bdwbu mevb kvqvkvwq€¦ · mevb kvqvkvwq f‚wgkv †hvmv‡hvm qvov gkwu m¤ú~y w`b awzevwnz kiv...

mevB KvQvKvwQ

f‚wgKv

†hvMv‡hvM Qvov GKwU m¤ú~Y© w`b AwZevwnZ Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi cÖvq cÖwZwU †¶‡Î gvbyl bvbvfv‡e

G †hvMv‡hvM K‡i Pj‡Q| K_v ejv ev fve wewbgq BZ¨vw` gvby‡l gvby‡l †h †hvMv‡hvM Zv ïiy n‡q‡Q m„wói Avw`Kvj

†_‡K| Avi eZ©gv‡b G †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î cÖhyw³ G‡b‡Q êcøweK cwieZ©b| Av‡M cv‡ki evwo‡Z GKwU Lei

†cŠQv‡Z KvD‡K †h‡Z n‡Zv, GLb †Uwj‡dvb, B‡jKwUªK †gBj mn wewfbœ †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ ïay cv‡ki

evwo‡Z †Kb, c„w_exi GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ Zvr¶wYKfv‡e Lei †cŠQv‡bv ev †hvMv‡hvM Kiv m¤¢e nq| †iwWI,

†Uwjwfkb, †Uwj‡dvb, B›Uvi‡bU, d¨v·, B-†gBj I m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui Avwe®‹vi I eënvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î G‡b‡Q

hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b| G BDwb‡U Avgiv cÖ_‡g †hvMv‡hvM m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbe Ges Gi m‡½ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î

eëüZ wewfbœ h‡š¿i cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© Rvbe|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n

cvV -13.1 : †hvMv‡hvM

cvV -13.2 : ms‡KZ

cvV -13.3 : †iwWI I †Uwjwfkb

cvV -13.4 : †Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj Ges d¨v·

cvV -13.5 : Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU I B-‡gBj

cvV -13.6 : †hvMv‡hvM m¤úwK©Z hš¿cvwZi eënvi I ¯v¯’ mgm¨v

BDwbU

13

weÁvb BDwbU 13

mevB KvQvKvwQ c„ôv 213

†hvMv‡hvM

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

†hvMv‡hvM Kx Zv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi †gŠwjK bxwZgvjv¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

eøKwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv I Gi wewfbœ avc eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ I ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

gvB‡µv‡dvb I w¯úKv‡ii Kvh©µg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã

gvB‡µv‡dvb, w¯úKvi, †cÖiK, MÖvnK hš¿

†hvMv‡hvM Kx?

cÖwZw`bB Avgiv †hvMv‡hvM KiwQ wewfbœfv‡e ev wewfbœ gva¨‡g| wb‡R GK RvqMv †_‡K moK, †ij, †bŠ

ev AvKvk c‡_, Ab¨ RvqMvq wM‡q ev Gme c‡_ Pjgvb evn‡b evZ©v cvwV‡q ev bZzb cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i †hgb

†iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, †Uwj‡dvb, d¨v‡·i mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ v‡bi gva¨‡g|

moK, †ij, †bŠ ev AvKvk c‡_ wewfbœ evnb †hgb Mvwo, †ijMvwo, †bŠKv, jÂ, w÷gvi ev wegvb eënvi K‡i †h

†hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq, Zvn‡jv mvaviY †hvMv‡hvM| wKš‘ †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, †Uwj‡dvb, d¨v·, B›Uvi‡bU ev B-†gB‡ji

gva¨‡g †h †hvMv‡hvM Zv mvaviY G †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †P‡q GKUz wfbœ iK‡gi| G‡K ejv nq Z_¨ †hvMv‡hvM|

†iwWI ev †Uwjwfk‡b Avgiv †h Lei ïbwQ ev Abyôvb †`LwQ ev mg‡q mg‡q wewfbœ Aby‡iv‡ai Avm‡i ¯qs

†Uwjwfk‡b Dcw¯’Z wkíx‡K †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g Mvb Kivi Aby‡iva KiwQ ev ¯v¯’ g~jK Abyôv‡b Dcw¯’Z Wv³v‡ii

Kv‡Q †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g ¯v¯’ m¤ú‡K© civgk© MÖnY KiwQ| GmeB GK ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM| GgbwK G eBwU c‡o

Avcwb †h Z_¨ MÖnY Ki‡Qb ZvI †hvMv‡hvM| myZivs Avgiv †hvMv‡hvM‡K wbgœwjwLZfv‡e msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvwiÑ

Ò†h cÖwµqvq kã, K_v-evZ©v, ms‡KZ (†hgb cvV¨cy¯ÍK) ev A½fw½i gva¨‡g Ab¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡Q wewfbœ Z_¨, wPšÍv ev

Abyf‚wZ cÖKvk Kiv ev wewbgq Kiv nq, Zv‡K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|Ó

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi †gŠwjK bxwZgvjv

1. †h †Kv‡bv cÖKvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î Aek¨B Kgc‡¶ GKRb †cÖiK Ges GKRb MÖvnK _vK‡e|

2. A_©c~Y© †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †cÖiK Ges MÖvnK Df‡qiB ci¯ú‡ii Ae¯’v, Ávb, wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K©

cwi®‹vi aviYv _vKv DwPr|

3. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Z_¨ ev ms‡KZ ev fvlv n‡e †evaMg¨, mnR Ges my¯úó|

4. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi evZ©v n‡e msw¶ß hv †cÖiK Ges MÖvnK Df‡qiB mg‡qi AcPq †iva Ki‡e| evZ©v msw¶ß Ki‡Z

wM‡q †hb evZ©vi A_© ev m¤ú~Y©Zv bv nvivq †mw`‡K j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|

5. evZ©v Ggb n‡Z n‡e †hb Zv‡Z mKj cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ _v‡K Ges †cÖiK, MÖvnK †_‡K cÖZ¨vkv Abyhvqx DËi ev

cÖwZwµqv †c‡Z m¶g nq|

6. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi fvlvq Aek¨B f`ª, wPšÍvkxj, kvjxb kã eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e hv ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ kª×v, †mŠRb¨‡eva

cÖKvk K‡i|

cvV-13.1

I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

c„ôv 214 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖhyw³wbf©i †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv I Gi avc

†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv

†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv ej‡Z †evSvq KZ¸‡jv avc hvi gva¨‡g †cÖiK Ges MÖvn‡Ki g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb nq| †cÖiK

n‡eb GKRb A_ev GKvwaK Rb ev GKwU `j, †h ev hviv evZ©v ˆZwi ïiy Ki‡eb| evZ©vwU †gŠwLK ev A‡gŠwLK ev

ms‡KZ n‡Z cv‡i| †cÖiK‡K A‡bK mgq †hvMv‡hvK e‡jI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| †cÖiK evZ©vwUi ms‡KZ iƒc w`‡q

gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ †cÖiY Ki‡eb| gva¨g n‡jv GKwU evnb hvi Øviv †cÖiY Kiv nq, †Uwj‡dvb, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb,

Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw` G gva¨‡gi D`vniY| GKRb ev GKvwaK ev GK`j MÖvnK _vK‡eb| whwb/hviv ms‡KZiƒcx

evZ©vwU MÖnY Ki‡eb Ges Gi A_© D×vi Ki‡eb| AZtci A_© D×vi Kivi ci †cÖi‡Ki Kv‡Q cÖwZwµqv ev mvov ev

DËi cÖ vb Ki‡eb| G cÖwZwµqv ev mvov ev DËi cvVv‡bvi KvRwU‡K ejv nq wdWe¨vK| Gfv‡e †cÖi‡Ki evZ©v

cvVv‡bvi D‡Ïk¨ mdj bv nIqv ch©šÍ †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _v‡K| wb‡Pi wP‡Îi (wPÎ 13.1.1) mvnv‡h¨ G

cÖwµqvwU mn‡R †evSv hvq|

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi avc

cÖhyw³wbf©i ev B‡jKUªwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqvwU m¤ú~Y© Kivi Rb¨ B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿ _v‡K GKwU †cÖiK hš¿, GKwU

†hvMv‡hvM gva¨g Ges GKwU MÖvnK hš¿| mvaviYZ †h evZ©v ev †g‡mRwU †cÖiK h‡š¿ †cÖiY Kiv n‡e Zv ˆZwi K‡ib

GKRb e¨w³| AZtci evZ©v ev †g‡mRwU †cÖiK h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g w`‡q †cÖiY Kiv nq| MÖvnK hš¿ G

evZ©v MÖnY K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z evZ©v hv‡K cvVv‡bv n‡q‡Q †m e¨w³ evZ©vi A_© D×vi K‡ib|

Dc‡iwjøwLZ µg¸‡jv m¤ú~Y© K‡i †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv m¤ú~Y© Kiv nq Ges µg¸‡jvB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi avc (wPÎ

13.1.2)|

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ I ¸iyZ¡

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Z_¨, aviYv, Av‡eM, wPšÍv AwfgZ G‡K A‡bï Kv‡Q cÖKvk Kiv ev ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_

Av`vb-cÖ vb Kiv| †ewkifvM gvbylB A‡bï Kv‡Q wb‡R‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z Pvq| Ab¨‡K eyS‡Z Pvq Ges wb‡Ri a¨vb-

aviYv‡K A‡bï Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ki‡Z Pvq Ges G D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi GKgvÎ gva¨g n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM|

Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM GKwU cÖwZôvb ev e¨w³i DbœwZi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| Avcwb †h †Kv‡bv Kv‡R

hZ‡ewk `¶ nb bv †Kb, Avcbvi †hvMv‡hvM ¶gZv ev A‡bï Kv‡Q wb‡R‡K Dc¯’vc‡bi ˆbcy‡bï Dci wbf©i K‡i

Avcbvi K‡g©i cÖwZ gvby‡li wek¦vm ev MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv|

gvbyl Øviv ˆZwi

evZ©v ev †g‡mR

†cÖiY

†cÖiK hš¿

†hvMv‡hvM

gva¨g

MÖvnK hš¿

gvbyl Øviv ˆZwi

evZ©v ev †g‡mR

MÖnY

wPÎ 13.1.2

wPÎ 13.1.1: †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv

†cÖiK

evZ©vi

ms‡KZiƒc

gva¨g

evZ©v

†cÖiY

MÖvnK

ms‡KZiƒc n‡Z

cybivq evZ©vi

A_© D×vi

DËi

cÖ vb

wdWe¨vK

weÁvb BDwbU 13


wkí, M‡elYv, eëmv-evwYR¨, wkí-KviLvbv, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, K‚UbxwZ, cwienb eë¯’vcbv, mvgwiK Kg©KZ©vmn

mKj Kvh©µgB myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb G mKj welq m¤ú‡K© mvwe©K Z_¨ Ges G Z_¨mg~n GKgvÎ

cvIqv m¤¢e †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g|

GKRb gvby‡li e¨w³MZ Rxeb †_‡K ïiy K‡i Kg©Rxeb, bvMwiK Rxeb mKj †¶‡ÎB Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvMB mvd‡jï

PvweKvwV|

gvB‡µv‡dvb I w¯úKvi

Avcwb wb‡R hw` †Kv‡bv Abyôv‡b Dcw¯’Z nb ev †Uwjwfk‡bi c`©vq †Kvb †÷R †kv †`‡Lb, Z‡e †`Lv hv‡e †mLv‡b

whwb e³v, Dwb GKwU B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿i mvg‡b ùvwo‡q ev B‡jKwUªK hš¿wU nv‡Z a‡i K_v ej‡Qb| G‡K ejv nq

gvB‡µv‡dvb (wPÎ 13.1.3)| PjwZ fvlvq G gvB‡µv‡dvb‡KB ejv nq gvBK| Avi †h B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ †_‡K e³vi

K_v †Rv‡i ïb‡Z cvb Zv‡K ejv nq w¯úKvi (wPÎ 13.1.4)| wfwmAvi, Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw` B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿

gvB‡µv‡dvb Ges w¯úKvi `y‡UvB _v‡K|

gvB‡µv‡dvb Gi Kvh©µg

gvB‡µv‡d‡bi mvnv‡h¨ kã kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z cwieZ©b Kiv nq| gvB‡µv‡dv‡b avZz wbwg©Z GKwU cvZ _v‡K|

