Battle of the CamelFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor other battles in the area, see Battle of Basra.

Battle of the Camel

Part of the First Fitna

Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel

Date 7 November 656Location Basra, Iraq

Result Rashidun Caliphate victory

Belligerents

Rashidun Caliphate Aisha's forces

and Umayyad

Caliphate

Commanders and leaders

Ali ibn Abi Talib

Malik al-Ashtar

Hasan ibn Ali

Ammar ibn Yasir

Aisha

Talhah †

Muhammad ibn

Talha †

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Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr

Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi

Bakr

Muslim ibn Aqeel

Harith ibn Rab'i

Jabir ibn Abd-Allah

Muhammad ibn al-

Hanafiyyah

Abu Ayyub al-Ansari

Abu Qatada bin Rabyee

Qays ibn Sa'd

Qathm bin Abbas

Abd Allah ibn Abbas

Khuzaima ibn Thabit

Zubayr ibn al-Awam †

Kaab ibn Sur †

Abd Allah ibn al-

Zubayr

Marwan I (POW)

Waleed ibn

Uqba (POW)

Strength

~20,000[1] ~30,000[1]

Casualties and losses

~5,000[2][3] ~13,000[2][3]

[show]

V

T

E

First

Islamic

Civil War

[show]

V

T

E

Civil wars of

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the early Caliphates

The Battle of the Camel, sometimes called the Battle of Jamal or the Battle of Bassorah,[4] took place atBasra, Iraq on 7 November 656. A'isha heard about the killing of Uthman (644-656), the third Caliph. At the time she was on a pilgrimage to Mecca. It was on this journey that she became so angered by his unavenged death, and the naming of Ali as the fourth caliph, that she took up arms against those supporting Ali. She gained support of the big city of Basra and, for the first time, Muslims took up arms against each other. This battle is now known as the First Fitna, or Muslim civil war.[5]

Contents [hide]

1 Before the conflict

2 Preparation for battle

3 Battle

o 3.1 Casualties

4 Aftermath

5 Image and legacy of A'isha

o 5.1 Sunni and Shi'i split

6 Participants

o 6.1 Soldiers of Caliph Ali's Army

o 6.2 Soldiers of Aisha's Army

o 6.3 Others involved

o 6.4 Unclassified

7 References

8 External links

Before the conflict[edit]The Rashidun Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib forgave his opponents after the Battle of the Camel.

Talhah and Zubeir asked Ali the permission for pilgrimage. He let them and they departed. The Medina people wanted to know Ali’s point of view about war against Muslims by asking his view about Muawiyah I and his refusal to give Ali his allegiance. So they sent Ziyad Bin Hanzalah of Tamim who was an intimate friend to Ali. He went to him and sat for a while.

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He went back and told the people in Medina that Ali wanted to confront Muawiyah. In Medina, Marwan manipulated people. In Iraq many people hated the Syrians following the Byzantine-Sassanid Wars.

Aisha (Aisha bint Abu Bakr) (Muhammad's widow), Talhah (Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah) and Zubayr ibn al-Awam(Abu ‘Abd Allah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam) set off from Makah on their way to Iraq to ask Ali to arrest Uthman ibn Affan killers, not to fight Muawiyah.[6][7]

Preparation for battle[edit]While passing Medina, on their way to Iraq, Aisha, Talha and Zubair passed a group of Umayyads leaving Medina led by Marwan who said that the people who had killed Uthman, had also been causing them trouble.[8]Everyone then went to Basra, which was the beginning of the first civil war in Islam. Some historians put the number at around 3000 people.[9]

Zubair and Talha then went out to meet Ali. Not all Basra was with them. Beni Bekr, the tribe once led by the second Caliph, joined the army of Ali. Beni Temeem decided to remain neutral. [10]

Battle[edit]Writer Leila Ahmed claims that it was during this engagement that Muslims fought Muslims for the first time. The battle was a reflection of pre-Islamic practices of bloodshed for vigilante causes. [11]

Some chieftains of the Kufa tribes contacted their tribes living in Basra. [8] A chieftain contacted Ali to settle the matter.[8] Ali did not want to fight and agreed to negotiate.[8] He then contacted Aisha and spoke to her,[8] "Is it not wise to shed the blood of five thousand for the punishment of five hundred."[8] She agreed to settle the matter.[8] Ali then met Talha and Zubair and told them about the prophecy of Muhammad. Ali's cousin Zubair said to him, "What a tragedy that the Muslims who had acquired the strength of a rock are going to be smashed by colliding with one another." [8]Talha and Zubair did not want to fight and left the field. Everyone was happy except the people who had killed Uthman and the supporters of the Qurra, who later became the Khawarij.[8] They thought that if a settlement was reached, they would not be safe.[8] The Qurra launched a night attack and started burning the tents.[8] Ali tried to restrain his men but no one was listening. Everyone thought that the other party had committed breach of trust. Confusion prevailed throughout the night. [8] The Qurra attacked the Umayyads and the fighting started.

Talhah had left. On seeing this, Marwan (who was manipulating everyone) shot Talhah with a poisoned arrow[8] saying that he had disgraced his tribe by leaving the field. [8] According to some Shia accounts Marwan ibn al-Hakam shot Talha,[12] who became disabled in the leg by the shot and was carried into Basra, where he died later of his wound.[13][14][15] According to Shia sources Marwan said,

By God, now I will not have to search for the man who murdered Uthman. [16]

In the Sunni sources it says that he said that Talha had disgraced his tribe by leaving the field. [8]

With the two generals Zubair and Talhah gone, confusion prevailing and the Qurra and the Umayyads fought.[8][17]

Qadi Kaab ibn Sur of Basra held the Quran on his head and then advised Aysha to mount her camel to tell people to stop fighting, until he was killed by arrows shot by the forces of Ali. [8] As the battle raged Ali's forces targeted their arrows to pierce the howdah of Aisha. The rebels lead by Aisha then gathered around her and about a dozen of her warriors were beheaded while holding the reins of hercamel. However the warriors of Ali faced much casualties during their attempts to reach Aisha as dying corpses lay pilled in heaps. The battle only came to an end when Ali's troops as commanded attacked the camel from the rear and cut off the legs of the beast. Aisha fled from the arrow-pierced howdah and was captured by the forces of Ali.[18]

Ali's cousin Zubair was by then making his way to Medina; he was killed in an adjoining valley.

