behavioral analysis.docx

8/9/2019 BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS.docx

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Running Head: Behavioral Analysis: Alcoholism 1

Behavioral Analysis: Alcoholism

Harris Cacanindin

Saint Louis University


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Behavioral Analysis: Alcoholism 3

;A"IL< BAC=>R!U7( A7( (RI7=I7> HIST!RABA rece&tor

su#units later on do-n the road. The >ABA system is im&ortant in the discussion o$ addiction

#ecause it in$luences the e$$icacy o$ one,s stress res&onse and &lays a dominating role in the

&harmacology o$ many etremely addictive su#stances such as alcohol' heroine' mor&hine' and

most other $orms o$ &ain/illers 1aulsen and "oser' 344D2. The study suggests #oth strongly

im&licate the >ABAergic system (7A strands in the #iological etiology o$ addictionNthe study

#oth sho- that genes can &redict the onset o$ &athology@ ho-ever' environmental e$$ects such as

re&eated stress can act as an intermediary modulator #et-een genes and #ehavior. This &rovides

su&&ort $or -hat is /no-n as the 9diathesis)stress model o$ &sychology 1>rant and oten%a'

8F3F2' -hich asserts that in the interaction #et-een diathesis 1#iological vulnera#ility2 and stress


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1li$e stressors' traumatic events2 serves as the #est &redictor o$ &athology,s eventual onset. ((,s

genetic vulnera#ility cou&led #y his li$e,s stresses) history o$ a#use' &hysically distant mother'

&eer &ressure' #ad relationshi&' school concerns' &redis&osed (( to resort in alcoholism.

According to ;estinger,s 13462 Cognitive (issonance Theory' &eo&le are e&osed to

ne- in$ormation in the contet o$ their &re)eisting /no-ledge. ;estinger continues that i$ the

ne- events or in$ormation su&&ort the &reviously held #elie$s' then the individual $eels su&&orted

as the ne- stimuli are in harmony -ith the individual,s &rior /no-ledge. This creates -hat

;estinger re$erred to as a state o$ consonance. Ho-ever' ;estinger also discussed a state o$

dissonance' or discom$ort' -hich -ould occur -hen ne- in$ormation or events stood in

o&&osition to &reviously held #elie$s. ?hen the ne- in$ormation creates a sense o$ dissonance'

there are $our reactions -e could e&ect' #ased on ;estinger,s 13462 theory. ;irst' the individual

may choose to attac/ the messenger as a -ay o$ discrediting the ne- in$ormation. Second' she or

he may choose to rationali%e the in$ormation' or essentially modi$y the ne- stimuli in a $ashion

that it is no longer in o&&osition to &reviously held #elie$s. Third' the individual may acce&t the

ne- in$ormation as accurate' yet re$use to change her or his original #elie$s' -hich -ould create

a continuing' or unresolved state o$ dissonance. Lastly' the individual may acce&t the ne-

in$ormation as accurate' and alter her or his original #elie$s accordingly.

Those -ho are involved in alcoholism such as atient (( -ill usually have to deal -ith

cognitive dissonance. This is #ecause there is so much com&elling evidence $or -hy this

#ehavior is dangerous. The atient (( is li/ely to #e a-are o$ this #ut he -ill overcome the

con$lict #y either: giving u& alcohol' changing his o&inion o$ su#stance a#use so that the

#ehavior a&&ears less dangerous' he can also ada&t a ne- idea that -ill hel& him esca&e the


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I7UT:"oney

Time"aterials) #oo/s'

videosCounsellingSu&&ort

ACTI*ITIES:Educational *ideosRelationshi&

CounselingInstruction innutrition and eerciseOo# SearchInternet Sites

!UTUTS:Learn 7e- S/illsAttends counselling?atch videos>athers in$ormation?or/s onrelationshi&Eercise moreEats #etterI7;LUE7TIAL

;ACT!RS:;riends) societal

&ressureSel$)esteem

Stress o$ -or/Loneliness

Unsta#le emotionsAddiction

Bac/ground)

alcoholic ste& $atherSel$)&erce&tion I7ITIAL !UTC!"E

Reduced drin/ing

$re+uency

>ain su&&ort grou&Begin contem&lation o$

maintaining ne- li$estyle"otivated to +uit

drin/ing

I7TER"E(IATE !UTC!"ESIm&roved co&ing s/illsLearned relationshi& s/ills

>ain tools to im&rove sel$)esteemA#ility to com#at desire todrin/Begins to ma/e healthy

choices


dissonance. ;or eam&le' he might acce&t that su#stance a#use causes damage to other &eo&le'

#ut he can handle it and so are not in danger.

