benchmarking urban air quality management in asian cities cornie huizenga, may ajero and herbert...

Benchmarking Urban Air Quality Management in Asian Cities

Cornie Huizenga, May Ajero and Herbert Fabian, CAI-Asia Secretariat

Gary Haq, and Dieter Schwela, Stockholm Environment Institute

Lahore Clean Air Workshop

13-15 December 2004Lahore, Pakistan

Overview of Presentation

• CAI-Asia• Air Quality Management Context in Asia• Strategic Framework for Air Quality

Management in Asia• Benchmarking of Air Quality

Management Capabilities in Asia

Part 1

CAI-Asia

CAI-Asia

• The Clean Air Initiative promotes and demonstrates innovative ways to improve the air quality of Asian Cities through sharing experiences and building partnership- Sharing knowledge and experiences on air quality

management- Capacity building- Improving policy and regulatory frameworks at the

regional level - Assisting cities in formulating and implementing

integrated air quality management systems - Piloting projects to encourage innovation

“Create an Air Quality Management Community in Asia”

CITIESBangkok,ThailandChiang Mai,ThailandChengdu,PRCChittagong,BangladeshChongqing,PRCColombo,Sri LankaDhaka, BangladeshGuangzhou,PRCHaiphong, Viet NamHangzhou,PRCHanoi,Viet NamHarbin,PRCHo Chi Minh City,Viet NamHong Kong, SAR, ChinaHyderabad, IndiaIslamabad,PakistanKathmandu,NepalLahore, PakistanMakati,PhilippinesMetro Manila, PhilippinesMumbai, IndiaNaga,PhilippinesPhnom Penh,CambodiaPune, IndiaSingapore, (NEA)Surabaya,IndonesiaTianjin,PRCUlaanbaatar, MongoliaYogyakarta,Indonesia

NGAsAndhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, IndiaAustralia Department of Environment and HeritageBalochistan EPA, PakistanCentral Pollution Control Board, IndiaDepartment of Environment, Bangladesh Department of Forests, Ecology and Env’t, Karnataka State, IndiaDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources, PhilippinesDepartment of Energy, PhilippinesDepartment of Transportation and Communications, PhilippinesDhaka Transport Coordination Board, BangladeshEnvironmental Protection Agency Karachi, PakistanMinistry of Environment, CambodiaMinistry of Environment, IndonesiaMinistry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, IndiaPollution Control Department, ThailandState Environmental Protection Administration (PRC focal point)Viet Nam Register, Viet NamDEVELOPMENT AGENCIESAsian Development BankAustralian Department for Environment and HeritageGerman Agency for Technical CooperationThe William and Flora Hewlett FoundationUnited States-Asia Environmental PartnershipSidaWorld Bank

FULL PRIVATE SECTOR MemberFord Motor ShellCompany CDT Inc.ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTOR MemberAVL Corning ETIACFA DEKRA ESPCerulean EMITEC IPIECAMAHA SGS JM

50 NGOs and

Academic Institutions

in the Region

CAI-Asia Membership

What does CAI-Asia do ?

KnowledgeManagement

CapacityBuilding

RegionalPolicy andStandards

IntegratedAir QualityStrategies

Pilot Projects

Workshops

• cleanairnet.org/caiasia

• CAI-Asia Listserv• Benchmarking

Study• AQM Best Practices

• CATNet Asia• Distance learning

course• Special Training

Courses

• Strategic Framework for AQM

in Asia

• CAI-Asia Oil Industry Dialogue

• Priority Agenda for AQM in Asia

•Country and City based AQM strategies

•Country and city based local networks

• PAPA Project• Poverty and Air

Pollution

• Diesel• Emission Factor

Development

• PSUTA (sustainable transport)

• Fuel additives

• BAQ 2002• BAQ 2003• BAQ 2004

• Sustainable

Transport, Vietnam• Sustainable Urban

Dev., Shanghai

• Heating, Ulaanbaatar

• Clean Air Congress, London

Part 2

The Air Quality Management Context in Asia

Air Quality Management Status • Drivers: trends with respect to factors contributing to

increase/decrease in emissions• Pressure: trends with respect to emissions from different

sources• State: trends with respect to concentrations of

pollutants in the atmosphere• Impact: trends with respect to health, environmental

and economic impacts• Response: trends with respect to the development of

capacity to manage air quality– Air quality measurement capacity– Data assessment and availability– Emissions estimates– Management enabling capabilities

AQM StatusAsia

AQM StatusAsia: drivers

Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, The 1999 Revision.