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Aisha's brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, who was Ali's commander, approached Aisha, who was age 45. There was reconciliation between them and Ali pardoned her. He then sent Aisha to Medina under military escort headed by her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, one of Ali's commanders. She subsequently retired to Medina with no more interference with the affairs of state. [8][19] Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great-grandfather of Ja‘far al-Sadiq. Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was raised by Ali alongside Hasan and Husein. Hassan also accompanied Aisha part of the way back to Medina. Aisha started teaching in Medina and deeply resented Marwan.[20][21]

Tom Holland writes in the best selling book The shadow of the sword, The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World "Marwan was fabulously venal and slippery. Nothing he had done had helped to improve his reputation for double dealing. [21][22]

Casualties[edit]According to historian William Muir, 10,000 people lost their life in this battle, with each party bearingequal loss. In the three days after the battle, Ali performed a funeral service for all the dead from both parties.[19]

Aftermath[edit]Ali's forces overcame the rebels, and the defeated army was treated with generosity. Ali met Aisha and there was reconciliation between them. He sent her back to Medina under military escort headed by her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, one of Ali's commanders. She subsequently retired to Medina with no more interference with the affairs of state. [19]

Talha, who became disabled in the leg by the shot and fled the battlefield was carried into Basra, where he died later of his wound.[13]

When the head of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam was presented to Ali by Ahnaf ibn Qais, the Caliph Ali couldn't help but to sob and condemn the murder of his cousin. This reaction caused Ahnaf ibn Qais resentment and, drawing his sword, stabbed it into his own breast.[23]

Marwan I and the Qurra (who later became the Khawarij) manipulated every one and created conflict. Marwan was arrested but he later asked Hassan and Hussein for assistance and was released.[6]

Ali was later killed by a Kharijite Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam while he was praying in the mosque of Kufa.[24]

Two decades later, after years of planning and scheming and making every one else fight, Marwan came to power in Syria and the Qurra (the Kharijites) established a state in southern Iraq. [25]

Image and legacy of A'isha[edit]The name of the battle refers to the camel ridden by Ā isha — once the camel had fallen, the battle ʿwas over. Some Muslim scholars believe the name was recorded as such in history to avoid linking the name of a woman with a battle.[26]

Although Ā ishah's role in the Battle of the Camel is very controversial, it is clear that some see her ʿas a role model for Muslim women in politics and other roles of leadership. Fatima Mernissi is an example of a Muslim feminist and scholar who sees Ā ishah as a model for her and other women. ʿShe proves this through her works by questioning the authority of the Hadith that say women should not lead. Specifically, she states as the mission of her text that "This book is a vessel journeying back in time in order to find a fabulous wind that will swell our sails and send us gliding toward new worlds, toward a time both far away and near at beginning of the Hejira, when Muhammad could be a lover and a leader hostile to all hierarchies, when women had their place as unquestioned partners

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in a revolution that made the mosque an open place and the household temple of debate." By statingthis as her mission she highlights that she would like people to remember the time of clear gender equality and leadership, as demonstrated by Ā ishah.ʿ [27] A'isha's symbolic significance for believers isjustified through her close proximity to the Muhammad. "Identified as part of the new Islamic female elite, the mothers of the believers, Ā isha's political importance was not achieved, but ascribed."ʿ [28]

Sunni and Shi'i split[edit]Ā isha's depiction in regards to the first civil war in the Muslim community reflected the molding of ʿIslamic definition of gender and politics. Sunni Muslims recognized the tension between Ā isha's ʿexemplary status as the acknowledged favorite wife of Muhammad and her political actions as a widow. The Sunni task was to assess her problematic political participation without complete disapproval. Shi'i Muslims faced no such dilemma in their representation of the past. Ā isha had ʿopposed and fought ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Shi'i male political and spiritual ideal in the Battle of the Camel. Her involvement in the First Fitna provoked Shi'i scorn and censure, while Sunni authors hadthe more difficult task of defending her.[29]

Moreover, Shias regard Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib as the successor to the Holy Prophet, as such, they see the following verse- in Surah At-Tahrim where it begins with condemning 'Aisha- as Ali carrying out divine duties against the hypocrites,

"O Prophet! Strive hard against the Unbelievers and the Hypocrites, and be firm against them. Their abode is Hell,- an evil refuge (indeed)."[Quran 66:9 (Translatedby Pickthall)]

Participants[edit]Soldiers of Caliph Ali's Army[edit]

Ali [30]

Malik al-Ashtar

Hasan ibn Ali

Hussain ibn Ali

Ammar ibn Yasir

Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr

Muslim ibn Aqeel

Harith ibn Rab'i [30]

Jabir ibn Abd-Allah

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah

Abu Ayub Ansari [31]

Abu Qatada bin Rabyee[31]

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Qays ibn Sa'd [31]

Qathm bin Abbas[31]

Soldiers of Aisha's Army[edit]

Aisha [30]

Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah [30]

Muhammad ibn Talha [32]

Zubayr ibn al-Awwam [30]

Marwan ibn al-Hakam [30]

Abd al-Rahman I [33]

Abdullah ibn al-Walid (KIA)[33]

Abdullah ibn Hakim (KIA)[33]

Abdullah ibn Saffron[33]

Yahya ibn Hakim ibn Safwan[33]

Amir ibn Mascud ibn Umayya ibn Khalaf[33]

Ayyiib b. Habib b. Alqama b. Rabia[33]

Utba[33]

Abdullah ibn Abi Uthman ibn al-Akhnas ibn Sharlq (KIA)[33]