II. THE S!LUTI!7S

The glo#al economic and health #urden o$ alcohol use disorders is -idely recogni%ed' as

is the need $or e$$ective &u#lic health interventions to su#stantially reduce this #urden 1Ri&er'

8F332. 2. There$ore' visual e&lanation or a ma& o$ the #ehavior change and the e&ected

outcomes is &resented #elo- de&icting an e$$ective intervention $or atient ((.


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;urthermore' the health #elie$ model -as used. The model is an intra&ersonal theory that

addresses a &ersonJs &erce&tion o$ the threat o$ a health &ro#lem and the accom&anying

a&&raisal o$ a recommended #ehavior $or &reventing or managing the &ro#lem 1Cottrell' >irvan'

"c=en%ie' 8FF52. And as such a diagram is &resented #elo- on ho- atient ((Js #ehavior

change lead to ta/ing &reventive actions $or his alcoholism.

This model -as used to hel& e&lain -hy atient (( acce&ted &reventative health

services and ado&t healthy #ehaviors. Social &sychologists originally develo&ed the Health Belie$

"odel to &redict the li/elihood o$ a &erson ta/ing recommended &reventative health action and

to understand a &erson,s motivation and decision)ma/ing a#out see/ing health services. The

Health Belie$ "odel &ro&oses that &eo&le -ill res&ond #est to messages a#out health &romotion

or disease &revention -hen the $ollo-ing $our conditions $or change eist: The &erson #elieves

that he or she is at ris/ o$ develo&ing a s&eci$ic condition' the &erson #elieves that the ris/ is

LI=ELIH!!( !; TA=I7> RE*E7TI*E ACTI!7S


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serious and the conse+uences o$ develo&ing the condition are undesira#le' the &erson #elieves

that the ris/ -ill #e reduced #y a s&eci$ic #ehavior change and the &erson #elieves that #arriers to

the #ehavior change can #e overcome and managed.

Individual interventions em&loyed $ocused on reducing the demand $or alcohol #y

through access to in$ormation andPor s/ills that in$luence decision)ma/ing and #ehaviours

1Larimer Cronce' 8FF62. revention interventions include those activities $ocused on

&roviding -ith the in$ormation and s/ills they need to ma/e good decisions a#out drin/ing. They

include: #asic education and a-areness &rograms and cognitive #ehavioural s/ills)#ased

&rograms. EducationPa-areness &rograms encom&ass relatively distinct methods &roviding -ith

#asic in$ormation a#out alcohol. Em&loyment o$ such strategy are use$ul to atient ((.

S&eci$ically' these include giving him traditional in$ormation a#out the alcohol' re)educating him

a#out identi$ied misconce&tions a#out alcohol and giving him o&&ortunities to evaluate his goal

and incor&orate res&onsi#le decision Qma/ing a#out alcohol into his goals or values. Cognitive)

#ehavioral s/ills)#ased &rograms o$ten incor&orate educationalPa-areness ty&e activities. And in

this contet' it is em&loyed to atient (( thru teaching so as to modi$y #elie$s or #ehaviors

associated -ith high)ris/ drin/ing. The &atient learns s/ills in sel$)monitoring and sel$)

assessment@ sets limits and avoids and handles high)ris/ situation. o&ular misconce&tions are

cleared such as various methods to 9so#er u&. art o$ the intervention -as to teach a#out

&harmacologic treatments such as aversion thera&y as &art o$ the regimen.

;amily Thera&y. The attitudes and #ehaviours o$ &eers are among the strongest

correlates o$ drin/ing attitudes and #ehaviours@ ho-ever' the develo&mental literature has clearly

identi$ied the im&ortance o$ the $amily net-or/ in adolescent su#stance use' even as late as

university 1Turrisi' 8F3F2. (uring $amily thera&y sessions' the $amilyJs strengths are used to hel&


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them handle their &ro#lems. All mem#ers ta/e res&onsi#ility $or &ro#lems and some $amily

mem#ers may need to change their #ehavior more than others. This is done #y $ocusing less on

the mem#er -ho has #een identi$ied as ill and $ocusing more on the $amily as a -hole' also #y

identi$ying con$licts and anieties and hel&ing the $amily develo& strategies to resolve them.

