2( ………… )take( your order yet.

Salma: I think you’re right. He has been walking by us at least twenty times. He probably thinks we

)3( …………. already …………… )order( ► 2015

10. The government has ……………….. hardly to raise the citizen’s awareness of human rights.

(be, work) ► 2016


Exercise:

* Correct the verbs between brackets with the correct form of the present perfect tenses :

1. The children ____________ already ____________the sandcastle on the beach. ( build )

2. Laila _____________ recently _____________ learning English. ( start )

3. I don't know what is wrong with her. She ____________________ for ten hours.

( be, sleep )

4. ________________ you __________________ all night ? ( be, work )

5. We ___________________ stuck in this traffic jam for hours. ( be )

6. The government has ____________________________ hardly to raise the citizen's

awareness of human rights. ( be , work )

7. How long _________ you ________________ for this company ? ( be, work )

8. Salma ______________________ the room all day. ( be, not , clean )

9. The lights are still on in his room, he _________________________ his homework yet.

(not, finish )

10. He ______________________ that car since 1999. ( have )

11. How long __________you _________________ Hotel Management ? ( learn )

12. The girls ________________________ here since 7 o'clock this morning. ( be, wait )

13. People ________________________ interested in travelling since the wheel was

invented. ( be )

14. ______________she ever _____________ to Petra ? ( be )

15. They ___________________ yet . ( not, arrive )

16. What _______________ you _____________________ all week ? ( be, do )


Exercise:

Write the correct form of the ( present simple, present continuous or present perfect :

1. What _______________you _________________ since the last two hours? ( be, do )

2. ______________ you ever ______________ a camel ? ( ride )

3. My father ________________ to work in his car every morning. ( go )

4. He ___________________ some money from the bank at this moment. ( borrow )

5. A new school _____________ just ____________ in Amman. ( open )

6. What time ___________ you _____________ breakfast ? ( have )

7. Salem _________________ ill since Christmas. ( be )

8. Khaled always ___________________ his hands before eating. ( wash )

9. _______________ she _______________ your room every morning ? ( clean )

10. _____________ you _______________ the exercise now? ( explain )

11. The cook ____________________ anything yet. ( not, prepare )

12. Ali ____________________ his homework every day . ( do )

13. _______________ Sameer ever ________________ Taj Mahal ? ( see )

14. We ___________________ for five hours. ( be, study )

15. They __________________ each other since they were kids. ( know )

16. Listen! Somebody ________________ at the door . ( knock )

17. Everything is going well. We ______________ any problem so far. ( not, have )

18. The secretary ___________________ typing the report. ( just, finish )

19. Hassan ___________________ as a teacher since his graduation. ( be, work )

20. Laila _____________ recently _________ learning English . ( start )

21. Maha looks exhausted! What ___________ she _____________ recently? ( be, do )

22. The police ______________________ people all week . ( be, interview )

23. He __________________ that car since 1999. ( have )


➔ The Past Simple Tense : زمن الماضي البسيط

➔ Uses (Functions): الاستخدامات

1. To talk about something that started and finished in the past. ( for telling stories)

للحاضر علاقة ولا الماضي، في محدد زمن في وانتھت حصلت أحداث عن الحديث عند البسیط الماضي زمن ستخدمي

.القصصي السرد زمن ھو الزمن ھذا أن بالذكر الجدير ومن بھا،For example : 1. Sami arrived late last night. ( arrive )

2. The kids went to bed at 10 pm yesterday. ( go )

3. The First World War broke out in 1914. ( break out )

2. To describe a routine in the past.

. الماضي في تكررت وأمور عادات عن الحديث عند يستخدم

) يوجد جزء من الجملة يدل على ھذا التكرار في الماضي (

1- I usually went to Aqaba on Fridays when I was younger. ( go )

2- Samer always studied hard when he was a student in the university. ( study )

3. To talk about something that was true for an extended period of time in the past. In

this case, we use it with a time phrase.

.زمان ظرف عبارة استخدام من بد لا الحالة ھذه وفي الماضي، في ممتدة لفترة صحیحا كان شيء عن يستخدم للحديث

Base V1 V2 V3

Be Is / am / are Was/ were been

Do Do / does did done

Have Have / has had had

➔ Key words : ةالكلمات الدال yesterday, last (week, month,…etc), ago, in the past, in (1991), when I was a child,

in my childhood, when I was younger , (V.2 + thus + V.2) …



1. They worked very hard last week . ( work )

2. Salma studied well for the last exam. ( study )

3. I was hungry an hour ago. ( be )

1. We didn't move to our new apartment last Friday . ( not, move )

2. The woman wasn't happy at the party. ( not , be )

1. Did you do your homework last night? Yes, I did / No, I didn't.

2. What did she buy from the market ? She bought two dresses.

3. Where were you yesterday? I was in the hospital.

Verb to ( be

)

Verb to ( be

)


Exercise:

1. I .......................... an interesting story last week. (read)

2. She ........................... her teacher in the mall yesterday. (see)

3. We all........................ an explosion last night. (hear)

4. I .............................. my friend three weeks ago. (visit)

5. Where ……………….. the boy ...................... last month? (swim)

6. Ali ......................... French when he was a child. (not / study)

7. Sami ......................... there last lecture. (not / be)

8. Maher ……………. his homework last night. (finish)

9. The manager ……………. Ali yesterday. (promote)

10. Fadi ……………….. a good story three weeks ago. (write)

11. …………………… the kids tired last night? ( be )

12. What ……………………. the doctor …………………… about the last case? ( say )

أسئلة وزارية 1. Hatim’s father ……………….. last year. He had worked for the same company all his life.