Others involved[edit]

Abd-Allah ibn Umar [30]

Hafsa bint Umar [30]

Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya [30]

Unclassified[edit]

Abdullah bin Aamir Hadhrami of Makkah[30]

Ya'la bin Umayya[30]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Restatement-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Restatement-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-Allah_ibn_Aamir_Hadhramihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Camel&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Restatement-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Salama_Hind_bint_Abi_Umayyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Restatement-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsa_bint_Umarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Restatement-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-Allah_ibn_Umarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Camel&action=edit&section=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Madelung-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Madelung-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Madelung-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Madelung-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Madelung-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Madelung-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Madelung-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Madelung-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Madelung-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Restatement-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_ibn_al-Hakamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Restatement-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Talhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Restatement-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd-Allahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Restatement-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Camel&action=edit&section=10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-ismaili-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-ismaili-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qays_ibn_Sa'd

Abdullah bin Aamir bin Kurayz of Basra[30]

Saeed bin Aas[30]

Mughira bin Shaaba[30]

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to: a b http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=axL0Akjxr-YC&pg=PT472&dq=Ali+20,000+battle+of+the+camel&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PNc-UresF4nAtQaZioGQCg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Ali%2020%2C000%20battle%20of%20the%20camel&f=false

2. ^ Jump up to: a b Jibouri, Yasin T. Kerbalā and Beyond. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse, 2011. Print. ISBN 1467026131 Pgs. 30

3. ^ Jump up to: a b Muraj al-Thahab Vol. 5, Pg. 177

4. Jump up ^ http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Battle_of_the_Camel. Missing or empty |title= (help)

5. Jump up ^ Mernissi, Fatima. "A Feminist Interpretation of Women's Rights in Islam". Retrieved 2014-04-30.

6. ^ Jump up to: a b Nahj al Balagha Sermon 72

7. Jump up ^ Medieval Islamic civilization By Josef W. Meri Page 131

8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Nadvi, Sulaimān. Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa: Her Life and Works. Safat, Kuwait: Islamic Book, 1986. Print. Pg. 44

9. Jump up ^ Dr. Mohammad Ishaque in Journal of Pakistan Historical Society, Vol 3, Part 1

10. Jump up ^ Sir John Glubb, The Great Arab Conquests, 1967, p. 320

11. Jump up ^ Goodwin, Jan. Price of Honour: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World. UK: Little, Brown Book Group, 1994

12. Jump up ^ anwary-islam.com

13. ^ Jump up to: a b http://anwary-islam.com/companion/ten-talhah-ibn-ubaydullah.htm

14. Jump up ^ http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/61.htm

15. Jump up ^ http://www.islam4theworld.com/Sahabah/talhah_bn_ubaydullah_R.htm

16. Jump up ^ Ibn Saad, Tabaqat, vol. III, p. 223

17. Jump up ^ The Early Caliphate, Maulana Muhammad Ali, Al-Jadda Printers, pg. 169-206, 1983

18. Jump up ^ http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAL/53/3

19. ^ Jump up to: a b c William Muir, The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline and Fall from Original Sources . Chapter XXXV: "Battle of the Camel". London: 1891. p. 261.

20. Jump up ^ Sahih Al Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Number 352

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-20http://books.google.com/books?id=DYx7LB3k7tIC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=DYx7LB3k7tIC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Caliphate.2C_ch_xxxv_19-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Caliphate.2C_ch_xxxv_19-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Caliphate.2C_ch_xxxv_19-0http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAL/53/3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-16http://www.islam4theworld.com/Sahabah/talhah_bn_ubaydullah_R.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-15http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/61.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-14http://anwary-islam.com/companion/ten-talhah-ibn-ubaydullah.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-anwary-islam.com_13-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-anwary-islam.com_13-0http://anwary-islam.com/companion/ten-talhah-ibn-ubaydullah.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Goodwin_11-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-DrMI_9-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nadvi_8-0http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA131&dq=battle+of+the+camel,+Muawiya+and+marwan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7Q4lUeiNDaO80QWBlYGgDw&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20the%20camel%2C%20Muawiya%20and%20marwan&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-7http://www.nahjulbalagha.org/SermonDetail.php?Sermon=72https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nahj_al_Balagha_Sermon_72_6-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Nahj_al_Balagha_Sermon_72_6-0http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/book/islam-9780195116212/islam-9780195116212-chapter-13?_hi=0&_pos=1#islam-9780195116212-bibItem-063-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Oxford_Islamic_Studies_Online_1_5-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_titlehttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Battle_of_the_Camelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Muraj_al-Thahab_3-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Muraj_al-Thahab_3-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1467026131https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1467026131https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Authorhouse_2-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-Authorhouse_2-0http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=axL0Akjxr-YC&pg=PT472&dq=Ali+20,000+battle+of+the+camel&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PNc-UresF4nAtQaZioGQCg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Ali%2020%2C000%20battle%20of%20the%20camel&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=axL0Akjxr-YC&pg=PT472&dq=Ali+20,000+battle+of+the+camel&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PNc-UresF4nAtQaZioGQCg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Ali%2020%2C000%20battle%20of%20the%20camel&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=axL0Akjxr-YC&pg=PT472&dq=Ali+20,000+battle+of+the+camel&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PNc-UresF4nAtQaZioGQCg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Ali%2020%2C000%20battle%20of%20the%20camel&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_1-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_1-0https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Camel&action=edit&section=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Restatement-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Restatement-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel#cite_note-Restatement-30

21. ^ Jump up to: a b The shadow of the sword, The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World, Tom Holland, ISBN 9780349122359 Abacus Page 409