G‡K Wvqvd«vg e‡j| G cv‡Zi mvg‡b K_v ej‡j †h kã Zi‡½ m„wó nq Zv kw³mn enb K‡i gvB‡µv‡d‡bi w`‡K

wb‡q hvq Ges Wvqvd«vgwU‡K AvNvZ K‡i| d‡j Wvqvd«vgwU mvg‡b wcQ‡b Pj‡Z _v‡K| Wvqvd«v‡gi mv‡_ †h

K‡qjwU AuvUKv‡bv _v‡K †mUvI GKB mv‡_ mvg‡b wcQ‡b PjvPj K‡i| K‡qj Aew¯’Z ¯’vqx Pz¤KwU GKwU Pz¤K

†¶‡Îi m„wó K‡i| GLb K‡qjwU hLb G Pz¤K †¶‡Îi ga¨ w`‡q mvg‡b wcQ‡b PjvPj K‡i ZLb Gi g‡a¨ Zwor

cÖev‡ni m„wó nq|

Gfv‡e gvB‡µv‡dvb kãkw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i| G Zwor kw³‡K AwWI ms‡KZ ejv nq| G AwWI

ms‡KZ‡K AZtci weea©‡Ki gva¨‡g weewa©Z K‡i †Uwj‡dvb, †Uwjwfkb ev †eZv‡ii gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbgZ `~‡i

cvVv‡bv nq|

w¯úKv‡ii Kvh©µg

w¯úKvi gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi wecixZ KvRwU K‡i| GwU Zwor kw³‡K kã kw³‡Z cwieZ©b K‡i|

Zwor kw³‡K kã kw³‡Z cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ w¯úKv‡ii wfZi ¯’vqx Pz¤‡Ki mvg‡b GKwU †QvU ZwoZPz¤K ivLv nq|

¯’vqx Pz¤KwU w¯’ifv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i wKš‘ ZwoZPz¤KwU SzjšÍ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| hLb gvB‡µv‡dvb †_‡K AvMZ Zwor

kw³ ZwoZPz¤‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖevwnZ nq, ZLb w¯’i Pz¤K n‡Z m„ó †PŠ¤K †¶Î Ges Pjgvb †PŠ¤K †¶‡Î wg_w¯Œqv

N‡U| Gi d‡j SzjšÍ ZwoZPz¤KwU mvg‡b wcQ‡b PjvPj K‡i| G PjvP‡ji d‡j evqyi ms‡KvPb-cÖmviY N‡U Ges

k‡ãi m„wó nq|

wk¶v_©xi KvR

Avcbvi Pvicv‡ki cwi‡ek jÿ Kiæb Ges †mLv‡b eëüZ wZbwU K‡i h‡š¿i bvg

wjLyb, hv‡Z ïaygvÎ w¯úKvi eëüZ nq Ges ¯úxKvi I gvB‡µv‡dvb yÕ‡UvB

eëüZ nq

wPÎ 13.1.3 : gvB‡µv‡dvb wPÎ 13.1.4 : w¯úKvi



mvivsk

†h cÖwµqvq kã, evZ©v, ms‡KZ ev A½fw½i gva¨‡g Ab¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡Q Z_¨, wPšÍv ev Abyf‚wZ cÖKvk Kiv ev wewbgq

Kiv nq Zv‡K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-13.1

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU Z_¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g bq?

K) †iwWI L) Kw¤úDUvi

M) B-†gBj N) d‡Uv÷¨vU

2| wb‡Pi †Kvb B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ `yÕwUi Kvh©vejx wecixZ?

K) †Uwj‡dvb I †UwjMÖvd L) Kw¤úDUvi I d¨v·

M) †iwWI I †Uwjwfkb N) gvB‡µv‡dvb I w¯úKvi

weÁvb BDwbU 13


ms‡KZ

D‡Ïk¨


ms‡K‡Zi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

GbvjM I wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

GbvjM I wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi myweav I Amyweav e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã

GbvjM, wWwRUvj, AwWI, wfwWI

ms‡KZ I Gi cÖKvi‡f`

ms‡KZ:ms‡KZ GK cÖKvi †fŠZ ivwk hv Z_¨ ev wb‡`©k enb K‡i| Avgiv †h e³…Zv ïwb Zv Aek¨B

GKwU ms‡KZ KviY GwU kã‡K gva¨g wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i GK e¨w³i fvebv‡K (Z_¨) Ab¨ e¨w³i Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q

†`q| Avcwb nvZ w`‡q wewfbœ cÖKvi fw½gv K‡i Aci e¨w³i mv‡_ fve (Z_¨) wewbgq K‡ib, myZivs nv‡Zi G

wewfbœ A½-fw½I ms‡KZ| Avcwb G cvVwU co‡Qb, GUvI GKai‡bi ms‡KZ| KviY cvVwU Avcbvi Kv‡Q ms‡KZ

m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ enb Ki‡Q|

Drm Abymv‡i ms‡KZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v: (1) AwWI ms‡KZ I (2) wfwWI ms‡KZ|

(1) AwWI ms‡KZ: AwWI kãwU g~jZ: †kvbv ev k‡ãi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| G †_‡K Abyaveb Kiv hvq †h, AwWI

ms‡K‡Zi Drm n‡jv kã| gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ kã kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq, G Zwor kw³‡K

ejv nq AwWI ms‡KZ (wPÎ 13.2.1)|

(2) wfwWI ms‡KZ: wfwWI kãwU g~jZ: Qwe ev `„‡k¨i avi‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy&³| G †_‡K Abyaveb Kiv hvq †h,

AwWI ms‡K‡Zi Drm n‡jv Qwe ev `„k¨| †Uwjwfk‡bi K¨v‡givi mvnv‡h¨ †h Qwe ev `„k¨‡K aviY Kiv nq Zv

cieZ©x‡Z ¯‹¨vwbs cÖwµqvq Zwor ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| G ms‡KZ‡K ejv nq wfwWI ms‡KZ| †Kv‡bv aviYK…Z

`„k¨‡K mivmwi †cÖiY Kiv hvq bv weavq G‡K Zwor ms‡KZ ev wfwWI ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i †cÖiY Kiv nq (wPÎ

13.2.2)|

wPÎ 13.2.1 : AwWI ms‡KZ

cvV-13.2

kã Zi½

gvB‡µv‡dvb

AwWI

ms‡KZ

Qwe K¨v‡giv

Qwe ev „k

¯‹¨vwbs

wfwWI

ms‡KZ

wPÎ 13.2.2: wfwWI ms‡KZ



GbvjM Ges wWwRUvj ms‡KZ:

†cÖi‡Yi w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j ms‡KZ yÕcÖKvi| h_v: (1) GbvjM ms‡KZ I (2) wWwRUvj ms‡KZ

GbvjM ms‡KZ GK cÖKvi ms‡KZ hvi gvb wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq (wPÎ 13.2.3)|

wPÎ 13.2.3 : GbvjM ms‡KZ

wWwRUvj ms‡KZ GK cÖKvi ms‡KZ hvi wbw`©ó msL¨K µg Av‡Q| myZivs wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi gvb †h †Kvb gvb

n‡Z cv‡i bv (wPÎ 13.2.4)|

wPÎ 13.2.4 : wWwRUvj ms‡KZ

D`vniY¯iƒc mnRfv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ GbvjM Ges wWwRUvj Nwoi K_v fvev †h‡Z cv‡i| GbvjM Nwo‡Z c‡q›UviwU

Lye Av‡¯Í PµvKvi GKwU †¯‹‡ji Pvwiw`‡K †Nv‡i| d‡j G c‡q›UviwU `yÕwU †m‡K‡Ûi gvSvgvwS †Kvb gvb wb‡`©k

Ki‡Z cv‡i| wWwRUvj Nwoi †m‡K‡Ûi KuvUvwU jvd w`‡q P‡j e‡j `yÕwU †m‡K‡Ûi gvSvgvwS †Kvb gvb wb‡`©k

Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wWwRUvj Nwoi BDwbU gvb hv wbw`©ó Kiv nq †mB wbw`©ó gvb a‡i Nwoi KuvUv GwM‡q P‡j|

†Uwj‡dvb, †iwWI, wUwf mvaviYZ GbvjM †WUv ev DcvË †cÖiY K‡i _v‡K| Kw¤úDUvi †h †WUv ev DcvË msi¶Y,

cÖwµqvKiY Ges †cÖiY K‡i _v‡K Zv n‡jv wWwRUvj †WUv ev DcvË|

GbvjM I wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi myweav I Amyweav:

GbvjM I wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi myweav I Amyweavi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i GwU wewfbœ ai‡bi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î eënvi

Kiv nq| eZ©gvb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi eënvi †ewkÑ KviY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii

eënvi G‡b‡Q hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b| Avi G Kw¤úDUvi eë¯’vq wWwRUvj cÖhyw³iB eënvi †ewk|

GbvjM ms‡K‡Z Z_¨ †cÖi‡Yi †¶‡Î Kg e¨vÛDB_ eënvi K‡i wKš‘ wWwRUvj ms‡KZ G †¶‡Î †ewk e¨vÛDB_

eënvi K‡i|

GbvjM ms‡KZ `~‡i cvVv‡j ms‡K‡Zi ¶gZv ax‡i ax‡i Kg‡Z _v‡K| G‡K evwP‡q ivL‡Z n‡j weea©K ev

-A¨vw¤ú dvqv‡ii mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq| weea©b Kivi ci Gi b‡qR †e‡o hvq| d‡j ms‡K‡Zi ¸YMZ gvb n«vm cvq|

wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi †¶‡Î Giƒc NUbv n‡j G ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g `~‡i Z_¨ cvVv‡jI Gi ¸YMZ gvb n«vm cvq bv|

wk¶v_©xi KvR

GbvjM ms‡KZ eënviKvix Ges wWwRUvj ms‡KZ eënviKvix h‡š¿i

cÖ‡Z¨KwUi wZbwU K‡i bvg wjLyb

mvivsk

ms‡KZ GK cÖKvi †fŠZ ivwk hv Z_¨ ev wb‡ ©k enb K‡i|

Dr‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i ms‡KZ‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvqÑ (1) AwWI ms‡KZ Ges (2) wfwWI ms‡KZ|

†cÖi‡Yi w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡j ms‡KZ mvaviYZ `yB-cÖKvi (1) GbvjM ms‡KZ Ges (2) wWwRUvj ms‡KZ|

weÁvb BDwbU 13




1| wWwRUvj ms‡KZ mvaviYZ e¨eüZ nqÑ

K) †iwWI‡Z L) †Uwjwfk‡b

M) †Uwj‡dv‡b N) Kw¤úDUv‡i|

2| kã Zi½‡K AwWI ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ K‡iÑ

K) gvB‡µv‡dvb L) w¯úKvi

M) K¨v‡giv N) weea©K|

3| AwWI ms‡KZ‡K kã Zi‡½ cwiYZ K‡iÑ

K) w¯úKvi L) gvB‡µv‡dvb

M) K¨v‡giv N) weea©K|



†iwWI I †Uwjwfkb

D‡Ïk¨


†iwWI-Gi Kvh©µg e¨vLv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

†iwWI-Gi eënvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

†Uwjwfkb-Gi Kvh©µg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

†Uwjwfkb-Gi eënvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã

†iwWI, wUDwbs, Awm‡jUi, gWz‡jUi, †Uwjwfkb

†iwWI

†iwWI Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ kã Ges eûj eëüZ gva¨g| GwU †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU

Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gva¨g| BUvwj weÁvbx gvK©bx (1874-1937) me©cÖ_g †iwWI Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| Z‡e m¨vi RM`xk

P›`ª emy (1858-1937) I Av‡jKRvÛvi ccfI (1859-1906) cÖvq GKB mg‡q †iwWI Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|

†iwWI eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© Pjyb Avgiv wewfbœ Zi½ m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Kwi hv †iwWI

eë¯’v eyS‡Z cieZ©x‡Z Avgv‡ì mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

