beams beams: comparison with trusses, plates examples: 1. simply supported beams 2. cantilever beams...
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Beams
Beams:
Comparison with trusses, plates
Examples:
1. simply supported beams 2. cantilever beams
L, W, t: L >> W and L >> t
L W
t
Beams - loads and internal loads
Loads: concentrated loads, distributed loads, couples (moments)
Internal loads: shear force and bending moments
Shear Forces, Bending Moments - Sign Conventions
Shear forces:
Bending moments:
left section right section
positive shear:
negative shear:
positive moment
negative moment
Shear Forces, Bending Moments - Static Equilibrium Approach
Procedure: 1. find reactions; 2. cut the beam at a certain cross section, draw F.B.D. of one piece of the beam; 3. set up equations; 4. solve for shear force and bending moment at that cross section; 5. draw shear and bending moment diagrams.
Example 1: Find the shear force and bending diagram at any cross section of the beam shown below.
Beam - Normal Strain
Pure bending problem
no transverse load
no axial load
no torque
Observations of the deformed beam under pure bending
Length of the longitudinal elements
Vertical plane remains plane after deformation
Beam deforms like an arc
MM
Normal Strain - Analysis
x
neutral axis (N.A.):
radius of curvature:
Coordinate system:
longitudinal strain:
y
'x
L x x
L xy y
N.A.
Beam - Normal Stress
x x
EyE
Hooke’s Law:
Maximum stresses:
MMM x
y
Neutral axis:0 0 0
0 0
x x
A A
c
A
EyF dA dA
ydA y
Flexure Formula
M M
22 1
x
A A
y E MdM dA y M E dA y dA
EI
2 : second moment of inertial (with respect to the neutral axis)
A
I y dA
M x
y
Moment balance:
x x
EyE
x
M y
I
Axially loaded members Torsional shafts:
Comparison:
Design of Beams for Bending Stresses
Design Criteria:
nuY
allowableallowable
or , 1.
2. cost as low as possible
Design Question: Given the loading and material, how to choose the shape and the size of the beam so that the two design criteria are satisfied?
Design of Beams for Bending Stresses
Procedure:
• Find Mmax
• Calculate the required section modulus
• Pick a beam with the least cross-sectional area or weight
• Check your answer
; : section modulusx
M y M IS
I S y
Design of Beams for Bending Stresses
Example 4: A beam needs to support a uniform loading with density of 200 lb /ft. The allowable stress is 16,000 psi. Select the shape and the sizeof the beam if the height of the beam has to be 2 in and only rectangular and circular shapes are allowed.
6 ft
Shear Stresses inside Beamsshear force: V
Horizontal shear stresses:
V
1
1
, : first momenth
H
y
VQQ ydA
Iw
x
yh1
h2
y1
Shear Stresses inside Beams
H
VQ
Iw
Relationship between the horizontal shear stresses and the vertical shear stresses:
Shear stresses - force balance
Iw
VQ
V: shear force at the transverse cross sectionQ: first moment of the cross sectional area above the level at which the shear stress is being evaluated
w: width of the beam at the point at which the shear stress is being evaluatedI: second moment of inertial of the cross section
xh1
h2
y1
y
1
1
h
y
Q ydA
Shear Stresses inside Beams
2
L4
L
Example 5: Find shear stresses at points A, O and B located at cross sectiona-a. P
a
a 4h
4
L
4h4h
4h
w
A
BO
Shear Stress Formula - Limitations
Iw
VQ - elementary shear stress theory
Assumptions: 1. Linearly elastic material, small deformation 2. The edge of the cross section must be parallel to y axis, not applicable for triangular or semi-circular shape 3. Shear stress must be uniform across the width 4. For rectangular shape, w should not be too large
Shear Stresses inside Beams
Example 6: The transverse shear V is 6000 N. Determine the vertical shear stressat the web.
Beams - Examples
Example 7: For the beam and loading shown, determine (1) the largest normal stress (2) the largest shearing stress (3) the shearing stress at point a
Deflections of Beam
1
M
EI
2
2
3 22
1
1
d ydx
dydx
2
2
11
dy d y
dx dx
Deflection curve of the beam: deflection of the neutral axis of the beam.
x
y
x
y
Derivation:
2 2
2 2
d y M d yEI M
dx EI dx
2
2
dM d d yV V EI
dx dx dx
2 2
2 2
dV d d yq q EI
dx dx dx
Moment-curvature relationship:
Curvature of the deflection curve:
Small deflection:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Equations (1), (2) and (3) are totally equivalent.
P
Statically Indeterminate Beam
Number of unknown reactions is larger than the number of independentEquilibrium equations.
Propped cantilever beam
Clamped-clamped beam
Continuous beam