Beijing Wokshop, September 2002

Larval food (Artemia), larviculture and ecotoxicology group (UE partner 4)

Members: Dr. Francisco AmatDr. Francisco HontoriaDr. Juan Carlos NavarroDr. Inmaculada VaróÓscar MonroigGermán MedinaOlga Ruiz

Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 12595 Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón) SPAIN

Distribution of A. persimilis and A. franciscana populations in Argentina

Presence of rare males in diploid parthenogenetic Artemia populations from the Old World

Updating of cyst bank and database

Distribution of A. persimilis and A. franciscana populations in Argentina (1)

Presence of Artemia franciscana North of 36º S and A. persimilis South of 37º S.

The population of A. franciscana from Las Tunas lagoon (33º 44´S) evidences a phenomenon of hybridisation or introgression: 50% males show n=22 chromosomes, and 50% n=21 chromosomes.

Laboratory crossbreeding experiments show reproductive isolation between A. franciscana (Mar Chiquita, Las Tunas) and A. persimilis (Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo) Argentinean populations.

Laboratory population from Las Tunas crossbreeds with Mar Chiquita (A. franciscana) population, and does not with Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo (A. persimilis) population.

Females

First discriminant function

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Se

con

d d

iscr

imin

an

t fu

nct

ion

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

A. franciscana

A. persimilis

Great Salt Lake

Pichilemu

Atacama

Llamara

Los Vilos

Manaure

San Francisco Bay

Cabo Rojo

Ancash

Piura

Yapes

Salina Chica

Colorada Chica

Callaqueo

Hidalgo

Tunas Mar Chiquita

Guantánamo

Oaxaca

San Quintín

Chimus

Las Cumaraguas

Hípico

Grossos

Coche

San Luís Potosí

Pedro Luro

Yallahs

Yavaros

Cisnes

Laguna Amarga

Salinas GrandesCelestun

Females

First discriminant function

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Sec

ond

disc

rimin

ant f

unct

ion

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3 A. franciscana

A. persimilis

Great Salt Lake

Hidalgo

Grossos

Oaxaca

Cabo Rojo

San Francisco

Ancash

San Quintín

Chimus

Hípico

Guantánamo

Las Tunas

Coche

Las Cumaraguas

Mar Chiquita

Salina Chica

Colorada Chica

Callaqueo

San Luís Potosí

Pedro Luro

Laguna Amarga

Cisnes

Yallahs

Yavaros

Celestun

Salinas Grandes

Males

Distribution of A. persimilis and A. franciscana populations in Argentina (2)

Laboratory populations from A. franciscana and A. persimilis in competition show different reproductive output in terms of oviparism/ovoviviparism.

Under suboptimal conditions of food availability A. persimils shifts immediately to oviparism, while A. franciscana always keeps moderate levels of ovoviviparism (> 13 %)

Under the same conditions (environmental, food availability) co-occurring populations from both species show different reproductive output. A. franciscana females show always higher fecundity than A. persimilis females.

Former results explain a competitive development under which A. franciscana population outcompetes completely A. persimilis .

30/0

4/01

14/0

5/01

28/0

5/01

11/0

6/01

25/0

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09/0

7/01

23/0

7/01

06/0

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perc

ent

0

20

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Female franciscana

Male franciscana

Female persimilis

Male persimilis

Fem ovipFem vivFem inm

persimilis

franciscana

02/0

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ent

0

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100

hatc

hing

(na

uplii

/g)

0

50000

100000

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350000

400000Female franciscana

Male franciscana

Female persimilis

Male persimilis

cysts per gramhatch at 24 h hatch at 30 h hatch at 48 h

num

ber

cyst

s/g

length persimilislength franciscanafecundity persimilisfecundity franciscana

Oviparous females

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Leng

th (

mm

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Fec

undi

ty (

# cy

sts

per

broo

d)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

length persimilislength franciscanafecundity persimilisfecundity franciscana

Ovoviviparous females

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Leng

th (

mm

)

0

1

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5

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8

9

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11

12

13F

ecun

dity

(#

cyst

s pe

r br

ood)

0

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220

240

Presence of rare males in diploid parthenogenetic Artemia populations from the Old World (1)

  Rare males were found in 22 populations of Artemia

parthenogenetica (diploid) from the Old World: 9 populations in the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), 2 populations from Africa (Namibia and Egypt), and 11 populations from Eurasia (Italy, Ukraine, West Altai, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Iran and India).