Avcbviv Rv‡bb, kã Zi½ AvKv‡i mÂvwjZ nq Ges kã Zi½ gva¨g Qvov Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Av‡jv, Zvc,

†eZvi BZ¨vw` Zi½ gva¨g Qvov Pj‡Z cv‡i| G‡ì K¤úv¼ †ewk, †eMI †ewk| †eZvi Zi½ Av‡jvi †e‡M P‡j

KviY GwU Zwor †PŠ¤K Zi½|

†iwWI eë¯’vi `y‡Uv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask- GKwU †cÖiY eë¯’v Ges Ab¨wU MÖnY eë¯’v| †cÖiY eë¯’vq kã Zi½‡K †eZvi

Zi‡½ cwiYZ K‡i kã mÂvjb Kiv nq| Avevi MÖnY eë¯’vq †eZvi Zi½‡K kã Zi‡½ cwiYZ K‡i †kvbvi

eë¯’v Kiv nq|

†cÖiY eë¯’v

†cÖiY eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j Av‡jvPbvi cÖ_‡gB Av‡m †cÖiK h‡š¿i K_v Zvici kã mÂvjb

c×wZ| †cÖiK hš¿ G eë¯’vi GKwU AwZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask| GwU †iwWI †ók‡b msiw¶Z _v‡K| Gi D‡Ïk¨ †eZvi

Zi½ Drcv`b| †cÖiK h‡š¿i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask¸‡jv n‡jv gvB‡µv‡dvb, AwWI weea©K, Awm‡jUi Ges gWy ‡jUi (wPÎ

13.3.1)|

wPÎ 13.3.1 : †cÖiY eë ’v

cvV-13.3

weÁvb BDwbU 13


(1) gvB‡µv‡dvb : gvB‡µv‡dvb Ggb GKwU wWfvBm hv kã Zi½‡K AwWI ê`y¨wZK wmMbv‡j cwiYZ K‡i|

(2) AwWI weea©K : gvB‡µv‡dvb †_‡K cÖvß AwWI ê`y¨wZK wmMbvj Lye `ye©j nIqvq Gi weea©‡bi Rb¨ GwU‡K

AwWI weea©‡K cvVv‡bv nq| d‡j weewa©Z wmMbvj cvIqv hvq| hv cieZ©x‡Z gWy¨‡jk‡bi Rb¨ gWy¨‡jU‡i

cvVv‡bv nq|

(3) Awm‡jUi : Awm‡jU‡ii KvR D”P K¤úv‡¼i wmMbvj ˆZwi Kiv hv‡K evnK Zi½ e‡j| †ewki fvM †iwWI

†ók‡b K‡qK wK‡jvIqvU ¶gZvm¤úbœ evnK Zi½ Drcbœ K‡i| wba©vwiZ `~i‡Z¡ Zi½ mÂvj‡bi Rb¨ G D”P

¶gZv cÖ‡qvRb nq|

(4) gWy‡jUi :weewa©Z AwWI wmMbvj Ges evnK Zi½ gWy‡jU‡i †cÖiY Kiv nq| GLv‡b AwWI wmMbvj evnK

Zi‡½i Dci DcwicvwZZ nq| d‡j gWy‡j‡UW Zi½ ev †eZvi Zi‡½i m„wó nq Ges †h c×wZ‡Z G Zi½ m„wó

nq, Zv‡K gWy‡jkb e‡j|

kã mÂvjb c×wZ: gWy‡j‡UW Zi½ ev †eZvi Zi½‡K Avevi weewa©Z K‡i †cÖiK G‡›Ubvi mvnv‡h¨ Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q

†`qv nq| GUv Pviw`‡K 310

8

wgUvi/†m. †e‡M Qwo‡q c‡o|

MÖnY eë¯’v

MÖvnK hš¿: MÖvnK hš¿ n‡jv Avgv‡ì evmvq msiw¶Z †iwWI ev UªvbwR÷i| MÖvnK h‡š¿i Gwiqvj G Zi‡½i GKwU

¶z`ª Ask MÖnY K‡i weea©‡K cvVvq| d‡j weewa©Z †eZvi Zi½ cvIqv hvq| GLb G weewa©Z †eZvi Zi½wU wW-

gWy‡jU‡i cvVv‡bv nq| wW gWy‡jUi †eZvi Zi½ n‡Z AwWI ê`y¨wZK wmMbvj‡K Avjv`v K‡i hv cybivq weea©‡K

cvwV‡q weewa©Z Kiv nq| GLb weewa©Z AwWI ‰e`y¨wZK wmMbvj‡K jvDW w¯úKv‡i cvVv‡bv nq| jvDW w¯úKvi G

AwWI ê`y¨wZK Zi½‡K kã Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| G kã Avgiv ïb‡Z cvB (wPÎ 13.3.2)|

wUDwbs: wewfbœ †eZvi †ókb †_‡K cÖwZw`b Avevi wewfbœ ˆ`‡N© i †eZvi Zi½ GKB mg‡q Qvov nq| †iwWI‡Z

we`¨gvb cwieZ©bxq Kb‡WÝvi Nywo‡q Avgiv GKwU cQ›`gZb †K‡›`ªi Zi½ ˆ`N© wm‡j± K‡i †m †K‡›`ªi mv‡_

ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvwi| G wm‡j± Kivi c×wZ‡K wUDwbs e‡j| G‡Z †h †K‡› ªi Zi½ ˆ`N© wm‡j± Kiv n‡q‡Q

ïay †m †K‡›`ªi Abyôvb †kvbv hv‡e evKx †K› ª ‡jv Avcbv Avcwb eÜ n‡q hv‡e|

†iwWIi eënvi

†iwWI Ggb GKwU †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g, hv †ewkifvM gvby‡li Kv‡QB cwiwPZ| †iwWIi Abyôvb †h‡Kvb mgq, †h‡Kvb

RvqMv †hgb, evmv, Awdm GgbwK Mvwo Pvjbvi mgqI Dc‡fvM Kiv hvq| Ab¨vb¨ we‡bv`bg~jK gva¨‡gi g‡Zv

†iwWI Avcvgi Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q GKwU AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq gva¨g| G‡Z Avgiv we‡bv`bg~jK Abyôvb †hgb- Mvb,

evRbv, bvUK, wk¶vg~jK Abyôvb mn †`k-we‡`‡ki Lei ïb‡Z cvB| y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq cÖwZi¶v evwnbx

MY‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g wn‡m‡e †iwWI eënvi K‡i| GQvovI †mbvevwnbx, cywjkevwnbx wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Z_¨

Av`vb-cÖ vb Z_v †hvMv‡hvM Kivi Rb¨ †iwWI eënvi K‡i _v‡Kb| †iwWIi gva¨‡g wewfbœ c‡Yï weÁvcb cÖPvi

Kiv nq|

wPÎ 13.3.2: MÖnY eë ’v



†Uwjwfkb

†Uwvjwfk‡bi bvg Avcbviv mevB Rv‡bb| †Uwjwfkb k‡ãi A_© `~i`k©b| Avi †Uwjwfk‡b cÖPvwiZ Abyôvb Dc‡fvM

K‡iwb Ggb †jvK †bB ej‡jB P‡j| †Uwjwfkb Ggb GKwU hš¿ hvi mvnv‡h¨ `~ieZ©x †Kvb ¯’vb †_‡K kã †kvbvi

mv‡_ mv‡_ e³vi Qwe c`©vq †`Lv hvq| 1926 mv‡j ¯‹wUk weÁvbx jwR †eqvW© †Uwjwfkb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|

GLb Avgiv †Uwjwfkb wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| Avcbviv hviv G cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU co‡Qb, Zv‡ì

g‡a¨ cÖvq mK‡jB wbðq †Uwjwfk‡b Abyôvb Dc‡fvM K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Rv‡bb wK wKfv‡e Avcbviv G †Uwjwfkb

†m‡U Qwe †`Lvi mv‡_ mv‡_ kã ï‡b‡Qb| Pjyb GLb Avgiv G welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi| †Uwjwfk‡b kã I Qwe

†cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GKwU †cÖiK †ók‡bi| Avi G †cÖiK †ók‡b _v‡K kã I Qwe †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ `y‡Uv c„_K †cÖiK

hš¿| GKwU †cÖiK h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ kã‡K ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤K Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i †cÖiY Kiv nq Ges Ab¨ †cÖiK h‡š¿i

mvnv‡h¨ Qwe‡K Zwor-ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Zv ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤K Zi½ wn‡m‡e †cÖiY Kiv nq|

kã †cÖiY

G‡¶‡Î kã †cÖiYKvix hš¿ gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ e³vi kã msMÖn K‡i| gvB‡µv‡dv‡b GKwU cvZjv avZe c`v_©

_v‡K, G‡K Wvqvd«vg e‡j| gvB‡µv‡dv‡b AvMZ kã GB Wvqvd«vgwU‡K Kw¤úZ K‡i, G hvwš¿K K¤úb Zwor

ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Gfv‡e gvB‡µv‡dvb kã Zi½‡K Zwor ms‡K‡Z iycvšÍwiZ K‡i| Gici G ms‡KZ‡K

Zwor Pz¤Kxq Zi‡½ iycvšÍwiZ K‡i †cÖiK G‡›Ubvi gva¨‡g AvKv‡k Qwo‡q †`qv nq (wPÎ 13.3.3)|

Qwe †cÖiY

†h Qwe ev `„k¨ †cÖiY ev m¤cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi cÖwZwe¤ ev Qwe †j‡Ýi ga¨w`‡q †Uwjwfkb K¨v‡givi c`©vq †djv

nq| G Qwe‡K †Uwjwfkb K¨v‡giv Zwor ms‡K‡Z iycvšÍwiZ K‡i| Gici Zwor ms‡KZ‡K ZvwoZ †PŠ¤K †eZvi

Zi‡O iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i †cÖiK G‡›Ubvi gva¨‡g AvKv‡k Qwo‡q †`qv nq (wPÎ 13.3.3)|

GLb Avgiv †Uwjwfkb MÖvnK h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ wKfv‡e kã I Qwe MÖnb Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

Avgv‡ì evmvq Avgiv †h †Uwjwfkb †`wL Zv nj †Uwjwfkb MÖvnK hš¿| G h‡š¿ GKB mg‡q Qwe I kã MÖn‡Yi

c„_K eë ’v _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨K †Uwjwfkb †mUB AvDU‡Wvi I Bb‡Wvi G‡›Ubvi mv‡_ Zv‡ii gva¨‡g mshy³ _v‡K|

MÖvnK †mUwU †h P¨v‡b‡j wUDwbs Kiv _v‡K †m P¨v‡b‡ji †cÖiK hš¿ KZ©„K †cÖwiZ Zwor Pz¤Kxq Zi‡½i GKwU ¶z`ª

Ask G‡›Ubvq †cŠ‡Q hv cieZ©x‡Z †Uwjwfkb †m‡U Av‡m|

Pjyb GLb Avgiv mvavibfv‡e †R‡b †bB, kã I Qwe MÖvnK hš¿ KZ©„K MÖn‡Yi ci wKfv‡e jvDW w¯úKv‡ii mvnv‡h¨

ïwb Ges †Uwjwfk‡bi c`©vq †`wL|

wPÎ 13.3.3 : †Uwjwfkb †cÖiK h‡š¿i AvswkK eøK wPÎ

weÁvb BDwbU 13


†h P¨v‡b‡ji AbyôvbwU m¤cÖPvi Kiv n‡”Q †Uwjwfkb MÖvnK †mUwU hw` †m P¨v‡b‡j wUDwbs Kiv _v‡K Z‡e †cÖiK

hš¿ KZ©„K †cÖwiZ kã Zwor ‡PŠ¤^K Zi½ Avgv‡ì †Uwjwfkb †m‡Ui G‡›Ubvq Av‡m Ges Zwor cÖev‡ni m„wó K‡i|

