beauty of structure morphology - uni-kiel.de · in joints for economic energy expenditure ......

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Funktionelle Morphologie und Biomechanik

Stanislav N. Gorb

Vorlesung ‚Einführung in die Biologie‘

Outline

• Functional morphology and biomechanics

• An example: biological surfaces and interfaces

• Biological attachment devices

• Phenomenon of ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important?

• Biomimetics

Beauty of Structure Morphology

Descriptive:(provides basicinformation on biological structure) Comparative:

(comparison of organisms)

Morphometry: (quantitative approach to studygrowth and development)

Pathomorphology: (studiesmorphologicalabnormalities and deviations)

Ecomophology: (studies environmentaleffects on the structureand morphologicaladaptations to environment)Functional:

(understanding of therelationship betweenstructure and function)

studies on biological structure

Morphology

EcologyMedicine

Veterinary

Development

Population biology

Biomechanics

Taxonomy

Systematics

Evolution

Functional Morphology

Integrative Biology

Functional Morphology

Physics PhysiologyNeurobiologySensoricsControl

Molecularbiology

Behaviour

Chemistry

Biomechanics

Materials science Biomimetics

BionicsBiologically-InspiredTechnologies

Evolution

Functional morphology focuses on the link between animal form and performanceGaining insight in the precise way in which biological machinery performs under relevant conditions is of primary importance

Biomechanics

Biomechanics

Biological materials: (rigid vs. pliant, biocomposites, viscoelasticity)

Locomotion: (swimming, flying, walking, running)

Structures and systems: (beams, columns, ties, hydrostatic systems)

Ecomechanics:(cost/benefit of activities, interspecific activities, behavioral mechanics)

Microsystems:(motility mechanisms, filtration mechanisms, diffusion)

Pipes and pumps: (circulatory systems, lung, gills, etc., suspension feeding)

Living in moving fluids: (plants and animals in winds and fluids)

Human/biomedicalareas: (prostheses, orthopedics, cardiovascular systems, motion analysis)

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Outline





• Biomimetics

Surfaces and Interfaces

sensoricsattachmentdrag reductionoptics (anti-reflection)grindinganti-friction sound generationrespirationthermoregulationcoloration patternself-cleaningetc., etc....

Romalea microptera

Technological Surfaces

drag reductionopticscolorationfrictionself-cleaninghaptics (soft-touch)thermoregulation

Biological Surfaces vs Technological Surfaces

BIO TECHNOFEATURES

multifunctionality very high low

production method top-to-down down-to-top

lifetime short long

environmental conditions narrow broad

adaptability strong weak

degradability, recyclability very high low

Biological Surfaces vs Technological Surfaces

TECHNO

Structure Properties

Function

BIO

Function

Structure Properties

Surface Phenomena in Materials Science

adhesionfrictionanti-wear, anti-abrasionlubrication filteringsensoricswettabilityself-cleaninganti-foulingthermoregulationoptical reflection

anti-adhesionanti-frictioncontrollable wearanti-aquaplaning

non-wettability

anti-reflection

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studies on ultrastructure, material properties, force range, motion in biological systems

to understand functional principles

transfer of the natural design solutions in the material science

to find interesting properties of systems

BIOMIMETCS PROJECTS

to understand evolutionary tendenciesbroad comparative studies

EVOLUTIONARY PROJECTS

Goals

FUNCTIONAL PROJECTS

microscopy techniques, measurements of stiffness, hardness, adhesion, friction at local and global scales

to develop methods

Diversity of Surfaces

Surface-Related Biomechanics

Biomechanics

Locomotion: (swimming, flying, walking, running)

Living in moving fluids: (plants and animals in winds and fluids)

Structures and systems: (beams, columns, ties, hydrostatic systems)

Ecomechanics:(cost/benefit of activities, interspecific activities, behavioral mechanics)

Biological materials: (rigid vs. pliant, biocomposites, viscoelasticity)

Pipes and pumps: (circulatory systems, lung, gills, etc., suspension feeding)

Human/biomedicalareas: (prostheses, orthopedics, cardiovascular systems, motion analysis)

Microsystems:(motility mechanisms, filtration mechanisms, diffusion)

Applications of Surface Related Phenomena

biomechanics (animal locomotion, attachment systems)biomimetics (surface structured composite materials)

Continental AG

medicine (joint mechanics, properties of prosteses)

Ehandecology (animal-plant interactions)

agriculture (pest control bypreventing attachment of particular insects to theplant surface)

Contacting surfaces

Force reducingsystems

Force enhancingsystems

One surface is unpredictable

Surfaces arepredefined

Frictional Systems vs Anti-Frictional Systems

One surface is unpredictable

Surfaces arepredefined

• head arrester• locking devices

• soles of animals• attachment devices

• joints• skin in fluid media

• snake skin

Surface Adaptations for Friction and Drag Reduction

Maximising friction: Friction is needed to generate the force to move on a substrate orto overcome the drag caused by frictionelsewhere

Minimising frictionin joints for economicenergy expenditure

Drag

Living creatures have developed systems for decreasing friction (anti-frictionalsystems), and vice versa, for increasing it (frictional systems). Interestingly, in bothcases the purpose of such a system is to save muscular energy

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Joints and Articular Cartilage

femur

lig. collaterale

lig. cruciatummeniscus medialis

meniscus lateralis

Synovial membrane (SM) of human cartilage composed of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and synovial cells responsiblefor secretion of proteoglycansand hyaluronic acid