(retire) ►2011

2. Fatima ………………….……. her homework three hours ago. (finish) ►2011

3. Hatem had saved his document before viruses …………………his computer.(crash) ►2012

4. The plane ……………..……. a few minutes ago. (land) ►2012

5. After we had finished our dinner, we ………………….……. into the garden. (go) ►2013

6. Sultan ……………..……… a book of mine yesterday. (borrow) ►2013

7. The documentary film was interesting thus I …………………….. it so much.(enjoy) ► 2014

8. A month ago, my friend Fadi ……………………… his old car. ( sell ) ► 2010


➔ The Past Continuous Tense : زمن الماضي المستمر


1. To talk about something which was happening before and after another action in the past.

الماضي في آخر حدث وبعد قبل يحدث كان شيء عن للحديث

1. I was studying when my father came. (study)

2. The kids were sleeping when their mom arrived . ( sleep )

3. Sami fell down while he was running. (run)

2. To show that something happened for a long time in the past.

طويلة لفترة الماضي في حدث شيء لعرض

1. At this time last week, the students were listening to their teacher in the classroom.

: ملحوظة

. البسیط الماضي وھو قصیرة( فترة يقاطعه ) ذو آخر زمن مع )الطويلة الفترة ) ذو المستمر الماضي يقترن


The man was crossing the street when the car came across.

While I was doing my final task, my friend called.

Keywords:

* V.2 + while (as) + (was / were + v-ing)

* was / were + v-ing + when + V.2

* at this time yesterday (last night , last week , …)


Sam wasn’t going home when my friend saw him.

Saly and her friends weren't dancing at this time last night.

What were you doing at this time last Monday?

Was your teacher explaining the lesson when I arrived ?

Exercise:

1. The students …………………………. an experiment when the principal entered the lab. (do)

2. I …………………………. down the street when it began to rain. (walk)

3. At seven o’clock yesterday, they …………………………. for the contest. (prepare)

4. Last year at this time, I …………………………. school. (attend)

5. While I …………………………. (study) in one room of our apartment, my roommate

…………………………. (have) a party in the other room.

6. Someone knocked at the door as we …………………………. our brunch. (have)

7. My mother called me while I ………………………….. (pray)

8. When my friend phoned me, I …………………………. my car. (repair)

9. Nour …………………………. her room when the movie started. (clean)

10. The boy interrupted his father while he …………………………. (speak)


➔ The Past Perfect Simple Tense : زمن الماضي التام البسيط


We use this structure to talk about actions that happened before a specific moment in the past.

had+v3اضي التام يستخدم هذا الزمن للتحدث عن الأحداث التي حصلت قبل وقت معين في الماضي, ويكون الحدث الأول في حالة الم

v2والحدث اللاحق ) الذي يليه ( في حالة الماضي البسيط


After we had finished work, we went out. ( finish )

Before I called you, I had done my homework. ( do )

The man realized that he had lost his wallet in the market. (lose)

Sam hadn't read the lesson before he came to school. ( not, read )

She remembered that she hadn't turned off the lights before she left home. ( not , turn

off )

Keywords:

before, after, ( by the time + V2 )…, by the end of last year,

until, as soon as, (realized),

already (with V.2), (V.2 …. because …. never …. before), …


Had Sami done his work before he left ? ( do )

Exercise:

1- Ahmed _____________________ some notes before he came to the classroom. (write)

2- After you _____________________ me, I kept your books quickly. (tell)

3- Before we got there, the thief _____________________. (escape)

4- Muna _____________________ hard before she went to the exam. (study)

5- After Reema _____________________ her work, she phoned her mum. (finish)

6- She felt sad because she _____________never ______________an exam before. (fail)

7- By 2000, I _____________________ my job as a translator. (leave)

8- Salem _____________________ from university by the end of last term. (graduate)

9- The driver _____________________ his car before he started the trip. (check)

10- By the time the lecturer arrived, the students _____________________ a seat. (have)

11- I _____________________ there for an hour until my friend arrived. (be)

12- We cleared up as soon as our guests _____________________ . (leave)

13- ** Rewrite → 2016وزاري

Tala took three English courses in the British Council and she went to Britain to study

medicine.

- Before ____________________________________________________________________

تدريب على نفس الجملة :

- After______________________________________________________________________

- _______________________________before _____________________________________

- _______________________________ after _____________________________________

14- Maher felt nervous because he ___________ never ___________ in the Dead Sea before.

(swim) → 2011

15 - Hassan’s parents bought him a bicycle after he ___________ ___ good marks in his

exams. (get) → 2014

16 - Amer slept deeply last night after he _______________ five hundred kilometers without a

break. (drive) → 2015


➔ The Past Perfect Continuous Tense : زمن الماضي التام المستمر

We use this structure to talk about actions or situations that were happening up to a specific

moment in the past.

ومحدد معين وقت( لحظة) حتى ومستمرة تحدث كانت حالات أو أفعال عن للحديث الزمن هذا نستخدمويكون في .المستمر التام الماضي استخدام عند والاستمرارية العملية على التركيز ويكون . الماضي في

الجملة عادة سبب ) في زمن الماضي التام المستمر ( ونتيجه ) في زمن الماضي البسيط (


By the time the bus arrived, we had been waiting for an hour.

Her eyes were tired. She had been working on the computer for hours.

I was really exhausted. I had been working hard all day.

Rami went to the doctor last Friday. He hadn't been feeling well for sometime.

Ahmad was upset because he hadn't been participating in the contest.

Had Sam been swimming for two hours?

What had she been doing all night?