22. Jump up ^ See:

Lapidus (2002), p.47

Holt (1977a), p.70 - 72

Tabatabaei (1979), p.50 - 53

Nahj Al-Balagha Sermons 8, 31, 171, 173

23. Jump up ^ http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAL/53/4

24. Jump up ^ Tabatabae (1979), page 192

25. Jump up ^ Sahih Al Bukhari Volume 9, Book 88, Number 228:[1] Narrated by Abu Al-Minhal. When Ibn Ziyad and Marwan were in Sham and Ibn Az-zubair took over the authority in Mecca and Qurra' (the Kharijites) revolted in Basra, I went out with my father to Abu Barza Al-Aslami till we entered upon him in his house while he was sitting in the shade of a room built of cane. So we sat with him and my father started talking to him saying, "O Abu Barza! Don't you see in what dilemma the people has fallen?" The first thing heard him saying "I seek reward from Allah for myself because of being angry and scornful at the Quraish tribe. O you Arabs! You know very well that you were in misery and were few in number and misguided, and that Allah has brought you out of all that with Islam and with Muhammad till He brought you to this state (of prosperity and happiness) which you see now; and it is this worldly wealth and pleasures which has caused mischief to appear among you. The one who is in Sham (i.e., Marwan), by Allah, is not fighting except for the sake of worldly gain.

26. Jump up ^ Mernissi, Fatima (1987). The Veil and the Male Elite. New York: Basic Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-201-63221-7.

27. Jump up ^ Mernissi, Fatima. The Veil and the Male Elite. Basic Books. ISBN 0-201-52321-3.

28. Jump up ^ Spellberg, D.A. (1994). Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past. New York: Columbia University Press.p. 102. ISBN 978-0-231-07999-0.

29. Jump up ^ Spellberg, D.A. (1994). Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past. Columbia University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-231-07999-0.

30. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Razwy, Ali Asgher. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims: 579 to 661 CE. Stanmore: World Federation of KSI Muslin Communities, 1997. Print. Ch. 62

31. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Islamic period

32. Jump up ^ www.islam4theworld.com

33. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. Print. ISBN 0521646960 Pg. 18

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Ali ibn Abi Talib (1984). Nahj al-Balagha (Peak of Eloquence), compiled by ash-Sharif ar-Radi. Alhoda UK. SBN 0940368439.

Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1990). History of the Prophets and Kings, translation and commentary issued by R. Stephen Humphreys. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-0154-5. (volume XV.)

Holt, P. M.; Bernard Lewis (1977). Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29136-4.

Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64696-0.

William Muir. The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall [2].

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The Ridda wars (Arabic: حروب الردة), also known as the Wars of Apostasy, were a series of military campaigns launched by the Caliph Abu Bakr against rebel Arabian tribes during 632 and 633 AD, just after Muhammaddied.[1] The rebels' position was that they had submitted to Muhammad as the prophet of God, but owed nothing to Abu Bakr. Some rebels followed either Tulayha or Musaylima or Sajjah, all of whom claimed prophethood. Most of the tribes were defeated and reintegrated into the Caliphate. The peoples surrounding Mecca did not revolt.

Contents [hide]

1 Prelude

o 1.1 Defense of Madinah

2 Abu Bakr's Strategy

3 Campaign of Apostasy

4 Central Arabia

o 4.1 Buzakha

o 4.2 Najd

o 4.3 Yamamah

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5 Oman

6 Northern Arabia

7 Yemen

8 Mahra

9 Bahrain

10 Hadhramaut

11 Aftermath

12 See also

13 References

14 Further reading

15 External links

Prelude[edit]In about the middle of May 632, Muhammad, now ailing, ordered a large expedition to be prepared against the Byzantine empire in order to avenge the martyrs of battle of Mu'tah. 3000 Muslims were to join it. Usama ibn Zaid, a young man and son of Zayd ibn Harithah who was killed in the battle at Mu'tah, was appointed as commander of this force so he could avenge the death of his father.[2][3][4] However, Muhammad died in June 632 and Abu Bakr claimed to be Caliph with the help of a groupof his friends.

On the first day of his caliphate, Abu Bakr ordered the army of Usama to prepare for march. Abu Bakr was under great pressure regarding this expedition due to rising rebellion and apostasy across Arabia, but he was determined.[5] Before his march, Usama sent Umar to Caliph Abu Bakr andis reported to have said:

Go to the Caliph, ask him to permit the army to remain at Medina. All the leaders of the community are with me. If we go, none will be left to prevent the infidels from tearing Medina to pieces. [6]

However, Abu Bakr refused. He was moved to this decision at least partially by his desire to carry out the unfulfilled military plan of Muhammad.

On June 26, 632 the army of Usama broke camp and moved out. After leaving Medina, Usama had marched to Tabuk. Most of the tribes in this region opposed him fiercely but were defeated by Abu Bakr's army. Usama raided far and wide in the region of Northern Arabia, starting with the Quza'a, and then made his way to Dawmatu l-Jandal (modern Al Jawf, Saudi Arabia).

As a direct result of his operations, several rebel tribes resubmitted to Madinian rule and claimed that they re-acceptedIslam. The Quza'a remained rebellious and unrepentant, however 'Amr ibn al-'As later attacked them and forced them to surrender again.[1]

Usama next marched to Mu'tah, attacked the Christian Arabs of the tribes of Banu Kalb and Ghassanids in a small battle. Then he returned to Medina, bringing with him a large number of captives and a considerable amount of wealth, part of which comprised the spoils of war and part taxation of the re-conquered tribes. The Islamic army remained out of Medina for 40 days.

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Defense of Madinah[edit]The concentrations of rebels nearest Madinah were located in two areas: Abraq, 72 miles north-east of Madinah, and Dhu Qissa, 24 miles east of Madinah.[7] These concentrations consisted of the tribesof Banu Ghatafan, the Hawazin, and the Tayy. Abu Bakr sent envoys to all the enemy tribes, calling upon them to remain loyal to Islam and continue to pay their Zakat.

A week or two after the departure of the Islamic army under Usama, the rebel tribes surrounded Medina, knowing that there were few fighting forces in the city. Meanwhile, Tulayha, a self-proclaimed prophet, reinforced the rebels at Dhu Qissa. In the third week of July 632, the apostate army moved from Dhu Qissa to Dhu Hussa, from where they prepared to launch an attack on Medina.