Also' &art o$ #eing a nurse is to &rovide &atient (( -ith a means o$ contacting health

care &roviders -ho are availa#le $or +uestions or &ro#lem resolution' com&liment &atient on

&ositive accom&lishments to rein$orce his #ehaviors and to involve his $amily and $riends in

health &lanning con$erences. Also' em&hasis on the im&ortance o$ a #alanced diet 1e.g. lo- in

cholesterol2 to &revent vascular disease and even advise to ta/e *itamin B com&lees to su&&ort

good a&&etite and &ro&er #rain $unctioning' sustained cessation o$ alcohol' regular eercise to

increase agility and stamina' &ro&er hygiene' regular &hysical chec/u&s to identi$y and treat

&ro#lems early' re&orting o$ unusual sym&toms to a health &ro$essional.

?ithin the &u#lic health a&&roach to &revention' there is room $or multi&le theories and

com#inations o$ theories. The &u#lic health a&&roach originally derived $rom e&idemiologic

studies o$ communica#le diseases' indicating that &ro&er &revention &lanning re+uires

/no-ledge o$ the host 1or individual &erson2' the agent 1in this discussion' alcohol2' and the

environment 1the social milieu2. revention' as -e /no- it today' also re+uires /no-ledge o$ the

interaction #et-een the three $actors. Because &revention in &u#lic health is an evolutionary $ield

that is continuously gro-ing $rom the thin/ing and e&eriences o$ researchers' &lanners'

&ractitioners' and evaluators' the current /no-ledge #ase -ill change' e&and' and emerge in

ne- com#inations' &roviding #etter tools -ith -hich to address the &revention o$ alcohol

&ro#lems. The theories that see/ to e&lain #ehavior and changes in #ehavior are ta/en largely

$rom &sychology. Until recently' most theoretical -or/ in alcohol a#use &revention has #een


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aimed at identi$ying the li/ely antecedents and correlates. "ore recently' the goal has #een to

develo& strategies #ased on theories and models o$ &revention that can reverse or &revent

adolescent alcohol use.

Social learning. Al#ert BanduraJs social learning theory is &ro#a#ly the most -idely used

among current &revention &rogram &lanners. According to Bandura 134662' learning is ac+uired

and sha&ed #y &ositive and negative rein$orcements 1re-ards and &unishments2' as -ell as #y

o#servation o$ other &eo&leJs #ehavior . Thus' &eo&le can antici&ate the conse+uences and sha&e

their o-n #ehavior to earn re-ards and &unishments. Bandura recogni%ed the &otential $or using

modeling as a -ay o$ directing and changing #ehavior. ?e o#serve the #ehavior o$ others in

&erson' on television' and in movies' and -e #ecome more li/ely to ado&t that modelJs #ehavior

#ased on the attractiveness o$ the model. BanduraJs early -or/ indicated that children readily

imitate aggressive models as -ell as more &ositive models and that status envy -as an im&ortant

$actor. Later' his theory $ormed the under&inning $or the use o$ near &eers to transmit messages

to some-hat younger children #y de&icting #ehavior and attitudes $or young &eo&le to imitate'

such as saying no to alcohol 1re$usal s/ills2. In addition to the use o$ near &eers in television

mass media e$$orts' BanduraJs -or/ most li/ely is the theoretical #asis $or &revention e$$orts

using the team or #uddy a&&roach' teaming individuals' small grou&s' $amilies' and even

communities' in -hich ne- health related #ehaviors can #e modeled and rein$orced' hel&ing to

set ne- norms.

Cognitive dissonance 1"c>uire' 34D2. "uch o$ ?illiam "c>uireJs -or/ in &sychology

is #ased on ;estingerJs conce&t o$ cognitive dissonance ' -hich descri#es a tendency o$ humans

to harmoni%e e&ectations a#out &eo&le and e&eriences -ith them. In other -ords' -e -ant our

#elie$s to #e in harmony -ith our e&eriences. Cognitive dissonance theory holds that &eo&le


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-ant their &ersonal attitudes and #elie$s to #e com&ati#le -ith their o-n #ehavior. I$ they are not'

there is cognitive dissonance that a &erson -ill -ant to eliminate. As a &revention techni+ue'

"c>uire &ro&osed that certain &retreatments -ould esta#lish or strengthen #elie$s and attitudes

-ith -hich a &ersonJs #ehavior -ould have to harmoni%e to avoid cognitive dissonance.