Keywords: by the time , for, since, (all + time)


1. When Mr Mahmoud arrived, he was exhausted. He ________________ for five days. ( be,

climb )

2. The tailors finished making Laila's dress a week before the wedding. They ____________

it for over a month. ( be, make )

3. Aisha received an email from Tahani yesterday, she ______________ to write since

June. ( be, promise )

4. The climber had ______________________ the mountain for over two hours. ( be, climb )

5. We had _____________________ about the idea for a while when she made the

suggestion. ( be, think )

6. Omar passed all his exams. He had ________________ for a month. (be, revise) ► 2012

7. Ahmad was very tired at the end of the day. He had ________________ for over five

hours. (be, work) ► 2013

8. We had ________________ with each other for a long time. (be, communicate) ► 2014

9. Susan had ________________ about the idea for a while when she made the suggestion.

(be, think)

10. Ali had __________________ about his friend when he received an email from him.

( be, think ) → 2018

1. The baby’s eyes were red because he had ________________ for 2 hours. (be, cry)

2. Amjad got nervous because he __________________ all morning. (not, be, study)

3. The students had __________________ for the competition before the principal came. (be,

prepare)

4. The ground was wet because it had ________________ all night. (be, rain)

5. My brother heard the bad news because he had _________________ . (not, be, sleep)

6. I ____________________ for 3 hours when my brother came. ( be, sleep )

7. The ground was wet. It ________________________ all night. ( be, rain )

8. My mother lost her purse yesterday. She _____________________ in the market. ( be,

shop )

9. Sam _______________________ as a teacher by the time he was fifty. ( be, work )

10. Adnan looked happy and relaxed. He _____________________ a comedy drama. ( be,

watch )

11. They _____________________ for 36 hours when their car broke down. ( be, travel )

12. Nawal didn't answer the bell because she ___________________ home. ( not , be )

13. By the time Danni arrived home, his wife _____________________ for three hours. ( be,

cook )


Future simple with ( will ) المستقبل البسيط

Functions (uses / usages): الوظيفة اللغوية 1. To talk about the future if we are predicting it without EVIDENCE

دليل وجود بدون التنبؤ عند المستقبل عن للحديث

* I believe she will pass the next exam easily. ( pass ) → believe

* In my opinion , Ahmed will win the competition tomorrow. ( win ) → in my opinion

* I don't think we will solve our pollution problems in the future. ( solve ) → I don't

think

2. To express spontaneous decisions

العفوية القرارات عن للتعبير

* A : I need some money. B : I will give you some. ( give )

* I'm bored. I will go to the supermarket to buy something. ( go )

3. Offers

ما شيء وتقديم للعروض* Do you want tea or coffee? I will have a cup of tea, please. ( have )


It is probable that the market will expand in the future. ( expand )

Keywords :

perhaps , maybe , probably , likely, I think , I believe, in my opinion, I hope,

I expect …, tomorrow , next (week) , tonight , today , in the future , forever…

etc.


Probably, there won't be any changes in future. ( be ) Exercise: 1. Probably, it _______________________ heavily today. (rain)

2. A: I need some money.

B: I ___________________ some ( give )

3. I hope that Ali ______________________ to the festival tomorrow. (come)

4. I think that Salma ____________________ a high degree in the next English exam. (get)

5. A: Do you think that Sami may come?

B: Maybe, he ____________________ late. (come)

6. A: What would you like to drink? (in a coffee shop)

B: I _____________________ a cup of strong coffee. (have)

7. I am bored. I ___________________ to the supermarket. ( go )

8. Probably, Anas ____________________ the conference next week. (not , attend)

9. I don't think we ______________________ all our pollution problems in the future. ( solve )

10. Hani hopes that his brother ____________________ there on time tonight. (be)

11. I think that my uncle ________________________ us next weekend. (visit)

12. Perhaps, Ahmad ______________________ all his friends to the party next month.

(invite)

13. I _______________________ some pizza and cola. (At a restaurant) (take)


Future simple with ( be going to )

Functions (uses / usages): الوظيفة اللغوية

1. To talk about future plans, intentions and arrangements. It does not have to be for the near future.

بالقري بالمستقبل تتعلق أن بالضرورة وليس الترتيبات، أو النوايا أو المستقبلية الخطط عن للحديث

* I am going to learn French next summer. ( learn )

* He is going to travel to London next month. ( travel )

2. To express predictions that are based on evidence. ( will ) مثل تنبؤ مجرد يسل يلدل على المبينة التنبؤات عن للتعبير

* The clouds are dark. It's going to rain. ( rain )


Keywords: plan , because , evidence (proof) , conclude , deduce , intend , arrange, tomorrow , next (week) , tonight , today , in the future , forever … etc..

.


Exercise: 1. It ____________________ this afternoon. Look! It’s cloudy. (rain)

2. I _____________________ to Canada. This is my own plan. (travel)

3. I’m almost sure he ____________________ He’s phoned me. (come)

4. I can conclude that the researchers ____________________with their papers in the

symposium. (participate)

5. Our team is playing very badly. We ____________________ to win this game . ( not, win )

6. Ahmed _______________________ a high mark because he has prepared very well. (get)

7. Sami ________________________ a long story next week. He has arranged for this.

(write)

8. To conclude, the modern world _____________________ many technological problems in

the future. (encounter)

9. The criminals _____________________ again to the house in the near future. I have a

piece of evidence. (come)

10. I ________________________ Petra during my journey tomorrow. This is my plan. (visit)

11. The boy _______________________ within few minutes. He looks drowsy. (sleep)

The Future Continuous المستقبل المستمر

Functions (uses / usages): الوظيفة اللغوية We use it to talk about a continuous action in the future.