Abu Bakr received intelligence of this move of rebels, and immediately prepared for the defense of Medina. As the main army was out of Medina under Usama, Abu Bakr scraped together a fighting force mainly from the clan of Mohammad, the Banu Hashim. The army had stalwarts like Ali ibn Abi Talib r.a, Talha ibn Ubaidullah r.a and Zubair ibn al-Awam r.a, who would later (in the 640s) conquer Egypt. Each of them was appointed as commander of one-third of the newly organised force. Before the apostates could do anything, Abu Bakr launched his army against their outposts and drove them back to Dhu Hussa.

The following day, Abu Bakr marched from Medina with the main army and moved towards Dhu Hussa.[1] As the riding camels were all gone with Usama's army, he could only muster inferior pack camels, and the army mounted these camels. These pack camels, being untrained for battle, bolted when Hibal, the apostate commander at Zhu Hussa, made a surprise attack from the hills on the Muslims; and the Muslims retreated to Medina. The apostates recaptured the outposts that they lost a few days earlier. At Medina Abu Bakr reorganised the army for the battle and attacked the apostates during the night, taking them by surprise. The apostates retreated from Dhu Hussa to DhuQissa. On the morning Abu Bakr led his forces to Dhu Qissa and defeated the rebel tribes and captured Dhu Qissa on 1 August 632.

The defeated apostate tribes retreated to Abraq, where more clansmen of the Ghatfan, the Hawazin,and the Tayy were gathered. Abu Bakr left a residual force of soldiers under the command of An-Numan ibn Muqarrin at Dhu Qissa and returned with his main army to Medina. On 4 August 632, Usama's army arrived in Medina. The army had been away for 40 days.

Abu Bakr ordered Usama to rest his men in Medina and re-equip them to fight against the rebels. Meanwhile in the second week of August 632 Abu Bakr with his army moved to Zhu Qissa. Taking the remaining forces from Numan ibn Muqarrin under his command, he moved to Abraq, where the retreated rebels had gathered, and defeated them. The remaining rebels retreated to Buzakha, where Tulayha had moved with his army from Samira.

Abu Bakr's Strategy[edit]In the fourth week of August 632, Abu Bakr moved to Zhu Qissa with all available fighting forces. There he planned the strategy of the Campaign of the Apostasy to deal with the various enemies who occupied the entire land of Arabia except for the small area in the possession of the Muslims. [7] The battles which he had fought recently against the apostate concentrations at Zhu Qissa and Abraq were in the nature of immediate preventive action to protect Medina and discourage further offensives by the enemy. These actions enabled Abu Bakr to secure a base from which he could fight the major campaign that lay ahead, thus gaining time for the preparation and launching of his main forces. Abu Bakr had to fight not one but several enemies: Tulayha at Buzakha, Malik bin Nuwaira at Butah, Musaylima atYamamah. He had to deal with widespread apostasy on the eastern and southern coasts of Arabia: in Bahrain, in Oman, in Mahra, in Hadhramaut and in Yemen. There was apostasy in the region south and east of Mecca and by theQuza'a in northern Arabia.

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Abu Bakr formed the army into several corps. The strongest corps, and this was the main punch of the Muslims, was the corps of Khalid ibn Walid. This was used to fight the most powerful of the rebel forces. Other corps were given areas of secondary importance in which to subdue the less dangerous apostate tribes. The first corps to go into action was that of Khalid, and the timing of the despatch of other corps hinged on the operations of Khalid, who was given the task of fighting the strongest enemy forces one after the other. Abu Bakr's plan was first to clear the area of west centralArabia (the area nearest to Medina), then tackle Malik bin Nuwaira, and finally concentrate against the most dangerous and powerful enemy: the self-proclaimed prophet Musaylima.

Campaign of Apostasy[edit]The caliph formed 11 main corps, each under its own commander. A standard was given to each corps. The available manpower was distributed among these corps, and while some commanders were given immediate missions, others were given missions for which they would be launched later. The 11 corps commanders and their assigned objectives were as follows:

Khalid Ibn Walid: First Tulaiha bin Khuwailad Al-Asdee (ہططلیح بن خویلد السدی ) from the Asad Tribe (بنو اسد) at Buzaakhah ( ہبزاخ ), then Malik bin Nuwaira, at Butah.

Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl: Confront Musaylima at Yamamah but not to get involved until more forces were built up.

Amr ibn al-As: The apostate tribes of Quza'a and Wadi'a in the area of Tabuk and Daumat-ul-Jandal.

Shurahbil bin Hasanah: Follow Ikrimah and await the Caliph's instructions.

Khalid bin Saeed: Certain apostate tribes on the Syrian frontier.

Turaifa bin Hajiz: The apostate tribes of Hawazin and Bani Sulaim in the area east of Medinaand Mecca.

Ala bin Al Hadhrami: The apostates in Bahrain.

Hudhaifa bin Mihsan: The apostates in Oman.

Arfaja bin Harthama.: The apostates in Mahra.

Muhajir bin Abi Umayyah: The apostates in the Yemen, then the Kinda in Hadhramaut.

Suwaid bin Muqaran: The apostates in the coastal area north of the Yemen.

As soon as the organisation of the corps was complete, Khalid marched off, to be followed a little later by Ikrimah and 'Amr ibn al-'As. The other corps were held back by the caliph and despatched weeks and even months later. Their despatch was conditioned by the progress of Khalid's operationsagainst the hard core of enemy opposition.[1]

Before the various corps left Zhu Qissa, however, envoys were sent by Abu Bakr to all apostate tribes in a final attempt to induce them to submit.

Apart from their specific objectives, the corps commanders were given the following instructions:

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1. Seek the tribes which are your objectives

2. Call the Azaan.

3. If the tribe answers with the Azaan, do not attack. After the Azaan, ask the tribe to confirm its submission, including the payment of zakat. If confirmed, do not attack.