These rare males are morphologically different from those present in bisexual species or populations.

This “atavism” is more frequent in parthenogenetic populations from Central Eurasia (Iran, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Mongolia) and less frequent, or scarce, in peripheral Western (Iberian peninsula, Africa) and Eastern (China) populations.

Presence of rare males in diploid parthenogenetic Artemia populations from the Old World (2)

  Although rare males seem useless in reproductive strategies for

parthenogenetic females, they are not sterile. They can mate and fertilize females from the bisexual strains or populations Artemia urmiana (lake Urmia, Iran) and Artemia sinica (lake Yuncheng, Shanxi, China), producing live offspring .

It is suspected that this rare male atavism could help to explain the origin of parthenogenetic strains (monophyletic?, polyphyletic?) from lineages leading to present-day Asiatic Artemia or from hybridization between two of the Asiatic bisexual species (A. urmiana and A. sinica).

Quantification of rare males found in diploid parthenogenetic populations of Artemia N= number of individuals studied from laboratory populationsmale/1000: ratio of males to 1000 individuals  Origin N male/ Origin N male/

1000 1000  SPAIN and PORTUGAL EURASIA

La Mata lagoon (Alicante) 16,197 2-3 Marg. di Savoia salterns (Italy) 12,103 1Janubio salterns (Lanzarote) 13,092 0 Santa Gilla salterns (Italy) 4,647 1Odiel salterns (Huelva) 14,188 1 Kujalnik lake, Ukraina 12,656 7-8Sanlucar salterns (Cádiz) 12,202 1 Maloje Jar. Lake, W.Altai 8,031 1-2San Fernando salterns (Cádiz) 12,504 1 Bjurliu lake, Kazakhstan 18,946 9-10Calpe salterns (Alicante) 12,000 1 Urmia lake, Iran 4,689 17Bonmatí salterns (Alicante) 7,268 2-3 Ka lake, Inner Mongolia 10,931 5-6Gerri salterns (Lleida) 12,319 1 Dong Fang Hong salterns, China 8,920 1-2Aveiro salterns 18,105 2 Xiao Tan salterns, China 16,570 5-6

Yingkou salterns, China 5,920 1-2AFRICA Madras salterns, India 3,352 2-3

Walvis Bay, Namibia 10,066 1Wadi Natron, Egypt 4,947 1

First discriminant function

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4

Sec

ond

dis

crim

inan

t fu

nct

ion

-4

-2

0

2

4

A

2

2

P

2

2

2

AA

A

A

P

A

A

A AA

A 2

2

A

KazakhstanA. urmianaA. salinaA. sinica

diploid A. parthenogenetica2

A. persimilisP

A. franciscanaA

Ancash

San Quintín

Laguna Amarga

Guantánamo

Great Salt Lake

Wadi Natron

Kazakhstan

Bonmatí

Trapani

Santa Gilla

Megriné

Melghir

Garaet et Tarf

Cagliari

Yungcheng

Calpe

Aveiro

La Mata

Odessa

Ka

Bjurliu

Hidalgo

Urmia

Yavaros

SèteEl Estanquillo

INVE (2002)

Rio Frio

Bon FimAigues Mortes Urmia (P)

Souzama

San Francisco Bay

Males

Updating of cyst bank and database (1)

The present cyst collection held at the IATS-CSIC contains about 280 samples: 146 from Western Europe, 24 from Asia, 16 from Africa and 94 from the Americas.