. المستقبل في مستمرا سيكون حدث عن للحديث الزمن هذا يستخدم

Examples:

1. This time next year, they will be preparing for their final exams. (prepare)

2. What will we be doing in ten years’ time? (do)

3. At this time tomorrow, I will be sitting in class. (sit)

Keywords: At this time )tomorrow( , )thirty minutes from now( , )later in …(, )in June(,

(in five years’ time(, )on Friday afternoon(, until + future time, when+ present simple,

between (4) and (6 ) + future time … etc.

.


4. I will be studying when you come. (study) (I will begin to study at seven. You will

come at eight.)

5. At this time next week, I will be attending class. (attend)


Exercise:

1. Next year at this time, I _____________________ exactly what I am doing now. (be, do)

2. An hour from now, the researchers ________________________ their tasks. (be, do)

3. Don’t phone between 5 and 8. I _________________________ . (be, sleep)

4. Later in the programme, I ________________________to the Minister of Health. (be,

talk)

5. Next weekend at this time, I _________________________ to Canada. (be, travel)

6. This time next year, they ______________________ for their final exams. ( be, prepare )

7. Samia __________________________ by seven o'clock. ( not, be, read )

8. Tomorrow afternoon we're going to play tennis from 3 o'clock until 4: 30, so at 4 o'clock

we ________________________ tennis . ( be, play )

The Future Perfect المستقبل التام

Functions (uses / usages): الوظيفة اللغوية To talk about an action that will be completed by a particular time in the future.

. المستقبل في محدد آخر وقت بحلول مكتملا سيكون حدث عن للحديث

Keywords: by the time, by + time ( 2020 ) , next , tomorrow, until + time , tonight ,

by the time + V1


Examples:

1. By 2024, the new motorway will have opened. (open)

2. We’re late ! By the time we get to the station, the train will have gone. (go)

3. Three hours from now, the event will have finished. (finish)

4. Sally always leaves for work at 8.30 in the morning. She won’t be at home at 9 o’clock –

she will have gone to work. (go)

5. We’re late. The contest will already have started by the time we get to the cinema. (start)


Exercise:

1. By the time I arrive at the airport, the plane _____________________. (take off)

2. Two days from now, students __________________ their reports to the professor. (submit)

3. By 2026 CE, I ___________________ my job. (leave)

4. Twenty minutes from now, the students ___________________ the task. (finish)

5. By the next time I see you, I ___________________. (graduate)

6. ________________ Muna _________________ her job by 5:00 tomorrow? ( finish )

7. I _________________________ by the end of the year. ( not, graduate )

8. In thirty years' time, scientists _________________ a cure for cancer .


( found , find , will have found , were finding ) → 2018

Passive Voice المبني للمجهول

- In passive sentences, the subject of the sentence has something done to it, or is affected by

the action of the verb. The opposite is an active sentence, where the subject of the sentence

performs the action. Passive sentences do not have to mention who or what is performing the

action (the agent). If they do, the agent is introduced with (by).

ن في جمل المبني للمجهول ، يكون الفاعل قد حدث شيء له أو قد تأثر بالحدث المتعلق بالفعل. عكسها هو الجملة المبنية للمعلوم حينها يكو

. byبالفعل. في المبني للمجهول ليس من الضرورة ذكر الفاعل ، لكن في حالة ذكره فيجب أن يسبق بـ الفاعل هو الذي يقوم

:للمجھول للمبني التحويل عند الفعل صيغة تغيير كيفية يبين الآتي الجدول

Examples:

1. The boy must do the homework. ► Active

The homework must be done (by the boy). ► Passive

2. The government should solve the problem of unemployment. ► Active

The problem of unemployment should be solved (by the government). ► Passive

Passive Active Tense

O. + is / am / are + V3 S. + V1 + O. Present Simple

O. + is / am / are + being + V3

S. + is / am / are + V-ing + O. Present

Continuous O. + has/ have + been + V3 S. + has/ have + V3 + O. Present Perfect

O. + was / were + V3 S. + V2 + O. Past Simple

O. + was / were + being + V3

S. + was / were + V-ing + O. Past Continuous

O. + had + been + V3 S. + had + V3 + O. Past Perfect

1. O. + Modal )must, …( + be + V.3

2. O. + must, might, … + have + been + V.3

1. S. + must, had to, will , would, shall, should, can, could + base form + O.

2. S. + must, might, …+ have + V.3 + O.

Modal Verbs


3. They might have saved some of the historical sites. ► Active

Some of the historical sites might have been saved (by them). ► Passive

4. My friends have visited the library. ► Active

The library has been visited (by my friends). ► Passive

5. The children are cleaning the room. ► Active

The room is being cleaned (by the children). ► Passive

6. Mr. Salem will complete the project before the deadline. ► Active

The project will be completed before the deadline. ► Passive

7. I can’t come tomorrow. A company will be interviewing me for a job. ► Active

I can’t come tomorrow. I will be being interviewed for a job. ► Passive

8. By 2025 CE, the government will have changed our public transport system. ► Active

By 2025 CE, our public transport system will have been changed. ► Passive

9. The author is editing the manuscript of the new book. ► Active

The manuscript of the new book is being edited by the author. ► Passive

10. Many young people eat junk food these days. ► Active

Junk food is eaten these days by many young people. ► Passive

Exercise :

Rewrite the following sentences / questions using the passive voice. 1- The candidates must do some practice.

Some practice ……………………………………………………………….......................……

2- The government must have considered the issue.

The issue ………………………………………………………………........................…………

3- The specialists should test all vehicles.

All vehicles ………………………………………………………….......................……………

4- The professor has divided the students into groups.

The students……………………………….....................………………………………...........

5- Nobody had finished the task.


The task………………………………………………….......................………………..……….

6- Muna was writing some articles for the newspaper.

