bd2302 ccmes appendices - gov.uk

BD2302 Climate change mitigation of environmental stewardship: Appendix 1

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Description of baseline scenarios.

1.1. Entry Level Scheme (ELS)The baselines refer to a sandy clay loam soil of soil nitrogen supply (SNS) index of 1 and a P

and K index 239.

1.1.1. Winter Wheat (ELS WW)The production scenario for the baseline winter wheat crop is given in Appendix Table 1.1.

The other arable crops are described in Appendix Tables 1.2 – 1.4. The emissions from soil include N2O from denitrification, nitrification and volatilisation (modelled using SUNDIAL40 and CH4

5,22,46,48 (Table 3). The emissions of CO2 from soil are included only for drained peat soils5,36

(section 2.2.4). The rate of SOC accumulation has been set at zero unless amended as described in Table 5 12,13 while the mean AGC sequestered for an arable rotation is 8.8 t CO2e ha-1 12,13,14. This is removed and replaced with each crop (a one year cycle) thus the net gain between crops each year is zero. Alteration to the AGC content at equilibrum through a change in land use is descrbed in Table 5 and for vegetation that reaches maximum AGC within one year this change was effective during the first year of change only.

Appendix Table 1.1. Production scenario of the baseline winter wheat crop.

Date Activity Product / active ingredient rotation every 4 years lime ground limestone 4 t ha-1 98

crop Aug plough (20 cm)Sept - Oct power harrow

drill 180 kg seed ha-1

Sept - Oct seed treatment (150 ml / 100 kg seed)

0.27 l Anchor (Carboxin (carboxamide)) (200 g l-1) & 0.27 l Thiram (dithiocarbamate) (200 g l-1)

Oct (late) – Nov (mid)

herbicide - grassweed 3 l Stomp 400 SC pendimethalin (2,6-dinitroaniline) (400 g l-1) + 3 l Alpha IPU 500 isoproturon (urea) (500 g l-1)

Oct (late) – Nov (mid)

insecticide aphids (BYDV risk) 0.2 l Toppel 10 (cypermethrin (pyrethroid)) (100 g l-1)

Nov - Mar P & K fertiliser base maintenance 0:21:32 @ 300 kg. 63 kg P2O5 (138.5 kg TSP (45.5% P2O5)) & 96 kg K2O (160 kg MOP (60% K2O))

March (mid-late) N & S Fertiliser 125 kg DoubleTop (AS 21% N & 24% S); 26.25 kg N & 30 kg S

Mar (late) growth regulation 1.25 l Agriguard Chlormequat 700 (quaternary ammonium) (700 gl-1) + 1.25 l Moddus (Trinexapac-ethyl) (250 g l-1)

Mar - Apr herbicide broad-leaved weeds 0.03 kg Eagle (amidosulfuron (sulfonylurea)) (75%w/w)Apr N fertiliser 300 kg AN (34.5% N); 103.5 kg N Apr Herbicide Wild Oats 0.1 l Topik – (clodinafop propargyl (aryloxyphenoxy

propionic acid)) (240g l-1) + 1 l mineral oilApril (late) (GrS: 31 - 32)

fungicide - septoria 0.5 l Opus epoxiconazole (triazole) (125 g l-1) + 0.6 l Amistar (azoxystrobin (strobin)) (250 g l-1)

fungicide - mildew 0.1 l Fortress (quinoxyfen) (500 g l-1)May (early-mid) N fertiliser 260 kg AN; 89.7 kg N May (mid) (GrS: 37 - 45)

fungicide septoria + rusts 0.5 l Opus (epoxiconazole) (125 g l-1) + 1.2 l Twist trifloxystrobin (strobin) (125 g l-1)

June (early -mid) (GrS: 59 - 69)

fungicides 0.3 l Amistar (azoxystrobin) (250 g l-1) + 0.5 l Folicur (tebuconazole) (250 g l-1)

August harvest 8.5 t ha-1

transport to on farm storage (2 km)drying (to 86% dry matter)

AN = ammonium nitrate; AS = ammonium sulphate; TSP = triple superphosphate; MOP = muriate of potash; GrS = growth stage

Agriculture and Environment Research Unit University of Hertfordshire

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A1.1.2. Spring Barley (SB)Appendix Table 1.2. The production scenario of the baseline spring barley (SB) crop.

Date Activity Product / active ingredient rotation every 4 years lime ground limestone 4 t ha-1

crop Sept - Oct plough (20 cm)Sept - Oct power harrowNov - Mar drill 160 kg seed ha-1

March (mid-late) seed treatment (150 ml / 100 kg seed)

0.24 l Raxil-S (tebuconazole) (20 g l-1) & triazoxide (benzotriazine) (20 g l-1)

Apr (early) P & K base fertiliser maintenance 0:23:30 150 kg ha-1. 34.5 kg P2O5 (75.8 kg TSP) & 45 kg K2O (75 kg MOP)

Apr (mid) N & S fertiliser 125 kg Double Top 26.3 kgN (AS 21% N) & 30 kgS (AS 24% S)

Apr (mid) herbicide + adjuvent 1 l Grasp (tralkoxydim) (250 g l-1) + 0.4 l Output (adjuvant) (60% mineral oil, 40% surfactant)

Apr (mid) herbicide broad-leaved weeds 0.03 kg Eagle amidosulfuron (sulfonylurea) (75%w/w)May (early) N fertiliser 180 kg AN (62.1 kgN)May (late) N fertiliser 180 kg AN (62.1 kgN)Aug fungicide - septoria 0.5 l Opus (epoxiconazole) (125 g l-1) + 0.4 l Acanto

(picoxystrobin) (250 gl-1)Aug fungicides 0.3 l Amistar (azoxystrobin) (250 g l-1)

fungicide septoria + rusts 0.5 l Opus epoxiconazole (triazole) (125 g l-1) harvest 5.7 t ha-1

transport to on farm storage (2 km)

A1.1.3. Winter Oilseed Rape (WOSR)Appendix Table 1.3. The production scenario of the baseline winter oilseed rape (WOSR) crop.


crop Aug plough (20cm)drill 6 kg seed ha-1

Aug seed treatment (flea beetle control) (20 ml / 1 kg seed)

Chinook - beta-cyfluthrin (100 g l-1) + imidacloprid (100 g l-1)

rollSept herbicide - weed control (post-

drill, pre-emerge)Treflan (trifluralin) (480 g l-1) 2.3 l + Butisan S (metazachlor) (500 g l-1) 1.5 l

slug control New Draza (methiocarb) (3% w/w) 5.5 kgherbicide weed control (post emerge grass/cereals)

Fusilade Max (fluazifop-P-butyl) (125 g l-1) 0.5 l

insecticide (flea beetle) Toppel 10 (cypermethrin) (100 g l-1) 0.4 l (tank mix with Fusilade)

Oct N fertiliser 30 kg N (87 kg AN)P & K fertiliser 30 kg P2O5 (65.9 kg TSP) & 30 kg K2O (50 kg MOP)

Nov fungicide stem canker Punch C carbendazim (125 g l-1) + flusilazole (250 gl-1) 0.4 lFeb fungicide stem canker / light leaf

spot Folicur - tebuconazole (250 g l-1) 1 l

N & S fertiliser 26.3 kgN + 30 kgS (125 kg AS)Mar (late) N fertiliser 90 kgN (260.9 kg AN )April (mid) N fertiliser 85 kgN (246.4 kg AN )May fungicide - sclerotinia Compass - iprodione (167 g l-1) + thiophanate-methyl (167

g l-1) 3 linsecticide - seed weevil / pod midge

Decis - deltamethrin (25 g l-1) 0.2 l (tank mix with Compass)

dessicate Roundup Gold - glyphosate (360 g l-1) 3 lharvest 3 t ha-1



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A1.1.3. Fodder Rape (FOSR)Appendix Table 1.4. The production scenario of the baseline fodder rape (FOSR) crop.


crop Aug plough (20 cm)drill 6 kg seed ha-1

Aug seed Treatment (flea beetle control) (20 ml / 1 kg seed)

Chinook - beta-cyfluthrin (100 g l-1) + imidacloprid (100 g l-1)

rollSept herbicide - weed control (post-

drill, pre-emerge)Treflan (trifluralin) (480 g l-1) 2.3 l + Butisan S (metazachlor) (500 g l-1) 1.5 l

slug control New Draza (methiocarb) (3% w/w) 5.5 kgherbicide weed control (post emergence grass/cereals)

Fusilade Max (fluazifop-P-butyl) (125 g l-1) 0.5 l

insecticide (flea beetle) Toppel 10 (cypermethrin) (100 g l-1) 0.4 l (tank mix with Fusilade)

Oct N fertiliser 30 kg N (87 kg AN)P & K fertiliser 25 kg P2O5 (54.9 kg TSP) & 50 kg K2O (83.3 kg MOP) N & S fertiliser 26.3 kgN + 30 kgS (125 kg AS)

Mar (late) N fertiliser 43.7 kgN (126.7 kg AN )


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A1.1.4. Improved Grassland grazed by Dairy Cattle (IGDC)The production scenario for improved grassland grazed by dairy cattle is summarised in

Appendix Table 1.5. The fertiliser application rate was derived from the average (mode) field rate for grassland that is grazed and not mown99 (Table EW2.1). The application rate and the percentage of the total area of grassland that recieved that application rate are as follows: 89 kgN ha-1 (60%), 23 kg P2O5 ha-1 (47%) & 25 kg K2O ha-1 (45%). Field operations included chain harrowing during April to spread grazing deposition. One 2 l/ha application of fluroxypyr was applied by a weed wiper to control species such as docks (Rumex obtusifolius and R. crispus) and spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare). One 3 t ha-1 application of lime as ground limestone occurred every four years98 to maintain a soil pH of 6.5. The baseline SOC was set at 80 t C ha-1 (293.3 t CO2e ha-1) the same as for pasture that is ploughed and re-seeded (section 2.3.1), the AGC set at 1.6 tCha-1 (5.9 t CO2e ha-1) (improved grassland with high grazing levels) (section 2.3.3).

The livestock were grazed for 175 days and housed for 190 days while supplementary feed was as concentrates (mainly wheat and derivatives) (1024 kg DM per cow), grass silage (1632 kg DM) and maize silage (408 kg DM) (dairy cattle (spring calving))22. The emissions from the production of winter wheat (86% DM) described in Appendix Table 1.1 have been used to calculate the net C emissions associated with the production of feed concentrate. Additional emissions to include general processing at the mill (0.7 GJt-1 (calculated as 100% primary electricity)) and transport (250 km post farm gate)22 have also been added. The emissions associated with the production of grass silage were calculated from the silage production scenario described in Appendix Table 1.6 with an additional 2 km on farm transport from storage to the field as fresh weight (27.5% DM content) included. The emissions associated with the production of 408 kg DM of maize was substituted with those from 408 kg DM of grass silage.

The emissions associated with livestock waste are given in Tables 9 and 10. Of the total 85.9 kg of N excreted 32.5 kgN (38%) was calculated as slurry and 7.2 kgN (8%) as FYM22. The remainder 46.2 kgN (54%) was calculated as deposition on grass.

Appendix Table 1.5. Production scenario of the baseline improved grassland grazed by dairy cattle scenario.

Date Activity Product / active ingredient Rotation every 4 years lime ground limestone 3 t ha-1

every 8 years plough (20 cm)power harrowdrill 25 kg seed ha-1

Year stocking rate dairy cows 2.25 forage ha-1 (high)

Feb (late) – Mar (early)

N fertiliser 87 kg AN; 30 kgN

Mar P & K fertiliser 50.5 kg TSP (23 kg P2O5) & 41.7 kg MOP (25 kg K2O)Mar herbicide (weedwipe) 2 l Tomahawk (fluroxypyr) (200 g l-1) Apr chain harrow Apr N fertiliser 87 kg AN; 30 kgN May N fertiliser 84.1 kg AN; 29 kgN winter feed concentrates 1024 kg DM per cowwinter silage (grass) 2040 kg DM per cow


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A1.1.5. Improved Grassland for Silage (IGS)The production scenario for silage is summarised in Appendix Table 1.6. The fertiliser

application rate was derived from the average (mode) field rate for grassland cut for silage and not grazed99 (Table EW2.1). The application rates and the percentage of grassland cut for silage receiving that rate were 126 kgN ha-1 (76%), 35 kg P2O5 ha-1 (57%) & 51 kg K2O ha-1

(64%) with 66% of land receiving manure (applied as 180 kgN ha-1 in total 50% as FYM and 50% as slurry). The land was rolled once during early spring to level and encourage tillering. Four cuts were carried out between April and July by mowing39.