The updating of cyst bank is mainly focused now to the study of samples coming from countries neighbouring Spain, specially Portugal, France , Italy and North Africa countries.

  The biogeography and biodiversity of Artemia populations in Spain

are well known (Amat et al., 1995), and changes about it were not expected, unless undue allochthonous species introduction.

A similar situation was reported from Portugal and France since the early 80´s. Narciso (1989) and Thiery & Robert (1992) rendered preliminary information on the presence of A. franciscana populations in Portugal and France, respectively.

Updating of cyst bank and database (2)

Cyst samples from Portugal, France, Spain and Morocco, present in the IATS-CSIC bank, and collected between 1991 and 2002, produced A. franciscana populations .

Preliminary research on Italian cyst samples (Tarquinia, Carloforte) are showing, up today, autochthonous Artemia populations (A. salina and A. parthenogenetica).

The suspected absolute presence of A. franciscana in Portugal and France is endangering the biodiversity of Spanish autochthonous populations in the South of Spain (Cadiz and Huelva) at short-medium (?) term, and of the Mediterranean Spanish autochthonous populations at medium-long (?) term.

Amat, F., Barata, C., Hontoria, F., Navarro, J.C., Varó, I. 1995. Int. J. Salt Lake Res., 3: 175-190.Narciso, L. 1989. EAS Special Publ., 10: 183-184.Thiery, A. and Robert, F. 1992. Int. J. Salt Lake Res.,1: 47-63.

 

First discriminant function

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Sec

ond

dis

crim

inan

t fu

nct

ion

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

4

2

4

2

4 4

4

P

2

2

2

4

2

A

A

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

AA

P

A

3

2

2

4

2 A

AA

A

A

4

2

2

2

A

2

A

Kazakhstan

A. urmianaA. salina

A. sinica

A. franciscanaA

A. persimilisP

tetraploid A. parthenogenetica4

triploid A. parthenogenetica3

diploid A. parthenogenetica2

Añana

Ebro delta

Embolon

Bonmatí (T)

PinillaPétrola

CalpeGuantánamo

Garaet et Tarf

Cagliari

Bonmatí (B)

Wadi Natron (B)

Santa Gilla

Mègrine

Melghir

Trapani (B)

Yuncheng

Tanggu

Madras

Odessa

Sri Lanka

Fuzhou

Aveiro

Trapani (P)

Izmir

Bjurliu

Kazakhstan

La Mata

Yingkou

Wadi Natron (P)

Maloje Jarovoe

Xiao Tan

Ka

San Quintín

Great Salt Lake

San Francisco Bay

Hidalgo Laguna Amarga

Ancash

Urmia

Souzama

Yavaros

Sète

El Estanquillo

Rocío

Odiel (D)

Odiel (T)

Urmia (P)Ankiembe

INVE (2002)

Rio Frio

Bon Fim

Aigues Mortes

Dong Fang Hong

Females

First discriminant function

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4

Sec

ond

dis

crim

inan

t fu

nct

ion

-4

-2

0

2

4

A

2

2

P

2

2

2

AA

A

A

P

A

A

A AA

A 2

2

A

KazakhstanA. urmianaA. salinaA. sinica

diploid A. parthenogenetica2

A. persimilisP

A. franciscanaA

Ancash

San Quintín

Laguna Amarga

Guantánamo

Great Salt Lake

Wadi Natron

Kazakhstan

Bonmatí

Trapani

Santa Gilla

Megriné

Melghir

Garaet et Tarf

Cagliari

Yungcheng

Calpe

Aveiro

La Mata

Odessa

Ka

Bjurliu

Hidalgo

Urmia

Yavaros

SèteEl Estanquillo

INVE (2002)

Rio Frio

Bon FimAigues Mortes Urmia (P)

Souzama

San Francisco Bay

Males