batson cssi.pptx (1)

7/23/2019 Batson Cssi.pptx (1)

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GENERATION SYSTEM

Electricity generationis the process of generating electric

power from other sources of primary energy. The fundamental

principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s

and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. The basic

principle is the electricity movement of a loop of wire, or disc copper

between the poles of a magnet. For electric utilities. it is the first

process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. Electricity is most

often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators,

primarily driven by heat engines fuelled by chemical combustion or

nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of

flowing water and wind. Other energy sources include

solar photovoltaic and geothermal power and electrochemical

batteries.

Construction Services Structure Integration (CSSI)


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The layout shows the components of a

standard electrical supply for a city whereelectricity is produced by a source, the

primary supply and then transmitted tosubstations by high voltage wires which

uses transformersto amplify the voltagethen transmit it to secondary substation

and onto secondary lines throughtransformers into the premises of the end

users

In Jamaica electricity is transmitted using138000volts step-down to 24000volts for

domestic and industrial use.



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1. Step-down Transformer

2. Step-up Transformer

Step-down transformers are employed at the point of transmitting load into the facilities to the users. They are usually P

Mounted or Pad mounted

POLE MOUNTED TYPE 1 PAD MOUNTED TYPE



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Transformers

Transformers that are generally employed in the built environment are Step-down Transformers. The step-are used mostly by the power supply company in the transmission of power.

Step-down Transformer

The step down transformer is used to reduce the voltage from the high voltage used for transmission to thevoltage that is employed in the built environment

130000 volts 24000 volts 440/240/220/110 etc


CROSS SECTION OF

TRANSFORMER


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FROM SERVICE PROVIDER TO INTERNAL

DISTRIBUTION


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ONE LINE DIAGRAM OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Panel Box


TP 1

TP 2

TP 3

TP 4

TP 4

TP 5


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Panels, Breakers, Sub-Panels and distribution Panels Conduits i


1 2 3

4

`

5 6

1: Distri

2: Main

3: Cond

concret

4: Main 5: Main

6: Break


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METERING

Metering is done through a single meter or through a meter centre

In single metering the main comes from a pothead directly to the individual meter

In the meter centre the mains comes to a control switch and then each meter feeds from that point

Meter centres are mostly used for buildings or structures where the clients needs individual electrical billing, while single meterin

need only one billing

The rules regulating meter centres is found in JS-21 , but some of the most common BUT regulation are:

The base of the meter centre must have a minimum thickness of eighteen inches (18) First metre socket must be one foot {1-0) from the finish floor level Load on the rooms cannot be more than 400 AMPS with special permits need to go above

The room can be open front The room must be ventilated



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Circuits

Each circuit is govern by a breaker that is located in a panel box mounted on a wall of the structure Circuits are rated by the resistance of the control breaker. The amperage is usually marked on the breakers in the panels and

load rating of the circuit

The typical plug circuits are either 110 or 220 volts

Five plugs are allowed 120 volts/20amps circuits. In the kitchen it is reduced to three per circuits

Light circuits are 15 amps with a maximum 12 lights permitted per circuits

Switches and Plugs

Switches are placed 4-6 from the finish floor level (FFL)

Plugs are Placed 0-18 from the finish floor level

110 plugs are vertical while 220 are tandem



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GEI

The GEI is the government electrical inspectors that gives certification on

behalf of the government for the purpose of the utility company toconduct any form of termination.

No electrical connection can be made by the utility company without thecertification of the GEI.

Application for electrical supply

Application is made by a licensed electrician to the GEI office forinspection

If approval is given it is taken to the utility company along with thetitle of the property and the approved drawings from the parish

council. The drawings are usually stamped by PE ( professionalengineer)

The supply from point is determined by the utility company



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Solar & Photovoltaic

8+



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Solar Photovoltaic (PV) power generation has recently emerged from its long hibernation; a technologyonly used in satellites and special remote applications is now available to everyman

This is due to a convergence of:

Governments looking for alternative energy forms to replace the unsustainable ones wedepend on today

Modern manufacturing capability

The energy needs of modern society

World-wide abundance of free solar energy

Introduction



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High dependency on imported fossil fuels

Dependency on traditional biomass fuels, e.g. wood, charcoal, plant/animal waste

Exposure to negative impact of climate change and environmental damages,

e.g. sea level rising, hurricanes, flooding

Substantial sources of renewable energy, e.g. solar resources

Inadequate local human capacity for installation, operation, and maintenance

of sustainable energy systems

Caribbean Background



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Shortly after the silicon PV cell was invented the first commercial applicationsof PV were in rural telephone systems and radio transmitters