Appendix Table 1.6. Production scenario of the baseline improved grassland for silage scenario (average growth class 13.5 tha-1 dry matter as silage (4 cuts)39).


every 8 years plough (25cm)power harrowdrill 25 kg seed ha-1

year rollingFeb (mid) – Mar (early)

NPK 15 t ha-1 FYM (18 kgN, 31.5 kgP2O5, 108 kgK2O)

Mar (late) – Apr (early)

N fertiliser 87.0 kg AN; 30 kgN

Mar herbicide (weedwipe) 2 l Tomahawk (fluroxypyr) (200 g l-1)Apr 1st cut (23 t ha-1)Apr baleMay NPK 30 m3ha-1 dairy slurry (18 kgN, 18 kgP2O5, 94.5 kgK2O)May 2nd cut (15 t ha-1)May bale

N fertiliser 87.0 kg AN; 30 kgN June 3rd cut (9 t ha-1)June bale

N fertiliser 87.0 kg AN; 30 kgN July 4th cut (7 t ha-1)July bale


25% DM fresh not incorporated (6.0 kgN t-1, 2.1 kgP2O5 t-1 and 7.2 kgK2O t-1 available to the crop)6% DM surface applied (broadcast) (80% farms Table D1.4a) (0.6 kgN m-3, 0.6 kgP2O5 m-3 and 3.2 kgK2O m-3 available to the crop)


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A1.1.6. Semi-improved Grassland grazed by Cattle or Sheep Lowland (SIGCSh(low)) and Upland (SIGCSh(up)).

The quantity of feed concentrate (kg per animal)54 is given in Table 1.7. The quantity of grass silage (kg DM animal-1) was calculated from the total cost per animal (£7.2 / £6 and £45 / £41 per ewe and suckler cow on lowland and upland grassland respectively) relative to the cost of the silage (£69.10 t DM-1)54. The net C emissions from feed and silage were calculated from the winter wheat and silage scenarios as described in Appendix Tables 1.1 and 1.6 respectively. Ewes were assumed housed for 30 days56 and suckler cows for 151 days (between 1st November and 1st April) per year57. The emissions from manure storage were calculated as 100% FYM when indoors and as 100% deposition on grass during the outdoor period (Table 4).

Where the semi-improved grassland management scenario was located on drained peat upland soils (SIGCSh(up)drained peat) emissions of 7.33 t CO2e ha-1 year-1 from soil5 have been included in the baseline. No N fertiliser was added to this scenario39 and N2O emissions from soil of 0.14 t CO2e ha-1 year-1 (unfertilised grassland (nutrient poor peat) Table 3) were assumed.

Appendix Table 1.7. Production scenario of the baseline semi-improved grassland.

Date Activity Product / active ingredient Rotation every 4 years lime

[not applied on LFA land]ground limestone 3 t ha-1

Year stocking rate (lowland) 11 ewes / forage ha (average) or1.8 cows (single suckling) / forage ha (average)

stocking rate (LFA upland) 9.5 ewes / forage ha (average) or1.6 cows (single suckling) / forage ha (average)

Feb (late) – Mar (early)

N fertiliser 72.5 kg AN; 25 kgN

Mar P fertiliser 44 kg TSP; 20 kg P2O5 Mar herbicide (weedwipe) docks,

annual dicots 2 l Tomahawk (fluroxypyr) (200 g l-1)

Apr chain harrow winter feed concentrates (lowland) 53 kg per ewe or

235 kg per cow (including calf, spring calving) (LFA upland) 50 kg per ewe or

217 kg per cow (including calf, spring calving) winter grass silage (lowland) 104 kg DM per ewe or

651 kg DM per cow (LFA upland) 89 kg DM per ewe or

593 kg DM per cow

A1.1.7. Unimproved Grassland (rough grazing) grazed by Cattle or Sheep (UIGCSh).The production scenario for unimproved grassland is summarised in Appendix Table 1.8.

There was no winter housing (100% deposition on grass). A stocking rate of six ewes or one suckler cow per forage ha on in-bye land54 was used. One forage ha on rough grazing land was stated to be the equivalent of 3 ha of in-bye land therefore the stocking levels were reduced to one third per ha of baseline. The quantity of feed concentrate was given by Nix (2006) and the quantity of grass silage was calculated from variable costs of £4.2 per ewe and and £41 per suckler cow at £69.10 t-1 DM. The baseline scenario on flooded peat soil (UIGCSh(flooded peat)) used the CH4 emissions for wetland soils (Table 3).

Appendix Table 1.8. Production scenario of the baseline unimproved grassland scenario.

Date Activity Product / active ingredient Year stocking rate (LFA upland

unimproved)6 (2) ewes / forage ha (low) or1.0 (0.33) cows (single suckling) / forage ha (average hill spring)

Mar herbicide (weedwipe) 2 l Tomahawk (fluroxypyr (aryloxyalkanoic)) (200 g l-1)winter feed concentrates 30 kg per ewe or

217 kg per cow (including calf, spring calving)winter grass silage 61 kg per ewe or

593 kg per cow (including calf, spring calving)


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A1.2. Higher Level Scheme (HLS)The HLS baselines for most options are split into three categories:1. maintenance (no change in current management, long term equilibrium)2. restoration (a proportion of the land under restoration is covered by the desired habitat).

The remainder requires an initial restoration phase proceeded by management as described for maintenance.

3. creation (none of the desired habitat is present, the current land use is under a more intensive management regime). The land requires an initial creation phase proceeded by management as described for maintenance.

A1.21. Fen (HLS F) (options HQ6 – HQ8).The Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP)100 has described fen as either: i)`poor-fens`, that occur

mainly in the uplands, or are associated with lowland heaths, and are characterised by short vegetation with a high proportion of bog mosses (Sphagnum spp.). ii) rich-fens that are mainly confined to the lowlands, are ground water fed, and permanently, seasonally or periodically waterlogged peat, peaty or mineral soils. The fen scenario was assumed as 20% standing water, 10% bare peat, 68% sedge, purple moor grass, reed, or sweet-grass dominated vegetation cover (unimproved grassland used as a measure of SOC and AGC) & 2% tree cover (woodland (post year 50) used as a measure of AGC). The water levels were maintained, there was no grazing and scrub was cut every five years manually or with a brushwood cutter and glyphosate was then applied to the stumps manually with a brush.

A1.2.2. Hedgerow (H)No agro-chemical inputs, one cut per year.

A1.2.3. Lowland Heathland (LH) (options HO1 – HO5).Lowland heathland is characterised by the presence of plants such as heather, dwarf gorses,

and cross-leaved heath. It should consist of an ericaceous layer of varying heights and structures, some areas of scattered trees and scrub, areas of bare ground, gorse, wet heaths, bogs and open water100. The stocking levels and SOC were the same as for unimproved grassland. The regeneration of heathland to maximum above ground biomass (and AGC) was estimated to require 10 years and 10% of the area was burnt each year in rotation. The AGC increased at a rate of 0.62 t CO2e ha-1 year-1 calculated as 50% of the maximum total AGC (12.4 t CO2e ha-1 for Calluna dominated plant communitites32 (when 10% is cut rotationally over a 10 year period a mean of 50% of the total AGC may be present during any one year).

A1.2.4. Lowland Raised Bog (LRB) (options HQ9 – HQ10).Lowland raised bogs are described as peatland ecosystems that develop primarily, but not

exclusively, in lowland areas100. Typical plant communities include Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix and Sphagnum spp. The lowland raised bog scenario was assumed as 10% bare peat, 70% tussocky vegetation (the SOC and AGC are as for unimproved grassland). There was no grazing, scrub was cut every five years manually or with a brushwood cutter and glyphosate was then applied to the stumps manually with a brush. The water levels were maintained and the nutrient status of the peat was classed as poor.

A1.2.5. Moorland (M) (options HL9 – HL11).Habitats include open heather moorland, blanket bog and a variety of grasslands. The

stocking levels, management, SOC and AGC were calculated as for unimproved grassland on upland peat (non-drained nutrient poor).

A1.2.6. Reed Bed (RB) (options HQ3 – HQ5).For the reed bed scenario 10% of the area was cut manually per year, the water levels were

maintained, there was no grazing, scrub was cut every five years manually or with a brushwood cutter and glyphosate was applied to the stumps manually with a brush. The SOC was the equivalent of unimproved grassland and the AGC equivalent to hedgerow (the maximim 18.3 t CO2e ha-1 was reached after five years).

A1.2.7. Rough Grazing (RG) (options HL7 – HL8).The management was the same as for UIGCSh(non-drained peat). The soil was upland peat

(non-drained nutrient poor).


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A1.2.8. Sand Dunes (SD) (options HP1 – HP4).The stocking levels, management, SOC and AGC were the same as described for

unimproved grassland.

A1.2.9. Salt Marsh (SM) (options HP5 – HP9).The stocking levels, management, SOC and AGC were the same as described for

unimproved grassland except livestock was grazed between 1st April to 31st October and housed between 1st November to 31st March and there were no agro-chemical inputs.

A1.2.10. Scrub (SCR) / (SCRpeat)The scrub scenario had no agro-chemical inputs, field operations or grazing. There was a

50% cover of grass (SOC and AGC as described for unimproved grassland) and a 50% cover of woody shrubs below 2 m tall (SOC and AGC as described for hedgerow). Where the scrub was located on peat soil (restoration of fen or lowland raised bog) CO2 emissions from drained lowland peatland (section 2.2.4. were included).

A1.2.12. Traditional Orchard (HLS TO) (options HC 18, 20 & 21).For traditional orchards the SOC and AGC was calculated as 20% woodland and 80%

UIGCSh(low), there were no agro-chemical inputs or field operations to the grassed areas.

A1.2.13. Traditional Orchard in Production (HLS TO(P)) (option HC 19).The inputs for traditional orchards in production are summarised in Appendix Table 1.9. The

trees received 50% of the typical 20 sprays101. The SOC and AGC have been calculated in the same way as traditional orchards (section A1.1.12).

Appendix Table 1.9. Production scenario for traditional orchards in production.

Date Activity Product / active ingredient 4 years lime ground limestone 4 tha-1

yearly Mar P & K fertiliser 20 kg P2O5 (TSP) & 80 kg K2O (MOP) Mar N fertiliser 100 kgN ( 289.9 kg AN)Apr (mid) insecticide Aphox (pirimicarb) (50% w/w)June (early) fungicide (powdery mildew) Topas (penconazole) (100 gl-1 10.6%w/w)June (mid) fungicide (scab, Gloeosporium rot) Alpha Captan 80 WDG (captan 80%w/w)June (late) insecticide Dursban WG (chlorpyrifos) (75% w/w)June (late) fungicide (powdery mildew) Topas (penconazole) (100 gl-1 10.6%w/w)July (early) fungicide (scab, Gloeosporium rot) Alpha Captan 80 WDG (captan 80%w/w)July (mid) fungicide (powdery mildew) Topas (penconazole) (100 gl-1 10.6%w/w)July (mid) insecticide Insegar WG (fenoxycarb) (25% w/w)July (late) fungicide (scab, Gloeosporium rot) Alpha Captan 80 WDG (captan 80%w/w)Aug (early) fungicide (powdery mildew) Topas (penconazole) (100 gl-1 10.6%w/w)Aug (mid) fungicide (scab, Gloeosporium rot) Alpha Captan 80 WDG (captan 80%w/w)Aug (mid) fungicide (powdery mildew) Topas (penconazole) (100 gl-1 10.6%w/w)Sept (early) fungicide (scab, Gloeosporium rot) Alpha Captan 80 WDG (captan 80%w/w)


A1.2.14. Water Meadow (WM) (options HD10 – HD11).The stocking levels, management, SOC and AGC were the same as described for

unimproved grassland except livestock were grazed from 1st April to 31st October and housed between 1st November and 31st March.

A1.2.15. Woodland (WD)No agro-chemicals have been applied and there were no field operations or grazing. The

rate of SOC and AGC accumulation are given in Table 5. The values at equilibrium for SOC and AGC respectively were 100 t C ha-1 (366.7 t CO2e ha-1) and 140 t C ha-1 (513.3 t CO2e ha-1)12,13 except woodland restored on semi-natural grassland that maintained a SOC content of 440.0 t CO2e ha-1 15.