Cognitive inoculation is one o$ these &retreatments. He $ound that ver#al inoculations had

certain immuni%ing e$$ects against strong counter)arguments' and strengthened the su#0ectsJ

a#ility to de$end their #elie$s. ?hen a&&lied to the use o$ alcohol and other drugs' cognitive

inoculation aligns a &ersonJs #elie$s and #ehavior -ith regard to these su#stances. ;or instance' i$

a teenager #elieves that drin/ing -ill diminish athletic a#ility' and &laces a high value on athletic

a#ility' resolution o$ dissonance -ould re+uire that the teenager either a#stain $rom drin/ing or

&lace a lo-er value on athletic a#ility. Another &retreatment a&&roach re+uires that a #ehavior

commitment #e made@ the commitment o$ten is in the $orm o$ a contract or &u#lic announcement

o$ oneJs #elie$s and intentions 1I -ill not use alcohol until I am o$ age2. "c>uire $ound that a

commitment made to others -as stronger than a &rivate commitment.

Behavioral intention. "artin ;ish#ein and Ice/ A0%en 134DF2 develo&ed a system $or

measuring attitudes as -ell as su#0ective norms. Their #ehavioral intention theory &ostulates that'

-hen &ro&erly measured' a &ersonJs attitudes and su#0ective norms a#out a #ehavior can #e used

as &redictors o$ #ehavior. Attitudes are the #elie$s a &erson holds a#out the outcome o$ a

#ehavior' along -ith the value he or she &laces on that outcome. The most &rominent dimension

o$ attitude is li/e)disli/e' the tendency to acce&t or to re0ect or to see/ to avoid. Su#0ective norms

are the &ersonJs assum&tions a#out the vie-s o$ signi$icant others regarding the #ehavior' along

-ith the &ersonJs motivation to com&ly -ith these vie-s. ;or attitudes and su#0ective norms to

#e valid &redictors o$ #ehavior' they must #e measured in terms o$ s&eci$ic #ehavioral situations.


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ersuasion)communications. "c>uire 134D2 has -or/ed etensively on the theory

underlying communication cam&aigns. He #elieves that the moresuccess$ul cam&aigns are those

-hich $ocus on the availa#ility o$ solutions rather than on the seriousness o$ the &ro#lem. He

$ound that such techni+ues as de$ining s&eci$ic audiences and targeting messages may increase

the e$$ectiveness o$ &u#lic communications cam&aigns' #ut the techni+ues have limited e$$icacy

$or changing the audienceJs health)related #ehavior. "c>uire descri#ed com&onents necessary to

construct a communication ca&a#le o$ changing attitudes and #ehavior' along -ith successive

res&onses &eo&le must ma/e i$ they are to yield to the communication. According to "c>uire'

the e$$ectiveness o$ a communication cam&aign de&ends on its a#ility to lead an audience

through a 38)ste& &rocess. The &rocess starts -ith e&osure to the communication and &roceeds

through learning ho- to incor&orate the target #ehavior in oneJs li$e' and #eing a#le to ma/e

decisions #ased on the retrieval o$ the in$ormation. The &rocess concludes -ith reorgani%ing

oneJs related #elie$s and engaging in &ost #ehavioral activities or consolidation.

III. LI"ITATI!7S E7C!U7TERE(

The duration o$ encounter #et-een the nurse and the client started last -ee/ o$

Se&tem#er and ended during the last days o$ !cto#er -ith irregular meeting intervals. "eetings

-ere #asically de&endent on the clientJs availa#ility. Hence' time is limited and so some

interventions may have #een im&lemented &oorly. Also the models and theories a$orementioned

have not #een $ully utili%ed to $ull etent and may have #ecome eclectic or integrated in

a&&roach during the actual &rocess.

It is im&ortant to note that a state o$ dissonance can im&act an individual,s #ehavior' as

she or he attem&ts to regain consonance. ;or eam&le' most alcoholics are $ully a-are o$ the


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health ris/s caused #y their alcohol consum&tion 1>reening (ollinger' 34432. Ho-ever' they

are more li/ely to &er$orm the act o$ admitting these ris/s i$ they are intending to +uit drin/ing

1S-inehart =irscht' 34552. This is an eam&le o$ ho- cognitive dissonance can im&act the

#ehavior o$ an individual. As our society loo/s $or -ays to reduce the rate and amount o$ alcohol

consum&tion' s&eci$ically among college students' ;estinger,s 13462 theory o$ Cognitive

(issonance could serve a valua#le role.