A, macrophage-like A cellsAd, white adipose cellsB, B cellsBL, basal laminaCap, capillariesCF, collagen fibersEF, elastic fibersF, fibroblastsFL, fibrous layerNE, nerve endingsP, processes of synovial cellsPh, phagolysosomesSG, secretory granules

• Cartilage is the gliding surface of the joint• Friction coefficient is very low (0.0026)

Picture: Kristic 1991 (Springer Verlag)

Outline





• Biomimetics

are known in

• wing-to-body binding mechanisms

• ovipositor

• joints of leg segments

• head-arresting systems

• unguitractor plate

Attachment Devices Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies

The head is large comparedwith the area of articulation to the thorax and function as specialised gravity organ

The head is extremely mobile

The disadvantage of thisconstruction - weakmechanical stability - iscompensated by so calledarresting system

Head

Thorax

Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies

MF

SPC


The system consists of a pair mobile neck sclerites

In the medial position, sclerites loosetheir contact to the head: the head isfree mobileIn the lateral position, sclerites contactto the microtrichia fields of the head: thehead is arrested

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NeckLestes sponsa


Gorb, 199950 µm HeadLestes sponsa


Gorb, 1999 50 µm

Head

Neck

AeshnaAeshna mixtamixta


Head

Neck

CoenagrionCoenagrion puellapuella


Head

Neck

ZygonyxZygonyx idaida


Head

Neck

EpipleoneuraEpipleoneura fernandezifernandezi


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TA

Tribolium castaneum

Wing-Interlocking Structures in Beetles

TDM

• CL claw• AX axis of rotation• TN tendon• TA tarsomere• UT unguitractor• PT support

The plate is connected through a long tendon with the claw flexor muscle. On the other side, it is connected to claws through two short tendons

When the flexor muscle is contracted and the claw has contact to the substrate, the unguitractor plate presses itself against the supporting surface of the terminal tarsomere

Unguitractor Plate

To expose contact between unguitractor plate and corresponding supporting structure of the tarsomere, a part of the tarsomere wall was removed

Melolontha melolontha

Unguitractor Plate

Cercopis vulnerata

In cicada of the family Cercopidae, the medial surfaces of coxae of the third leg pair are covered by microtrichia

Coxa-Arresting Mechanism in Cicada

Cercopis vulnerata

These surfaces fixate coxae together during jump performance. Such a mechanism provides synchronisation of fast movements of both legs

Coxa-Arresting Mechanism in CicadaFriction Enhancement:

Two Corresponding Surfaces

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These highly-complex friction systems can define the direction of folds and fixate intersegmental membranes in a folded condition

Tabanus bovinus

Armoured Membranes in Diptera

Fixation of intersegmental membranes in a folded condition may be a mechanism holding head of Calliphora in perturbed condition (up to 60°)

Myathropa florea

Armoured Membranes in Diptera

Outline





• Biomimetics

Releasable Adhesives

Ceiling Situation (Static) Ceiling Situation

weight

adhe

sion

friction

contact formation contact breakagestrong adhesion- fast- reliable- minimal load on the ceiling

- fast- minimal force

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Insect Terrainstructures forinterlocking and friction enhancementon rough substrata- claws- stiff pointed hairs

structures foradhesion and frictionenhancement on smooth substrata- pulvilli- arolia- euplantulae- etc, etc.

BlattariaOrthopteraPlecopteraHymenopteraHomopteraHeteroptera

DipteraColeopteraMegalopteraRaphidioptera

Two Designs of Animal Attachment Pads

aroliumpulvilli

euplantulaehairy soles

presentsmoothpresentpresent

absenthairyabsentabsent

present in some speciessmooth in some speciespresent in some species

Two Designs of Attachment Pads

Gorb and Beutel, 2001, Naturwissenschaften

Smooth Attachment System

Tettigonia viridissima

Gorb, Jiao, Scherge, 2000

Pad Surface and Cuticle Architecture



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Material Design



Hairy Pads of Insects

A. Dobsonfly Sialis lutariaB. Beetle Priacma serrataC. Beetle Rhagonycha fulvaD. Fly Bibio nigriventrisE. Fly Episyrphus balteatusF. Earwig Forficula auriculariaG. Beetle Cantharis fusca

Beutel and Gorb, 2001, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res.

Bioinspired Patterned Surfaces

Campolo, Jones, Fearing, 2003

Sitti and Fearing 2002 Northen and Turner, 2005

Geim et al., 2003

Glassmakeret al., 2004

Gorb, Peressadko et al.

Yurdumakan et al., 2005

Dimension and Density of Setae

Dependence of the hair density (terminal elements) of the attachment pads on the body mass in hairy pad systems of representatives from diverse animal groups

Arzt, Gorb, Spolenak, 2003, PNAS

Setal density dependenceon the body mass

Outline





• Biomimetics

Experiment with the Structured Polymer Surface

Peressadko and Gorb, 2004, J. Adhesion

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Literature

• W. Nachtigall (2001) Biomechanik. Grundlagen - Beispiele -Übungen (Taschenbuch). F. Vieweg & Sohn: Braunschweig.

• S. Vogel (2003) Comparative Biomechanics: Life's PhysicalWorld. Princeton Univ. Press.

• M. Scherge and S. N. Gorb (2001) Biological micro- and nanotribology. Springer: Berlin.

beauty of structure morphology - uni-kiel.de · in joints for economic energy expenditure ......

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