Some articles…………………………………………………......................……………….…..

7- I will visit my uncle tomorrow.

My uncle ………………………………………………………........................…………….……

8- He has to have enough money to buy that book.

Enough money …………………………………………………........................…………..……

9- Sana' could drive the car skillfully.

The car ……………………………………………………………........................……..………..

10- I may delete your messages from my phone.

Your messages…………………………………………………….........................………………

11- She gave me some books.

I ………………………………………………………………............................…………………..

12- People should read different types of books.

Different types of books ……………………………………………….........................……….....

13- Everyone must learn another language.

Another language ……………………………………………............................…………………...

14- A doctor is going to examine you in the medical centre.

You ………………………………………………………………...............................………………

أسئلة وزارية سابقة :

1. People saw smoke coming out of the forest. ► 2011

Smoke ........................................................................................................................................

2. The government must save the historical sites. ► 2011

The historical sites .....................................................................................................................

3. The farmer must water the plants in order to grow. ► 2012

The plants ....................................................................................................................................

4. Hatem should send the car to the garage. ► 2012

The car ......................................................................................................................................

5. The patient must take the medicine on time. ► 2013


The medicine ..............................................................................................................................

6. Samer must fill in the job application form. ► 2013

The job application form ..................................................................................... by Samer.

7. Everyone must save the natural resources. ► 2014

The natural resources .................................................................................................................

8. Children mustn’t leave bicycles in the driveway. ► 2014

Bicycles .......................................................................................................................................

9. Different goods among countries can be ............................. by traders. (transport) ► 2014

10. Jordan imports 96 % of its energy from the neighbouring Arab countries. ► 2015

96 % of Jordan’s energy ............................................................................................................

11. Parents must not give their children everything they want. ► 2015

Children .......................................................................................................................................

12. According to our teacher’s instructions all of our compositions ............................. in ink. He

won’t accept papers written in pencil. )write( ► 2015

13. A new vocational school has ................................ recently in my area. )build( ► 2016

14. Our final science project has .....………………………. as the best project. ( be , choose )

► 2017

15. The ruins ____________ by thousands of tourists every day. ( view ) → 2018


Reported Speech الكلام المنقول

● Reported (Indirect) speech includes reported statements and reported questions (Wh questions ; Yes / No questions).

يهابنوع المنقولة( والأسئلة المنقولة، الخبرية ) الجمل من كلا المنقول الكلام ويشمل * للمجهول المبني بخلاف ،الماضي إلى الفعل زمن في درجة نعود فإننا المباشر غير الكلام إلى التحويل عند * (passive voice ) الطلبة عند الشائعة الأخطاء من تعد النقطة ه هذ و ،ه في الفعل زمن على نحافظ حيث

( الحفظ تسهل بطريقة مرتب ) المباشر غير مكلاال إلى التحويل عند الفعل زمن تغيير كيفية يبين الآتي الجدول

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple present ( v1 )

Simple past ( v2 )

Present continuous

( is/ am / are + v-ing )

Past continuous

( was / were + v – ing )

Simple past ( v2 )

Past perfect ( had + v3 )

Present perfect ( have / has + v3 )




Present perfect continuous

( have / has + been +v-ing )

Past perfect continuous

( had + been + v-ing )

Past continuous ( was / were + v-ing )

Past perfect continuous

( had + been + v-ing )

Modals

Past modals ( would / could /

should / might / had to )


( will / can / shall / may / must / have to

)

ينا تحويل بعض الكلمات الدالة على الزمن أو عند تحويل الجمل من الكلام المباشر إلى الكلام المنقول عل

المكان كما في الجدول التالي :

Indirect speech Direct speech No.

then now 1

at that moment at this moment 2

that day today 3

the day before / the previous day yesterday 4

the (week) before / the previous (week) last (week) 5

the following day / the day after tomorrow 6

the following (week)/ the week after next (week) 7

there here 8

that this 9

those these 10

before ago 11

that night tonight 12

ما يجب تحويل الضمائر كما في الجدول التالي : ك

Possessive Object Pronoun Subject Pronoun

my → his / her me → him / her I → he / she

your → his / her / my/ their/ our

You → him / her / me/ them / us

you → he / she / I / they / we

our → their us → them we → they

Mine → his / hers


Ours → theirs

Yours → his / hers / theirs / mine / ours

Examples: 1. " My brothers spend every day of their lives together.”

➔ He said (that) his brothers spent every day of their lives together.

2. “ I’ve lost my bag.”

➔ She said (that) she had lost her bag.

3. “ I’ll meet my brother here tomorrow.”

➔He said he would meet his brother there the following day.

4. " These careless young people don't respect the old," Ali said.

➔ Ali said that those careless young people didn't respect the old.

5. She said, " We were thinking of selling our house. "

➔She said that they had been thinking of selling their house.

6. " The group would visit Petra, " the guide claimed.

➔ The guide claimed that the group would have visited Petra.

Exercise: 1. “ Samya visited my uncle yesterday.”

Mum said that _____________________________________________________

2. “We’re playing football now.”

He said that_______________________________________________________

3. “I may do an experiment tonight.”

Susan said that ___________________________________________________

4. “I’ve been repairing my car.”

I said that ________________________________________________________

5. “I received a message from an old friend last night.”

She told me that __________________________________________________

6. “I didn’t commit this crime.”

The accused man denied ___________________________________________


7. “The play had started when I arrived.”

Ali said that ______________________________________________________

8. “I’d already been living in London for five years.”

Muna told Rasha that ______________________________________________

9. " She could submit the proposal on time, " he said.

___________________________________________________________________

10. " I shall be 28 on Monday, " Laila said.

___________________________________________________________________

11. " I've been waiting for ages, " he said.