-

500.0

1000.0

1500.0

2000.0

2500.0

3000.0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002

MT

OE

Energy consumption

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2003

Urb

an

izati

on

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

U.S. Current Level

Veh

icle

Pop

ula

tion

(m

illi

ons)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

U.S. Current Level

Veh

icle

Pop

ula

tion

(m

illi

ons)

Vehicle growth scenario China

Source: Dongquan He, Energy Foundation 2004

Motorization

Emissions and Change in Technology

Country 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

European Union

Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

Bangladesh Euro 2 (under discussion)

Hong Kong, China

Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4

Indiaa Euro 1 Euro 2 E3

Indiab E1 Euro 2 Euro 3

Indonesia Euro 2

Malaysia Euro 1 Euro 2

Nepal Euro 1

Philippines Euro 1

PRCa Euro 1 Euro 2

PRCc Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3

Singaporee Euro 1 Euro 2

Singaporeg Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 4

Sri Lanka Euro 1

Taipei,China US Tier 1 US Tier 2 for dieseld

Thailand Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro4

Viet Name Euro 1

Viet Namf Euro 1

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Chi na i ndust ry coal fi red power

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Pb

Co

nten

t in

Gas

olin

e (g

/l)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Aver

age

Pb

Air C

once

ntra

tion

(g/

m3 )

Pb C on tent in G aso line Pb A ir Co ncentratio n

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Pb

Co

nten

t in

Gas

olin

e (g

/l)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Aver

age

Pb

Air C

once

ntra

tion

(g/

m3 )

Pb C on tent in G aso line Pb A ir Co ncentratio n

Although there is strong growth in motorization, the introduction of cleaner engines and fuels has slowed down the overall growth in emissions and there is considerable potential to slow down the increase in emissions from transport even further

Removal of lead from gasoline has drastically reduced lead being emitted per vehicle

Energy switch e.g Coal to natural gas has contributed to lowering SO2 emissions in urban areas in China.

AQM StatusAsia: Pressure

Source: Wangwongwatana, BAQ 2002

Source: BAQ 2002

Source: CAI-Asia statistics 2004

Average Annual Air Pollution Concentrations (1990 - 1999) in selected Asian Cities(AMIS Database)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Bangk

ok

Beijing

Kolkat

a

Chong

qing

Gua

ngzh

ou

Hong

Kong

Met

ro M

anila

Mum

bai

New D

elhi

Osa

ka

Seoul

Busan

Shang

hai

Taipe

i,Chin

aTo

kyo

co

nc

en

tra

tio

ns

in

µg

/m3

SO2

NO2

SPM

PM10

SPM Guidelines = 60-90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)

PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997)

SO2 Guideline = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)

NO2 Guideline = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Bangk

ok

Beijin

g

Busan

Colom

bo

Dhaka

Hanoi

Ho Chi

Min

h

Hong

Kong

Jaka

rta

Kathm

andu

Kolka

ta

Man

ila

Mum

bai

New D

elhi

Seoul

Shang

hai

Singa

pore

Surab

aya

Taip

ei,C

hina

Toky

o

conc

entr

atio

n in

µg/

m3

Average Annual Air Pollution Concentrations (2000 - 2003) in selected Asian Cities

SO2

NO2

SPM

PM10




NO2 Guideline = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)

SO2 NO2 SPM PM10

Bangkok ≥ > < <Beijing < ? ? <Busan < > ? ≥Colombo > < ? ≤Hong Kong > < < <Kolkata < > < <Manila ? ? < ?Mumbai < < < <New Delhi < < < <Seoul < > < <Shanghai < < < ?Taipei,China < < ? >Tokyo < ≤ ? <

Note:

≥ - about 5% increase

≤ - about 5%decrease

? - lack of data

2000 – 2003 compared with 1990 – 1999 Air Quality Data

Trends of Aggregated Annual Averages of SPM for selected Asian Cities (1993 - 2003)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