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A1.3. Organic Entry Level Scheme (OELS)

A1.3.1. Organic Entry Level Scheme Winter Wheat (OWW):The organic arable crops were assumed to be part of a nine coarse rotation: a three year

grass and clover ley, spring wheat (3.2 t ha-1), winter oats (4.1 t ha-1), one year of red clover, winter wheat (4.0 t ha-1), spring barley (3.2 t ha-1) and an area of equal unit size managed as long term / permanent grass. The emissions associated with the one year of clover and the application of lime were divided between the four arable crops (the winter wheat baseline was allocated 25% of the manufacture, application and indirect emissions). The three year grass and clover ley was used to graze livestock and supply nutrients to the arable component of the rotation. The emissions associated with the management of the grass and clover ley were divided by seven (three years livestock, one year for each arable crop) when allocated to the baseline winter wheat crop. The exception was the mowing of 50% of the area twice during each year (for the production of silage and hay (80:20 split)) that was attributed to the livestock production component of the rotation only. In addition, the emissions associated with livestock (enteric fermentation, grazing deposition and manure storage) were also attributed solely to the livestock production component of the rotation and excluded from the winter wheat baseline. The soil N2O emissions for each arable crop were calculated as the mean for the rotation excluding the area of long term / permanent grass (eight years).

Appendix Table 1.10. Production scenario for organic winter wheat.

Crops supplied Date Activity Product 3 years livestock & year 1 grass / clover ley - drill4 arable crops grass / clover ley - chain harrow

grass / clover ley – 50% area mown * 2year 2 grass / clover ley - chain harrow

grass / clover ley – 50% area mown * 2year 3 grass / clover ley - chain harrow

grass / clover ley – 50% area mown * 2

4 arable crops every 4 years lime ground limestone 4 t ha-1

4 arable crops 1 per rotation red clover - drill

1 arable crop (1 year)

Aug plough & press (20 cm)

Sept - Oct power harrowSept - Oct shallow cultivationSept - Oct shallow cultivationOct mechanical weedingOct drill (200 kg seed t ha-1)August harvest (4 t ha-1)

transport to on farm storage (2 km) (4 t ha-1)drying (to 86% dry matter)


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A1.3.2. Organic Entry Level Scheme Grassland grazed by Dairy Cattle (OGDC).The required nutrients were supplied by grazing deposition55 spread by a chain harrow.

Other field operations included topping to control weeds and mole ploughing to improve drainage. Of the total 74.0 kgN per animal that was excreted 19.3 kgN (26%) was calculated as being in the form of slurry (4560 kg total weight) and 16.1 kg N (22%)) as FYM (5700 kg total weight)22. The remainder was assumed as deposition (38.6 kg N (52%)). The emissions associated with feed concentrates and silage were calculated from the organic winter wheat (Table 1.10) and silage production scenarios (Table 1.12) respectively. Feed processing and transport were calculated using the parameters described in section 1.1.4. The CO2 emissions associated with the composting of FYM in organic scenario have been calculated as 0.0044 t CO2e kgN-1 22.

Appendix Table 1.11. Production scenario of the baseline organic GDC scenario.

Date Activity Productrotation every 4 years lime ground limestone 3 t ha-1

yearly stocking rate 1.5 cows ha-1 (Friesian / Holstein)55

Apr chain harrow May mole ploughMay toppingJuly toppingwinter feed concentrates 911 kg DM per cow22

winter silage (grass) 2383 kg DM per cow

A1.3.3. Organic Entry Level Scheme Grassland for Silage (OGS).

Appendix Table 1.12. Production scenario of the baseline organic GS scenario (average growth class 11.0 t ha-1DM as silage (2 cuts)) 51.


yearly Feb rollingFeb (late) – Mar (early)

NPK 15 t ha-1 FYM

Apr chain harrowApr 1st cut Apr bale May NPK 30 m3 ha-1 slurryMay mole ploughJune 2nd cut June bale

transport to on farm storage (2 km) (44 t ha-1)

25% DM fresh not incorporated (6.0 kgN t-1 available to the crop)6% DM surface applied (broadcast) (80% farms Table D1.4a) (0.6 kgN m-3 available to the crop)


10


A1.3.4. Organic Entry Level Scheme Semi Improved Grassland grazed by Cattle or Sheep (OSIGCSh).The quantity of feed concentrate has been calculated from variable costs54 (using the

method described in section A1.1.6).

Appendix Table 1.13. Production scenario of the baseline organic semi-improved grassland scenario55.


yearly stocking rate (lowland) 8.7 ewes forage ha-1 (average)1.21 cows (single suckling) forage ha-1 (average)

stocking rate (upland) 6.1 ewes forage ha-1 (average)1.08 cows (single suckling) forage ha-1 (average)

April chain harrow August chain harrow winter geed concentrates (lowland) 53 kg per ewe or

235 kg per cow (including calf, spring calving) (LFA upland) 50 kg per ewe or

217 kg per cow (including calf, spring calving) winter grass silage (lowland) 104 kg DM per ewe or

651 kg DM per cow (LFA upland) 89 kg DM per ewe or

593 kg DM per cow

A1.3.5. Organic Entry Level Scheme UnImproved grassland grazed by Cattle or Sheep (OUIGCSh).The quantity of feed concentrate has been calculated from variable costs51 (using the

method described in section A1.1.6).

Appendix Table 1.14. Production scenario of the baseline organic unimproved grassland scenario54.

Date Activity Product / active ingredient year stocking rate (LFA upland

unimproved)3.9 ewes forage ha-1 (low) or0.67 cows (single suckling) forage ha-1 (low hill spring)

winter feed concentrates 30 kg per ewe or217 kg per cow (including calf, spring calving)

winter grass silage 61 kg per ewe or593 kg per cow (including calf, spring calving)


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Appendix 2. Baseline scenario for each option and changes in the management of each option relative to the baseline.

A2.1. Entry Level Scheme (ELS)Appendix Table 2.1. ELS options year one.

Option Baseline Change in management relative to baseline and SOC and AGC accumulationEB1 - Hedgerow management (on both sides of hedge)

WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, no pesticides, cut hedge every 2 years, mow July (one pass), SOC and AGC 75% of 2 m arable (AR) to natural regeneration (NR), 25% existing hedgerow (H) (post year 5) to H (post year 5) , ['units' are per 100 m length, 2 sides 2 m width each: 0.04 ha]

EB2 - Hedgerow management (on one side of hedge)

WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, no pesticides, cut hedge every 2 years, mow July (one pass), SOC and AGC 75% of 2 m AR to NR, 25% existing hedgerow H (post year 5) to H (post year 5) , ['units' are per 100 m length, 1 side 2 m width: 0.02 ha]

EB3 - Enhanced hedgerow management WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, no pesticides, cut hedge every 2 years, mow July (one pass), SOC and AGC 75% of 2 m AR to NR, 25% existing hedgerow H (post year 5) to H (post year 5) , ['units' are per 100 m length, 1 side 2 m width: 0.02 ha]

EB4 - Stone faced hedge bank management on both sides

WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, no pesticides, cut hedge every 2 years, mow July (one pass), SOC and AGC 75% of 2 m AR to NR, 25% existing hedgerow H (post year 5) to H (post year 5) , ['units' are per 100 m length, 2 sides 2 m width each: 0.04 ha]

EB5 - Stone faced hedge bank management on one side


EB6 - Ditch management WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, no pesticides, SOC and AGC 75% of 2 m AR to NR; 25% ditch (no change), ['units' are per 100 m length, 1 side 2 m width: 0.02 ha]

EB7 - Half ditch management WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, no pesticides, SOC and AGC 75% of 2 m AR to NR, 25% ditch (no change), ['units' are per 100 m length, 1 side 2 m width: 0.02 ha]

EB8 - Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB1)

WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, no pesticides, cut hedge every 2 years, mow July (one pass), SOC and AGC 75% of 2 m AR to NR, 25% existing hedgerow H (post year 5) to H (post year 5) , ['units' are per 100 m length, 2 sides 2 m width each: 0.04 ha]





EC1 - Protection of in-field trees (arable) WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing , no drilling of crop, spot treat weeds (knapsack sprayer) with 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1), no other pesticides, SOC and AGC WD (woodland) (pre year 50) to WD (pre year 50) ['units' are per plot 6 m radius: 0.011 ha]

EC2 - Protection of in-field trees (grassland) IGDC no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing , spot treat weeds (knapsack sprayer) with 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1), no other pesticides, stocking rate unchanged, SOC and AGC WD (pre year 50) to WD (pre year 50) ['units' are per plot 6 m radius: 0.011 ha]

EC4 - Management of woodland edges WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no other pesticides, SOC and AGC AR to SCR (scrub) but trim (mow) 1/3 shrubby growth (AGC) per year

ED2 - Take archaeological features out of cultivation

WW revert to SIG (no ploughing or re-seeding) from WW, SOC and AGC AR to SIG

ED3 - Reduce the depth of cultivation on archaeological features

WW no ploughing (25 cm), minimum tillage (disc harrow), SOC and AGC AR to AR

ED4 - Management of scrub on archaeological UIGSh scrub allowed to develop then as UIG, no change in management, SOC and AGC UIG to UIG


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sitesED5 - Archaeological features on grassland IGDC revert to SIGClow (no ploughing or re-seeding), no rolling or harrowing, SOC and AGC IG to SIGEE1 - 2m buffer strips on cultivated land WW no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow 4 times in 1st year, no

other pesticides, SOC and AGC AR to GS (grass strips)EE2 - 4m buffer strips on cultivated land WW no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow 4 times in 1st year; no

other pesticides, SOC and AGC AR to GSEE3 - 6m buffer strips on cultivated land WW no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow 4 times in 1st year, no

other pesticides, SOC and AGC AR to GSEE4 - 2m buffer strips on intensive grassland IGDC no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no other pesticides, no

grazing, SOC and AGC IG to GS EE5 - 4m buffer strips on intensive grassland IGDC no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no other pesticides; no

grazing, SOC and AGC IG to GS EE6 - 6m buffer strips on intensive grassland IGDC no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no other pesticides; no

grazing, SOC and AGC IG to GS EE7 - Buffering in-field ponds in improved grassland

IGDC no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), mow 4 times in 1st year, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no grazing, SOC and AGC IG to GS, ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

EE8 - Buffering in-field ponds in arable land WW no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow 4 times in 1st year, SOC and AGC AR to GS, ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

EF1 - Field corner management WW no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow 4 times in 1st year, SOC and AGC AR to GS

EF2 - Wild bird seed mixture WW NPK & lime as FOSR, ploughing, power harrowing & drilling every 2 years, pesticides as for FOSR, SOC as agricultural extensification (assume incorporate AGC), AGC as AR (no change), ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

EF3 - Wild bird seed mixture on set-aside land WW NPK & lime as FOSR, ploughing, power harrowing & drilling every 2 years, pesticides as for FOSR, SOC as agricultural extensification (assume incorporate AGC), AGC as AR (no change), ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

EF4 - Pollen + nectar flower mixture WW no NPK or lime, ploughing, power harrowing & drilling every 2 years, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow June & September, SOC as agricultural extensification (assume incorporate AGC) , AGC as AR (no change), ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

EF5 - Pollen + nectar flower mixture on set-aside land

WW ploughing, power harrowing & drilling every 2 years, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no NPK or lime, mow June & September, SOC as agricultural extensification (assume incorporate AGC) , AGC as AR (no change), ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

EF6 - Over-wintered stubbles WW As WW except no plough or power harrow, light cultivation, subsoil (35 cm) tramlines (16% / ha), SOC and AGC AR to AR (no change)

EF7 - Beetle banks WW no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow 4 times year 1, no other pesticides, SOC and AGC AR to GS

EF8 - Skylark plots WW no seed or seed treatment (drill switched off but machinery passes over plot), no harvest, no transport, no drying of grain, SOC and AGC AR to bare soil [herbicide applied], ['units' are per plot: 36 m2 (0.0036 ha)]

EF9 - Conservation headlands in cereal fields WW substitute pendimethalin and isoproturon with clodinafop-propargyl, SOC and AGC AR to AR (no change)EF10 - Unfertilised conservation headlands in cereal fields

WW no NPK or lime, substitute pendimethalin + isoproturon with clodinafop-propargyl, adjust yield to 50% baseline, SOC AR to AR (no change), AGC AR to 50% AR

EF11 - 6m Uncropped, cultivated margins on arable land

WW no drill, no NPK or lime, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no other pesticides, SOC and AGC AR to NR (annual tillage, selective herbicide application allows AGC through NR)

EG1 - Under sown spring cereals WW reduce N fertiliser application by 200 kgNha-1 as ammonium nitrate, SOC as 50% agricultural extensification (1 year ley), AGC AR to AR

EG2 - Wild bird seed mixture in grassland areas IGDC NPK & lime as FOSR; ploughing, power harrowing, drilling, seed & treatment every two years, pesticides as for FOSR, SOC IG to agricultural extensification, AGC IG to AR. ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

EG3 - Pollen and nectar seed mixtures in grassland areas

IGDC no NPK or lime; ploughing, power harrowing, drilling, seed & treatment every two years, no pesticides, mow twice per year, SOC IG to agricultural extensification, AGC IG to AR ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