G Zwor cÖevn Zv‡ii gva¨‡g †Uwjwfkb †m‡Ui MÖvnK h‡š¿ Av‡m| Gici MÖvnK hš¿ G Zwor ms‡KZ‡K ch©vqµ‡g

weea©b I GKgyLxKi‡bi ci jvDW w¯úKv‡ii AšÍM©vgx cÖv‡šÍ †cÖiY K‡i| jvDW w¯úKvi G Zwor ms‡KZ‡K g~j

k‡ã iycvšÍwiZ K‡i| G kã Avgiv ïb‡Z cvB|

MÖvnK h‡š¿i GKB G‡›Ubv Qwei Rb¨ †cÖwiZ ZvwoZPŠ¤Kxq Zi‡½i AwZmvgvb¨ Ask MÖnY K‡i| †iKwUdvqvi evnK

Zi½ †_‡K Qwei Zwor ms‡KZ‡K c„_K K‡i weea©‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY K‡i| weewa©Z Zwor ms‡KZ‡K cieZ©x ch©v‡q

B‡jKUªbMv‡b cvVv‡bv nq| wcKPvi wUD‡ei †cQ‡bi cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z B‡jKUªbMvb myB‡qi b¨vq miy B‡jKUªb exg ev

†mªvZ wcKPvi wUD‡ei mvg‡bi Ask ev wUwfi c`©vq Qyo‡Z _v‡K| Avgiv Qwe †`wL (wPÎ 13.3.4)|

GLv‡b GKUv welq j¶bxq †h, †cÖiK †ókb †_‡K †hgb GKB G‡›Ubvi gva¨‡g kã I Qwe †cÖiY Kiv nq,

†Uwjwfkb MÖvnK hš¿ A_©vr †Uwjwfkb †m‡UI GKB G‡›Ubvi gva¨‡g kã I Qwe MÖnb Kiv nq|

GLb wcKPvi wUDe wKfv‡e Qwe Drcbœ K‡i Zv wb‡q msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Kie|

wcKPvi wUD‡ei †cQ‡bi cÖv‡šÍ ¯’vwcZ B‡jKUªb Mvb Qwei Zwor ms‡KZ‡K MÖn‡bi ci myB‡qi b¨vq B‡jKUªb exg

ev †mªvZ Qyo‡Z _v‡K| ms‡K‡Zi ZxeªZvi Dci wbw¶ß B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v wbf©i K‡i| †Uwjwfk‡b Qwe †`Lvi mgq

Avgiv wcKPvi wUD‡ei evwn‡ii Ask †`‡L _vwK| Gi †fZ‡ii Z‡j dmdivm bvgK GKwU ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i

cÖ‡jc †`qv _v‡K| G‡K cÖwZcÖf c`v_© e‡j| G c`v‡_©i êwkó¨ Giƒc †h Gi Dci †h ¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb cwZZ nq

†m ¯’v‡b Av‡jv wewKwiZ nq| G Kvi‡YB G cÖwZcÖf c`v‡_©i Dci hLb B‡jKUªb Mvb †_‡K B‡jKUªb AvNvZ K‡i

ZLb Av‡jv wewKwiZ nq| GK‡Î eû B‡jKUªb †hLv‡b AvNvZ K‡i †mLv‡b D¾¡j Ges †hLv‡b Kg B‡jKUªb AvNvZ

K‡i †mLv‡b Aby¾¡j Av‡jvK we›`yi m„wó nq (wPÎ 13.3.5)| D¾¡j I Aby¾¡j Av‡jvK we›`yi mgš‡q `~i †_‡K

†cÖwiZ `„‡kï wPÎ wUwfi c`©vq †f‡m I‡V|

wPÎ 13.3.4 : †Uwjwfkb MÖvnK h‡š¿i eøK wPÎ

wPÎ 13.3.5 : wcKPvi wUDe



GZ¶Y Avgiv wcKPvi wUD‡ei mvnv‡h¨ wKfv‡e Qwe Drcbœ Kiv nq Zv eySjvg GLb Avgiv Rvbe iwOb †Uwjwfk‡b

wKfv‡e iwOb Qwe †f‡m I‡V|

iwOb †Uwjwfkb

iwOb Abyôvb m¤cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ iwOb †Uwjwfk‡b †h mKj †gŠwjK hš¿cvwZ eëüZ nq, mv`vKv‡jv Abyôvb

m¤cÖPv‡ii RbÏ GKB hš¿cvwZ eëüZ nq| Z‡e is m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ †cÖiY I MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ iwOb †Uwjwfk‡b evowZ

wKQy hš¿cvwZ eëüZ nq|

iwOb †Uwjwfk‡bi K¨v‡givq iwOb Qwe Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ jvj, bxj I meyR G wZbwU is-Gi c„_K c„_K B‡jKUªb

wUDe _v‡K| iwOb †Uwjwfk‡bi MÖvnK h‡š¿I wZbwU is †hgb jvj, bxj I mey‡Ri Rb¨ wZbwU B‡jKUªbMvb eënvi

Kiv nq| Gi c`©vI ˆZix nq wZb iKg dmdi `vbv w`‡q| B‡jKUªb Mvb †_‡K hLb dmdiv‡mi Dci B‡jKUªb

exg cwZZ nq ZLb GKUv we‡kl is ïay GKwU we‡kl is-Gi `vbv‡K Av‡jvwKZ K‡i| d‡j c`©vq GKB mv‡_ dz‡U

I‡V jvj, bxj I meyR i‡Oi we› y, hvi wewfbœ iKg wgkª‡Y †Uwjwfkb c`©vq dz‡U I‡V iwOb Qwe|

iwOb †Uwjwfkb m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv wkLjvg †h, iwOb †Uwjwfk‡b iwOb Qwe Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ g~jZ:

jvj, bxj I meyR G wZbwU is eëüZ nq|

eënvi:

GLb Avgiv †Uwjwfk‡bi eënvi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| †Uwjwfk‡bi eûgyLx eënvi i‡q‡Q| †hgb-

1. wk¶vg~jK Abyôvb cÖPv‡i

2. †Ljvayjv welqK Abyôvb cÖPv‡i

3. wPËwe‡bv`‡b

4. e¨vemv-evwY‡Rï Lei cÖPv‡i|

5. ¯v¯’ welqK m‡PZbZv e„w×‡Z|

6. cwi‡ek welqK Abyôvb cÖPv‡i

7. msev` cÖPv‡i|

8. wewfbœ weÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g cY¨ †Kbv †ePvq|

wk¶v_©xi KvR

Z_¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g Ges Z_¨‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g bq-cÖ‡Z¨KwUi ‡ÿ‡Î

cuvPwU K‡i B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿i QK ˆZwi Kiæb

wPÎ 13.3.6 : iwOb †Uwjwfkb

weÁvb BDwbU 13


mvivsk

†eZvi eë¯’vq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `ywU As‡ki GKwU †cÖiY eë¯’v I AciwU MÖnY eë¯’v| iw½b †Uwjwfk‡b wZbwU is-Gi

B‡jKUªbMvb eënvi Kiv nqÑ jvj, bxj I meyR|



1| †iwWI‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Zwor ms‡K‡Zi DrmÑ

K) Qwe L) `„k¨

M) kã Zi½ N) evnK Zi½

2| iwOb †Uwjwfk‡b eëüZ nqÑ

K) cuvPwU †gŠwjK iO L) wZbwU †gŠwjK iO

M) PviwU †gŠwjK iO N) GKwU †gŠwjK iO

3| iwOb †Uwjwfk‡b eëüZ nq-

i) jvj iO

ii) njy` iO

iii) meyR iO

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii



†Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj Ges d¨v·

D‡Ïk¨


†Uwj‡dv‡bi g~jbxwZ I Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

†gvevB‡ji Kvh©µg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

d¨v· hš¿ wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã

†Uwj‡dvb, d¨v·, †gvevBj, K¤úb

†Uwj‡dvb :

eZ©gv‡bi G Kg©eûj Rxeb‡K †Uwj‡dvb K‡i‡Q A‡bK mnR| AvR Avi `~ieZ©x ¯’v‡b msev` †cuŠ‡Q

w`‡Z wM‡q mgq Avi A‡_©i AcP‡qi `iKvi nq bv| †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g AwZ Aí mg‡q Ges Kg Li‡P msev`

Av`vb cÖ vb Kiv hvq| Pjyb GLb Avgiv †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g msev` Av`vb cÖ vb c×wZwU wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv

Kwi| `~ieZ©x †jv‡Ki mv‡_ K_v ejvi GKwU hš¿ †Uwj‡dvb| 1876 wLª÷v‡ã Av‡jKRvÛvi MÖvnvg †ej G hš¿

Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| †Uwj‡dv‡b cÖavbZ `y‡Uv cÖavb Ask _v‡K, h_v- †cÖiK hš¿ I MÖvnK hš¿| cÖwZwU †Uwj‡dvb †m‡UB

ms‡KZ †cÖiY I MÖn‡Yi e¨e¯’v _v‡K| myZivs cÖwZwU †Uwj‡dv‡bB †cÖiK I MÖvnK hš¿ _v‡K| †Uwj‡dv‡bi

n¨vÛ‡m‡Ui gvD_wcmwU gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi ev MÖvnK h‡š¿i Ges BqviwcmwU w¯úKv‡ii ev †cÖiK h‡š¿i KvR K‡i|

†Uwj‡dv‡bi Kvh©cÖYvjx:

†cÖiK hš¿

†cÖiK h‡š¿ mvaviYZ avZz wbwg©Z GKwU cvZ _v‡K| G‡K Wvqvd«vg e‡j| G cv‡Zi mvg‡b A_©vr gvD_wc‡m K_v

ej‡j cvZwU Kuvc‡Z _v‡K Ges G K¤úb Kve©b KzwP fwZ© GKwU ev‡·i ga¨w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq| kã bv Ki‡j

Wvqvd«vgwU ¯vfvweK Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m| K¤ú‡bi d‡j Kve©‡bi KzwP¸‡jv msKzwPZ nq Ges Gi ga¨w`‡q AwaK

cwigvY Zwor cÖevwnZ nq| ¯vfvweK Ae¯’vq Kve©b KzwP¸‡jv cÖmvwiZ n‡q Av‡jv`v n‡q c‡o| d‡j, Kg cwigvY

Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡Z _v‡K| gvB‡µv‡dvb n‡”Q Wvqvd«vg Ges Kve©bKzwPi mgšq| Gfv‡e gvB‡µv‡dvb K_vevZ©v ev

kã Zi½‡K Zwor ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ K‡i| G ms‡KZ †Uwj‡dv‡bi Zvi w`‡q Aci †Uwj‡dv‡bi Bqviwc‡m †cuŠ‡Q|

MÖvnK hš¿

Bqviwcm ev w¯úKv‡i Aew¯’Z MÖvnK h‡š¿ †jvnvi cvZjv Wvqvd«vg _v‡K Ges Gi m‡½ Mv‡q Zv‡ii KzÛjx Rov‡bv

GKwU Ak¦¶zivK…wZ ¯’vqx Pz¤K _v‡K| †jvnvi cvZwU ZviKzÛjxhy³ Pz¤‡Ki †giyØ‡qi mvg‡b nvjKvfv‡e mshy³

wPÎ 13.4.1 : †Uwj‡dv‡bi Kvh©cÖYvjx

cvV-13.4

weÁvb BDwbU 13


_v‡K| †cÖiK h‡š¿i gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi mvg‡b K_v ej‡j Gi cvZwU Kuvc‡Z _v‡K| G K¤úb gvB‡µv‡dv‡b Aew¯’Z

Kve©b¸‡jv‡Z ch©vqµ‡g Pvc †`q Ges cigyn~‡Z© †Q‡o †`q| d‡j Zwor cÖev‡ni ZviZg¨ N‡U|

Zwor cÖev‡ni ZviZ‡gï Rb¨ Pz¤‡Ki kw³i ZviZg¨ N‡U| kw³ †ewk n‡j †ewk †Rv‡i MÖvnK h‡š¿i Wvqvd«vg‡K

AvKl©Y Ki‡e| Pz¤‡Ki kw³ Kg n‡j Kg †Rv‡i Wvqvd«vg‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡e| myZivs †cÖiK h‡š¿i cvZwU †h K¤ú‡b

