behaving nicely in a systems of systems - harmonising with the … · 2013-12-23 · ‘using data...

1 CDSM Paris Dec. 2013

Behaving nicely in a Systems of

Systems - harmonising with the

environment

Professor Michael Henshaw

Loughborough University, UK

© Loughborough University, 2013

2 CDSM Paris Dec. 2013 © Loughborough University, 2013

“It is less expensive to protect the planet now than to repair it later”

J.M. Barroso, President of European

Commission, quoted in EU Focus,

March 2010

Destroyed Planet

(cropped) by AbsolutSara


Content

The Trans-Atlantic Research and

Education Agenda for Systems of Systems

(T-AREA-SoS) FP7 Project

The problem with SoS

Global drivers for EU

The need for agility

Open Systems Approaches



T-AREA-SoS European Motivation Towards SoS Research

SoS(E) - important area for

economic and societal

development within the EU

European Commission FP7

Projects 2011

DANSE, COMPASS,

ROAD2SoS, T-AREA-SoS

T-AREA-SoS: 24 Month Project (completed Aug 2013)

Support to the commission in developing priority research areas

Support to programmes through facilitating collaboration

Slides copyright 2013 Loughborough University


Basis for presentation

Most of this presentation is based on the T-AREA-

SoS State of the Art Report for SoSE.

Doc. No. TAREA-PU-WP2-D-LU-9 (15th July 2013)

Authors: Dr. Vishal Barot, Ms. Sharon Henson,

Prof. Michael Henshaw, Dr. Carys Siemieniuch, Dr.

Murray Sinclair, Dr. Soo Ling Lim, Prof. Mo

Jamshidi, Dr. Daniel DeLaurentis.

https://www.tareasos.eu



SoS(E)

A SoS is an integration of a finite number of constituent systems which are independent

and operatable, and which are networked together for a period of time to achieve a

certain higher goal. (Jamshidi, 2009)

• Operational independence of component

systems

• Managerial independence of component

systems

• Geographical distribution

• Emergent behaviour

• Evolutionary development processes

(Maier, 1996)

Directed Acknowledged Collaborative Virtual

Based on Dahmann & Baldwin, 2008

Dahmann, J. & Baldwin, K., 2008. Understanding the Current State of US Defense Systems of Systems and the Implications for Systems Engineering. Montreal, Canada, s.n.

Jamshidi, M., 2009. Ch. 1.. In: Systems of Systems Engineering - Principles and Applications. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, p. 1.

Maier, M. W., 1996. Architecting principles for system-of-systems. Boston, MA, USA, July, s.n., pp. 567-574.


Characterisation based on SoI (Kinder et. al., 2012)

Component systems

Systems types

Classification

SoS type after Dahmann & Baldwin (2008)

Interactions

Types

Nature of interactions

Types (e.g. peer-to-peer,

hierarchical)

Lifecycle

Phases/system states

Variability

Frequency/rapidity of change

Functions

Specific and generic functions

available

System owners and operators

Concept of use, operation, or

employment

Slides copyright 2013 Loughborough University

Kinder, A., Barot, V., Henshaw, M. & Siemieniuch, C., 2012. Systems of Systems: Defining the System of Interest. Genova, IEEE xplore, pp. 463-468.


Lexicon for describing SoS (DeLaurentis, et. al., 2011)

Hierarchy of systems

α-level: base level, no further decomposition

β-level collections of α-level organised as a network

γ-level collections of β-level organised as a network


α-level systems

β-level systems

γ-level system Systems may be technological,

human, enterprise, service,...

from: DeLaurentis, D., Crossley, W.A., Mane, M., "Taxonomy

to Guide Systems-of-Systems Decision-Making in Air

Transportation Problems", AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 48,

No. 3, 2011, pp. 760-770


The problem with SoS

From the single-system community’s

perspective, its part of the SoS

capability represents additional

obligations, constraints and

complexities. Rarely is participation in a

SoS seen as a net gain from the

viewpoint of single-system stakeholders Rebovich, G., (2009), Enterprise Systems of Systems, Ch. 6, pg. 169, in M.

Jamshidi, Systems of Systems Engineering - Principles and Applications,

Boca Raton, FL, USA, CRC Press.