EG4 - Cereals for whole crop silage followed by WW substitute pendimethalin + isoproturon with clodinafop-propargyl, SOC and AGC AR to AR (no change)


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over-wintered stubblesEG5 - Brassica fodder crops followed by over-wintered stubbles

WOSR replace brassica in rotation (WOSR) with FOSR, SOC and AGC AR to AR (no change)

EJ1 - Management of high erosion risk cultivated land

SOC and AGC AR to AR (no change)

EJ2 - Management of maize crops to reduce soil erosion

SOC and AGC AR to AR (no change)

EK1 - Take field corners out of management IGDC no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no other pesticides; no grazing; cut 1 year in 5, SOC & AGC IG to UIG, ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

EK2 - Permanent grassland with low inputs SIGClow no chain harrowing, SOC & AGC SIG to SIG (no change)EK3 - Permanent grassland with very low inputs SIGClow no mineral NPK or lime, 12.5 t ha-1 FYM, chain harrowing March, SOC & AGC SIG to SIG (no change)EK4 - Management of rush pastures (outside of LFA)

SIGClow additional 1 cut 3rd ha, SOC and AGC SIG to SIG (no change)

EL1 - Field corner management (LFA land) SIGCup no NPK or lime, no harrowing, no ploughing or power harrowing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no other pesticides; no grazing; cut 1 year in 5, SOC & AGC SIG to SIG (no change) ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

EL2 - Manage permanent in-bye grassland with low inputs

SIGCup no chain harrowing, SOC & AGC SIG to SIG (no change)

EL3 - Manage in-bye pasture and meadows with very low inputs

SIGCup no mineral NPK or lime, 12.5 t ha-1 FYM, chain harrowing March, SOC & AGC SIG to SIG

EL4 - Management of rush pastures (LFA land) SIGCup additional 1 cut 3rd ha, SOC and AGC SIG to SIG (no change)EL5 - Enclosed rough grazing UIGSh(non-

drained peat)replace 61 kg DM feed per ewe silage with 61 kg DM as concentrates (winter wheat grain) , SOC & AGC UIG to UIG (no change)

EL6 - Moorland and rough Grazing UIGSh(non-drained peat)

replace 61 kg DM feed per ewe silage with 61 kg DM as concentrates (winter wheat grain) , SOC & AGC UIG to UIG (no change)

Appendix Table 2.2. ELS options year two where a change in management or C accumulation occurs relative to year one.

Option Change in management and C accumulation relative to year 1EB1 - Hedgerow management (on both sides of hedge) SOC & AGC NR to NR year 2 (75% of width)EB2 - Hedgerow management (on one side of hedge) SOC & AGC NR to NR year 2 (75% of width)EB3 - Enhanced hedgerow management SOC & AGC NR to NR year 2 (75% of width)EB4 - Stone faced hedge bank management on both sides SOC & AGC NR to NR year 2 (75% of width)EB5 - Stone faced hedge bank management on one side SOC & AGC NR to NR year 2 (75% of width)EB7 - Half ditch management SOC & AGC NR to NR year 2 (75% of width)EB8 - Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB1) SOC & AGC NR to NR year 2 (75% of width)EB9 - Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB2) SOC & AGC NR to NR year 2 (75% of width)EB10 - Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB3) SOC & AGC NR to NR year 2 (75% of width)ED2 - Take archaeological features out of cultivation SOC & AGC SIG to SIG (no change)EE1 - 2m buffer strips on cultivated land no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC (GS to GS)

(no change)EE2 - 4m buffer strips on cultivated land no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC (GS to GS)

(no change)EE3 - 6m buffer strips on cultivated land no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC (GS to GS)

(no change)EE4 - 2m buffer strips on intensive grassland AGC (GS to GS) (no change)EE5 - 4m buffer strips on intensive grassland AGC (GS to GS) (no change))


14


EE6 - 6m buffer strips on intensive grassland AGC (GS to GS) (no change)EE7 - Buffering in-field ponds in improved grassland no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC (GS to GS)

(no change)EE8 - Buffering in-field ponds in arable land AGC (GS to GS) (no change)EF1 - Field corner management no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC (GS to GS)

(no change)EF2 - Wild bird seed mixture no ploughing or power harrowing, no seed & treatment, no drilling EF3 - Wild bird seed mixture on set-aside land no ploughing or power harrowing, no seed & treatment, no drillingEF4 - Pollen + nectar flower mixture no ploughing or power harrowing, no seed & treatment, no drillingEF5 - Pollen + nectar flower mixture on set-aside land no ploughing or power harrowing, no seed & treatment, no drillingEF7 - Beetle banks no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC (GS to GS)

(no change)EF8 - Skylark plots AGC bare soil to bare soil (no change)EF10 - Unfertilised conservation headlands in cereal fields AGC 50% AR to 50% AR (no change)EF11 - 6m Uncropped, cultivated margins on arable land AGC bare soil to bare soil (no change)EG2 - Wild bird seed mixture in grassland areas no cultivation, no seed & treatment or drilling, SOC and AGC GS to GS (no change)EG3 - Pollen and nectar seed mixtures in grassland areas no cultivation, no seed & treatment or drilling, SOC agricultural extensification, AGC GS to GS (no

change)EK1 - Take field corners out of management cut 1 year in 5, AGC GS to GS (no change)

During year 3 for options EB1 – EB10 the SOC & AGC was NR to NR year 3 (75% of width), during year 4 options EB1 – EB10 the SOC & AGC was NR to NR post year 3 (75% of width) (SOC to year 57). For options EC1 and EC2 post year 51 there was no further AGC accumulation (as for WD post year 50). Options EF2 and EF3 alternate between management for years 1 and 2. Options EG2 and EG3 alternate between management for years 1 and 2 (there was no change in SOC post year 5 and no change in AGC post year 1). The time to equilibrium of SOC for changes in management are summarised in Table 11.


15


A2.2. Higher Level Scheme (HLS)Appendix Table 2.3. HLS options year one.

Option Baseline Change in management relative to baseline and SOC and AGC accumulationHC1 - Protection of in-field trees - arable WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, no drilling of crop, spot treat weeds (knapsack sprayer) with 2 l ha-1

fluroxypyr (200 g l-1), SOC and AGC accumulation WD (pre year 50) to WD (pre year 50) ['units' are per plot 6 m radius: 0.011 ha]

HC2 - Protection of in-field trees - grassland IGDC no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing , spot treat weeds (knapsack sprayer) with 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1), stocking rate unchanged, SOC and AGC accumulation WD (pre year 50) to WD (pre year 50) ['units' are per plot 6 m radius: 0.011 ha]

HC4 - Management of woodland edges WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, trim (mow) 1/3 area, SOC and AGC accumulation 67% AR to SCR (pre year 5), 33% AR to GS

HC5 - Ancient trees in arable fields WW no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow 4 times in 1st year, SOC and AGC accumulation AR to GS, ['units' are per plot 15 m radius: 0.071 ha].

HC6 - Ancient trees in intensively-managed grass fields

IGDC no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no grazing, SOC and AGC accumulation IG to GS, ['units' are per plot 15 m radius: 0.071 ha].

HC7 - Maintenance of woodland WD(post yr 50)

no change

HC8 - Restoration of woodland SIGClow 20%; WD(post yr 50) 80%

no grazing (management states exclusion of livestock, assumed 20% previously managed as SIGClow); SOC no change, 20% area AGC SIG to WD (pre year 50).

HC9 - Creation of woodland in the LFA UIGShup no grazing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, SOC and AGC UIG to WD (pre year 50) HC10 - Creation of woodland outside of the LFA

SIGClow no NPK or lime, no chain harrowing, no grazing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, SOC and AGC SIG to WD (pre year 50)

HC12 - Maintenance of wood pasture and parkland

90% UIGClow & 10% WD(post yr 50)

allow growth of additional new trees on 10% of area SOC and AGC accumulation 10% UIG to WD (pre year 50), 90% UIG to UIG (no change)

HC13 - Restoration of wood pasture and parkland

SIGClow no NPK or lime, no chain harrowing, new trees planted and/or natural growth on 10% of area (SOC and AGC accumulation 10% SIG to WD (pre year 50)), 90% SIG to UIG.

HC14 - Creation of wood pasture WW 90% reversion WW to UIG (grazing 90% UIG), 10% WW to WD (pre year 50); SOC and AGC accumulation 90% AR to UIG, 10% WW to WD (pre year 50).

HC15 - Maintenance of successional areas and scrub

SCR(post yr 5) no change

HC16 - Restoration of successional areas and scrub

SIGClow 50%; SCR 50%

SCR to SCR on 50% of area (where existing scrub) (no change), grazing excluded on remainder 50% of area (SOC and AGC accumulation SIG to SCR (pre year 5)).

HC17 - Creation of successional areas and scrub

SIGClow grazing excluded 100%, SOC and AGC accumulation SIG to SCR (pre year 5)

HC18 - Maintenance of high value traditional orchards

WD(post yr 50) 20%; UIGSh 80%

no change

HC19 - Maintenance of traditional orchards in production

TO(P) no change

HC20 - Restoration of traditional orchards WD(post yr 50) 20%; UIGSh 60%; SCR(post yr 5)

SOC and AGC accumulation 20% area SCR (post year 5) to UIG, 20% WD(post year 50) to WD(post year 50), 60% UIG to UIG


16


20%HC21 - Creation of traditional orchards SIGClow 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mown twice; grazing UIGC 80% area, 20% of area planted SOC and AGC

accumulation SIG to WD (pre year 50); 80% SIG to UIGHD2 - Take archaeological features out of cultivation

WW revert to SIG (no plough or re-seed (not intensive)) from WW, SOC and AGC AR to SIG

HD3 - Reduce the depth of cultivation on archaeological features

WW no (25cm) ploughing, apply minimum tillage (disc harrow), direct drill, SOC and AGC AR to AR

HD4 - Management of scrub on archaeological sites

UIGSh scrub allowed to develop then as UIG, no change in management, SOC and AGC UIG to UIG

HD5 - Archaeological features on grassland IGDC revert to SIGClow (no plough or re-seed (not intensive)), no rolling or harrowing, SOC and AGC IG to SIGHD6 - Crop establishment by direct drilling (non-rotational)

WW direct drill, no ploughing or power harrowing (zero tillage) , SOC and AGC accumulation AR to AR

HD7 - Arable reversion by natural regeneration

WW reversion to SIGClow by natural regeneration, SOC and AGC accumulation AR to SIG

HD8 - Maintaining high water levels to protect archaeology

UIGSh mow 1 year in 5, SOC and AGC accumulation UIG to UIG

HD10 - Maintenance of traditional water meadows

WM no change

HD11 - Restoration of traditional water meadows

SCR(post yr 5) remove SCR (post year 5), SOC no change, AGC SCR (post year 5) to WM

HE1 - 2m buffer strips on arable land WW no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow 4 times in 1st year, SOC and AGC AR to GS

HE2 - 4m buffer strips on arable land WW no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow 4 times in 1st year, SOC and AGC AR to GS

HE3 - 6m buffer strips on arable land WW no NPK or lime, plough (25 cm), drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow 4 times in 1st year, SOC and AGC AR to GS

HE4 - 2m buffer strip on intensive grassland IGDC no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no grazing, SOC and AGC IG to GS



HE7 - Buffering in-field ponds in permanent improved grassland

IGDC no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), mow 4 times in 1st year, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no grazing, SOC and AGC IG to GS

HE8 - Buffering in-field ponds in permanent arable land

WW no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow 4 times in 1st year, SOC and AGC AR to GS

HE9 -HE10 - Floristically enhanced grass margin WW no NPK or lime, no pesticides, no ploughing or power harrowing, mow 1 year in 5, SOC and AGC accumulation AR to GSHE11 - Enhanced strips for target species on intensive grassland

IGDC no NPK or lime, re-establishment (ploughing and power harrowing) frequency no change, no livestock, no pesticides, SOC IG to IG, AGC IG to AR

HF1 - Management of field corners WW no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, mow 4 times in 1st year, no other pesticides, SOC and AGC AR to GS

HF2 - Wild bird seed mixture WW NPK and lime as FOSR, ploughing, power harrowing & drilling every 2 years, pesticides as FOSR, SOC as agricultural extensification (assume incorporate AGC), AGC as AR (no change), ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

HF3 - Wild bird seed mixture on set-aside land

WW NPK and lime as FOSR, ploughing, power harrowing & drilling every 2 years, pesticides as FOSR, SOC as agricultural extensification (assume incorporate AGC), AGC as AR (no change), ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

HF4 - Pollen & nectar flower mixture WW ploughing, power harrowing & drilling every 2 years, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no NPK or lime, mow June & September, SOC as agricultural extensification (assume incorporate AGC) , AGC as AR (no change), ['units' are