Kuvc‡Z _v‡K wVK †mfv‡eB MÖvnK h‡š¿i cvZwUI Kuvc‡Z _v‡K| myZivs gvD_ wc‡m †hiƒc K_v ejv nq, Bqvi

wc‡mI wVK †miƒc K_v ev kã m„wó nq| A_©vr †cÖiK h‡š¿ Ôn¨v‡jvÕ ej‡j MÖvnK h‡š¿ Ôn¨v‡jvÕ †kvbv hv‡e| Avevi

Aci c¶ †_‡K hLb n¨v‡jvi Reve †`b ZLb Zv Avevi gvD_wc‡mi gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g Zwor ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ

n‡q GKB c×wZ‡Z kã Zi‡½ cwiYZ n‡q †cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki g‡a¨ K_vevZ©v Pvjbv K‡i| cÖwZwU †Uwj‡dvb †mUB

AvÂwjK †Uwj‡dvb Awd‡mi mv‡_ Zv‡ii gva¨‡g mshy³ _v‡K| AvÂwjK †Uwj‡dvb Awd‡mi gva¨‡g Ab¨

†Uwj‡dv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i|

†Uwj‡dv‡b 0 †_‡K 9 ch©šÍ b¤i †jLv _v‡K| b¤i¸‡jvi ga¨ n‡Z MÖvn‡Ki b¤‡ii msL¨v¸wj Nywi‡q ev Wvqvj K‡i

GK †Uwj‡dvb †mU †_‡K Ab¨ †m‡U `yÕR‡b K_v evZ©v ejv hvq|

†Uwj‡dv‡b msev` `yÕfv‡e Av`vb cÖ vb Kiv hvq, h_v- GbvjM I wWwRUvj| GbvjM eë¯’vq kã‡K mivmwi Zwo‡Z

cwiYZ K‡i †cÖiY Kiv nq| wWwRUvj eë¯’vq Zworkw³‡K wWwRUvj msev‡` iƒcvšÍi K‡i| GbvjM c×wZ‡Z kã

Av`vb-cÖ v‡b Amyweav nq wKš‘ wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z kã Av`vb cÖ vb myweav nq| eZ©gv‡b wWwRUvj †Uwj‡dvb eë¯’v

eûjfv‡e cÖPwjZ| GwUi myweav nj Kw¤úDUvi eë¯’vi m‡½ mn‡R †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| eZ©gv‡b †Uwj‡dv‡b

msev` Av`v‡bi Av‡iv myweav n‡q‡Q| Zviwenxb †Uwj‡dv‡bi eënvi †e‡o hv‡”Q| AvRKvj gvbyl †gvevBj

†Uwj‡dv‡b AwZ mn‡R †h †Kvb RvqMv‡Z †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†Uwj‡dv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ msev` Av`vb cÖ v‡bi †¶‡Î `yÕiKg eë¯’v Av‡Q| GKwU n‡jv G·‡P‡Äi gva¨‡g Ges Avb¨wU

n‡jv mivmwi Wvqvwjs K‡i| cÖ_gwU‡Z Acv‡iUi‡K b¤i ej‡j wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b we‡kl K‡i gd¯j kn‡i GgwbK †QvU

_vbv kn‡i †hvMv‡hv‡Mi eë¯’v K‡i †Ìqv nq| G c×wZ‡K Uªv¼ Kj e‡j| wØZxq c×wZ‡Z MÖvnK wb‡R †`‡ki GK

¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b mivmwi Wvqvwjs K‡i K_v ej‡Z cv‡ib| G‡K NWD ev †bkvbIqvBW Wvqvwjs e‡j| eo eo

kni †_‡K c„w_exi †h †Kvb †`‡ki gvby‡li mv‡_ mivmwi Wvqvwjs‡qi gva¨‡g K_v ejv hvq| G‡K ISD ev

B›Uvib¨vkbvj mve¯ŒvBevi Wvqvwjs e‡j| †Uwj‡dvb cÖhyw³ GZ †ewk DbœwZ K‡i‡Q †h, mgMÖ we‡k¦i msev` GLb

gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ †h †Kvb AÂ‡ji gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cuŠQvb m¤¢e|

†mj †dvb ev †gvevBj †dvb:

†gvevBj †dvb g~jZ: mivmwi MÖvn‡Ki mv‡_ K_v ejv Ges †kvbvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| †gvevBj †dv‡bi myweav n‡jv

GUv Zviwenxb Ges †QvU nIqvq †h‡Kvb mgq †h‡Kvb ¯’v‡b enb Kiv hvq|

wPÎ 13.4.2 : †gvevBj †dvb



†gvevBj †dv‡bi Kvh©cÖYvjx:

†gvevBj †dvb Zv‡ii gva¨‡g †Uwj‡dvb Awdm ev Ab¨ †dv‡bi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K bv| mvaviY †Uwj‡dv‡bi †P‡q

†gvevBj †dv‡bi Kvh©cÖYvjx GKUz wfbœ ai‡bi| mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, Avcwb hLb †gvevB‡j K_v ej‡eb Avcbvi

eÜzi mv‡_ ZLb †gvevBj Avcbvi K_v‡K ê`y¨wZK ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡e, hv wewfbœ Kvh©cÖYvjxi gva¨‡g †eZvi

Zi‡½ cwiYZ n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z G †eZvi Zi½ Avcbvi eÜzi †gvevB‡j †cuŠQ‡e Ges Avcbvi eÜzi †gvevBj G

†eZvi Zi½‡K kã Zi‡½ cwiYZ Ki‡e| hv Avcbvi eÜz Avcbvi K_v wn‡m‡e ïb‡e| †gvevBj †dv‡bi

Kvh©cÖYvjxi mvaviY GKwU eY©bv GLv‡b †`qv n‡jv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ †gvevBj †dv‡bi Kvh©cÖYvjx, Dc‡i ewY©Z

Kvh©cÖYvjxi †P‡q RwUj|

d¨v·

eZ©gvbKv‡j msev` Av`vb-cÖ v‡bi †¶‡Î d¨v· ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q| d¨v· GKwU msw¶ß Bs‡iwR kã hvi c~Y©

kã nj d¨vw·wgj| GwU Ggb GKwU hš¿ hv Øviv wjwLZ e³e¨ GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨¯’v‡b †cuŠQv‡bv hvq| g‡b Kwi, GK

c„ôvq GKwU wjwLZ e³e¨ evsjv‡`k †_‡K hy³iv‡óª cvVv‡bv ìKvi| d¨v· h‡š¿ KvMRwU cÖ‡ek Kiv‡j KvM‡R

wjwLZ A¶i ev kã¸‡jvi cÖwZ”Qwe cÖPvi h‡š¿i gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k †_‡K hy³iv‡óª †cuŠ‡Q hvq| hy³iv‡óªi MÖvnK hš¿

e³‡eï cÖwZ”Qwe‡K wcÖ›Uv‡ii gva¨‡g AweKjfA‡e cÖKvk K‡i|

-GLb GKwU e K WvqvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g Avgiv G m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv cwi¯‹vifv‡e eySe|

†cÖwiZ msev` ev wjwLZ e³e¨ h‡š¿ ¯’vcb Ki‡j Zv B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿i gva¨‡g cÖwZ”Qwe‡Z cwiYZ nq Ges cÖPvi

h‡š¿i gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ MšÍ‡e¨ †cuŠ‡Q hvq| MÖvnK hš¿ G msev` ev e³e¨ c~e©er K‡i wcÖ›Uv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ AweKjfv‡e

cÖKvk K‡i|

d¨v· h‡š¿i †¶‡Î gvB‡µvI‡qf I m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui gva¨‡g msev` Av`vb cÖ vb Kiv nq|

G †gwk‡b msev` Av`vb cÖ v‡bi `ªyZZv Kg-‡ewk Kiv m¤¢e| cÖhyw³i DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi `¶Zv I ªyZZv

evo‡Q| G hš¿wU‡K †Uwj‡dvb, Kwcqvi, †iKW©vi BZ¨vw` wn‡m‡eI eënvi Kiv hvq|

wk¶v_©xi KvR

`~ieZ©x ¯’v‡b msev` †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ Avcbvi wbKU †Kvb hš¿wU me‡P‡q

myweavRbK g‡b nq Ges †Kb g‡b nq

mvivsk

`~ieZ©x †jv‡Ki mv‡_ mivmwi K_v ejvi hš¿ †Uwj‡dvb|†Uwj‡dv‡b cÖavbZ `y‡Uv cÖavb Ask _v‡K, h_v- MÖvnK hš¿

I †cÖiK hš¿|†Uwj‡dv‡b msev` Av`vb cÖ v‡bi c×wZ `yÕcÖKvi h_v- GbvjM I wWwRUvj|

wPÎ: 13.4.3: d¨v· h‡š¿i eøK wPÎ

weÁvb BDwbU 13




1| †Kvb c×wZ‡Z we‡`‡k †Uwj‡dvb Kiv mnR

K) GbWweøDwW L) wcGweG·

M) GmwUwW N) AvBGmwW

2| †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb K_vevZ©v ev Z_¨ †cÖiY I MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq-

K) †eZvi Zi½ L) Zvi

M) Kw¤úDUvi N) Av‡jv

3| d¨v·-Gi gva¨‡g †Kvb ai‡bi kã cvVv‡bv nq-

K) KvM‡R wjwLZ e³e¨ L) mvaviY K_v

M) wfwWI N) AwWI

4| GbvjM ms‡KZ mvaviYZ e¨eüZ nq-

i) †iwWI‡Z

ii) †Uwjwfk‡b

iii) †Uwj‡dv‡b


K) i I ii L) i I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii 5| cwievwn Zv‡ii gva¨‡g `~ieZ©x †jv‡Ki mv‡_ K_v ejvi hš¿‡K e‡j-

K) †Uwj‡dvb L) †eZvi

M) †UwjMÖvd N) †Uwjwfkb



Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU Ges B-†gBj

D‡Ïk¨


Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨, †kªwYwefvM, MVb Ges eënvi m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ms‡hvM cÖYvjx I eënvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

B‡gBj Av`vb-cÖ vb cÖYvjx Ges eënvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã

Kw¤úDUvi, nvW©Iq¨vi, BDRvi, j¨vcUc, mdUIq¨vi

Kw¤úDUvi

eZ©gv‡b hyM‡K ejv nq weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wecø‡ei hyM| Avi G wecø‡ei †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii f~wgKvB

cÖavb, Kw¤úDUv‡ii Avwe®‹vi gvbe mf¨Zvi Avg~j cwieZ©b G‡b w`‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi KvRK‡g©i

AwaKvsk eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi Øviv m¤úbœ n‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi‡K Aí K_vq msÁvwqZ Kiv KwVb| Z‡e

†h‡nZz KgwcDU gv‡b wnmve ev MYbv Kiv, AZGe Kw¤úDUvi A_© wnmveKvix ev MYbvKvix| mvaviY A‡_©

Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q wnmve ev MYbv Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ hš¿we‡kl| Kw¤úDUvi ïay MvwYwZK wnmveB K‡l bv, hyyw³ I

wm×všÍg~jK KvRI K‡i|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨

`ªyZMwZ : Kw¤úDUvi AZ¨šÍ ªyZMwZ‡Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUv‡ii G MwZ‡K b¨v‡bv †m‡K‡Û wnmve Kiv hvq|

cybive„wË : Kw¤úDUvi GKB KvR j¶evi GKB cÖwµqvq mgvav Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wbfy©jZv : Kw¤úDUv‡ii WvUv cÖwµqvRvZKi‡bi D”P ¶gZv wbfy©jfv‡e djvdj cÖ vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

msi¶Y Ges cyb:eënvi : Kw¤úDUvi †ggwi‡Z WvUv msi¶b K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b †mwU eënvi Ki‡Z

cv‡i|

K¬vwšÍnxbZv : Kw¤úDUvi GKUvbv Kv‡Ri d‡j ev evi evi wb‡`©kbv cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j Zvi Kg©¶gZv nvivq bv|

my²Zv : MYbvi my²Zv A‡bK †ewk A_©vr DËi A‡bK `kwgK ’vb ch©šÍ ï×|

GLb Avgiv Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kie|

mycvi Kw¤úDUvi

†gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi

wgwb Kw¤úDUvi

gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi

GLb Avgiv G mKj Kw¤úDUvi wb‡q msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Kie|

mycvi Kw¤úDUvi- G ai‡Yi Kw¤úDUvi AvKvi I AvK…wZ‡Z A‡bK eo Ges GKB ms‡M ARmª WvUv AZ¨šÍ `ªyZZvi

mv‡_ cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i AmsL¨ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cvV-13.5

weÁvb BDwbU 13


†gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi- GwUI GKwU e„n`vKvi Kw¤úDUvi| G Kw¤úDUvi A‡bK iKg BbcyU I AvDUcyU hš¿ Ges