co

nc

en

tra

tio

ns

in

µg

/m3


BangkokBusan

Hong KongKolkataManila

MumbaiNew Delhi

SeoulShanghai

BangkokBusan


MumbaiNew Delhi

SeoulShanghai

BangkokBusan


MumbaiNew Delhi

SeoulShanghai

BangkokBusan


MumbaiNew Delhi

SeoulShanghai

BangkokBusan


MumbaiNew Delhi

SeoulShanghai

BangkokBusan


MumbaiNew Delhi

SeoulShanghai

BangkokBusan


MumbaiNew Delhi

SeoulShanghai

BangkokBusanHanoi

Hong KongJakartaKolkataManila

MumbaiNew Delhi

SeoulShanghai

BangkokHanoi

Hong KongJakartaKolkataManila

MumbaiNew Delhi

SeoulShanghai

BangkokHanoi


MumbaiNew DelhiShanghai

BangkokHong Kong

KolkataManila

MumbaiNew DelhiShanghai

Trend of Aggregated Annual Averages of PM10 for selected Asian Cities (1993 - 2003)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

conc

entr

atio

ns in

µg/

m3


Hong KongMumbai

New DelhiSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo

Hong KongMumbai

New DelhiSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo

BusanHong Kong

MumbaiNew Delhi

SeoulSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo

BusanHong Kong

MumbaiNew Delhi

SeoulSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo

BangkokBusan

Hong KongKolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul

SingaporeTaipei,China

Tokyo

BangkokBusan

ColomboHong Kong

KolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul


Tokyo

BangkokBeijingBusan

ColomboHong Kong

KolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul


Tokyo

BangkokBeijingBusan

ColomboHanoi

Ho Chi MinhHong Kong

JakartaKolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul

ShanghaiSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo

BangkokBeijingBusan

ColomboHanoi


JakartaKolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul

ShanghaiSingaporeSurabaya

Taipei,ChinaTokyo

BangkokBeijingBusan

ColomboHanoi


JakartaKolkataManila

MumbaiNew Delhi

SeoulShanghaiSingaporeSurabaya

Taipei,ChinaTokyo

BangkokBeijing

ColomboHanoi


JakartaKolkataManila

MumbaiNew DelhiShanghaiSingaporeSurabaya

Taipei,ChinaTokyo

Trends of Aggregated Annual Averages of SO2 for selected Asian Cities (1993 - 2003)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

con

cen

tra

tion

s in

µg

/m3

BusanHong Kong

KolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul

ShanghaiSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo

BusanHong Kong

KolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul

ShanghaiSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo

BusanHong Kong

KolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul

ShanghaiSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo

BangkokBeijing Busan

Hong Kong KolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul

ShanghaiSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo


ColomboHong Kong

KolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul

ShanghaiSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo


ColomboHong Kong

KolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul

ShanghaiSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo


ColomboHong Kong

KolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul

ShanghaiSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo


ColomboHo Chi Minh

Hong Kong KolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul

ShanghaiSingapore

Taipei,ChinaTokyo


ColomboHanoi


KolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul


Taipei,ChinaTokyo


ColomboDhakaHanoi


KolkataMumbai

New DelhiSeoul


Taipei,ChinaTokyo

BangkokBeijing

ColomboDhaka


KolkataSeoul


Taipei,ChinaTokyo


Bangkok

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

concentr

ations in µ

g/m

3

SPM PM10 CO NO2 O3

Hong Kong

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

concentr

atio

n in

µg/m

3

SPM PM10 CO SO2 NO2 O3

Singapore

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

concentr

atio

n in

µg/m

3

PM10 CO SO2 NO2 O3

Shanghai

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

conc

entr

atio

ns in

µg/

m3

SPM PM10 SO2 NO2

Mumbai

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

con

cen

tra

tion

in µ

g/m

3SPM RSPM SO2 NOx

New Delhi

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

conce

ntr

atio

n in

µg/m

3

SPM RSPM SO2 NOx

Annual Averages of Criteria Pollutants in Asian Cities (1992 - 2003)

Source: PCD, 2004

Source: EPD, 2004

Source: NEA, 2004

Source: SEMC, 2004

Source: ESMAP, 2004

Source: ESMAP, 2004

Health Effects and Health Costs

Health Effects

1,025,0001,619,000Indoor Air

487,000799,000Urban

Outdoor Air

730,0001,730,000Unsafe

Water

Asian Estimate

Global Estimate

Risks

1,025,0001,619,000Indoor Air

487,000799,000Urban

Outdoor Air

730,0001,730,000Unsafe

Water

Asian Estimate

Global Estimate

RisksNumber of Premature Deaths

•Manila US$392M

•Shanghai US$880M

•Bangkok US$424M

•India US$14 to $ 191.6M

•Jakarta US$ 100 M

Health Costs (per year)