17


per 0.5 ha]HF5 - Pollen & nectar flower mixture on set-aside land

WW ploughing, power harrowing & drilling every 2 years, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no NPK or lime, mow June & September, SOC as agricultural extensification (assume incorporate AGC) , AGC as AR (no change), ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

HF6 - Over-wintered stubbles WW As WW except straw chopped & spread (1 operation), light cultivation, subsoil (35 cm) tramlines (16% ha-1), SOC and AGC AR to AR (no change)

HF7 - Beetle banks WW no NPK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no other pesticides, mow 4 times year 1, SOC and AGC AR to GS

HF8 - Skylark plots WW no seed or seed treatment (drill switched off but machinery passes over plot), no harvest, no transport, no drying of grain, SOC and AGC AR to bare soil (herbicides applied), ['units' are per plot: 36 m2 (0.0036 ha)]

HF9 - Conservation headland WW substitute pendimethalin and isoproturon with clodinafop-propargyl, SOC and AGC AR to AR (no change)HF10 - Conservation headland with no fertiliser

WW no NPK or lime, substitute pendimethalin + isoproturon with clodinafop-propargyl, adjust yield to 50% baseline, SOC AR to AR (no change), AGC AR to 50% AR

HF11 - 6m cultivated strip on arable land WW no NPK or lime, no drilling of crop, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no other pesticides, SOC and AGC AR to NR

HF12 - Enhanced wild bird seed mix plots WW reduced WW NPK, ploughing, power harrowing and drilling of seed every 2 years, no pesticides, SOC as AR extensification (AGC ploughed in when cultivated every 2 years), AGC AR to GS

HF13 - Fallow plots for ground-nesting birds WW no NPK or lime, no drilling of crop, no pesticides, SOC and AGC AR to NRHF14 - Unharvested, fertiliser-free conservation headlands

WW no NPK or lime, substitute pendimethalin + isoproturon with clodinafop-propargyl, no harvest, no transport, no grain drying, SOC agricultural extensification, AGC accumulation AR to AR

HF15 - Low herbicide cereal preceding winter stubble and a spring crop

WW substitute pendimethalin + isoproturon with clodinafop-propargyl, no application of amidosulfuron (broad leaved weeds), SOC and AGC accumulation AR to AR

HF16 - Cultivated plot or margin for arable flora - enhanced setaside

WW no NPK or lime, no drilling of crop, no pesticides, SOC AR to ARand AGC AR to natural regeneration

HF17 - Fallow plots for ground-nesting birds - enhanced setaside


HF18 - Reduced herbicide cereal crop preceding enhanced set-aside

WW no amidosulfuron, SOC and AGC AR to AR

HF19 - Unharvested conservation headlands preceding enhanced set-aside

WW no NPK or lime, substitute pendimethalin + isoproturon with clodinafop-propargyl, no harvest, no transport, no grain drying, SOC agricultural extensification, AGC AR to 50% AR

HF20 - Cultivated fallow plots or margins for arable flora


HG1 - Under sown spring cereals WW reduce N fertiliser application by 200 kgN ha-1 as ammonium nitrate, SOC as agricultural extensification, AGC AR to ARHG2 - Wild bird seed mixture IGDC no NPK or lime; ploughing, power harrowing, drilling, seed & treatment every two years, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1)

by weed wiper, SOC IG to agricultural extensification, AGC IG to AR. ['units' are per 0.5 ha]HG3 - Pollen & nectar flower mixture IGDC no NPK or lime; ploughing, power harrowing, drilling, seed & treatment every two years, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1)

by weed wiper, SOC IG to agricultural extensification, AGC IG to AR. ['units' are per 0.5 ha]HG4 - Cereals for whole crop silage followed by over-wintered stubbles

WW substitute pendimethalin + isoproturon with clodinafop-propargyl, SOC and AGC AR to AR (no change)

HG5 - Brassica fodder crops followed by over-wintered stubbles

WOSR WOSR to FOSR, SOC and AGC accumulation AR to AR (no change)

HG6 - Fodder crop management to retain or re-create an arable mosaic

WOSR WOSR to FOSR, SOC and AGC accumulation AR to AR (no change)

HG7 - Low input spring cereal to retain or re-create an arable mosaic

SB N fertiliser 100 kgN ha-1 (37.5% reduction), PK base fertiliser maintainence 100 kg (33% reduction), no amidosulfuron (broad leaved weeds), 50% yield, SOC AR to AR, AGC AR to 50% AR

HJ3 - Reversion to unfertilised grassland to prevent erosion/run-off

WW drill 25 kg ha-1 grass seed, mow twice, other management as for UIGSh , SOC and AGC accumulation AR to UIG

HJ4 - Reversion to low input grassland to WW drill 25 kg ha-1 grass seed, mow twice, other management as for SIGShlow , SOC and AGC accumulation AR to SIGAgriculture and Environment Research Unit

University of Hertfordshire18


prevent erosion/run-offHJ5 - In field grass areas to prevent erosion or run-off

WW drill 25 kg ha-1 grass seed, mow twice, other management as for UIGSh , SOC and AGC accumulation AR to UIG

HJ6 - Preventing erosion or run-off from intensively managed grassland

IGDC reduce grazing rate to 0.8 dairy cows (0.8 LU), other management as SIG without supplementary feed, SOC and AGC accumulation IG to SIG

HJ7 - Seasonal livestock removal from intensively managed grassland

IGDC specifies intensively managed grassland, baseline assumes a winter housing period, no change.

HK1 - Take field corners out of management IGDC no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no other pesticides, no grazing, cut 1 year in 5, SOC & AGC IG to UIG, ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

HK2 - Manage permanent grassland with low inputs

SIGClow no chain harrowing, SOC & AGC SIG to SIG

HK3 - Manage permanent grassland with very low inputs

SIGClow no mineral NPK or lime, 12.5 t ha-1 FYM, chain harrowing March, , SOC & AGC SIG to SIG (no change)

HK4 - Management of rush pastures SIGClow additional 1 cut 3rd ha, SOC SIG to SIG, AGC SIG (no change)HK6 - Maintenance of species-rich, semi-natural grassland

UIGC no change

HK7 - Restoration of species-rich, semi-natural grassland

SIGClow management as for UIGC, SOC and AGC accumulation SIG to UIG

HK8 - Creation of species-rich, semi-natural grassland

WW reversion to UIGC and stocking level, SOC and AGC WW to UIG

HK9 - Maintenance of wet grassland for breeding waders

UIGC(wet) + mow

no change

HK10 - Maintenance of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl

UIGC(wet) (5 months indoors) + mow

no change

HK11 - Restoration of wet grassland for breeding waders.

SIGClow mow once, reduce to UIGC stocking level, raise water levels, SOC and AGC accumulation SIG to UIG.

HK12 - Restoration of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl

SIGClow mow once, reduce to UIGC stocking level, raise water levels, livestock housed for 151 days, SOC and AGC accumulation SIG to UIG.

HK13 - Creation of wet grassland for breeding waders

WW reversion to UIGC(wet) and stocking level, mow once, SOC and AGC accumulation AR to UIG

HK14 - Creation of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl

WW reversion to UIGC(wet) and stocking level, livestock housed for 151 days, mow once, SOC and AGC accumulation AR to UIG

HK15 - Maintenance of valuable semi-improved or rough grassland

SIGClow no change

HK16 - Restoration of valuable semi-improved or rough grassland

SIGClow no change

HK17 - Creation of valuable semi-improved or rough grassland

WW reversion to SIGClow management, drill 25 kg ha-1 grass seed, SOC and AGC accumulation AR to SIG

HL1 - Take field corners out of management (LFA land)

SIGCup no NPK or lime, no chain harrowing, 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) by weed wiper, no other pesticides; no grazing; cut 1 year in 5, SOC & AGC SIG to SIG, ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

HL2 - Manage permanent grassland with low inputs

SIGCup no chain harrowing, SOC & AGC SIG to SIG (no change)

HL3 - Manage permanent grassland with very low inputs

SIGCup no mineral NPK or lime, 12.5 t ha-1 FYM, chain harrowing March, SOC & AGC SIG to SIG

HL4 - Management of rush pastures SIGCup additional 1 cut 3rd ha, SOC and AGC SIG to SIG (no change)HL5 - Enclosed rough grazing UIGSh(non- replace 61 kg DM feed per ewe silage with 61 kg DM as concentrates (winter wheat grain) , SOC & AGC UIG to UIG


19


drained peat)HL6 - Unenclosed moorland rough grazing UIGSh(non-

drained peat)replace 61 kg DM feed per ewe silage with 61 kg DM as concentrates (winter wheat grain) , SOC & AGC UIG to UIG

HL7 - Maintenance of rough grazing for birds UIGSh(non-drained peat)

no change

HL8 - Restoration of rough grazing for birds SIGSh(up) (drainedpeat)

revert management as UIGSh, water levels raised, SOC and AGC accumulation SIG to UIG

HL9 - Maintenance of moorland UIGSh no changeHL10 - Restoration of moorland SIGSh(up)

(drainedpeat)revert management as UIGSh, water levels raised, SOC and AGC accumulation SIG to UIG

HL11 - Creation of upland heathland SIGSh(up) (drainedpeat)

areas where heather is absent 33% mow, 33% burn, 33% spread and reseed (equivalent to 125 kg ha-1 by fertiliser spreader), grazing reduced during year 1 only but subsequent years SIG to UIG, SOC no change, AGC SIG to bare soil

HO1 - Maintenance of lowland heathland LH no changeHO2 - Restoration of heathland from neglected sites

SCR (post yr 5)

management as LH (lowland heathland) (grazing introduced), SOC no change, AGC SCR (post year 5) to LH

HO3 - Restoration of forestry areas to lowland heathland

FOR management as LH (grazing introduced), SOC no change, AGC FOR to LH

HO4 - Creation of lowland heathland from arable or improved grassland

WW management as LH (grazing introduced), SOC and AGC AR to LH

HO5 - Creation of lowland heathland on worked mineral sites

WMS light tillage, spread 125 kg ha-1 seed, SOC AR to LH, AGC bare soil to LH

HP1 - Maintenance of sand dunes SD no changeHP2 - Restoration of sand dune systems SD (excl

grazing)management as SD (sand dune), grazing (UIG stocking levels) introduced, SOC and AGC SD to SD (no change)

HP3 - Creation of coastal vegetated shingle and sand dunes on arable land

WW management as SD, SOC and AGC AR to AR

HP4 - Creation of coastal vegetated shingle and sand dunes on grassland

SIGClow management as SD, SOC and AGC accumulation SIG to SIG

HP5 - Maintenance of coastal saltmarsh SM no changeHP6 - Restoration of coastal saltmarsh SIGClow management as SM (saltmarsh), SOC and AGC accumulation SIG to SMHP7 - Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on arable land

WW management as UIG with 1 application of glyphosate, SOC and AGC accumulation AR to AR

HP8 - Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on grassland

SIGClow management as UIG with 1 application of glyphosate, SOC and AGC accumulation SIG to UIG

HP9 - Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat by unmanaged breach or regular inundation

UIGClow no change

HQ1 - Maintenance of ponds of high wildlife value < 100 sq m

WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing or pesticides, mow margins July, SOC and AGC AR to GS

HQ2 - Maintenance of ponds of high wildlife value > 100 sq m

WW no NPK or lime, no ploughing or power harrowing or pesticides, mow margins July, SOC and AGC AR to GS

HQ3 - Maintenance of reedbeds RB no change HQ4 - Restoration of reedbeds 10% SCR(post

yr 5) 90% RBmanagement as RB (reedbed), SOC and AGC accumulation 90% RB (post year 5) to RB (post year 5) (no change), 10% SCR (post year 5) to RB regeneration (pre year 5)

HQ5 - Creation of reedbeds WW management as RB, SOC and AGC accumulation WW to RB (pre year 5)HQ6 - Maintenance of fen Fnp or nr no changeHQ7 - Restoration of fen SCRpeatnr or management as F (fen), water levels raised, SOC and AGC accumulation SCR (post year 5) to F


20


npHQ8 - Creation of fen WWpeatnr or

npmanagement as F, water levels raised, SOC and AGC accumulation AR (on peat) to F

HQ9 - Maintenance of lowland raised bog (nutrient poor)

LRB no change

HQ10 - Restoration of lowland raised bog (nutrient poor)

SCRpeatnp management as LRB, water levels raised, SOC and AGC accumulation SCR (post year 5) to LRB

Appendix Table 2.4. HLS options year two where a change in management or C accumulation occurs relative to year one.