Today rural off-grid applications of PV improves life in very important ways;pumping water for drinking and irrigation, providing energy for lights inschools, refrigeration of medicines, and much more

This is especially true in developing nations where the utility grid isunavailable or unreliable

Rural health clinic ZambiaRural telephone power USA 1955

Myanmar water pumping

images courtesy ofDOE/NREL: (M. & W. RhodeByron Stafford), LORENTZ



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A utility-connected Photovoltaic (PV) system is becomingthe most common system configuration

Solar power-plant components can be arranged in manyways to design PV systems for different situations, but themost common configuration is a utility-connected system,a.k.a grid-tied

In most cases energy is not stored at the home (batteries) instead the power is fed to the loads and the excess issold to the grid it is a power generator

Systems and Configurations

A utility-connected Photovoltaic (PV) system



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Distributed Generation (DG) systems produce electricity close to whereit is used avoiding losses from long transmission lines

Small scale Distributed Generation systems can include PV systems,wind turbines, water turbines

If consumers are connected to the utility grid, excess power not used atthe moment can be sold to the grid

DG system may also be the only power source, a.k.a. Off-Grid

Distributed Generation (DG) systems


COMBINATIO


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Portable PV systems focus on mobility, examples of thesesystems are boats, temporary traffic signs, and powersources for portable electronics.

A number of applications require power when the sun is notavailable, requiring a form of storage as part of the PVsystem

Portable PV systems

1

3

IMAGE:1 PV USE FOR REMOTE CELL SITE

2 BOAT USING PV SYSTEM3 REMOTE TENT IN THE HIGH MOUNTAINS


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The simplest device to harvest solar radiation is theflat-plate collector

solar energy is absorbed on a flat surface without anyform of concentration

Not as sensitive to the incidence angle to the sun;direct as well as diffuse radiation is converted topower

Flat-plate collectors may be installed in a fixedorientation or on a sun-tracking mount

Nearly all residential and commercial hot water andPV solar energy collectors are flat-plate

Types of solar collection



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Residential PV has two unique advantages over all forms of energy; solar modules fit on rooftops,close to the load

By bringing energy production and consumption together - something fossil fuel power plants andother renewable energy can't do suburban PV is distributed generation (DG) without the

transmission losses incurred with grid power Being distributed, PV actually competes with retail power delivered by the utility not wholesale

(enforced by law: net metering)

Imagine a world with solar on every possible rooftop - and electric vehicles in every garage

Every person becomes an energy entrepreneur

The sun never sends a bil l

No wars over energy, no man-made environmental disasters

Domestic Application



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The cost to bring power from a utility may in some cases be prohibitive

Remote or Off-Grid PV systems are a great option for architecturalapplications that are too distant to be economically connected to theutility grid

In these cases PV is often an ideal choice due to its simplicity; no fuelto transport and very low maintenance

Water pumping Navigation beacon

Traffic signs LightingNavaho homesteadRemote cabin Communications

Consideration



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The rate of change in energy consumption isunsustainable economically and environmentally

The worlds population has grown by a factor of 3in the last 60 years and the USAs energy demandby a factor of 6 per capita 1)

China and India joining industrialized life furtherresult in explosive growth

Each year energy demand grows by ~2% - and isexpected to grow by 30-50% by 2020, almostdoubling by 2050 from today 2)

There are large amounts of coal and natural gas,however the pollution from these fuels will destroyour current habitat

Energy demand is unsustainablewith currentmeans

Considerations

1) World Energy Council2) Graph and data source: Novatlantis http://www.novat

ch/fileadmin/downloads/2000watt/leichterleben_eng.

The unsustainable rate of energy use must be reve

Who is going to solve this problem and how


C id i
http://www.novatlantis.ch/fileadmin/downloads/2000watt/leichterleben_eng.pdfhttp://www.novatlantis.ch/fileadmin/downloads/2000watt/leichterleben_eng.pdf


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The long term trends are all very alarming

Peak-oil production has occurred twice now (USA ~1976, global ~2010)

Replacing oil and coal will be monumental undertakings and will take decades ofconcertedeffort

The longer we wait the more difficult, risky, and expensive it will become

The USA has 2% of the worlds reserves and requires 25% of the oil produced -no amount of drilling will fix this

Fossil Fuels

Considerations



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Not all countries are developing PV at the same rate; Germany has been the steady and strong growth center thanks to a solidPV policy and a strong desire to replace nuclear energy with renewables

Spains attempt to develop PV was rapid and sporadic (2008) due to poorly developed incentives and commitments

USA and China are just awakening to PVs potential to provide a significant part of the energy demands, with enormouspotential growth due to the large energy needs

PV Growth

Graph courtesy of European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA)



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Most material used in the production of PV are imported into thecountry, The same is done for fossil fuel energy production thereforeit is the cost benefit analysis that will be the deciding factor if acountry promote the use of this natural form of energy consumption.