4. Those who submit will not be attacked.

5. Those who do not answer with the Azaan, or after the Azaan do not confirm full submission, will be dealt with by the sword.

6. All apostates who have killed Muslims will be killed.

With these instructions Abu Bakr launched the forces of his Caliphate against the apostates.

Central Arabia[edit]Apostasy and rebellion in central Arabia was led by Musaylima, a self-proclaimed prophet, in the fertile region of Yamamah. He was mainly supported by the powerful tribe of Banu Hanifa. At Buzakha in north central Arabia, another self-proclaimed prophet, Tulaiha, a tribal chief of Bani Asad,led the rebellion against Medina aided by the allied tribes of Banu Ghatfan, the Hawazin, and the Tayy. At Najd, Malik ibn Nuweira led the tribes of Banu Tamim against the authority of Medina.[8]

Buzakha[edit]On receiving intelligence of the Muslims preparations, Tulayha too prepared for a battle, and was further reinforced by the contingents of the allied tribes.

Before launching Khalid against Tulayha, Abu Bakr sought ways and means of reducing the latter's strength, so that the battle could be fought with the maximum prospects of victory. Nothing could be done about the tribes of Bani Assad and Banu Ghatafan, which stood solidly behind Tulayha, but the Tayy were not so staunch in their support of Tulayha, and their chief, Adi ibn Hatim, was a devoutMuslim.

Adi was appointed by Abu Bakr to negotiate with the tribal elders to withdraw their contingent from Tulayha's army. The negotiations were a success, and Adi brought with him 500 horsemen of his tribe to reinforce Khalid's army.

Khalid next marched against another apostate tribe, Jadila. Here again Adi ibn Hatim offered his services to persuade the tribe to submit without bloodshed. Bani Jadila submitted, and their 1000 warriors joined Khalid's army.

Khalid, now much stronger than when he had left Zhu Qissa, marched for Buzakha. There, in mid-September 632 CE, he defeated Tulayha in the Battle of Buzakha. The remaining army of Tulayha retreated to Ghamra, 20 miles from Buzakha, and were defeated in the Battle of Ghamra in the third week of September 632 CE.

Several tribes submitted to the Caliph after Khalid's decisive victories. Moving south from Buzakha, Khalid reached Naqra in October 632 CE, with an army now 6000 strong, and defeated the rebel tribe of Banu Saleem in the Battle of Naqra. 632 In third week of October 632 CE, Khalid defeated a tribal mistress, Salma, in the battle of Zafar. Afterwards he moved to Najd against the rebel tribe of Banu Tamim and their Sheikh Malik ibn Nuwayrah.

Najd[edit]

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At Najd, getting the news of Khalid's decisive victories against apostates in Buzakha, many clans of Banu Tamim hastened to visit Khalid, but the Banu Yarbu', a branch of Bani Tamim, under their chief, Malik ibn Nuwayrah, hung back. Malik was a chief of some distinction: a warrior, noted for his generosity, and a famous poet. Bravery, generosity, and poetry were the three qualities most admired among the Arabs.

Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's conquest of Arabia.

At the time of Muhammad, he had been appointed as a tax collector for the tribe of Banu Tamim. As soon as Malik heard of the death of Muhammad, he gave back all the tax to his tribespeople, saying,"Now you are the owner of your wealth."[9] Most scholars agreed that he was adhering to the normal beliefs of the Arabs of his time in which they should cease to pledge their allegiance to a tribe upon the death of its Sheikh.

His riders were stopped by Khalid's army at the town of Buttah. Khalid asked them about the signing of pact with Sajjah; they said it was just because they wanted revenge against their terrible enemies.[10]

When Khalid reached Najd he found no opposing army. He sent his cavalry to nearby villages and ordered them to call the Azaan (call for prayers) to each party they meet. Zirrar bin Azwar, a squadron leader, arrested the family of Malik, claiming they did not answer the call to prayer. Malik avoided direct contact with Khalid's army and ordered his followers to scatter, and he and his family apparently moved away across the desert.[11] He refused to give zakat, hence differentiating between prayer and zakat

Nevertheless, Malik was accused of rebellion against the state of Medina. He was also to be charged for his entering in an anti-Caliphate alliance with Sajjah, a self-proclaimed prophetess.[12] Malik was arrested along with his clan men,[13]

Malik was asked by Khalid about his crimes. Malik's response was "your master said this, your master said that" referring to Abu Bakr. Khalid declared Malik a rebel apostate and ordered his execution.[14] Khalid bin Walid killed Malik ibn Nuwayra.

In Medina, ‘Umar told Khâlid: “You are an enemy of Allâh! You killed a Muslim man and then raped his wife. By Allâh, I will stone you".[15] his wife, Layla bint al-Minhal.

Shias claim that Islamically, Khalid would have had to wait for her to complete the waiting period iddah (3 menstrual cycles) before Khalid would have been able to marry her. Sunnis believe that since Malik and his tribe were judged apostates, they were taken captives and Idda rules do not apply to apostates.

Shias also claim that Abu Qatada Ansari was so shocked at Malik's murder by Khalid that he immediately returned to Medina, and told Abu Bakr that he would not serve under a commander whohad killed a Muslim.[16]

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The death of Malik and Khalid's taking of his wife Layla created a controversy. Some officers of his army—including a prominent companion of Muhammad, Abu Qatadah—believed that Khalid killed Malik to take his wife.

After the pressure exerted by Umar—Khalid's cousin and one of Caliph Abu Bakr's main advisors—Abu Bakr called Khalid back to Medina to explain himself. [17]

In Medina, ‘Umar told Khâlid: “You enemy of Allâh! You killed a Muslim man and then rape his wife. By Allâh, I will stone you".[15]

Yamamah[edit]Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl, one of the corps commanders, was instructed to make contact with Musaylima at Yamamah, but not to engage in fighting until Khalid joined him. Abu Bakr's intention in giving Ikrimah this mission was to tie Musaylima down at Yamamah. With Ikrimah on the horizon, Musaylima would remain in expectation of a Muslim attack, and thus not be able to leave his base. With Musaylima so committed, Khalid would be free to deal with the apostate tribes of north-central Arabia without interference from Yamamah.