Option Change in management and C relative year 1HC4 - Management of woodland edges SOC and AGC accumulation 67% (one third mown) SCR (pre year 5) to SCR (pre year 5) (AGC equilibrium at 3

years)HC5 - Ancient trees in arable fields SOC and AGC accumulation GS to GS, ['units' are per plot 15 m radius: 0.071 ha].HC6 - Ancient trees in intensively-managed grass fields SOC and AGC accumulation GS to GS, ['units' are per plot 15 m radius: 0.071 ha].HC8 - Restoration of woodland SOC and AGC accumulation 20% area WD (pre year 50) to WD (pre year 50)HC9 - Creation of woodland in the LFA no application of herbicide, SOC and AGC accumulation WD (pre year 50) to WD (pre year 50)HC10 - Creation of woodland outside of the LFA no application of herbicide, SOC and AGC accumulation WD (pre year 50) to WD (pre year 50) HC14 - Creation of wood pasture SOC and AGC accumulation 90% area UIG to UIG, 10% area WD (pre year 50) to WD (pre year 50)HC16 - Restoration of successional areas and scrub SOC and AGC accumulation 50% area SCR (pre year 5) to SCR (pre year 5)HC17 - Creation of successional areas and scrub SOC and AGC accumulation SCR (pre year 5) to SCR (pre year 5)HC20 - Restoration of traditional orchards SOC and AGC accumulation 80% area UIG to UIG.HC21 - Creation of traditional orchards no 2 l ha-1 fluroxypyr (200 g l-1) applied by weed wiper, no mowing, AGC 20% area WD (pre year 50) to WD (pre

year 50)HD2 - Take archaeological features out of cultivation AGC SIG to SIGHD4 - Management of scrub on archaeological sites AGC UIG to UIGHD5 - Archaeological features on grassland AGC SIG to SIGHD7 - Arable reversion by natural regeneration AGC SIG to SIGHD11 - Restoration of traditional water meadows AGC WM to WMHE1 - 2m buffer strips on arable land no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC GS to GSHE2 - 4m buffer strips on arable land no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC GS to GSHE3 - 6m buffer strips on arable land no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC GS to GSHE4 - 2m buffer strip on intensive grassland AGC GS to GSHE5 - 4m buffer strip on intensive grassland AGC GS to GSHE6 - 6m buffer strip on intensive grassland AGC GS to GSHE7 - Buffering in-field ponds in permanent improved grassland no plough (25 cm) or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5; AGC GS to GSHE8 - Buffering in-field ponds in permanent arable land AGC GS to GSHE9 -HE10 - Floristically enhanced grass margin AGC GS to GSHE11 - Enhanced strips for target species on intensive grassland AGC AR to AR. When re-establishment occurs during year 8 no further AGC gain occurs.HF1 - Management of field corners no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5; no AGC accumulation (GS

to GS)HF2 - Wild bird seed mixture no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of seedHF3 - Wild bird seed mixture on set-aside land no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of seedHF4 - Pollen & nectar flower mixture no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of seed


21


HF5 - Pollen & nectar flower mixture on set-aside land no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of seedHF7 - Beetle banks no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5; no AGC accumulation (GS

to GS)HF8 - Skylark plots AGC bare ground to bare groundHF10 - Conservation headland with no fertiliser AGC 50% AR to 50% HF11 - 6m cultivated strip on arable land AGC NR to NR (annual tillage)HF12 - Enhanced wild bird seed mix plots no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of seed, AGC GS to GS (year 3 as year 1 but no additional AGC

accumulation)HF13 - Fallow plots for ground-nesting birds AGC NR to NR (annual tillage)HF16 - Cultivated plot or margin for arable flora - enhanced setaside AGC NR to NR (annual tillage)HF17 - Fallow plots for ground-nesting birds - enhanced setaside AGC NR to NR (annual tillage)HF18 - Reduced herbicide cereal crop preceding enhanced set-aside as for HF16 or HF17 year 1HF19 - Unharvested conservation headlands preceding enhanced set-aside

as for HF16 or HF17 year 1

HF20 - Cultivated fallow plots or margins for arable flora AGC NR to NR (annual tillage)HG2 - Wild bird seed mixture no cultivation, no seed & treatment or drilling, SOC and AGC GS to grass marginsHG3 - Pollen & nectar flower mixture no cultivation, no seed & treatment or drillingHJ3 - Reversion to unfertilised grassland to prevent erosion/run-off no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of seed, mow once, SOC and AGC UIG to UIGHJ4 - Reversion to low input grassland to prevent erosion/run-off no ploughing or power harrowing or drilling of seed, mow once, SOC and AGC SIG to SIGHJ5 - In field grass areas to prevent erosion or run-off mow once, AGC UIG to UIGHJ6 - Preventing erosion or run-off from intensively managed grassland

AGC SIG to SIG

HK1 - Take field corners out of management cut 1 year in 5; AGC GS to GSHK7 - Restoration of species-rich, semi-natural grassland AGC UIG to UIGHK8 - Creation of species-rich, semi-natural grassland AGC UIG to UIGHK13 - Creation of wet grassland for breeding waders AGC UIG to UIGHK14 - Creation of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl AGC UIG to UIGHK17 - Creation of valuable semi-improved or rough grassland AGC SIG to SIGHL8 - Restoration of rough grazing for birds AGC UIG to UIGHL10 - Restoration of moorland AGC UIG to UIGHL11 - Creation of upland heathland AGC bare soil to LH (year 1)HO2 - Restoration of heathland from neglected sites AGC LH to LHHO3 - Restoration of forestry areas to lowland heathland AGC LH to LHHO4 - Creation of lowland heathland from arable or improved grassland

AGC LH to LH

HO5 - Creation of lowland heathland on worked mineral sites no light tillage or spread 125 kg ha-1, AGC LH to LHHP2 - Restoration of sand dune systems AGC UIG to UIGHP3 - Creation of coastal vegetated shingle and sand dunes on arable land

AGC UIG to UIG

HP7 - Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on arable land no glyphosate application, AGC UIG to UIG HP8 - Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on grassland no glyphosate applicationHQ1 - Maintenance of ponds of high wildlife value < 100 sq m SOC and AGC NR to NR (year 2)HQ2 - Maintenance of ponds of high wildlife value > 100 sq m SOC and AGC NR to NR (year 2)HQ4 - Restoration of reedbeds AGC 10% area of RB (pre year 5) to RB (pre year 5)HQ5 - Creation of reedbeds AGC RB (pre year 5) to RB (pre year 5)HQ7 - Restoration of fen AGC F to FHQ8 - Creation of fen AGC F to F


22


HQ10 - Restoration of lowland raised bog AGC LRB to LRB

Appendix Tables 2.3 and 2.4 summarise the changes in management, SOC and AGC for years 1 and 2 when the majority of differences between years occur. Changes during year 3 occur for options HF18 and HF19 (management as for HF16 or HF17 during year 2) and option HL11 (100% AGC UIG to UIG). After year 5 no further AGC accumulation occurs in those options where scrub (HC16 and HC17) or reedbed (HQ4 and HQ5) are created or restored. For arable options that remain in cultivation but incorporate the AGC (as agricultural extensification) the SOC reaches equilibrium after 7 years (256.7 t CO2e ha-1 to 275.0 t CO2e ha-1), those that use minimum tillage reach equilibrium after 10 years (256.7 t CO2e ha-1 to 275.0 t CO2e ha-1). The SOC of arable to woodland (256.7 t CO2e ha-1 to 366.7 eqtCO2ha-1) requires 37 years to reach equilibrium. The SOC of arable to semi or unimproved grassland or GS (256.7 t CO2e ha-1 to 440.0 t CO2e ha-1) (also assumed for the creation of any other semi-natural / natural habitat) requires 55 years. For the AGC of arable to woodland to reach equilibrium a value of 50 years was used although this will depend upon tree species. The greater SOC baseline for organic arable land required 34 and 52 years to reach equilibrium when a change in land use to woodland (293.3 t CO2e ha-1 to 366.7 t CO2e ha-1) or semi or unimproved grassland or grass strips (275.0 t CO2e ha-1 to 440.0 t CO2e ha-1) occurred respectively. The rates of SOC accumulation described in Table 11.

The SOC of improved grassland converted to woodland (293.3 t CO2e ha-1 to 366.7 t CO2e ha-1) or semi or unimproved grassland or grass strips (366.7 t CO2e ha-1 to 440.0 t CO2e ha-1) was calculated to require 21 and 39 years respectively to reach equilibrium. Where potential losses of SOC occurred through the cultivation of improved grassland from the increased frequency of tillage operations losses occurred over a period of five years.During year 3 for options HB1 – HB10, HF13, 16, 17 & 20 and HQ1 – HQ2 the SOC & AGC was calculated as NR to NR (year 3), during year 4 the SOC & AGC was NR to NR post year 3. The AGC for heathland required 10 years to reach maximum AGC.


23


A2.3. Organic Entry Level Scheme (OELS)Appendix Table 2.5. OELS options year one.

Option Baseline Change in management relative to baseline and SOC and AGC accumulationOB1 - Hedgerow management (on both sides of hedge)

OWW no PK or lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, cut hedge every 2 years, mow July (one pass), SOC and AGC 75% of 2 m OAR to GS year 1 only; 25% existing hedgerow H (post year 5) to H (post year 5), ['units' are per 100 m length, 2 sides 2 m width each: 0.04 ha]

OB2 - Hedgerow management (on one side of hedge)

OWW no PK or lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, cut hedge every 2 years, mow July (one pass), SOC and AGC 75% of 2 m OAR to GS year 1 only; 25% existing hedgerow H (post year 5) to H (post year 5), ['units' are per 100 m length, 1 side 2 m width: 0.02 ha]

OB3 - Enhanced hedgerow management OWW no PK or lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, cut hedge every 3 years, mow July (one pass), SOC and AGC 75% of 2 m OAR to GS year 1 only; 25% existing hedgerow H (post year 5) to H (post year 5), ['units' are per 100 m length, 1 side 2 m width: 0.02 ha]

OB4 - Stone faced hedge bank management on both sides


OB5 - Stone faced hedge bank management on one side


OB6 - Ditch management OWW no PK or lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, cut hedge every 2 years, mow July (one pass), SOC and AGC 75% of 2 m OAR to GS year 1 only; 25% existing hedgerow H (post year 5) to H (post year 5), ['units' are per 100 m length, 1 side 2 m width: 0.02 ha]

OB7 - Half ditch management OWW no PK or lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, cut hedge every 2 years, mow July (one pass), SOC and AGC 75% of 2 m OAR to GS year 1 only; 25% existing hedgerow H (post year 5) to H (post year 5), ['units' are per 100 m length, 1 side 2 m width: 0.02 ha]

OB8 - Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating OB1)






OC1 - Protection of in-field trees (arable) OWW no PK or lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation , no drilling of crop, SOC and AGC WD (pre year 50) to WD (pre year 50) ['units' are per plot 6 m radius: 0.011 ha]

OC2 - Protection of in-field trees (grassland) OGDC no PK or lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation , stocking rate unchanged, SOC and AGC WD (pre year 50) to WD (pre year 50) ['units' are per plot 6 m radius: 0.011 ha]

OC4 - Management of woodland edges OWW no PK or lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, SOC and AGC OAR to SCR (pre year 5) but trim (mow) 1/3 shrubby growth (AGC) per year

OD2 - Take archaeological features out of cultivation

OWW revert to OSIG (no ploughing or re-seeding) from WW, SOC and AGC organic OAR to OSIG

OD3 - Reduce the depth of cultivation on archaeological features

OWW no ploughing (25 cm), minimum tillage (disc harrow), direct drill, SOC and AGC OAR to OAR

OD4 - Management of scrub on archaeological sites OUIGSh scrub allowed to develop then as OUIG, no change in management, SOC and AGC OUIG to OUIGOD5 - Archaeological features on grassland OGDC revert to OSIGClow (no ploughing or re-seeding), no rolling or harrowing, SOC and AGC OGDC to OSIGOE1 - 2m buffer strips on cultivated land OWW no PK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), mow 4 times in 1st year, SOC and AGC OAR to GS


24


OE2 - 4m buffer strips on cultivated land OWW no PK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), mow 4 times in 1st year, SOC and AGC OAR to GSOE3 - 6m buffer strips on cultivated land OWW no PK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), mow 4 times in 1st year, SOC and AGC OAR to GSOE4 - 2m buffer strips on intensive grassland OGDC no PK or lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, no grazing, SOC and AGC OGDC to GS OE5 - 4m buffer strips on intensive grassland OGDC no PK or lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, no grazing, SOC and AGC OGDC to GS OE6 - 6m buffer strips on intensive grassland OGDC no PK or lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, no grazing, SOC and AGC OGDC to GS OE7 - Buffering in-field ponds in improved grassland

