bell ringer what are the five themes of geography? what is the difference between site and...
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Bell Ringer
• What are the five themes of geography?
• What is the difference between site and situation?
• What is a hearth? What is an example of a cultural hearth?
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Bell Ringer
• What is a vernacular region?
• Why can it be said that maps lie?
• What is cultural diffusion?
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Bell Ringer
• What is Human Geography?
• What is Scale?
• Why do you think the study of geography is important?
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Bell Ringer
• What is Culture?
• What is diffusion?
• What is the difference between immigration and emmigration?
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AP Human Geography
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Why of Where?
• Why and how do things come together in certain places to produce particular outcomes?
• Why are some things found in certain places but not in others?
• To what extent do things in one place influence those in other places?
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So What?
• Why does it matter that things are different across space?
• What role does a place play in its region and in the world, and what does that mean for people there and elsewhere?
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Some Focuses of Geography• Human Geography: Focus on how people make
places, how we organize space & society, and how we make sense of others & ourselves in out localities, regions, and the world
• Physical Geography: study of physical phenomenon on the earth
• Medical Geography: mapping the distribution of a disease (first step to finding its cause)
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It’s all Spatial• Interest in the spatial
arrangement of places and phenomena, how they are laid out, organized, and arranged on the Earth, and how they appear on the landscape
• Geographers can also look for patterns to help discern more information, or relationships between places and things
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Spatial Perspective
• Since geographers are trying to look at multiple sub fields all at once, the five themes of geography were developed
• These five themes represent all things that geographers look at
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5 Themes
1. Location2. Human-environment3. Region4. Place5. Movement
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1. Location Where Am I?• Relative Location: Where you are in relation to something • Absolute Location: using latitude and longitude
(27.2758° N, 80.3550° W) (GPS & GIS[Geographic Information Systems])
• Site v Situation– Site: internal, physical characteristics of a place– Situation: geographic location
• New Orleans
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2. Human-environment
• How people modify or alter the environment to fit individual or societal needs
• Five toos: Too hot, too cold, too dry, too wet, too hilly
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1. 3. Region: Links places together using any parameter the geographer uses– Formal Region: everything &
anything inside the region has the same parameter- New York
– Functional Region: Defined around a certain point or node (Radio tower) Distance Decay
– Perceptual (Vernacular) Region: exists in an individuals perception or feelings
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• 4. Place
The description of what we see and of how we see and experience a certain aspect of the Earth’s Surface (Description of the Place: Hot, Cold, Wet, etc)
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• 5. Movement
• Also known as spatial interaction
• How linked is a place to the outside world?– More linked, more important– Less linked, less importance (REGARDLESS of
Geographic distance)
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6 Essential Elements of Geography1. Spatial World (No Place is Alone)2. Places & Regions (Describing places & regions)3. Physical Systems (close to human environ)4. Human Systems (Anything humans have done to
modify earth)5. Environment & Society (relation between environ
& society: economic, sustainable, environmental, preservationist)
6. Use of Geography in Today’s Society (How geography is used today)
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US Map
1. New England2. South3. Midwest4. Middle Atlantic5. West Coast6. Great Plains7. Bible Belt8. Sun Belt
9. Rust Belt10.Corn Belt11.Frost Belt12.Snow Belt13.Tornado Alley14.Rocky Mountains
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What Maps Tell Us
• Maps are important (Yes, they are)• Maps are Good• Maps are our friends
• Reference Maps: locations & geographic features
• Thematic Maps: tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a phenomena– Scale:
• Small: Where details are relatively small
• Large: Where details are relatively large (Contains more detail)
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WHY MAPS LIE!!!!!!!
• Maps are evil• They are out to trick us• EVERYTHING YOU KNOW
IS WRONG!!!!!
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Mercator Maps• Pro’s:
– This is the Earth the way I’m used to seeing it
– Angles aren’t distorted if you’re looking at shapes locally
– meridians and parallels are all straight lines, and it’s a rectangle.
– I can use this map to sail in straight lines if I want to.
• Con’s: – It has to be cut off at the top
and bottom because otherwise the map expands to infinity.
– It totally distorts real proportions
– This is why we’ve never located the North Pole.
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Planar Projection (Azimuthal)
• Pro’s: Even though the shapes get distorted the further you get from the center, the distances along the longitude lines are accurate.
• Con’s: What sort of jokers would ever seriously use this map…. Other than the United Nations…
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Dymaxion Projection (Fuller)• Pro’s:
– Land-masses are connected like a big island – This map is made by projecting the globe onto an icosahedron and unfolding it.
• Con’s: – Fuller intended it not to have North as up, or for there not to be an up at all, as a hippy
statement about the nature of the universe.– I feel as though I am being tricked into printing this, cutting it out, and trying to make it work
knowing it will never ever work.
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Equal Projection Map
• AKA: Peter’s Projection Map• Pros– Still keeps the world
“square”– Still keeps the latitude &
longitude in line– Doesn’t have as many
distortions as Mercator (geographically, politically, psychologically)
• Cons– It’s the world, and I know its
the world, and I know its right, but it looks so wrong
– West Wing & 25 Maps
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Culture
• Culture refers not only to the music, literature, and arts of a society but also to all the other features of its way of life (modes of dress, living habits, food preferences, government, law, education, etc)
• Besides describing lifestyle, culture also refers to the prevalent beliefs of a group– Behavior patterns which are
characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance (Hoebel)
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Understanding Culture
• A single attribute in a culture is known as a cultural trait
• A particular combination of traits unique to a culture is known as a cultural complex
• The area where cultural traits developed and from which these traits diffused is known as a cultural hearth
• When a trait develops independently at numerous different hearths it is known as independent invention (Farming)
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Cultural Diffusion
• Inevitably, people will move, and they will take their culture with them
• The spread of ideas or innovation from its hearth to other places is known as cultural diffusion (Carl Sauer)
• In 1970 Swedish geographer Torsten Hagerstrand presented research suggesting that time and distance affect the spread of diffusion
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Time-Distance Decay• Hagerstrand said that diffusion of a trait depends, in
part, on time and distance from the hearth• The farther from the hearth, the less likely it is to be
accepted• Acceptance of a trait becomes less likely the longer it
takes to reach its potential location– Regardless of everything, some ideas/practices are not
accepted or adopted because of prevailing cultural attitudes or taboos (Cultural Barriers)
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Diffusion
• Geographers classify diffusion in two categories– Expansion Diffusion: an innovation/idea develops
in a hearth and remain strong while also spreading outward• Contagious Diffusion• Hierarchical Diffusion• Stimulus Diffusion
– Relocation Diffusion
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Types of Expansion Diffusion
• Contagious Diffusion: diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals/places are affected (Islam)
• Hierarchical Diffusion: diffusion of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places (fashion or music)
• Stimulus Diffusion: spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected (McDonalds in INDIA)
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***Remember to show expansions of religion video
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Relocation Diffusion• When thinking of expansion diffusion, it is the
idea/trait/disease that expands out• With relocation diffusion, actual movement of
individuals who have adapted the idea or innovation carry it to a new location – Migrants (Ethnic Neighborhoods Little Havana)• Immigrant• Emigrant
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Force of Nature… or possibilities
• Aristotle (Ancient Greek philosopher) expressed the idea of environmental determinism.
• Environmental Determinism states that human behavior, individual or collective, is strongly affected, if not controlled/determined, by the physical environment around them. (Criticized)
• Backlash led to possibilism. Possibilism argues that the environment could limit the choices a culture could make. That culture would then make the best choice based on the technology available to them. (More widely accepted)