A‡bK iKg mnvqK ¯§„wZi mv‡_ ms‡hvM i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wgwb Kw¤úDUvi- mycvi Kw¤úDUvi Ges †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q †QvU Ges Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg ¶gZvm¤úbœ|

gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi- Awdm Av`vjZ, cÖwZi¶v eë¯’vq, QvcvLvbv, msev`c‡Îi Awdm, M„n¯’vwji Kv‡R, †Ljvayjv I

wPËwe‡bv`‡bi Kv‡R G RvZxq Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ nq|

gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi‡K Avevi K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|

†W¯‹Uc, j¨vcUc, †bvUeyK, cvgUc, c‡KU

ïaygvÎ Kw¤úDUvi Øviv GKwU KvR m¤ú~Y©iy‡c m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢e bq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g †Kvb KvR mym¤úbœ Kivi

Rb¨ PviwU Dcv`vb ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| †hgb- BDRvi, WvUv, nvW©Iq¨vi Ges mdUIq¨vi (wPÎ 13.5.1)|

Pjyb GLb Avgiv BDRvi, WvUv, nvW©Iq¨vi Ges mdUIq¨vi m¤ú‡K© wek`fv‡e †R‡b †bB|

BDRvi- whwb Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv msi¶Y K‡ib ev Kw¤úDUv‡i msiw¶Z WvUv eënvi K‡ib, wZwb BDRvi|

WvUv- ev¯ÍweKZv ev msL¨v hv Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ nq Zv‡K WvUv e‡j|

nvW©Iq¨vi- mKj hš¿cvwZ‡K nvW©Iq¨vi e‡j| Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi ej‡Z Avgiv Kw¤úDUv‡ii †mme

Askmg~n‡K eywS hv nvZ Øviv ¯úk© Kiv hvq Ges GK ’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b †bqv hvq| †hgb-

gwbUi, †Kwms, mvaviYfv‡e †Kwms-‡K A‡b‡KB CPU e‡j _v‡K| †Kwms-Gi g‡a¨ Avevi gv`vi †evW©, cÖ‡mmi,

cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbU BZ¨vw` hš¿vsk _v‡K| GQvovI Kx †evW©, gvDm, wcÖ›Uvi, g‡Wg, d¬wc wW¯‹ WªvBf, d¬wc wW¯‹,

wmwW, wmwW WªvBf, w¯úKvi BZ¨vw` nvW©Iq¨v‡ii Askmg~n|

nvW©Iq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cuvPwU Ask| h_v :

AšÍM©vgx Ask (Input Unit)

ewnM©vgx Ask (Output Unit)

cÖ‡mwms BDwbU (PU)

wPÎ 13.5.1 : Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh©cÖYvjx



cÖavb ¯§„wZ Ask (Main Memory Unit)

mnvqK ¯§„wZ Ask (Auxilary Memory Unit) Pjyb GLb Avgiv nvW©Iq¨v‡ii wewfbœ Ask wb‡q msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Kwi|

AšÍ©Mvgx Ask (Input Unit)nvW©Iq¨v‡i WvUv Ges wb‡`©kvejx cÖ‡ek Kiv‡Z e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- Kx †evW©, gvDm,

¯‹¨vbvi, wfwWI K¨v‡giv, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, gvB‡µv‡dvb (wPÎ 13.5.2)|

ewnM©vgx Ask (Output Unit) GKwU nvW©vIq¨vi hv BDRvi‡K Z_¨ cÖ vb K‡i| †hgb- gwbUi, w¯úKvi, wcÖ›Uvi (wPÎ

13.5.3)|

cÖ‡mwms BDwbU (PU) †Kwms- Gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z, gv`vi †ev‡W©i mswkøó cÖ‡mmi hv mKj DcvË‡K cÖ‡mm K‡i _v‡K

(wPÎ 13.5.4)|

wPÎ 13.5.2 : Kw¤úDUv‡ii AšÍM©vgx Ask

wPÎ 13.5.3 : Kw¤úDUv‡ii ewnM©vgx Ask

wPÎ: 13.5.4 : Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡mwms BDwbU

weÁvb BDwbU 13


cÖavb ¯§„wZ Ask(Main Memory Unit) GKwU A ’vqx msi¶b eë ’v, ªyZ cwieZ©bkxj| †hgb-RAM (wPÎ 13.5.5)

mnvqK ¯§„wZ Ask- GwU `xN© †gqv`x msi¶Y eë¯’v, `ªyZ cwieZ©bkxj bq, WvUv ivLvi wbivc` eë¯’v hv cÖ‡qvR‡b

c‡i eënvi Kiv hvq| †hgb- nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf, wW‡¯‹U WªvBf, wmwW WªvBf (wPÎ 13.5.6)|

GZ¶Y Avcbviv nvW©Iq¨v‡ii wewfbœ Ask †hgb- AšÍM©vgx Ask, ewnM©vgx Ask, cÖ‡mwms BDwbU, cÖavb ¯§„wZ Ask

Ges mnvqK ¯§„wZ Ask wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ïb‡jb| GLb Av‡jvPbv Kie Kw¤úDUv‡ii Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask

mdUIq¨vi wb‡q|

mdUIq¨vi- Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍixY Kvh©vejx wbqš¿b I eënvwiK Kvh©vµg m¤úv`‡bi wb‡`©kmg~n‡K e‡j

mdUIq¨vi ev †cÖvMÖvg| GwU GKwU A`„k¨ wb‡`©‡ki mgwó hv Kw¤úDUvi‡K wK Ki‡Z n‡e Zv e‡j †`q|

mdUIq¨vi‡K Avevi `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wm‡óg mdUIq¨vi Ges A¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi|

wm‡óg mdUIq¨vi- GwU Ggb GKwU mdUIq¨vi hv Kw¤úDUvi‡K Pvjy Ki‡Z Ges Pvjy ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|

G¸‡jv‡K Acv‡iwUs wm‡ógI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:- Wm, gvB‡µvmdU BD‡Ûvm, wjbv·, AIX BZ¨vw`|

A¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi:- GwU Ggb GKwU mdUIq¨vi hv BDRv‡ii Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eëüZ nq| †hgb:- G‡·j,

cvIqvi c‡q›U, MS-word, †cB›U BZ¨vw`|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g

Kw¤úDUvi BbcyU As‡ki gva¨‡g Z_¨ MÖnY K‡i hv †m›Uªvj cª‡mwms BDwbU cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i| †m›Uªvj cÖ‡mwms

BDwbU Avevi wb¤œwjwLZ wZbwU As‡ki gva¨‡g KvR m¤úbœ K‡i|

K) wbqš¿Y Ask : wbqš¿Y Ask †cÖvMÖv‡gi wb`©kbv‡K mvwR‡q, †evaMg¨ K‡i ms‡KZ m„wó K‡i|

L) MvwYwZK ev hyw³ Ask : MvwYwZK ev hyw³ Ask, MvwYwZK ev hyw³ welqK DcvË‡K wewfbœ As‡k †cÖiY I MÖnY K‡i|

M) Af¨šÍixY ¯§„wZ Ask : cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi mgq G As‡k ¯§„wZ Rgv _v‡K Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b G Ask †_‡K Z_¨

wb‡q hveZxq KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq|

wPÎ: 13.5.5 : cÖavb ¯§„wZ Ask

wPÎ: 13.5.6 : mnvqK ¯§„wZ Ask



me‡k‡l AvDUcyU As‡ki gva¨‡g cÖwµqvRvZK…Z djvdj cvIqv hvq|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi

Kw¤úDUv‡ii eûwea e¨venvi i‡q‡Q, hv AvR‡Ki Abyôv‡bi G Aí cwimi mg‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB

GLb Avgiv ïaygvÎ Kw¤úDUv‡ii AwZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wKQy eënvi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| †hgb-

M„n¯’vwji Kv‡R-mK‡ji mv‡_ †h †Kvb mgq †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z, Ab-jvBb e¨vswKs-Gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ Avw_©K

†jb‡`‡b-

wk¶v‡¶‡Î:- M‡elYv, †kªwYK‡¶ wkLb, ¯wkLb BZ¨vw` Kv‡R|

wPwKrmv †¶‡Î:- ECG, mvR©vwi cÖf„wZ eë¯’vq|

hvZvqv‡Zi †¶‡Î:- gnvKvk hv‡bi hvwš¿K wbqš¿‡b, Mvwoi w`K wb‡ ©kbvq|

wkíKviLvbvq:- wkí KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z cY¨ mvgMÖxi ¸bMZ gvb wbqš¿‡Y|

†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq- B-†gB‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Lye mn‡RB Ges Kg mg‡q AwaK msev` †cÖiY I MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î|

cÖwZi¶v eë¯’vq : †mbvevwnbx cwiPvjbv, A‡Mœqv¯¿ wbqš¿b, †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw` Kv‡R|

M‡elYvi †¶‡Î: †hgb Z_¨ we‡køl‡Y, wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` mÜv‡b|

†mvk¨vj †bUIqvwK©s : †dmeyK, UzBUvi BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g cyiv‡bv Ges bZzb eÜz‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶vKv‡j|

B›Uvi‡bU

International Network Gi msw¶ß iƒc‡K B›Uvi‡bU e‡j| Kw¤úDUvi †hgb ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb hvcb, weÁvb cÖhyw³‡Z

†i‡L‡Q Acwimxg Ae`vb †Zgwb B›Uvi‡b‡Ui eënvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvM‡¶Î‡K evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q A‡bK¸b| Avi

Kw¤úDUvi G B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM wb‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi, g‡Wg, †Uwj‡dvb jvBb Ges

mdUIq¨v‡ii| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡k †gvevB‡j B›Uvi‡bU eënvi eûj cÖPwjZ, G eë¯’vqI Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡Zv

g‡Wg, †Uwj‡dvb jvBb Ges mdUIq¨v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq|

wPÎ: 13.5.7 : Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g

Af¨šÍixY

weÁvb BDwbU 13


B›Uvi‡b‡Ui eënvi

miKvix cÖwZôvb : miKvix wewfbœ wewfvM ev cÖwZôvb B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Lye mn‡RB †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb ev Rb

mvavi‡Yi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wkícÖwZôvb : B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ cY¨ Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb mn‡RB Zvi mieivnKvix, †µZv Ges GZ& msµvšÍ

mKj gvby‡li mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|

¯^v¯’ †K› ª : B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i M‡elK, Wv³vi, †ivMx Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i, Avevi

ci¯ú‡ii KvQ †_‡KI Z_¨ Rvb‡Z, civgk© w`‡Z I MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb; wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs-Gi gva¨‡g

mn‡RB wewfbœ †`‡ki we‡klÁ wPwKrmKiv GKwU iyMx wb‡q Av‡jvPbv mfv ewm‡q Zvi wPwKrmv c×wZ m¤ú‡K© GKwU

wm×v‡šÍ †cŠQ‡Z cv‡ib|

wk¶v cÖwZôvb : B›Uvi‡bU wk¶K, M‡elK, QvÎ‡ì M‡elYvi †¶‡Î w`‡q‡Q Acwimxg my‡hvM| †hgb GKRb

wk¶K, M‡elK, QvÎ Zvi M‡elYvi Kv‡R mnvqZvi Rb¨ `~‡i e‡mI B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wbqwgZ

†hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges c„w_exi wewfbœ Ab-jvBb jvB‡eªix †_‡K Zvi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i eB ev Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i

eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb : B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ RbmvaviY †Kv_vq †Kvb Abyôvb †Kvb mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb Øviv AbywôZ n‡”Q

Zv Rvbv‡Z cv‡i|

mvP© BwÄb : B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ †h †Kvb welq m¤ú‡K© AwZ mn‡R mÜvb BÄb ev eënvi K‡i Z_¨ Rvbv hvq|