In the eam&le o$ dangerous drin/ing' an individual may $eel dissonance due to /no-ing

the ris/s o$ their drin/ing levels' #ut -ould #e resistant to change their #ehavior due to the

&otential loss o$ a social outlet. Another reason an individual might resist dissonance reduction'

according to ;estinger' is that the &resent #ehavior may #e satis$ying. A&&lying this through the

lens o$ dangerous drin/ing #ehaviors' an individual may $eel the #ene$its o$ dangerous drin/ing

are satis$ying enough to continue in a state o$ dissonance. ;inally' ;estinger suggested that

change may not #e &ossi#le. This could a&&ly to addictive #ehaviors' e$$ecting alcoholics'

smo/ers' drug users' etc. ;estinger &ro&osed that i$ an individual is una#le to success$ully reduce

the eistence o$ dissonance' they -ill then attem&t to avoid the triggers that arouse dissonance'

and minimi%e the magnitude o$ it.

I*. C!7CLUSI!7S A7( REC!""E7(ATI!7S

7o single a&&roach has #een identi$ied as e$$ective $or &reventing use o$ alcohol #y

youth. In $act' di$$erent $actors in se&arate &rograms a&&ear to #e e$$ective in certain

communities -ith certain age grou&s. A multi$aceted a&&roach to &revention is necessary.

revention &lanners should $ocus on the multi&le $actors that contri#ute to alcohol and other drug

use #y youth. Community leaders should ta/e into consideration eisting community e$$orts and


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in their &rograms address -ays in -hich various &rograms can interrelate. The goal o$ any

community in &revention is to ma/e the &arts -or/ together. Although more research is needed

to determine -hich strategies and a&&roaches -or/ #est' the $ollo-ing are essential com&onents:

communicating a clear' nonuse message $or youth through all community channels' &olicies' and

&ractices' role modeling o$ moderate' lo-)ris/ use o$ alcohol #y adults o$ legal age' s/ill #uilding

to enhance social and inter&ersonal communication s/ills' &eer resistance &ro#lem solving'

media &romotion e$$orts and &ortrayal analysis' and a#ility to as/ $or hel&' &romoting #onding

and attachments to $amily' &eers' school' and religion' and #elie$ in general social norms' values'

and e&ectations' increasing the &erceived #ene$its o$ health enhancing #ehaviors and decreasing

the &erceived #ene$its o$ health)com&romising #ehaviors' &roviding re$erral' counseling' or

treatment services $or children or $amilies in need o$ hel&.

The diagnostic $eatures o$ alcohol use disorder highlight ma0or areas o$ li$e $unctioning

li/ely to #e im&aired. These include driving and o&erating machinery' school and -or/'

inter&ersonal relationshi&s and communication' and health. Alcohol)related disorders contri#ute

to a#senteeism $rom -or/' 0o#)related accidents' and lo- em&loyee &roductivity. Rates are

elevated in homeless individuals' &erha&s re$lecting a do-n-ard s&iral in social and

occu&ational $unctioning' although most individuals -ith alcohol use disorder continue to live

-ith their $amilies and $unction -ithin their 0o#s. Alcohol use disorder is associated -ith a

signi$icant increase in the ris/ o$ accidents' violence' and suicide. It is estimated that one in $ive

intensive care unit admissions in some ur#an hos&itals is related to alcohol and that GF o$

individuals in the United States e&erience an alcohol)related adverse event at some time in their

lives' -ith alcohol accounting $or u& to o$ $atal driving events. Severe alcohol use disorder'

es&ecially in individuals -ith antisocial &ersonality disorder' is associated -ith the commission


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over)use o$ alcohol tends to negatively im&act the a#user,s &ersonality. Increased irrita#ility'

&oor 0udgment and reasoning are 0ust a cou&le o$ -ays that alcohol damages the human

&ersonality and relationshi&s #y etension.