___________________________________________________________________

12. " I am the richest man in the town. "

The old man boasted _________________________________________________

13. " We should go to the theatre. "

She suggested ______________________________________________________

14. " There is a fly in my cup of tea. "

She complained ______________________________________________________

15. " I killed five rats last week. "

The kid claimed ______________________________________________________

16. " Schools provide children with basic education " → 2018

Safwan said _________________________________________________________

The verb ( denied ) in the reported speech

( بمعنى ) أنكر ( في حالة الكلام المنقول deniedمعاملة الفعل )

" I didn't do it," the thief denied.

➔ The thief denied that he had done it. ( hadn't done )

" I can't swim, " Ahmed denied.

➔ Ahmed denied that he could swim. ( couldn't swim )

( يتم إثبات الفعل في حالة الكلام المنقول حتى يعطي المعنى الصحيح للجملة ... فإذا deniedنلاحظ أنه عند استخدام الفعل )

تركنا الفعل منفي بعد تحويل الحالة إلى الكلام المنقول يلغى معنى النفي في الجملة حيث انه لا يمكن إنكار شيء منفي .. فمن

أنكر فعل الشيء . فعل الشيء بل الصحيح قول أنه عدمفى / أنكر الخطأ قول أنه أن


Affirmative : مثبت used to + V (infinitive)

Negative : منفي

didn't use to + V ( infinitive )

used to / be used to

Used to :

Structure التركيب:

Function : We use this structure to describe PAST HABITS OR PAST STATES that have now changed.

. الآن تغیرت قد ولكنھا الماضي، في وحالات عادات لوصف اللغوي التركیب ھذا ويستخدم

Examples:

1. My brother used to buy my clothes, but now I choose my own.

2. Sami used to be an engineer, but now he’s retired.

3. I used to like cartoon films when I was younger. These days I prefer action films.

4. Muna used to go to the library when she was a student, but now she doesn’t go

there.

5. Khalid used to travel every year in the past, but now he stays in the country.

6. I didn't use to understand English grammar before, but now I do.


Affirmative : مثبت is , am , are + used to + (noun , pronoun , or verb–ing)

Negative : منفي

Isn't , am not , aren't + used to + (noun , pronoun , or verb–ing)

Exercise:

1. She __________________ a teacher, but now she's retired. ( use to / be )

2. When I was at school, I ________________ troubles in the class. ( use to / make )

3. My grandmother ________________ messages when she was young. ( not, use to, send )

Be used to :

Structure التركيب:

Function: We use this structure to describe things that are familiar or customary in the present.

. الماضي في ولیس الحاضر الوقت في واعتیادية لنا مألوفة أشیاء لوصف اللغوية الصیغة ھذه نستخدم

Examples:

1. We have lived in the city a long time, so we are used to the traffic.

2. I didn’t like getting up early, but I’m used to it now.

3. She has lived in the UK for a year. She is used to speaking English now.

4. Ahmad has been living in the countryside for five years now, so he is used to the beauty of nature. 5. I didn’t clean my room when I was a young man, but I’m used to it now.

Extra exercises :

1. Manar hasn’t dealt with foreigners, but now she __________________ with them.

(be, use to /deal)


2. In the past, Mazen ___________________ magazines and newspapers, but now he does

this. (not / use to / read)

3. My friend _____________________ me every day in the past, but now the matter

changes. (use to / phone)

4. Saleem has experienced this task, so he ________________________ it properly.

(be, use to / do)

5. Our father ______________________ advice when we were younger, but now he’s

satisfied with our attitudes and behaviors. (use to / give)

6. _________ you _____________ playing football daily? ( use to )

7. The underlined words are not used correctly. Replace them with correct ones.

a. I wasn't used to understand English, but now I do.

_______________________________________________________________

b. My cousin has lived in London for a year. He says he used to living there now.

________________________________________________________________

c. Joining a gym can be very tiring at first if you didn't use to doing much exercise.

________________________________________________________________

ةوزاري أسئلة

1. Rewrite the following sentence :

It is normal for my friend now to send emails.

My friend is _____________________________________________________________

2018 → It is normal for my younger brother to use his electronic dictionary.

My younger brother _______________________________________________________


Most Jordanians used to the hot weather where we have in summer.

_______________________________________________________________________



Ziad's friends are used to go fishing once a month, but they stopped doing that when they

moved to a city of Irbid.

________________________________________________________________________

Defining Relative Clauses فة جمل الوصل المعر

Function:

The structure is used to identify which particular person, place or thing is being talked about.

فة الوصل وتستخدم جمل ضمائر الجمل بوساطة هذه وتتصل عنه ( يتحدث الذي الشيء أو المكان أو الشخص وتحديد لتعريف (المعر : حيث أن لكل ضمير منهم استخدامه )main clauses( الرئيسية بالجمل who, which, that, where, when :مثل وصل

➔ who/ that → للفاعل العاقل

The man who / that lives next door is my uncle. يعود الضمير على الرجل I thanked the woman . She helped me.

➔ I thanked the woman who helped me.

➔ I thanked the woman that helped me.

➔ which / that → للفاعل/ المفعول به غیر العاقل

The book which/ that you bought was really interesting. يعود الضمير على الكتاب The book is mine. It is on the table.

➔ The book which is on the table is mine.

➔ The book that is on the table is mine.

➔ who/ whom → للمفعول به العاقل

The people whom we visited yesterday were really nice. يعود الضمير على الناس The man was Mr. Mazen. I saw him last night.

➔ The man who I saw last night was Mr. Mazen.

➔ The man whom I saw last night was Mr. Mazen.