Collapse

Joseph Tainter (1988) argued

that social complexity, when faced with widespread

change in economic and/or environmental conditions,

causes that society to collapse

Local optimisation of contributing systems (to a SoS)

increases rigidity


Tainter, Joseph A (2003. First published 1988), The Collapse of Complex Societies,

New York & Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-38673-X,

http://www.civilisation.org.uk/Decline and Fall/Pics_decline/Trajans forum 510 150.jpg


A Perfect Storm for Europe


Energy Security

Resource utilisation

Transportation

Perfect

Storm

Economic and

Social Activity

Climate

Change

Security

Food Security

Population

Demographics


Agility

To these could be added:

Level of complexity

Cultural willingness to change

In any environment (commercial or

societal)

The major innovation enabled by more

effective SoS management is agile

behaviour

The major failure created by poor

management of SoS is likely to be lack

of agility!


Alberts, D. S., 2011. The Agility Advantage - A survival guide for complex enterprises and endeavors, CCRP., pg. 190.

Urwin, E.N., Gunton, D.J., Reay Atkinson, S., and Henshaw, M.J.d. (2011)Through-Life NEC Scenario Development, IEEE Systems Journal, 5(3), pp 342-351.

“Agility is the ability to successfully effect, cope

with, and/or exploit changes in circumstances” (Alberts, 2011)

The NECTISE NEC Themes (Urwin, et. al., 2011)


Barriers to agility: Lack of trust and protection of IP


From Barot, et. al., State of the Art report

(TAREA-PU-WP2-D-LU-9), 2013, version 3.0 Example of fast moving consumer goods enterprise


Barriers to agility: Separately acquired information systems and

differences in organisational culture

“Humanitarian agencies have

tended to operate largely in

isolation from each other.

They carry out separate fact-

finding missions and invest in

custom-tailored proprietary

information systems.

The lack of coordination is

exacerbated by gaps and

redundancies in mandates and

the often sharp differences in

organizational culture among the

actors engaged in the various

overlapping phases of disaster

response” ‘Using Data Against Disasters: Overview and Synthesis of

Lessons Learned’, by Samia Amin, Marcus Cox, and Markus

Goldstein, ch. 1 in Data Against Natural Disasters - Establishing

Effective Systems for Relief, Recovery, and Reconstruction,

pub. by The International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development/The World Bank (2008), pg. 4.

PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti-Coast Guard Capt. John Little

conducts a port coordination meeting while working

diligently with other agencies to provide aid to Haitian

earthquake survivors, 1 Feb. 2010

From website of United States Army Combined Arms

Center, Center for Army Lessons Learned,

http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/call/docs/10-52/ch_3.asp


Interoperability Framework: NCOIC

Network Transport

Physical interoperability

Connectivity and network interoperability

Information Services

Data/object model interoperability

Sematic/information interoperability

Knowledge/awareness of actions interoperability

People, Processes and Applications

Aligned procedures

Aligned operations

Harmonised strategy/doctrine

Political or business objectives From: http://www.mkhalid.com/category/project-management-team-work/ no copyright statement

The NCOIC Interoperability Framework:

https://www.ncoic.org/technology/deliverables/nif/


Open Approach to SoS Engineering

Open specifications

Open standards

Open Architectures

Openness implies

publication

(c) toonpool.com

Technological, human, and

organisational matters are very

different to each other.


Need for open acquisition business models


• Open architectures are an enabler – but not

a panacea – of more effective SoS.

• Generally, more agility is required in public

services etc. Therefore, it is in the

acquirer’s interest to procure systems with

an open architecture.

• What are the business models that

overcome the Rebovich problem?

• What are the business models that

encourage open architecture procurement?

A genuine shift towards OS/OSA requires a new

approach to acquisition processes and behaviours

(Henshaw, 2011)

Henshaw, M. (ed.) ...et al. (2011) Assessment of open architectures within defence procurement issue 1: systems of systems

approach community forum working group 1 - open systems and architectures. London: Crown owned copyright


Air Transportation System example (DeLaurentis, et. al. 2011)


FMC=Fractional Management Company

from: DeLaurentis, D., Crossley, W.A., Mane, M., "Taxonomy

to Guide Systems-of-Systems Decision-Making in Air

Transportation Problems", AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 48,

No. 3, 2011, pp. 760-770

FMC and Airline Decomposition Frameworks for

modelling heterogeneous SoS for optimisation.

Application of model assumes that known data is available; this may not be

true except where an open approach is used.


Summary

There are many global drivers for better SoS

engineering and management

Commercial and other behaviours lead to sub-

optimal outcomes at the high level due to

optimisation of low level systems

Open approaches (e.g. open architectures) seem

to offer a way forward

New business models are needed to enable (and

encourage) open behaviours in SoS



Further information

All information in this presentation is available

from the T-AREA-SoS website

www.tareasos.eu

The T-AREA-SoS project was sponsored by the

European Commission, Project No. 287593


behaving nicely in a systems of systems - harmonising with the … · 2013-12-23 · ‘using data...

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