The damaging e$$ects o$ alcohol a#use are not limited to the &erson and those living

closest to them. Alcohol a#use is lin/ed to many social ills -hich a$$ect &eo&le other-ise

unconnected to the drin/er. There is a clear connection #et-een alcohol a#use and higher rates o$

-or/&lace a#senteeism. A#use o$ alcohol is also lin/ed to higher rates o$ violent crime in

neigh#orhoods. Because alcohol im&airs good 0udgment' it is o$ten connected to ris/y seual

activity. ;inally' alcohol is involved in a ma0ority o$ automo#ile accidents 1romises Treatment

Center' 8F382.

(uring the time -hen he got in 0ail' &atient (( claimed he -as under the in$luence o$

alcohol. He -as -ith his $riend,s #irthday &arty on a #ar -hen his e)girl$riend ha&&ened to #e

there' on a di$$erent ta#le' and -ith a di$$erent com&any. He claimed he had 9$e- drin/s -hen

he decided to con$ront his girl$riend. (uring the con$rontation ((,s e)girl$riend,s #oy$riend got

in the discussion. There -as a misunderstanding #et-een (( and the #oy$riend and so $ight

#ecame inevita#le. (ue to his shortcomings (( ver#ali%ed that he had sense that some o$ his

relatives #ecame a #it distant $rom him. His cousins -ere contacting him less or they get together

less $re+uent. Even -ith his $riends' he ver#ali%ed that he even -asn,t contacted anymore #y

some o$ them. Communicating via tt' social net-or/s -as even less. ?hen (( ver#ali%ed that

he -anted to go #ac/ to school' his mother re$used to give her the aid he needed.

Alcoholism carries -ith it a host o$ social &ro#lems. Both the drin/er and the $amily unit

are a$$ected. Alcohol can have devastating e$$ects on the $amily. 7umerous marriages have #een


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destroyed #y alcohol' #oth emotionally and $inancially. Children o$ alcoholics are emotionally

$ractured #y alcoholic &arents. A&&roimately 8F &ercent o$ adults gre- u& -ith a $amily

mem#er -ith an alcohol &ro#lem. These adults themselves are at ris/ $or develo&ing su#stance

a#use &ro#lems. Emotional issues such as guilt' de&ression' and relationshi& &ro#lems are o$ten

$ound in children o$ alcoholics 1Ro#ert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center' 8F332.

Communities su$$er the cost o$ alcohol a#use. An enormous amount o$ money is lost each

year in the -or/&lace #ecause o$ alcohol. Insurance costs' decreased &roductivity' -or/&lace

in0uries' and -or/)related grievances are 0ust a $e- o$ many &ro#lems associated -ith alcohol.

Alcohol is also a leading $actor in motor vehicle accidents and in0uries. Alcohol)related vehicular

accidents are es&ecially &revalent among teenagers and young adults' $or -hom they are the

leading cause o$ accidental death. ;alls' $ires' dro-nings' and suicides are also $re+uently

associated -ith alcohol 1"ongan ' 8FF62.

*. RE;ERE7CES

A0%en' I.' and ;ish#ein' ". 134DF2. Understanding attitudes and &redicting social #ehavior.

rentice)Hall' Inc.' Engle-ood Cli$$s' 7O.

American sychiatric Association. 18F32. (iagnostic and Statistical "anual o$ "ental

(isorders' ;i$th Edition. Arlington' *A' American sychiatric Association

Bandura' A. 134662. Social learning theory. rentice)Hall Inc.' Engle-ood Cli$$s' 7O.

Cloninger' C. 13442. A &sycho#iological model o$ tem&erament and character. Archives o$

>eneral sychiatry. 46)4F

;eist' >.' ;eist O.' 18FFD2. Theories o$ ersonality 16th edition2


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Sadoc/' B.' Sadoc/' *.' Rui%' . 18FF42. =a&lan Sadoc/Js com&rehensive tet#oo/ o$

&sychiatry' 4th Edition

Turrisi' R.' A#ar' C.' "allett' =.' Oaccard' O. 18F3F2. An eamination o$ the mediational e$$ects o$

cognitive and attitudinal $actors o$ a &arent intervention to reduce college drin/ing.

Oournal o$ A&&lied social sychology' 8F3F &&. 8FF)885.

*ide#ec/' S. 18FFD2. sychiatric)mental health nursing 1th edition2.

?orld Health !rgani%ation. 18FFG2. >lo#al status re&ort on alcohol 8FFG. Retrieved $rom:

htt&:PP---.-ho.intPsu#stancea#useP&u#licationsPglo#alstatusre&ortalcohol8FFGconclus

ion.&d$

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