Yahoo.com, Google.com G ai‡bi mvP© BwÄb|

P¨vU iyg : Gi gva¨‡g `yÕRb ev Z‡ZvwaK B›Uvi‡bU BDRvi GKmv‡_ GKB mgq †jLv wewbgq Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr

Avcbviv A‡bK eÜz GKmv‡_ e‡m GKRb K_v ej‡j †hgb mevB GKB mgq Zv ïb‡Z cvb †Zgwb PvU iy‡g GKRb

†jL‡j mevB †m †jLv GKB mgq †`L‡Z cv‡eb| A‡bKUv GKmv‡_ e‡m AvÇv †`qvi gZ|

eëmvwqK †jb‡`b : A_©vqb I A_© eë¯’vcbv (FY ms¯’vb, A_© ¯’vbvšÍi, BZ¨vw`) m¤úwK©Z Kg©KvÛ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui

mvnv‡h¨ AwZ mn‡R m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|

B-Kgvm© : B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i cY¨ ev †mevi weµq ev cÖmvi m¤úbœ Kiv nq|

B-†gBj : Gi gva¨‡g GKRb B›Uvi‡bU BDRvi Zvi †h †Kvb Z_¨, wWwRUvj Qwe BZ¨vw` AwZ `ªyZ MwZ‡Z c„w_exi

†h †Kvb cÖv‡šÍ cvVv‡Z ev MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| B-‡gBj eënv‡ii myweav nj GwU AwZ `ªyZ MwZ‡Z Ges AwZ Aí

Li‡P c„w_exi †h †Kvb cÖv‡šÍ Lei †cŠ‡Q w`‡Z cv‡i|

we‡bv`b gva¨g: B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g GLb †h †Kv‡bv wm‡bgv, bvUK, †iwWI ev †Uwjwfk‡b m¤úÖPvwiZ Abyôvb †h

†Kv‡bv mgq N‡i e‡m Dc‡fvM Kiv m¤¢e| N‡i e‡m B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨g †Uªb, evm ev wegv‡bi wUwKU eywKs †`qv

†h‡Z cv‡i|

B-†gBj

B‡jKUªwbK †gB‡ji msw¶ßiyc n‡”Q B-‡gBj| GwU d¨v· h‡š¿i gZ KvR K‡i| †h‡nZz B-‡gBj eënvi Kivi

Rb¨ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb nq, †m‡nZz B-‡gBj-Gi eënv‡ii RbÏ Kw¤úDUvi, g‡Wg, †Uwj‡dv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

eo AvKv‡ii msev` Ges eûj cwigvb DcvË B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g B-†gB‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Av`vb I cÖ vb Kiv hvq|

Pjyb GLb GKwU cÖevnwP‡Îi gva¨‡g B‡gBj †cÖiY I MÖnY eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© ey‡S †bB|

Kw¤úDUvi msiw¶Z AšÍ:Mvgx DcvË¸‡jv‡K ch©vqµ‡g myweavRbK dvB‡j Rgv K‡i| AZ:ci AšÍ:Mvgx Z_¨‡K

gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi mv‡_ wgwk‡q m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui gva¨‡g `~‡i cvVv‡bv nq| AšÍ:Mvgx Z_¨‡K gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi mv‡_

†gkv‡bvi G c×wZ‡K gWy‡jkb e‡j| MÖvnK Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡Wg G gWy‡jkbK…Z Z_¨‡K MÖnb K‡i gvB‡µvI‡qf

†_‡K cÖK…Z Z_¨‡K c„_K K‡i| gvB‡µvI‡qf †_‡K cÖK…Z Z_¨‡K c„_K Kivi G c×wZ‡K wW gWy‡jkb e‡j|



MÖvnK Kw¤úDUvi cÖvß DcvË ev Z_¨‡K ch©vqµ‡g myweavRbK dvB‡j Rgv K‡i hv cieZ©x‡Z myweavRbK mg‡q

eënvi Kiv nq| B-‡gBj †cÖiY I MÖn‡bi Rb¨ Dfq cÖv‡šÍ Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kiv nq|

B-†gB‡ji Rb¨ †h mdUIq¨vi _v‡K †mLvb †_‡K B-‡gBj K‡¤úvR Kivi Rb¨ page wU †ei K‡i B-†gBj K‡¤úvR

Kiyb| Gici send evUb-G wK¬K Kiyb| GLb †g‡mRwU †cÖiK Kw¤úDUv‡ii ISP-Gi †gBj mvf©v‡i P‡j hv‡e|

†gBj mvf©vi B-†gBj A¨v‡WªmwU cix¶v K‡i wm×všÍ †bq GwU †Kvb c‡_ MšÍe¨¯’v‡b †cŠQ‡e| †g‡mRwU B›Uvi‡b‡Ui

gva¨‡g MÖvnK Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ ISP-Gi †gBj mvf©v‡i Rgv n‡e| GLb MÖvnK †PK ev&U‡b wK¬K Ki‡j

B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g †g‡mRwU MÖvnK Kw¤úDUv‡i download n‡e| hv cieZ©x‡Z †h †Kvb mgq MÖvnK Kw¤úDUvi

†_‡K co‡Z cvi‡e| GLb Avgiv B-†gB‡ji eënvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kie|

Avcwb †h‡Kvb mgq, †h‡Kvb ¯’vb †_‡K †g‡mR cvVv‡Z cv‡ib Ges †g‡mR MÖnxZv Zv myweav Abyhvqx Dchy³

mg‡q Dchy³ cwi‡e‡k co‡Z cv‡ib|

GKB †g‡mR GKmv‡_ eûRb‡K cvVv‡Z cv‡ib|

GKB †g‡mR cybivq cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ UvBc Ki‡Z nq bv d‡j kªg Ges mg‡qi mvkªq N‡U|

B-†gBj Zvr¶wbKfv‡e MšÍ‡e¨ †cŠ‡Q hvq|

†g‡m‡Ri mv‡_ wWwRUvj dvBj †hgb B‡jKUªwbK WKz‡g›U, wfwWI wK¬cm, wgDwRK, wWwRUvj Qwe BZ¨vw`

mshy³ K‡i Zr¶Yvr cvVv‡bv hvq|

†gBj e‡· msev` Rgv K‡i ivLv hvq|

B-†gBj cvVv‡bv c×wZ Lye mnR|

wk¶v_©xi KvR

Avcwb AeMZ Av‡Qb †h, Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi eûgyLx| Kw¤úDUv‡ii

eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î Avcbvi wb‡Ri AwfÁZv wjLyb

mvivsk

Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q wnmve-MYbv Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ hš¿ we‡kl| International Network Gi msw¶ß iƒc‡K B›Uvi‡bU

e‡j| B‡jKUªwbK †gB‡ji msw¶ßiyc n‡”Q B-‡gBj|



1| †Kvb eë ’vq Kw¤úDUvi Avek¨Kxq?

K) B‡gBj L) d¨v·

M) †Uwjwfkb N) †gvevBj

2| †KvbwU Qvov Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM Kiv m¤¢e bq?

K) B‡gBj L) B›Uvi‡bU

M) †dmeyK N) BDwUDe

weÁvb BDwbU 13


†hvMv‡hvM m¤úwK©Z hš¿cvwZi eënvi I ¯v¯’ mgm¨v

D‡Ïk¨


AwZwi³ Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii d‡j †h ¯v ’ mgm¨vi m„wó nq Zvi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

mwVKfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kivi Rb¨ †h eë¯’vcbvi ìKvi Zvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

†iwWI, †Uwjwfkb Ges †gvevBj †_‡K m„ó ¯v¯’ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

†iwWI, †Uwjwfkb Ges †gvevB‡ji †¶‡Î †Kvb †Kvb mZK©Zv Aej¤b Ki‡j ¯v¯’ mgm¨v †_‡K `~‡i _vKv

hv‡eÑ Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã

‡iwWI Zi½, UvBc, gvDm

Kw¤úDUvi

eZ©gv‡b †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î Z_¨ I cÖhyw³i †h Avwe¯‹viwU hyMvšÍKvix mdjZv G‡b‡Q, Zv Kw¤úDUvi|

B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv AwZ Aí Li‡P Ges AwZ Aí mg‡q c„w_exi GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K

Ab¨cÖv‡šÍ Z_¨ †cÖiY Ges MÖnY Ki‡Z cvwi| Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii mydjZv m¤ú‡K© Avgiv c~‡e©B †R‡bwQ| GLb

Avgiv, `xN©¶Y Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii d‡j †h ¯v¯’ mgm¨v †`Lv hvq, Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev Ges †mBmv‡_ Gi

cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq¸‡jv wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv Kie|

¯v¯’ mgm¨v:

1. `xN©¶Y Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii d‡j kix‡ii A‡½i e¨_vmn bvbviKg mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| G mgm¨v¸‡jvi

g‡a¨ wc‡V e¨_v, ey‡K e¨_v ev nvZ, Kva, cv Amvo n‡q hvIqvi NUbv¸‡jv `xN©mgq a‡i hviv Kw¤úDUvi

eënvi K‡ib Zv‡ì g‡a¨ LyeB mvaviY| G mgm¨v¸‡jv NUvi KviY Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii mgq mwVKfv‡e bv

emvi Kvi‡Y, Kx-†evW©, gvDm ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ wewfbœ hš¿vsk‡K kixi ev nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ KvR Kivi

Dc‡hvMx mwVK Ae¯’v‡b bv ivLvi Kvi‡Y| Avevi `xN©¶Y Kw¤úDUvi eënvi ¶wZKi wKš‘ AwbqwgZfv‡e

eënv‡ii d‡j DwjøwLZ Gmgm¨v¸‡jv cÖKUfv‡e †`Lv hvq bv| †KejgvÎ `xN©w`b eënv‡ii dj¯iƒcB G

mgm¨v¸‡jv ¯’vqxiƒc aviY K‡i|

2. Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †h D¾¡j Av‡jv †Pv‡L cÖwZdwjZ nq ev †hmKj Qwe wSwKwgwK K‡i, GK „wó‡Z `xN©w`b a‡i

`xN©mgq Zvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q _vK‡j, Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvixi †Pv‡L bvbviKg †ivM †hgb †PvL ï®‹ nIqv, †PvL

R¡vjv †cvov Kiv, †PvL PzjKv‡bv, †PvL jvj n‡q hvIqvi g‡Zv mgm¨v m„wó K‡i, G‡K ejv nq Kw¤úDUvi wfkb

wmb‡Wªvg|

3. `xN©w`b Ges `xN©¶Y Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii d‡j †Pv‡Li `„wókw³i mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| hv A‡bKmgq

gv_ve¨_vi KviY n‡q ùvovq| Nv‡oi e¨_vi Kvi‡YI gv_v e¨_v n‡Z cv‡i|

4. M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, AwZwi³ Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvix we‡kl K‡i ev”Pviv `xN©mgq a‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b

e‡m _vKvq †gvUv nIqvi GKwU KviY| `xN©¶Y Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b e‡m _vKvq Pjv‡div Kg nq d‡j kw³i

AcPq Kg nq| †h Lv`¨ MÖnY Kiv nq Zv AwZwi³ Lv`¨ ev Pwe© wn‡m‡e kixi †_‡K kixi‡K ¯’~j K‡i †Zv‡j|

`xN©w`b Ges `xN©¶Y Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii d‡j mvaviYZ †h mgm¨v¸‡jv nq Zv wb‡q Avgiv Dc‡i Av‡jvPbv

Kijvg| GLb Avgiv G mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvav‡bi Dcvq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

cvV-13.6



Avgiv Rvwb, cÖhyw³ eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì Rxe‡bi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask Ges cÖhyw³i eënvi Qvov wek¦evRv‡i wU‡K

_vKv Am¤¢e| wKš‘ G cÖhyw³ ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi hZ evo‡Q, Gi mv‡_ ¯v¯’ MZ mgm¨vI ZZ evo‡Q|

Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡i mZK©Zv Avgv‡ì ¯v¯’ mgm¨v Kwg‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P Avgiv mwVKfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi

eënv‡ii eë¯’vcbvwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev:

1. Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Kivi mgq †Pqvi Ges †Uwe‡ji Ae¯’vb ev D”PZv Ggb nIqv ìKvi hv‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii

gwbUi eënviKvixi †Pv‡Li †j‡f‡j _v‡K ev Zvi‡P‡q wb‡P _v‡K|

2. wcV †mvRv K‡i †Pqv‡i e‡m Ges cv ywU †g‡Si mv‡_ j¤fv‡e ivLv DwPr| †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB cv Szjv‡bv hv‡e

bv| cv †hb Aek¨B †g‡Si Dci Avivg K‡i ivLv hvq|

3. nv‡Zi KbyB Aek¨B †hb †Pqv‡ii nvZ‡ji Dci Aviv‡g ivLvi eë¯’v _v‡K|

4. wK †ev‡W©i cv‡k gvDm ivL‡Z n‡e| gvDm eënvi Kivi mgq ïaygvÎ nv‡Zi wb‡Pi Ask eënvi bv K‡i

Dc‡ii As‡ki bovPov Kiv DwPr| UvBc Kivi mgq nvZ †Kv‡bv wKQzi Dci w¯’i bv _v‡K|

5. Kv‡Ri duv‡K duv‡K wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ wekªvg †bqv cÖ‡qvRb| G mgq Aí `~i‡Z¡ nuvUv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi nvjKv

nv‡Zi e¨vqvg Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

6. Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`©vi D¾¡jZv Ggbfv‡e mgšq ev A¨vWRv÷ Ki‡Z n‡e †hb GwU †Pv‡Li Dci †Kv‡bv Pvc bv

†d‡j|

7. cÖ‡qvR‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii w¯ŒbwU‡K Kvr K‡i mgšq ev A¨vWRv÷ Kiv hvq|

8. Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`©vwU †hb Aek¨B †PvL †_‡K 50-60 †mw›UwgUvi ~‡i _v‡K|

9. †h mKj Av‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡i c‡o †Pv‡L cÖwZdwjZ nq Zv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb gv_vi DciKvi evwZi Av‡jv,

†Uwe‡ji evwZi Av‡jv BZ¨vw`|

10. wKQz¶Y cici †Pv‡Li Aviv‡gi Rb¨ Ab¨w`‡K ZvKv‡Z n‡e|

11. GK `„wó‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii c ©vi w`‡K bv ZvwK‡q gv‡S gv‡SB †Pv‡Li cjK †dj‡Z n‡e|

†iwWI, †Uwjwfkb I †gvevBj †dvb †_‡K m„ó mgm¨v:

†iwWI, †Uwjwfkb I †gvevBj †dvb †_‡K g~jZ: †h mgm¨v nq Zv n‡jv kã mgm¨v| `xN©mgq a‡i nvBfwjD‡g

†iwWI ev †Uwjwfk‡bi kã ïb‡j Aemv`MÖ ’ n‡q Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri cÖwZ Abxnv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Av‡kcv‡ki evmvq

ev wb‡Ri evmvq hw` †Kvb eq¯‹ gvbyl ev i³Pv‡c AvµvšÍ †ivMx Ges ü`‡ivMx _v‡Kb Z‡e kã ~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y

¯vfvweK RxebhvÎv †hgb Nyg, ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ K_v ejv e¨nZ n‡Z cv‡i, hvi djvdj n‡Z cv‡i Amy¯’Zv| hviv

Lye †ewk †Rv‡i †iwWI ev †Uwjwfkb †_‡K kã ï‡bb, Zviv gv_ve¨_v, Kv‡b Kg †kvbvmn Kvb e¨_v, BZ¨vw`

mgm¨vqI fzM‡Z cv‡ib|

†Uwjwfkb †`Lvi †¶‡Î wKQz eë¯’vcbv MÖnY Kiv DwPr| †Uwjwfkb †_‡K Aek¨B 50-60†m.wg. `~i‡Z¡ e‡m

†Uwjwfkb †`L‡Z n‡e hv‡Z c`©v †_‡K wbtm„Z wewKiY mivmwi cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| †Uwjwfk‡bi c`©v †hb

†PvL †hb GKB †j‡f‡j _v‡K| G‡Z †Pv‡Li Dci AwZwi³ Pvc c‡i bv| GK `„wó‡Z †Uwjwfk‡bi c`©vi Dci bv

ZvwK‡q wKQz¶Y cici †Pv‡Li cjK †djv DwPr| GQvovI AwZwi³ †Uwjwfkb †`Lvi d‡j †hgb Pvi N›Uvi †ewk

†Uwjwfkb †`L‡j ¯v¯’ RwbZ bvbviKg mgm¨v †hgb- gv_ve¨_v, †PvL e¨_v, wb`ªvnxbZv, †Pv‡Li `„wó K‡g hvIqv

BZ¨vw` ¯v¯’ mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i| G mgm¨v wkï‡ì †¶‡Î AviI †ewk cÖfve †d‡j, wkï‡ì ¯vfvweK weKvk‡K

e¨nZ K‡i| ZvQvovI `xN©¶Y a‡i †iwWI ïb‡j ev †Uwjwfkb †`L‡j `xN©¶Y e‡m _vKvi Kvi‡Y kixi ¯’~j n‡Z

cv‡i Ges Wvqv‡ewUm nIqvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv hvq|

†gvevB‡j mvaviYZ wbgœ¶gZvi †iwWI Zi½ eënvi Kiv nq| †gvevB‡ji Ggb eë¯’vcbv _v‡K hv G †iwWI

Zi½‡K †cÖiY I MÖnY K‡i| †gvevB‡j eëüZ G wbgœ ¶gZvi †iwWI Zi½eënviKvixi wK cwigvY ¶wZ Ki‡Z

cv‡i Zv wb‡q M‡elYv Pj‡Q| †gvevB‡j AwZwi³ K_v ej‡j †gvevBj Mig n‡q hvq d‡j gv_ve¨_v, ewgewgfvM,

weÁvb BDwbU 13


Kvbe¨_v BZ¨vw` ¯v¯’ mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i| cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì Rb¨ †gvevBj †Zgb ¶wZKviK bv n‡jI wkï‡ì Rb¨

†gvevBj eënv‡i mZK©Zv Av‡Q| †KvgjgwZ wkï‡ì gw¯Í‡®‹i †Kvl weKv‡k †gvevB‡ji wewKiY mgm¨v m„wó Ki‡Z

cv‡i| c_ cvivcvi ev Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi mgq †gvevBj bv eënvi Kivi Rb¨ Kov wb‡`©k i‡q‡Q| G mKj cwiw¯’wZ‡Z

†gvevBj eënvi Ki‡j, eënviKvix AmZK© n‡q c‡ob Ges eo ai‡bi `yN©Ubv NUvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

wk¶v_©xi KvR

Avcbvi Av‡k cv‡k hviv wbqwgZ Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡ib ev †Uwjwfkb

†`‡Lb Ggb wZbR‡bi cwiPqmn Kw¤úDUvi eënvi ev †Uwjwfkb †`Lvi

d‡j ¯v¯’MZ †h mgm¨v¸‡jvi m¤§ywLb n‡”Qb Zvi GKwU QK ˆZwi Kiæb

mvivsk

`xN©w`b Ges `xN©¶Y Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii d‡j mvaviY m„ó mgm¨v¸‡jv n‡jv-

1. wc‡V, Nv‡o, ey‡K, Kuvamn kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡k e¨_v|

2. †PvL ï®‹ nIqv, R¡vjv †cvov Kiv, †PvL PzjKv‡bv, †PvL jvj n‡q hvIqv mn †Pv‡Li `„wó K‡g hvIqv|

3. kixi ¯’~j nIqv|

`xN©w`b Ges `xN©¶Y †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb Pvjv‡bv wb‡Pi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i-

1. Kv‡b Kg †kvbv|

2. †Pv‡L Kg †`Lv|

3. kixi ¯’~j nIqv|

4. Wvqv‡ewUm nIqv|

c_ cvivcvi ev Mvox Pvjv‡bv mgq †gvevBj eënvi Kiv wec`RbK|



1| xN©w`b Ges `xN©¶Y Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii d‡j

i) wc‡V e¨_v n‡Z cv‡i

ii) my›ì ¯v‡¯’ i AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i

iii) †PvL ï®‹ n‡Z cv‡i


K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii



P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1| iwdK Ges iygvbv `yB fvB-‡evb| iwdK `yÕeQi Av‡M evsjv‡`k cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K cov‡kvbv †kl

K‡i‡Q| Ges †m eQiB D”P wk¶vi Rb¨ Av‡gwiKvi GKUv wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡q Av‡gwiKvq MgY K‡i‡Qb|

iygvbvI G eQi cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K cvk Ki‡Qb| eo fvB‡qi g‡Zv iygvbvi B”Qv D”P wk¶vi Rb¨

Av‡gwiKvi †Kvb wek¦we`¨vj‡q cov‡kvbv Kiv| †h‡nZz iwdK Gi D”P wk¶vi Rb¨ Av‡gwiKvi wek¦we`¨vj‡q

fwZ© nIqvi cÖwµqvwU m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó AwfÁZv i‡q‡Q, myZivs iygvbv iwdK‡K G e¨cv‡i Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi

Rb¨ Aby‡iva K‡ib| iwdK we‡`‡k MÖgY Kij Zvi cwiev‡ii `vwq‡Z¡i cÖwZ m‡PZb| †m memgqB iygvbvi

D”Pwk¶vi welqwU †LvRLei iv‡Lb|

iygvbvi evmvq Zvi evÜex bvnvi AvR we‡K‡j †eov‡Z G‡m Rvbv‡jv †h, Av‡gwiKvi GKwU wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ©i

Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z e‡j‡Q| iygvbv Zr¶bvr Zvi eo fvB iwdK‡K fwZ©i welqwU Rvbv‡jv, iwdK †m g~û‡Z©

evmvq wQj bv| Z‡e †m Z_¨ wb‡q iygvbv‡K Rvbv‡jv, fwZ©i dig Rgv †bqvi †kl ZvwiL gvÎ wZbw`b ci †kl

n‡e Ges Av‡gwiKvi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶Kiv we‡`kx QvÎ/QvÎx fwZ© †bqvi Av‡M GKwU mv¶vrKvi †b‡eb|

iwdK iygvbv‡K AvR mÜ¨vi g‡a¨B iygvbvi GmGmwm, GBPGmwmmn Abv‡m©i †iRvë mvi-ms‡¶c Gi mv‡_

iwdK iygvbv‡K Av‡gwiKvi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K‡ì wbKU mv¶vrKvi †`qvi Rb¨ gvbwmK cÖ ‘wZ wb‡Z

ej‡jb|

1| bvnvi evsjv‡`‡k _vKv m‡Ë¡I †Kvb †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g fwZ©i Z_¨ Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Q wjLyb| 1

2| iwdK evmvq bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I iygvbv †Kvb †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g eënvi K‡i iwdK‡K Zr¶Yvr fwZ©i msev`wU

Rvbv‡Z †c‡iwQj, wjLyb| 2

3| iygvbv wKfv‡e evsjv‡`‡k Ae¯’vb Av‡gwiKvi wk¶K‡ì wbKU mv¶vrKvi cÖ vb Ki‡e e¨vL¨v Kiyb| 3

4| iygvbvi evmvq ¯‹¨vwbs hš¿ †bB, iygvbv Ab¨ †Kvb †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g Zvi †iRv‡ëi mv‡cvwU© KvMRcÎ

†hgb- mb`cÎ, gvK©kxU cvVv‡e wjLyb Ges †hvMv‡hvM gva¨gwUi g~jbxwZ e¨vL¨v Kiyb| 4

DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-13.1 : 1| N 2| N

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-13.2 : 1| N 2| K 3| K

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-13.3 : 1| M 2| L 3| N

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-13.4 : 1| N 2| K 3| K 4| L 5| M

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-13.5 : 1| K 2| L

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-13.6 : 1| M

bdwbu mevb kvqvkvwq€¦ · mevb kvqvkvwq f‚wgkv †hvmv‡hvm qvov gkwu m¤ú~y w`b awzevwnz kiv...

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