➔ where → للمكان

Do you remember the restaurant where we met? ) يعود الضمير على المكان ) المطعم The building is very old. The man lives there.


➔ The building where the man lives is very old.

➔ when → للزمان

I will never forget the moment when we saw each other. يعود الضمير على الزمن ) اللحظة (

I'll never forget the day, I met you then.

➔ I'll never forget the day when I met you.

whose → ملكية لل I know the man whose car was stolen. ) يعود الضمير على صاحب الملكية ) الرجل

The student writes well. I have read her composition.

➔ The student whose composition I've read writes well.

Non-defining relative clauses: جمل الوصل غير المعرفة

Function: The structure is used to give more detail (extra information) about a particular person, place or thing that is being talked about.

فة غير الوصل جمل وتستخدم يتحدث عنه ، الذي الشيء أو المكان أو الشخص عن إضافية وتفاصيل معلومات لإعطاء المعر الأول بالنوع المذكورة الوصل ضمائر بوساطة الجملة أطراف ببقية وتتصل

Example : Sara, who lives in Amman, is my cousin.

نلاحظ أن الجزء الغامق من الجملة ) جملة الوصل ( هي عبارة عن معلومة إضافية تكاد تكون لا لزوم لوجودها لإتمام معنى رئيسة . حالة يتم استخدام الفواصل قبل وبعد العبارة لفصلها عن الجملة الوفي هذه ال الجملة الأساسية .

Exercise :

Combine the two sentences. Use the second sentence as a relative clause ( external )

1. I saw the man. He closed the door.

______________________________________________________________

2. The students are from China. They sit in the front row.

_____________________________________________________________

3. I am writing a sentence. It contains an adjective clause.

_______________________________________________________________

4. The movie wasn’t very good. We saw it last night.

_______________________________________________________________


5. She is the woman. I told you about her.

_______________________________________________________________

6. The man called the police. His wallet was stolen.

________________________________________________________________

7. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.

_______________________________________________________________

8. The day was really great. We went to the mall then.

________________________________________________________________

Cleft sentences A cleft sentence is a complex sentence ( one with a main clause and a dependent clause ). In a cleft sentence the information is divided in two. Each part has it’s own verb.

بسيطة، بجمل معناها عن التعبير يمكن كما ثانوية، وجملة رئيسية جملة اثنتين، جملتين من مكونة معقدة جمل هي

We use cleft sentences in order to emphasis certain pieces of information and we join the most important piece of information to a relative clause, often with ( who, where or that )

الوصل التي تبدأ بجمل فيها أهمية رالأكث الأجزاء نصل حيث محددة، معلومات لتأكيد الجمل من النوع هذا ونستخدم :بالآتي بھا البدء نستطيع حيث ( .... … who , where, that) ـعادة ب

The thing that … The person who … The time when … The place where … The way in which … What … It …

Examples:

1. I would like to go to London next year.

- What I would like to do next year is go to London.

2. Huda won the prize for Art last year.

- The person who won the prize for Art last year was Huda.

- The prize that Huda won last year was for Art.

- It was last year that Huda won the prize for Art.


3. The Olympic Games were held in London in 2012 CE.

- It was in 2012 CE that the Olympic Games were held in London.

- London was the place where the Olympic Games were held in 2012 CE.

- The event that took place in London in 2012 CE was the Olympic Games.

كما thatللبدء بالجملة وبالتالي تبدأ الجملة الموصولة عادة بـ it + ( be )نلاحظ انه يمكن ان يستخدم في الأمثلة السابقة.

Exercise : Rewrite the sentence, emphasizing the part in bold:

1. The head teacher took our class to the museum on Thursday. ( The person who ) ______________________________________________________________ _________

2. The head teacher took our class to the museum on Thursday. ( The place where )

_____________________________________________________________________

3. The head teacher took our class to the museum on Thursday. ( The day when ) _____________________________________________________________________

4. Queen Rania opened the Children’s Museum of Jordan in 2007 CE. ( It was ) _____________________________________________________________________

5. Petra was made a World Heritage Site in 1985 CE. It was ________________________________________________________________

6. I stopped working at 11 p.m. It was ________________________________________________________________

7. My father has influenced me most. The person ____________________________________________________________

8. I like Geography most of all. The subject ____________________________________________________________

9. The heat made the journey unpleasant. It was ________________________________________________________________

10. The first athletic event for disabled athletes took place in 1948 CE. → ( 2016 )

The year _______________________________________________________________

11. The Second World War ended in 1945 in Europe. → 2018

The year ________________________________________________________________

12. The prize ____________________ Huda won last year was for art.


( when , where , which , who ) → 2018

Causative Verbs (Having things done)

: الاستخدام

ترتيب أو طلب على بناء آخر شخص عن نيابة ما شيء بعمل ما شخص يقوم عندما الصيغة هذه نستخدم

.ختلفة م بصيغة ولكن، (passive voice)، للمجھول المبني معنى ويحمل

Tense in Active Causative Form

Simple present ( v1 )

I repair my car every month.

I have my car repaired every month.

S. + have + O. + V3…….

Present continuous ( is / am / are + v-ing )

I am repairing my car now.

I am having my car repaired now.

S. + is / am / are + having + O.+ V3.

Present perfect ( have / has + v3 )

I have repaired my car.

I have had my car repaired.

S. + have + had + O. + V3…….

Past simple ( V2 )

I repaired my car yesterday.

I had my car repaired yesterday.