Architectural consideration is one of the positive factor in theapplication of PV due in large part to the passive nature of totalproduct.

The sourcing and the manufacturing of cheap technology tomaximize on the delivery of PV energy to the point of use willcontinue to under changes and improvement, but it still will be a ofthe a cheaper and sustainable type of energy.

Incentive driven by govern contribution will have to be the driving

factor for PV in the Caribbean.

Considerations

Image: creative commons Ed Uthman

Industry overall requires a few elements

Cost-effective and reliable technol

Political will, support, and incentive Educated consumers

Safe and reliable installations

Solar consideration for building


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PHOTOVOLTAIC AND ELECTRICAL SY


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BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

The layout shows the components of a standard electrical supply for a city where

electricity is produced by a source, the primary supply and then transmitted to

substations by high voltage wires which uses transformersto amplify the

voltage then transmit it to secondary substation and onto secondary lines

throughtransformers into the premises of the end users

In Jamaica electricity is transmitted using 138000volts step-down to 24000volts

for domestic and industrial use.

Area of Design

ELECTRICAL LINE DIAGRAM


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ELECTRICAL LINE DIAGRAM

distribution

Panel

transformer


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ELECTRICAL

Lot Service Main: JPS Supply

No 2 or 2/0

Estimated distance from supply main =50 feet

Electrical cable runs underground From electrical poles to utilities room

Underground cable area

BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTE


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BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEJPS 250KVA

Equipment

ITEMS DESCRIPTION LOCATION VOLTS EQUIPTMENT AMPS QUANTITY TYPE HP PHASE

safety factor 1.5

General electrics Outlets 110/120-volts Offices 110v 15 20 Double Pole 1

220/450-volts offices 220v 20 10 Double Pole 2

Elevator 415v Elevator 60 1 Triple Pole 3

Main Panels 3phase Air-condition 415v AHU 60 2 Triple Pole 3

15 tonne ROOF 415 Chiller 150 1 Triple Pole 3

EQUIPTMENT 220v 40 Triple Pole

FIRE PROTECTION PUMPS 40 2 Triple Pole 25 3

fire detection 2Audio 2

SERVERS 110v 70 3

SPRINKLER

HEATERS 220v 40 Triple Pole 3

domestic Water 110v PUMPS 20 1 5 1

IRRIGATION PUMPS 220v PUMPS 20 1 5 3

SERVERS

535

LIGHTING

Items Description type Location lux Lumens Area sq,ft Room Height mf Uf # of lamps spacing

Safety Factor 1.5

Lighting LED Light Fixtures 2'x2 Troffers Offices 1 500 10000 8.520526723 15' 0.4 0.75 1.420087787 10'

" " office 2 500 10000 25.31696037 15' 0.4 0.75 4.219493395 10'

" " Services 500 10000 14.91092177 15' 0.4 0.75 2.485153628 10'

" " Vault 500 10000 10.26336174 15' 0.4 0.75 1.710560289 10'

" " Passage 500 10000 53.135378 15' 0.4 0.75 8.855896334 10'

" " lobby 500 10000 165.2744677 15' 0.4 0.75 27.54574461 10'

" " Conference 500 10000 25.464756 15' 0.4 0.75 4.244126001 10'

" " upper lobby 500 10000 31.46785438 15' 0.4 0.75 5.244642396 10'

" " bathroom 300 10000 45.70100697 15' 0.4 0.75 4.570100697 10'

External

Generators stand by main generators Kva output 60.29580514

CIRCUITS

Items Description type Location volts Breakers(AMPS) QUANTITY TYPE

Safety Factor 1.5 1.5

General electrics Outlets 110/220v Offices 110 20 20 Single pole

" 110/220v offices 220 15 10 Double Pole

lighting 110/220v Ceiling 220 15 7 Double Pole

Generators

100kva 3*100 amps

Ele ct ri ca l Sys te m 2 50 kv a

Floors 220/110


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Lighting for the internal of the building will consist of :

2 x 2 LED Ceiling Mounted Direct truffers 9w 220v DIRECT recess Lamp 90 LPW standard efficacy, and designed to 50,000 or 75,000 hours. Or 8 years Step able Dimmable Input voltage 220volts 22 watts 2000 LUMENS CRI 93


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PHOTOVOLTAIC

A utility-connected Photovoltaic (PV) system is becoming the most common systemconfiguration