Meanwhile Abu Bakr sent Shurhabil's corps to reinforce Ikrama at Yamamah. Ikrimah, however, in early September 632 A.D attacked Musaylima's forces and was defeated. He wrote the details of his actions to Abu Bakr, who, both pained and angered by the rashness of Ikrimah and his disobedience, ordered him to proceed with his force to Oman to assist Hudaifa; once Hudaifa had completed his task, to march to Mahra to help Arfaja, and thereafter go to Yemen to help Muhajir.[18]

Meanwhile Abu Bakr sent orders to Khalid to march against Musaylima. Shurhabil's corps, that was stationed at Yamamah, was to reinforce Khalid's corps. In addition to this Abu Bakr assembled a fresh army of Ansar and Muhajireen in Medina that joined Khalid's corps at Butah. From Butah Khalid marched to Yamamah to join with Shurhabil's corps.

Though Abu Bakr had instructed Shurhabil not to engage Musaylima's forces until the arrival of Khalid, shortly before the arrival of Khalid, Shurhabil engaged Musaylima's forces and was defeated too. Khalid joined with the corps of Shurhabil early in December 632.

The combined force of Muslims, now 13,000 strong, defeated Musaylima's army in the Battle of Yamama, which was fought in the third week of December 632 CE. The fortified city of Yamamah surrendered peacefully later that week.[18]

Khalid established his headquarters at Yamamah, from where he despatched columns to all over theplain of Aqraba to subdue the region around Yamamah and to kill or capture all who resisted. Thereafter all of central Arabia submitted to Medina.

What remained of the apostasy in the less vital areas of Arabia was rooted out by the Muslims in a series of well planned campaigns within five months.

Oman[edit]In mid-September 632, Abu Bakr dispatched Hudaifa bin Mihsan's corps to Oman to tackle the apostasy in Oman, where the tribe of Azd, that dominated the region of Oman, had revolted under their chief Laqeet bin Malik, known more commonly as "Dhu'l-Taj", i.e. "the Crowned One." According to some reports, he also claimed prophethood.

Hudaifa entered the province of Oman, but not having strong enough forces to fight Dhu'l-Taj, he decided to wait for reinforcement, and wrote to the Caliph accordingly. The Caliph sent Ikrimah to aidhim in late September 632. Ikrimah marched from Yamamah to Oman, and the combined forces of these two generals defeated Dhu'l-Taj at the Battle of Daba, fought in late November 632 at Dibba, astronghold of Dhu'l-Taj. Dhu'l-Taj was killed in battle. [14]

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Being appointed governor of Oman, Hudaifa next set about the re-establishment of law and order. Ikrimah, having no local administrative responsibility, used his corps to subdue the neighbourhood ofDaba, and in a number of small actions succeeded in breaking the resistance of those of the Azd who had continued to defy the authority of Medina.[1]

Northern Arabia[edit]Some time in October 632, Amr's corps were dispatched to Syrian border to subdue the apostates tribes, most importantly the tribes of Quza'a and the Wadi'a (a section of Bani Kalb), in the region around Tabuk and Daumat-ul-Jandal (Al-Jawf). Amr was not able to beat the tribes into submission until Shurhabil joined him in January after Battle of Yamamah.

Yemen[edit]The Yemen had been the first province to rebel against the authority of Islam when the tribe of Ans rose in arms under the leadership of its chief and self-proclaimed prophet Al-Aswad, the Black One, who was killed by Fairoz the Persian, while the Prophet Mohammad still lived, and thereafter Fairoz had acted as governor of Yemen at San'a. [7]

When word arrived that the Prophet Mohammad had died, the people of the Yemen again revolted, this time under the leadership of a man named Qais bin Abd Yaghus. The avowed aim of the apostates was to drive the Muslims out of the Yemen, and they decided to achieve this objective by assassinating Fairoz and other important Muslim leaders, thus rendering the Muslim community leaderless.

Fairoz somehow managed to escape and took shelter in the mountains. This happened in June or July 632. For the next six months Fairoz remained in his mountainous stronghold, where over the months he was joined by thousands of Muslims of Yemen. [14]

When he felt strong enough, Fairoz led his men against Qais, and marched to San'a and defeated Qais, who retreated with his remaining men northeast to Abyan, where they all surrendered and were subsequently pardoned by the Caliph. [7]

Mahra[edit]From Oman, following the orders of Abu Bakr, Ikrimah marched to Mahra to join Arfaja bin Harthama. As Arfaja had not yet arrived, Ikrimah, instead of waiting for him, tackled the local rebels on his own.

At Jairut Ikrimah met two rebel armies preparing for battle. Here he persuaded the weaker to embrace Islam and then joined up with them to defeat their opponents. Having re-established Islam in Mahra, Ikrimah moved his corps to Abyan, where he rested his men and awaited further developments.

Bahrain[edit]After the Battle of Yamamah, Abu Bakr sent Ula bin Al Hadhrami's corps against the rebels of Bahrain. Ula arrived in Bahrain to find the apostate forces gathered at Hajr and entrenched in a strong position. Ula mounted a surprise attack one night and captured the city. The rebels retreated to the coastal regions, where they made one more stand but were decisively defeated. Most of them surrendered and reverted to Islam. This operation was completed at about the end of January 633.

Hadhramaut[edit]

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The last of the great revolts of the apostasy was that of the powerful tribe of Kindah, which inhabited the region of Najran, Hadhramaut, and eastern Yemen. They did not break into revolt until January 633. [14]

Ziyad bin Lubaid, Muslim governor of Hadhramaut, operated against them and raided Riyaz, after which the whole of the Kinda broke into revolt under Ash'as bin Qais and prepared for war. However,the strength of the two forces, i.e. apostate and Muslim, was so well balanced that neither side felt able to start serious hostilities. Ziyad waited for reinforcements before attacking the rebels.