S. + had + O. + V3…….

Structure:

S. + has / have / had / want to have / need to have /

get … + O. + )V.3(


والفرق بينها وبين الجملة العادية في كل زمن : causative ـالجدول يوضح استخدام الهذا

Examples :

1. Amal didn’t buy her own car. → She had it bought.

2. Ahmad isn’t writing the report. → He is having it written.

3. Manal hasn’t cleaned her room. → She has had it cleaned.

4. I’ll ask someone to repair my tablet. → I will have my tablet repaired.

5. Sami didn’t wash the dishes himself. → He had them washed.

Exercise : Correct the verbs between brackets :

1. Rania didn't take her own tooth out. She had it _______________ by the dentist. ( take out )

2. They aren't going to build their own house. They're going to have it ____________ . ( build )

3. Yunis didn’t type the recommendation letter himself. He had it _________________ (type)

4. Salma hadn’t been doing the task herself. She had been having the task _____________ (do)

5. Maher didn’t close the door. He had it _______________ (close)

6. The tourists didn’t buy the vases themselves. They had them ______________ (buy)

7. The parents didn’t raise their son. They had him _______________ (raise)

Rewrite these sentences in the causative form : 1. I'm going to cut my hair at the new hairdresser.

______________________________________________________________________

2. I repaired my phone after I had dropped it. _______________________________________________________________________

Past continuous ( was / were + v-ing )

I was repairing my car when Sara arrived.

I was having my car repaired when Sara arrived.

S. + was / were + having + O.+ V3.


I had repaired my car before you called.

I had had my car repaired before you called me.

S. + had + had + O. + V3…….

Future : ( will / going to )

I will repair my car next week.

I will have my car repaired ….

S. + will / going to + have + O.+ V3.


3. I want to take my photo in front of Big Bin. _______________________________________________________________________

4. I need to paint the bedroom. I'll call the painter today.

_______________________________________________________________________

5. We didn’t cut down trees in our garden ourselves. _______________________________________________________________________

CONDITIONALS (If Clauses)

1. ZERO Conditional (If Clause - Type ZERO) Structure :

If + S + V.1 + comp. , S + V.1 + comp. (.) Usage الاستخدام : To describe something that always happens (the inevitable consequence) after a certain action or event.

( if( بدلا من ) when ) استخدام يمكن النوع هذا في . الحتمية والعواقب والثوابت الحقائق مع النوع هذا ويستخدم Examples:

1. Plants don’t grow if it doesn’t rain. 2. If you visit the library, you find useful books there.

3. If people respect the country laws, you don’t see these problems.

4. When plants don’t get enough sunlight, they die.

5. Water turns to ice if the temperature falls below zero.

6. If I feel thirsty, I drink water.

7. When someone studies at a good university, he / she usually gets a good job.

2. FIRST Conditional Structure:

If + S + V.1 + … , S + will + base form + … ).(


Usage الاستخدام : To describe a future outcome of a certain future action or event.

.محدد مستقبلي أمر أو لحدث محددة نتيجة عن للحديث ويستخدمExamples: 1. If you get an interview for a job in Microsoft, you will need to show real enthusiasm

for electronics.

2. If you study hard for the English Exam next week, you’ll get a high mark.

3. If you don’t drive more carefully, you will have an accident.

4. He will succeed easily if he studies hard.

5. If it snows tomorrow, we can go skiing.

3. SECOND Conditional Structure:

If + S + V.2 + comp. , S + would + base form + complement. Usage: To express imaginary situations at present

.الحاضر الوقت في والخيالية الواقعية غير الحالات عن للحديث Examples: 1. If I saw Ali in the mall , I would give him the money.

2. If I were you, I’d forgive him.

3. If I did more exercise, I would be fitter.

4. I would tell him the truth if he arrived on time.

5. If the Dead Sea wasn’t so salty, we would drink its water.

6. I’d buy a new car if I had much money.

4. THIRD Conditional Structure:

If + S + (had + V.3) + comp. , S + would + have + V.3 + comp. (.) Usage: to imagine past situations. These past situations are impossible, and did not happen at all.

.للخلف تعود لا لماضيا عجلة لأن ؛ ( الحدوث مستحيلةي )الماض في حالات لتخيل الثالث النوع ويستخدم Examples:


1. If I had stayed at home that day, I would have missed the celebration.

2. If I’d studied harder , I’d have passed the exam.

3. If I had been there, I would have got the job.

4. If she hadn’t driven so fast, she wouldn’t have had an accident.

5. I would have passed the exam if it had been easier.

Exercise :

Fill in the gaps with the most suitable form of the verb in bracket.

1- If I __________________ in your shoes, I'd forgive him. (be)

2- You will get a gift if you __________________ early. (come)

3- Unless she __________________ her assignment, she wouldn't have gone shopping. (finish)

4- If we __________________ (heat) ice, it __________________ (melt).

5- If I didn't punish him, he __________________ his homework. (not / do)

6- My father __________________ me a bike if I get a high mark in the English exam. (buy)

7- " If you fail to plan, you __________________ to fail." (plan)

8- " If there is a will, there __________________ a way. " (be)

9- Unless Salma had told her mother the truth, she __________________ her harshly. (punish)

10- The car would be cleaner if you __________________ it. (wash)

11- I'd buy that car if I __________________ enough money. (have)

12- Unless you __________________ your car, you wouldn't have bought that house. (sell)

13- If we heat water up to 100 C, it __________________ (boil).

14- If I __________________ you, I'd leave the country. (be)

15- She will get a prize if she __________________ in the contest. (take part)

16- If he came to the library, he __________________ the answers to the questions. (find)

17- If he had been stronger, he__________________ the rock. (carry)

18- What __________________ you __________________ if you didn't find the textbook? (do)

19- If you __________________ hard, you'll pass your final exams this year. (study)

20- You__________________ from the company if you don't behave yourself. (fire)

basis of english grammar ةيزي لجنلاا ةغللا دعاوق يف تايساسأ

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