Exposure Risks

0.46 0.62 0.5

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7

US (90 Cities)* Eur (21Studies)*

Asia (6Studies)

Perc

en

t In

crease

•Manila US$392M

•Shanghai US$880M

•Bangkok US$424M

•India US$14 to $ 191.6M

•Jakarta US$ 100 M

Health Costs (per year)

Exposure Risks

0.46 0.62 0.5

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7

US (90 Cities)* Eur (21Studies)*

Asia (6Studies)

Perc

en

t In

crease

AQM StatusAsia: Impact

Source: WHO, 2002Source: Greenbaum and O’Keefe, BAQ 2003

Source: ADB 2002. Policy Guidelines on Reducing Vehicle Emissions

Part 3

Strategic Framework for Air Quality Management in Asia

A Strategic Framework for AQM in Asia

Aim:

To provide a regional approach to improving urban air quality by facilitating the setting of air quality priorities and providing direction on institutional development and capacity enhancement

Governmental authorities

Judiciary

Private sector

Civil society

NGOs

Media

Academia

Development agencies

Target Group of the Strategic Framework

Guide decision-makers

and stakeholders in Asia in the formulation and implementation of AQM

strategies and programmes

Provide a broad, high-level approach that is

flexible and adaptable to the needs of different

countries/cities

Highlight the most important components of

a comprehensive AQM system in a rational and

systematic manner

Strategic Framework Objectives

Key Sections of the Framework1. Air Quality Policies

2. Air Quality Governance

3. Emissions

4. Air Quality Monitoring

5. Air Quality Modelling

6. Health, Environmental & Economic Risk Assessments

7. Financing of AQM

SECTION OF THE SF OBJECTIVE

1Air Quality Policies

To include and/or strengthen the concept of AQM in relevant policies and legislation in cities/ countries in the region

2Air Quality Governance

To facilitate law enforcement, to inform, educate and strengthen stakeholder participation in all aspects of AQM to prevent and reduce the impacts of air pollution

3Emissions

To include and/or strengthen enforceable, affordable, sustainable and highly effective measures to assess and reduce emissions

Strategic Framework – Outline (1)


4Air Quality Modelling

To support and strengthen national and local air quality estimates and allow source apportionment and estimations of transboundary air pollution

5Air Quality Monitoring

To establish and/or strengthen national and local air quality monitoring programmes

6Health, Environmental and Economic Risk Assessments

To establish and/or strengthen national and local programmes which monitor health, environmental and economic impact of air pollution in an harmonized way.



7Financing of AQM

To establish mechanisms for financial sustainability in regional, national and local air quality, environmental and health programmes including financing from private sector and other sources


Part 4

Benchmarking of Air Quality Management Capabilities in Asia

Review• Both city profile and

questionnaire to be reviewed by air quality experts in the city

• Overall review panel (e.g. WHO, World Bank and ADB, etc)

Benchmarking of AQM capacity

1. Air quality measuremen

t capacity

4. Management

enabling capabilities

3. Emissions estimates

2. Data assessment

and availability

Cities covered in Benchmarking StudyJakarta

Karachi

Kathmandu

Manila

Mumbai

New Delhi

Kolkata

Osaka

Seoul

Shanghai

Surabaya

Singapore

Taipei

Tokyo

Yogyakarta

Bangkok

Beijing

Busan

Colombo

Dhaka

Hanoi

Hong Kong

Ho Chi Minh

AQM Profile15-20 page document:• general information• description of pollution sources• Air Quality Data• Impacts of air pollution• Policies, Programs and Projects• Conclusions

AQ

M

Qu

est i

on

nai r

e

AQM StatusAsia: Response

AQM Indicator RatingsAir quality

measurement capacity

Data assessmen

t and availability

Management enabling capabilities

Emissions estimates

1. Chronic health effects

2. Acute health effects (continuous 24-hour monitoring)

3. AQ trends

4. Spatial distribution

5. Kerbside concentration

6. Data quality

1. Analysis of data

2. Data dissemination

1. Legislation on AQ standards

2. Utilization of AQ information

1. Total emissions of pollutants

2. Accuracy of emissions estimates

3. Availability of emissions estimates

4. Emissions estimates from different sources

3

2.5

3

11

2.5

3

14

11

2

9

8

6

8

17


Air Quality Measurement Capacity

AQM Capability Indices

• Only in few cases are monitoring stations linked in a network

• Routine regulatory monitoring generally does not (yet) include ozone and PM 2.5