Reinforcements were on the way. Muhajir bin Abi Umayyah, the last of the corps commanders to be despatched by Abu Bakr, defeated some rebel tribes in Najran, south-eastern Arabia, and was directed by Abu Bakr to march to Hadhramaut and join Ziyad against the Kinda. The Caliph also instructed Ikrimah, who was at Abyan, to join Ziyad and Muhajir's forces.

In late January 633 the forces of Muhajir and Ziyad combined at Zafar, capital of Hadhramaut, under the overall command of the former, and defeated Ash'as, who retreated to the fortified town of Nujair.

Just after this battle the corps of Ikrimah also arrived. The three Muslim corps, under the overall command of Muhajir, advanced on Nujair and laid siege to the fortified city.

Nujair was captured some time in mid-February 633. With the defeat of the Kinda at Nujair the last ofthe great apostate movements collapsed. Arabia was safe for Islam.

The Campaign of the Apostasy was fought and completed during the 11th year of the Hijra. The year12 Hijri dawned, on March 18, 633, with Arabia united under the central authority of the Caliph at Medina. This campaign was Abu Bakr's greatest political and military triumph with the great help of Ali bin abiTalib who was afraid of collapse of Islamic civilization.

Aftermath[edit]With the collapse of the rebellions and Arabia united under the central authority of the Caliph at Medina, Caliph Abu Bakr now decided to expand the empire. It is unclear what his intentions were; whether it was a full scale expansion plan or preemptive attacks to secure more territory to create a buffer zone between the Islamic state and the powerful Sassanid and Byzantine empires. This set the stage for the Islamic conquest of Persia to begin. [14] Khalid was sent to the Persian Empire with an army consisting of 18,000 volunteers to conquer the richest province of the Persian empire: Iraq. After the successful conquest of Iraq, Abu Bakr sent his armies to invade Roman Syria, a main province of the Byzantine Empire. [19]

See also[edit]

Byzantine-Arab Wars

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Laura V. Vaglieri in The Cambridge History of Islam, p.58

2. Jump up ^ Ibn Sad: p. 707

3. Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=czSP046th6IC&pg=PA65&dq=usama+byzantine+ibn+sa%27d&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EWNWVYq9Ccj38QXUi4GgAg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&f=false

4. Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA187&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q2VWVaCAPMfe8AWHx4HQBA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA187&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q2VWVaCAPMfe8AWHx4HQBA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&f=falsehttps://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA187&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q2VWVaCAPMfe8AWHx4HQBA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&f=falsehttps://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA187&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q2VWVaCAPMfe8AWHx4HQBA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_wars#cite_ref-4https://books.google.com/books?id=czSP046th6IC&pg=PA65&dq=usama+byzantine+ibn+sa'd&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EWNWVYq9Ccj38QXUi4GgAg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&f=falsehttps://books.google.com/books?id=czSP046th6IC&pg=PA65&dq=usama+byzantine+ibn+sa'd&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EWNWVYq9Ccj38QXUi4GgAg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_wars#cite_ref-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_wars#cite_ref-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_wars#cite_ref-Laura_V_p.58_1-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_wars#cite_ref-Laura_V_p.58_1-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_wars#cite_ref-Laura_V_p.58_1-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_wars#cite_ref-Laura_V_p.58_1-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_wars#cite_ref-Laura_V_p.58_1-0https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridda_wars&action=edit&section=17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine-Arab_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridda_wars&action=edit&section=16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_wars#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_wars#cite_note-ReferenceA-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Persiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakrhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridda_wars&action=edit&section=15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_yearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nujair&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_wars#cite_note-ReferenceA-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhramauthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindah

5. Jump up ^ Tabari: Vol. 2, p. 461.

6. Jump up ^ Tabari: Vol. 2, p. 462.

7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Frank Griffel: Apostasie Und Toleranz Im Islam, p. 61.

8. Jump up ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Vol. 1, p. 110.Peter Hellyer, Ibrahim Al-Abed, Ibrahim Al Abed, The United Arab Emirates, A New Perspective, London, Trident Press Ltd., 2001, p. 81-84. ISBN 1-900724-47-2.

9. Jump up ^ reference=al-Balazuri: book no: 1, page no:107.

10. Jump up ^ reference= Tabari: Vol) p. 501-2.

11. Jump up ^ Al-Tabari 915, pp. 501–502

12. Jump up ^ Al-Tabari 915, p. 496

13. Jump up ^ Al-Tabari 915, p. 502

14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e reference=Tabari: Vol. 2, Page no: 5)

15. ^ Jump up to: a b Tabari, Al (1993), The conquest of Arabia, State University of New York Press, p. 104, ISBN 978-0791410714

16. Jump up ^ (A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims, Ali Razwy, Chapter 55)

17. Jump up ^ Akram 2004, p. 183

18. ^ Jump up to: a b John Glubb, The Great Arab Conquests, 1963, p. 112.

19. Jump up ^ Akram, chapter 18.

Further reading[edit]

Fred McGraw Donner: The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton University Press, 1986.ISBN 0691053278

Elias S. Shoufani: Al-Riddah and the Muslim conquest of Arabia. Toronto, 1973. ISBN 0-8020-1915-3

Meir J. Kister: The struggle against Musaylima and the conquest of Yamama. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 27 (2002)

Ella Landau-Tasseron: The Participation of Tayyi in the Ridda. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 5 (1984)

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Battle of YarmoukFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Battle of Yarmouk

Part of the Muslim conquest of Syria

(Arab–Byzantine Wars)

Across the ravines lies the battlefield of Yarmouk, this picture

taken about 8 miles away, from Jordan.

Date 15–20 August 636Location Near the Yarmouk River

32.81411°N 35.95482°E Coordinates: 32.81411°N 35.95482°E

Result Decisive Rashidun victoryTerritorial

changesThe Levant is ann