OGDC no PK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), mow 4 times in 1st year, no grazing, SOC and AGC OGDC to GS, ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

OE8 - Buffering in-field ponds in arable land OWW no PK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), mow 4 times in 1st year, SOC and AGC OAR to GS, ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

OF1 - Field corner management OWW no PK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), mow 4 times in 1st year, SOC and AGC OAR to GSOF2 - Wild bird seed mixture OWW ploughing, power harrowing, spring tine cultivation & drilling of seed every 2 years, SOC and AGC as OAR , ['units'

are per 0.5 ha]OF4 - Pollen + nectar flower mixture OWW ploughing, power harrowing, spring tine cultivation & drilling of seed every 2 years, no PK or lime, mow June &

September (requires establishment therefore cultivation in first year), SOC and AGC as OAR , ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

OF6 - Over-wintered stubbles OWW As OWW except straw chopped & spread (1 operation), light cultivation, subsoil (35 cm) tramlines (16% / ha), SOC and AGC OAR to OAR

OF7 - Beetle banks OWW no PK or lime, drill grass seed (25 kg ha-1), mow 4 times year 1, SOC and AGC OAR to GSOF8 - Skylark plots OWW no seed (drill switched off but machinery passes over plot), no harvest, no transport, no drying of grain, other

management no change, SOC and AGC OAR to NR, ['units' are per plot: 36 m2 (0.0036 ha)]OG1 - Under sown spring cereals OSB no change in management, SOC and AGC OAR to OAROG2 - Wild bird seed mixture in grassland areas OGDC ploughing, power harrowing, spring tine cultivation & drilling of seed every 2 years, no PK or lime, SOC and AGC

OGDC to OAR. ['units' are per 0.5 ha]OG3 - Pollen and nectar seed mixtures in grassland areas

OGDC ploughing, power harrowing, spring tine cultivation & drilling of seed every 2 years, no PK or lime, mow twice per year, SOC and AGC OGDC to OAR. ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

OG4 - Cereals for whole crop silage followed by over-wintered stubbles

OWW no change in management, SOC and AGC OAR to OAR

OG5 - Brassica fodder crops followed by over-wintered stubbles

OWW no harvest, no transport, no drying of grain, SOC and AGC OAR to OAR

OJ1 - Management of high erosion risk cultivated land

SOC and AGC OAR to OAR

OJ2 - Management of maize crops to reduce soil erosion

SOC and AGC OAR to OAR

OK1 - Take field corners out of management OGDC no lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, no grazing; cut 1 year in 5, SOC & AGC OG to UIG, ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

OK2 - Permanent grassland with low inputs OSIGClow no chain harrowing, SOC & AGC OSIG to OSIG (no change)OK3 - Permanent grassland with very low inputs OSIGClow no lime, 12.5 t ha-1 FYM, chain harrowing March, SOC & AGC OSIG to OSIG (no change)OK4 - Management of rush pastures (outside of LFA)

OSIGClow additional 1cut 3rd ha, SOC and AGC OSIG to OSIG (no change)

OL1 - Field corner management (LFA land) OSIGCup no lime, no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, no grazing, cut 1 year in 5, SOC & AGC OSIG to OSIG (no change), ['units' are per 0.5 ha]

OL2 - Manage permanent in-bye grassland with low inputs

OSIGCup no chain harrowing, SOC & AGC OSIG to OSIG (no change)

OL3 - Manage in-bye pasture and meadows with very low inputs

OSIGCup no lime, 12.5 t ha-1 FYM, chain harrowing March, SOC & AGC OSIG to OSIG (no change)

OL4 - Management of rush pastures (LFA land) OSIGCup additional 1 cut 3rd ha, SOC and AGC OSIG to OSIG (no change)OL5 - Enclosed rough grazing OUIGSh(wet replace 61 kg DM feed per ewe silage with 61 kg DM as concentrates (OWW grain) , SOC & AGC UIG to UIG (no


25


) change)

Appendix Table 2.6. OELS options year two.

Option Change in management and C accumulation relative to year 1OB1 - Hedgerow management (on both sides of hedge) AGC GS to GS (75% of width) (no change)OB2 - Hedgerow management (on one side of hedge) AGC GS to GS (75% of width) (no change)OB3 - Enhanced hedgerow management AGC GS to GS (75% of width) (no change)OB4 - Stone faced hedge bank management on both sides AGC GS to GS (75% of width) (no change)OB5 - Stone faced hedge bank management on one side AGC GS to GS (75% of width) (no change)OB7 - Half ditch management AGC GS to GS (75% of width) (no change)OB8 - Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating OB1)

AGC GS to GS (75% of width) (no change)





OD2 - Take archaeological features out of cultivation AGC OSIG to OSIG (no change)OE1 - 2m buffer strips on cultivated land no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC

(GS to GS) (no change)OE2 - 4m buffer strips on cultivated land no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC

(GS to GS) (no change)OE3 - 6m buffer strips on cultivated land no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC

(GS to GS) (no change)OE4 - 2m buffer strips on intensive grassland AGC (GS to GS) (no change)OE5 - 4m buffer strips on intensive grassland AGC (GS to GS) (no change)OE6 - 6m buffer strips on intensive grassland AGC (GS to GS) (no change)OE7 - Buffering in-field ponds in improved grassland no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC

(GS to GS) (no change)OE8 - Buffering in-field ponds in arable land AGC (GS to GS) (no change)OF1 - Field corner management no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC

(GS to GS) (no change)OF2 - Wild bird seed mixture no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, no seed & treatment, no drillingOF4 - Pollen + nectar flower mixture no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, no seed & treatment, no drillingOF7 - Beetle banks no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation or drilling of grass seed (25 kg ha-1), cut 1 year in 5, AGC

(GS to GS) (no change)OF8 - Skylark plots AGC bare soil to bare soilOG2 - Wild bird seed mixture in grassland areas no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, no seed & treatment or drilling, SOC and AGC GS to GS

(no change)OG3 - Pollen and nectar seed mixtures in grassland areas no ploughing, power harrowing or spring tine cultivation, no seed & treatment or drilling, AGC GS to GS (no

change)OK1 - Take field corners out of management cut 1 year in 5; AGC GS to GS (no change)For options OC1 and OC2 post year 51 there was no further AGC accumulation (as for WD post year 50). Options OF2 and OF3 alternate between management for years 1 and 2. Options OG2 and OG3 alternate between management for years 1 and 2 (there was no change in SOC post year five and no change in AGC post year one).


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Appendix 3. Ranking of ES options by net CO2e emissions to the atmosphere (t CO2e) per unit of option after five yearsA3.1. Entry Level Scheme (ELS)Appendix Table 3.1. Ranking of ELS options by net CO2e emissions to the atmosphere (t CO2e) per unit of option after five years.

Option Points Total CO2e emissions

(t CO2e unit-1)

Mean CO2e emissions(t CO2e

unit-1year-1)EE4 - 2m buffer strips on intensive grassland 300 -87.69 -17.54EE5 - 4m buffer strips on intensive grassland 400 -87.69 -17.54EE6 - 6m buffer strips on intensive grassland 400 -87.69 -17.54ED5 - Archaeological features on grassland 16 -63.84 -12.77EK1 - Take field corners out of management 400 -44.24 -8.85EE7 - Buffering in-field ponds in improved grassland 400 -43.78 -8.76EC4 - Management of woodland edges 380 -37.38 -7.48EE1 - 2m buffer strips on cultivated land 300 -35.65 -7.13EE2 - 4m buffer strips on cultivated land 400 -35.65 -7.13EE3 - 6m buffer strips on cultivated land 400 -35.65 -7.13EF1 - Field corner management 400 -35.65 -7.13EF7 - Beetle banks 580 -35.65 -7.13EG3 - Pollen and nectar seed mixtures in grassland areas 450 -24.48 -4.90ED2 - Take archaeological features out of cultivation 460 -20.72 -4.14EG2 - Wild bird seed mixture in grassland areas 450 -18.91 -3.78EE8 - Buffering in-field ponds in arable land 400 -17.81 -3.56EG1 - Under sown spring cereals 200 -16.72 -3.34EF4 - Pollen + nectar flower mixture 450 -15.56 -3.11EF5 - Pollen + nectar flower mixture on set-aside land 85 -15.56 -3.11EF11 - 6m Uncropped, cultivated margins on arable land 400 -15.08 -3.02EF10 - Unfertilised conservation headlands in cereal fields 330 -10.80 -2.16EF2 - Wild bird seed mixture 450 -9.91 -1.98EF3 - Wild bird seed mixture on set-aside land 85 -9.91 -1.98EL1 - Field corner management (LFA land) 100 -9.49 -1.90ED3 - Reduce the depth of cultivation on archaeological features 60 -9.14 -1.83EG5 - Brassica fodder crops followed by over-wintered stubbles 90 -3.89 -0.78EL3 - Manage in-bye pasture and meadows with very low inputs 60 -3.03 -0.61EK3 - Permanent grassland with very low inputs 150 -3.03 -0.61EF6 - Over-wintered stubbles 120 -2.77 -0.55EB1 - Hedgerow management (on both sides of hedge) 22 -1.15 -0.23EB4 - Stone faced hedge bank management on both sides 16 -1.15 -0.23EB8 - Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB1) 38 -1.15 -0.23EC2 - Protection of in-field trees (grassland) 8 -0.61 -0.12EB6 - Ditch management 24 -0.58 -0.12EB7 - Half ditch management 8 -0.58 -0.12EB3 - Enhanced hedgerow management 42 -0.58 -0.12EB10 - Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB3)

56 -0.58 -0.12

EB2 - Hedgerow management (on one side of hedge) 11 -0.58 -0.12EB5 - Stone faced hedge bank management on one side 8 -0.58 -0.12EB9 - Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB2) 26 -0.58 -0.12EC1 - Protection of in-field trees (arable) 12 -0.47 -0.09EF9 - Conservation headlands in cereal fields 100 -0.32 -0.06ED4 - Management of scrub on archaeological sites 120 -0.29 -0.06EG4 - Cereals for whole crop silage followed by over-wintered stubbles

230 -0.23 -0.05

EL2 - Manage permanent in-bye grassland with low inputs 35 -0.14 -0.03EK2 - Permanent grassland with low inputs 85 -0.14 -0.03PH - Hedgerow planting - new hedges 0 0.00 0.00EF8 - Skylark plots 5 0.03 0.01EL4 - Management of rush pastures (LFA land) 60 0.03 0.01EK4 - Management of rush pastures (outside of LFA) 150 0.03 0.01EL5 - Enclosed rough grazing 35 0.22 0.04EL6 - Moorland and rough Grazing 5 0.22 0.04SA - Scrub management < 25% cover 1.19 0.24SB - Scrub management 25% - 75% cover 2.38 0.48SC - Scrub management > 75% cover 3.58 0.72


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A3.2. Higher Level Scheme (HLS)Appendix Table 3.2. Ranking of HLS options by net CO2e emissions to the atmosphere (t CO2e) per unit of option after five years.