• QA/QC programs are not institutionalized in most cases

Bangkok Manila

Beijing Mumbai

Busan New Delhi

Colombo Osaka

Dhaka Seoul

Hanoi Shanghai

Ho Chi Minh

Singapore

Hong Kong Surabaya

Jakarta Taipei,China

Karachi Tokyo

Kathmandu Yogyakarta

Kolkata


Legend: Minimal Limited Moderate Good Excellent


Data Assessment and Availability


Bangkok Manila

Beijing Mumbai

Busan New Delhi

Colombo Osaka

Dhaka Seoul

Hanoi Shanghai

Ho Chi Minh

Singapore

Hong Kong Surabaya


Karachi Tokyo


Kolkata

• A few cities have APIs, but not all publish AQ information on a regular basis. API’s in most cases do not include pollutants of concern such as PM10 or Ozone.

• Cities with API do not appear to use API as management tool, e.g. issue air quality alerts

• Comprehensive overview of air quality data in Asia is not available

Emissions estimates AQM Capability Indices

Bangkok Manila

Beijing Mumbai

Busan New Delhi

Colombo Osaka

Dhaka Seoul

Hanoi Shanghai

Ho Chi Minh

Singapore

Hong Kong Surabaya


Karachi Tokyo


Kolkata


• Inventories in many of the cases were conducted by outside groups: academe or consulting firms

• Level of detail/ disaggregation varies greatly

• Reliability of activity data and Emission factors used is questionable for many of the cities

• Caution in using current emission estimates as basis for policy development

Management Enabling capabilities



Bangkok Manila

Beijing Mumbai

Busan New Delhi

Colombo Osaka

Dhaka Seoul

Hanoi Shanghai

Ho Chi Minh

Singapore

Hong Kong Surabaya


Karachi Tokyo


Kolkata

• AQ ambient standards are in place and generally follow WHO guidelines

• Emission standards are in place but enforcement generally weak

• Mobile sources of pollution receive disproportionate attention compared to area sources and stationary sources.

Stage 4 – Mature capacity. AQM is increasingly comprehensive and well structured; external, donor involvement limited only to special areas; AQ levels approaching WHO guidelines as well as NAAQS; continuous AQ monitoring; development of medium-term AQM strategies; emerging emphasis on prevention of pollution; enforcement of standards becoming standard practiceStage 3 – Evolving capacity. Systematic approach to AQM being put in place, often with still extensive foreign support; AQ monitoring increasingly through continuous monitoring; air pollution levels high but stable; more structured approach to enforcement emerging.

Stage 2 – Basic capacity. Initial legislation, standards and control measures; heavy dependence on foreign support; AQ levels high and still increasing; few, often manual type stations for monitoring; often very weak AQ regulations enforcementStage 1 – Minimal capacity. No established AQM capacity; increasing air pollution levels; no comprehensive AQ legislation and standards; limited ad-hoc AQ monitoring and pollution control

Source: Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities of Asia – Stage 2 (draft)

AQM Management CapacityStage 5 – Excellent capacity. AQM is a routine activity; well established local institutional capacity; typically stable AQ levels and under WHO guidelines and NAAQS; strong emphasis on pollution prevention; AQ and emission standards are routinely enforced.

Hong Kong, Osaka, Seoul, Singapore, Tokyo and Taipei

Bangkok, Beijing, Busan, New Delhi and Shanghai

Dhaka, Hanoi, Surabaya and Yogyakarta

Ho Chi Minh, Jakarta, Kathmandu, Kolkata, Manila and Mumbai

Colombo and Karachi

Classification according to stages is based on AQ capability questionnaire, AQ levels and City profile.


Conclusion• Cities with high levels of economic activity and well-

developed AQM systems tend to have better air quality than those cities with a poorly developed AQM system

• More emphasis needs to be given to the development of standard methodologies for conducting emission inventories and source apportionment studies

• The identified stages of development in terms of AQM capability can assist cities in setting priorities and developing strategies for strengthening their AQM capability

• This Benchmarking Study is a useful tool for policy-makers and AQM experts, but methodologies should be modified to adapt to the current situation and new priorities in AQM

benchmarking urban air quality management in asian cities cornie huizenga, may ajero and herbert...

Documents

caiasia slide

asia country

air quality of asian

asia strategic framework

pakistan slide

caiasia secretariat

clean air initiative

prc ulaanbaatar