Solar power-plant components can be arranged in many ways to design PVsystems for different situations, but the most common configuration is a utility-connected system, a.k.a grid-tiedIn most cases energy is not stored at the home (batteries) instead the power is fed

to the loads and the excess is sold to the grid it is a power generator

El t i l O tl t l t


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Electrical Outlet layout

Section A-A

A

ELECTRICAL ROOM

ELECTRICAL WIRING

Attached to roof

ELECTRICAL WIRING

In walls

ELECTRICAL WIRING

from panels

Ground Floor

PV PANELS

ELECTRICAL PV
http://www.photovoltaic-software.com/


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Calculation of the solar PV energy output of a photovoltaic system

Yellow cell = enter your own data

Green cell = result (do not change the value)

White cell = calculated value (do not change the value)

Global formula : E = A * r * H * PR

E = Energy (kWh) 75329kWh/an A = Total solar panel Area (m) 335m

r = solar panel yield (%) 15%

H = Annual average irradiation on tilted panels (shadings not included)* 2000kWh/m.an

PR = Performance ratio, coeff ic ient for losses (range between 0.9 and 0.5, default value = 0 .75) 0.75

Total powerof thesystem 50.3kWp

Losses details (depend of site, technology, and sizing of the system)

- Inverter losses (6% to 15 %) 8%

- Temprature losses (5% to 15%) 8%

- DC cables losses (1 to 3 %) 2%

- AC cables losses (1 to 3 %) 2%

- Shadings 0 % to 40% (depends of site) 3% - Losses weak irradiation 3% yo 7% 3%

- Losses due to dust, snow... (2%) 2%

- Other Losses 0%

*You can find this value on the map below or here : solar radiation data

You have to find the global annual irradiation incident on your PV panels with your specific inclination (slope, tilt)

and orientation (azimuth).

More info

Source : www.photovoltaic-software.com

ORIEN

: 1 8 D

DUE
http://www.photovoltaic-software.com/http://www.photovoltaic-software.com/http://www.photovoltaic-software.com/http://www.photovoltaic-software.com/http://www.photovoltaic-software.com/http://www.photovoltaic-software.com/http://www.photovoltaic-software.com/solar-radiation-database.php


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PV PANELS SIZE 3FEET X 5FEET

WEIGHT

MANUFACTURER: GENCO

LOCATION ON STRUCTION ROOF

18 DEGREES SOUTH SUPPLIED BY ENERSAVE SOLUTION

PANELS

INVERTER

MAIN ELEC, PANELTYPICAL FLAT PV PANEL SAME PROPOSED FORBUILDING SYSTEM (3FEET X 5FEET)


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BATTERIES

BATTERIESNo Batteries

ITEMS ROOF AREA UNITS % USE PANEL SIZE # PANELS PANEL WATTAGE (W) KW STORAGE STORAGE No Batteries

1 479MSQ

70 1.953697372 172 250 42905.82625 40% 17162.3305

2

3 PEAK SUN HOURS

KWH/DAY

(Consumption) AH/DAY

WH/day

(Consumption) SYSTEM VOLTAGE

TOTAL AH REQUIRED FOR 60%

DEPLETION

Battery Ah

Capacity BATTERY VOLTAGE BATTERIES IN PARALLEL BATTERIES IN SERIES

Total Batteries

Required

4 6257.43

5363.125 257430 48 8581 420 6 20.43095238 8 163.45

Batteries : Alignment : Series

6 volts Type Solar

# of 168

TYPICAL BATTERIE

PV APPLICATION

BATTERIES SPECIFICATION SHEET


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BATTERIES SPECIFICATION SHEET

TYPICAL BATTERIES IN

SERIES


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PLAN VIEW OF PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLIC

The placement of the panels on the roof provided

for the best advantage for the direct feeding of

sunlight. The panels also provided shading for the

roof. The roof of the building is the part of thebuilding envelope that is responsible for the

largest amount of radiant heat flow into the

building. The application of the PV panel on theroof provides also a radiant barrier for the building.

PANORAMIC VIEW OF BUILD WITH PV APP


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PANORAMIC VIEW OF BUILD WITH PV APPThe panel arrangement occupy 60 percent

of the roof area with the remainder of spaceused for the purpose of mechanical and

maintenance.

The amount of panel placed on the roof is110 with ease of access for maintenance

BUILDING CONSUMPTION AND PV SYST


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Total load ( building power consumption)

413 amps (90.860 kw}

Total production of pv system ( peak output}

50.3 kw

The peak output power of the system is 50.3kw which provides 251.3keh per day over the 5

peak sun hours.

The facility consumes 95.260kw peak power which amounts to 762.08 kwh hours per 8 hour day

The system therefore offsets 33% of the overall consumption of the facility

BUILDING CONSUMPTION AND PV SYST

OUTPUT

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