Option Total CO2e emissions

(t CO2e unit-1)

Mean CO2e emissions

(t CO2e unit-1year-1)

HQ8 - Creation of fen -87.31 -17.46HE4 - 2m buffer strip on intensive grassland -87.69 -17.54HE5 - 4m buffer strip on intensive grassland -87.69 -17.54HE6 - 6m buffer strip on intensive grassland -87.69 -17.54HJ6 - Preventing erosion or run-off from intensively managed grassland -70.59 -14.12HC10 - Creation of woodland outside of the LFA -69.79 -13.96HE11 - Enhanced strips for target species on intensive grassland -67.67 -13.53HD5 - Archaeological features on grassland -63.84 -12.77HC9 - Creation of woodland in the LFA -51.86 -10.37HL10 - Restoration of moorland -46.35 -9.27HL8 - Restoration of rough grazing for birds -46.35 -9.27HK1 - Take field corners out of management -44.24 -8.85HE7 - Buffering in-field ponds in permanent improved grassland -43.78 -8.76HL11 - Creation of upland heathland -42.79 -8.56HC14 - Creation of wood pasture -37.64 -7.53HC4 - Management of woodland edges -37.38 -7.48HQ5 - Creation of reedbeds -36.65 -7.33HE10 - Floristically enhanced grass margin -35.90 -7.18HE1 - 2m buffer strips on arable land -35.65 -7.13HE2 - 4m buffer strips on arable land -35.65 -7.13HE3 - 6m buffer strips on arable land -35.65 -7.13HF1 - Management of field corners -35.65 -7.13HF7 - Beetle banks -35.65 -7.13HQ1 - Maintenance of ponds of high wildlife value < 100 sq m -34.19 -6.84HQ2 - Maintenance of ponds of high wildlife value > 100 sq m -34.19 -6.84HJ5 - In field grass areas to prevent erosion or run-off -32.82 -6.56HK8 - Creation of species-rich, semi-natural grassland -32.69 -6.54HJ3 - Reversion to unfertilised grassland to prevent erosion/run-off -32.63 -6.53HQ7 - Restoration of fen -31.81 -6.36HK14 - Creation of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl -30.02 -6.00HK13 - Creation of wet grassland for breeding waders -29.98 -6.00HC17 - Creation of successional areas and scrub -29.65 -5.93HQ10 - Restoration of lowland raised bog (1 type use nutrient poor) -29.60 -5.92HC21 - Creation of traditional orchards -28.47 -5.69HO4 - Creation of lowland heathland from arable or improved grassland -27.20 -5.44HG3 - Pollen & nectar flower mixture (grassland) -24.48 -4.90HC13 - Restoration of wood pasture and parkland -23.11 -4.62HD2 - Take archaeological features out of cultivation -20.72 -4.14HF12 - Enhanced wild bird seed mix plots -19.44 -3.89HG2 - Wild bird seed mixture grassland -18.91 -3.78HD7 - Arable reversion by natural regeneration -18.75 -3.75HP4 - Creation of coastal vegetated shingle and sand dunes on grassland -18.48 -3.70HK17 - Creation of valuable semi-improved or rough grassland -18.30 -3.66HF14 - Unharvested, fertiliser-free conservation headlands -18.10 -3.62HJ4 - Reversion to low input grassland to prevent erosion/run-off -17.97 -3.59HK7 - Restoration of species-rich, semi-natural grassland -17.92 -3.58HE8 - Buffering in-field ponds in permanent arable land -17.81 -3.56HG1 - Under sown spring cereals -16.72 -3.34HF13 - Fallow plots for ground-nesting birds -16.69 -3.34HF20 - Cultivated fallow plots or margins for arable flora -16.69 -3.34HF16 - Cultivated plot or margin for arable flora - enhanced setaside -16.69 -3.34HF17 - Fallow plots for ground-nesting birds - enhanced setaside -16.69 -3.34HP3 - Creation of coastal vegetated shingle and sand dunes on arable land

-16.62 -3.32

HF4 - Pollen & nectar flower mixture -15.56 -3.11HF5 - Pollen & nectar flower mixture on set-aside land -15.56 -3.11HK12 - Restoration of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl -15.25 -3.05HO5 - Creation of lowland heathland on worked mineral sites -15.24 -3.05HK11 - Restoration of wet grassland for breeding waders. -15.21 -3.04HF11 - 6m cultivated strip on arable land -15.08 -3.02HC16 - Restoration of successional areas and scrub -14.82 -2.96HF19 - Unharvested conservation headlands preceding enhanced set-aside

-14.10 -2.82

HC8 - Restoration of woodland -13.96 -2.79Agriculture and Environment Research Unit

University of Hertfordshire28


HP8 - Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on grassland -12.92 -2.58HF18 - Reduced herbicide cereal crop preceding enhanced set-aside -12.51 -2.50HF10 - Conservation headland with no fertiliser -10.80 -2.16HP6 - Restoration of coastal saltmarsh -9.98 -2.00HF2 - Wild bird seed mixture -9.91 -1.98HF3 - Wild bird seed mixture on set-aside land -9.91 -1.98HL1 - Take field corners out of management (LFA land) -9.49 -1.90HD3 - Reduce the depth of cultivation on archaeological features -9.14 -1.83HP7 - Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on arable land -8.13 -1.63HC6 - Ancient trees in intensively-managed grass fields -6.19 -1.24HG6 - Fodder crop management to retain or re-create an arable mosaic -3.89 -0.78HG5 - Brassica fodder crops followed by over-wintered stubbles -3.89 -0.78HG7 - Low input spring cereal to retain or re-create an arable mosaic -3.48 -0.70HL3 - Manage permanent grassland with very low inputs -3.03 -0.61HK3 - Manage permanent grassland with very low inputs -3.03 -0.61HF6 - Over-wintered stubbles -2.77 -0.55HC5 - Ancient trees in arable fields -2.33 -0.47HJ8 - Nil fertiliser supplement -1.59 -0.32HD6 - Crop establishment by direct drilling (non-rotational) -1.51 -0.30HC2 - Protection of in-field trees - grassland -0.61 -0.12HC1 - Protection of in-field trees - arable -0.47 -0.09HF15 - Low herbicide cereal preceding winter stubble and a spring crop -0.36 -0.07HF9 - Conservation headland -0.32 -0.06HD4 - Management of scrub on archaeological sites -0.29 -0.06HG4 - Cereals for whole crop silage followed by over-wintered stubbles -0.23 -0.05HL2 - Manage permanent grassland with low inputs -0.14 -0.03HK2 - Manage permanent grassland with low inputs -0.14 -0.03HQ9 - Maintenance of lowland raised bog (nutrient poor) 0.00 0.00HL9 - Maintenance of moorland 0.00 0.00HJ7 - Seasonal livestock removal from intensively managed grassland 0.00 0.00HK10 - Maintenance of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl 0.00 0.00HC7 - Maintenance of woodland 0.00 0.00HC15 - Maintenance of successional areas and scrub 0.00 0.00HC18 - Maintenance of high value traditional orchards 0.00 0.00HD10 - Maintenance of traditional water meadows 0.00 0.00HK6 - Maintenance of species-rich, semi-natural grassland 0.00 0.00HK15 - Maintenance of valuable semi-improved or rough grassland 0.00 0.00HK16 - Restoration of valuable semi-improved or rough grassland 0.00 0.00HL7 - Maintenance of rough grazing for birds 0.00 0.00HP1 - Maintenance of sand dunes 0.00 0.00HQ3 - Maintenance of reedbeds 0.00 0.00HQ6 - Maintenance of fen 0.00 0.00HP5 - Maintenance of coastal saltmarsh 0.00 0.00HC19 - Maintenance of traditional orchards in production 0.00 0.00HK9 - Maintenance of wet grassland for breeding waders 0.00 0.00HC12 - Maintenance of wood pasture and parkland 0.00 0.00HD8 - Maintaining high water levels to protect archaeology 0.01 0.00HF8 - Skylark plots 0.03 0.01HL4 - Management of rush pastures 0.03 0.01HK4 - Management of rush pastures 0.03 0.01HL5 - Enclosed rough grazing 0.22 0.04HL6 - Unenclosed moorland rough grazing 0.22 0.04HO1 - Maintenance of lowland heathland 0.33 0.07HQ4 - Restoration of reedbeds 0.56 0.11HC20 - Restoration of traditional orchards 1.43 0.29HP9 - Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat by unmanaged breach or

regular inundation 2.20 0.44

HP2 - Restoration of sand dune systems 2.68 0.54HD11 - Restoration of traditional water meadows 12.55 2.51HO2 - Restoration of heathland from neglected sites 12.82 2.56HO3 - Restoration of forestry areas to lowland heathland 22.31 4.46


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A3.3. Organic Entry Level Scheme (OELS)Appendix Table 3.3. Ranking of OELS options by net CO2e emissions to the atmosphere (t CO2e) per unit of option after five years.

Option Points Total CO2e emissions

(t CO2e unit-1)

Mean CO2e emissions

(t CO2e unit-1year-1)

OE4 - 2m buffer strip on organic grassland 400 -54.50 -10.90OE5 - 4m buffer strip on organic grassland 500 -54.50 -10.90OE6 - 6m buffer strip on organic grassland 500 -54.50 -10.90OHE4 - 2m buffer strip on grassland (organic) -54.50 -10.90OHE5 - 4m buffer strip on grassland (organic) -54.50 -10.90OHE6 - 6m buffer strip on grassland (organic) -54.50 -10.90OD5 - Archaeological features on grassland 16 -45.12 -9.02OHD5 - Archaeological features on grassland (organic) -45.12 -9.02OC4 - Management of wood edges -29.30 -5.86OHC4 - Management of woodland edges (organic) -29.30 -5.86OE1 - 2m buffer strips on rotational land 400 -29.23 -5.85OE2 - 4m buffer strips on rotational land 500 -29.23 -5.85OE3 - 6m buffer strips on rotational land 500 -29.23 -5.85OHE1 - 2m buffer strips on rotational land (organic) -29.23 -5.85OHE2 - 4m buffer strips on rotational land (organic) -29.23 -5.85OHE3 - 6m buffer strips on rotational land (organic) -29.23 -5.85OF1 - Field corner management 500 -29.23 -5.85OHF1 - Field corner management (organic) -29.23 -5.85OF7 - Beetle banks 750 -28.57 -5.71OHF7 - Beetle banks (organic) -28.57 -5.71OHK1 - Take field corners out of management (organic) -27.26 -5.45OK1 - Take field corners out of management 500 -27.26 -5.45OE7 - Buffering in-field ponds in organic grassland 500 -27.25 -5.45OHE7 - Buffering in-field ponds in organic grassland (organic) -27.25 -5.45OD2 - Take archaeological features out of cultivation -19.46 -3.89OHD2 - Take archaeological features out of cultivation (Org) -19.46 -3.89OE8 - Buffering in-field ponds in rotational land 500 -14.62 -2.92OHE8 - Buffering in-field ponds in rotational land (organic) -14.62 -2.92OF6 - Over-wintered stubbles 150 -14.07 -2.81OHF6 - Over-wintered stubbles (organic) -14.07 -2.81OD3 - Reduce the depth of cultivation on archaeological features 100 -13.48 -2.70OG5 - Brassica fodder crops followed by over-wintered stubbles 110 -13.48 -2.70OHG5 - Brassica fodder crops followed by over-wintered stubbles (org)

-13.48 -2.70

OG1 - Under sown spring cereals 150 -13.09 -2.62OG4 - Cereals for whole crop silage followed by over-wintered stubbles

250 -13.09 -2.62

OHG1 - Under sown spring cereals (organic) -13.09 -2.62OHG4 - Cereals for whole crop silage followed by winter stubble-organic

-13.09 -2.62

OF4 - Pollen + nectar flower mixture 550 -9.68 -1.94OHF4 - Pollen & nectar flower mixture (organic) -9.68 -1.94OF2 - Wild bird seed mixture 550 -8.67 -1.73OHF2 - Wild bird seed mixture (organic) -8.67 -1.73OG2 - Wild bird seed mixture in grassland areas 550 -8.04 -1.61OHG2 - Wild bird seed mixture in grassland areas (organic) -8.04 -1.61OG3 - Pollen + nectar flower mixture in grassland areas 550 -7.98 -1.60OHG3 - Pollen & nectar flower mixture in grassland areas (organic) -7.98 -1.60OL1 - Field corner management (LFA land) 100 -6.06 -1.21OHL3 - Manage in-bye pasture and meadows with very low inputs (organic)

-2.20 -0.44

OL3 - Manage in-bye pasture and meadows with very low inputs 60 -2.20 -0.44OHL2 - Manage permanent in-bye grassland with low inputs (organic) -1.21 -0.24OL2 - Manage permanent in-bye grassland with low inputs 35 -1.21 -0.24OC2 - Protection of in field trees - grassland 8 -0.87 -0.17OHC2 - Protection of in-field trees - grassland (organic) -0.87 -0.17OB1 - Hedgerow management on both sides of hedge 22 -0.85 -0.17OB4 - Stone faced Hedge bank management on both sides 16 -0.85 -0.17OB8 - Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating OB1) 38 -0.85 -0.17OC1 - Protection of in field trees - rotational land 12 -0.59 -0.12OHC1 - Protection of in-field trees - rotational land (organic) -0.59 -0.12OB6 - Ditch management 24 -0.43 -0.09OB7 - Half ditch management 8 -0.43 -0.09OB10 - Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating OB3) 56 -0.42 -0.08


30


OB3 - Enhanced Hedgerow management 42 -0.42 -0.08OB2 - Hedgerow management on one side of hedge 11 -0.42 -0.08OB5 - Stone faced Hedge bank management on one side 8 -0.42 -0.08OB9 - Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating OB2) 26 -0.42 -0.08OF8 - Skylark plots 5 -0.05 -0.01OHK3 - Permanent grassland with very low inputs (organic) 0.00 0.00OK3 - Permanent grassland with very low inputs 180 0.00 0.00OHK2 - Permanent grassland with low inputs (organic) 0.00 0.00OK2 - Permanent grassland with low inputs 115 0.00 0.00OK4 - Management of rush pastures (outside the LFA) 180 0.00 0.00OD4 - Management of scrub on archaeological sites 120 0.00 0.00OHD4 - Management of scrub on archaeological sites (organic) 0.00 0.00OL5 - Enclosed rough grazing 35 0.09 0.02OL4 - Management of rush pastures (LFA land) 60 0.23 0.05


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