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Bente Ailin Svendsen
Language, youth and identity in
heterogeneous urban spaces – Oslo, Norway
Kotsinas (1988) Stockholm
Aasheim (1995) Oslo
Rampton (1995) London
Quist (2000) København
Nortier (2001) Utrecht
Kallmeyer & Keim Mannheim
Jaspers (2008, 2011) Antwerpen
Wiese (2006) Berlin
Svendsen &
Røyneland (2008) Oslo
Ganuza (2008) Gøteborg, Malmø og Stockholm Opsahl (2009) Oslo
Christensen (2010) Århus
Quist & Svendsen (2010) Skandinavia
Wiese (2012) Berlin
Svendsen & Marzo 2015 Oslo and Gent
Madsen & Svendsen 2015 Copenhagen and Oslo
Some studies in Europe
The linguistic forms and practices
Identification and the ascription
of values to these alleged ways
of speaking and their speakers
The scholars’ role in the
(re)production of these speech
styles
Focus:
‘Kebabnorsk’ (‘Kebab-Norwegian’)
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Folk linguistics – emic terms (Pike 1954)
Rinkebysvenska (‘Rinkeby Swedish’)
Millionsvenska (‘Million Swedish’)
Blattesvenska (‘Blatte Swedish’)
Kebabnorsk (‘Kebab Norwegian’)
Perker dansk (‘Perker Danish’)
Straattaal (‘Street language’)
5 109 056 total population
633 100 ‘immigrants’ (12 % of the total population)
31 % of Oslo’s population
126 075 Norwegian born with immigrant parents
Statistics Norway 1.1.2014
Oslo
More than 150 languages in the Norwegian primary and secondary school and more than 125 in the Oslo school
Oslo
Southern
Nordstrand 50 % ‘immigrants’,
SN, 2013
Old Oslo
37,8 %
‘immigrants’
SN, 2013
Multicultural Oslo
West End East End
Multicultural Oslo
West End East End
middle/upper class
soss (’posh’)
’Norwegians’
lack of street-cred
working class
’wallah’
’gangsters’
’foreigners’
street-cred
Utviklingsprosesser i urbane språkmiljø
‘Linguistic processes in urban spaces’
(2006-2010)
Linguistic practices among adolescents in multiethnic Oslo (UPUS/Oslo) 2006-2009
Data collection period: 2006 -2008
Corpus: Video-recorded interviews and peer conversations
56 respondents between 13 and 19 years old
Two situations:
1) Research interview
2)Peer conversation
• Syntactic characteristics (ex. variation in the V2 constraint)
• Morphological characteristics (ex. simplification of the grammatical gender system)
• Phonological and prosodic characteristics (ex. ‘staccato’ intonation)
• The use of ’wallah’ and related discourse markers
(see Quist and Svendsen, 2010)
Syntax: V2 variation
Norway (T. Opsahl & I. Nistov 2010)
Hvis noen står og breaker alle stopper opp
clause S V
If somebody is dancing break dance everybody
will stop
Syntax: V2 variation
Sweden (N. Ganuza 2010)
Sen hon gick till skolan (Sen gick hon till skolan)
Then she went to school
Denmark (P. Quist 2000)
Når man er i puberteten man tænker mere
Clause S V
When you are in your puberty you think more
XSV or XVS
Peer conversation: XSV in 38 % of all possible contexts
Research interview: XSV in 12 % of all possible contexts
→ Clear situational differences
→ Sociolinguistically significant
(Opsahl & Nistov, 2010, jf. Ganuza, 2010)
Excerpt 1:
Kebab-Norwegian blocks for employment
Three young people from Holmlia NN (16), NN (19) and NN (17) warn
their peers against using Kebab-Norwegian.
"You can't go to a job interview and say: 'Sjof my CV'," says NN (19)
shaking his head while explaining that "sjof" means "look at".
His friends NN (17) and NN (16) nod in agreement.
’Kebab-Norwegian blocks for employment’
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The ‘Kebab-Norwegian-debate’ 4.-19. June 2009
• NRK Fagdagen 4. June 2009: Det er vi som er Wergeland nå!
Performance by the rapper DannyBoy and B. A. Svendsen advocating
’Kebab-Norwegian’ as a ’new’ dialect
• Dagsavisen 12. June 2009: Kebabnorsk sperrer for jobb
• Dagsavisen 15. June 2009: Krangler om kebaborsk
• Dagsavisen 16. June 2009: Sjefer vil ikke sjofe
• NRK Television Ikveld, 17. June 2009, debate, Kebab-Norwegian and
job opportunities
• Dagsavisen 19. June 2009, Op ed
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Excerpt 5:
Strand: but first (.) it is called Kebab (.) Norwegian and is a
mixture of Norwegian (.) Kurdish (.) Arabic and Urdu (.)
speaking this way makes it difficult for many minority-
language speakers to get a job (1.0) and this is what
this language sounds like (1.0)
Excerpt 6: DL: here we heard a little Kebab-Norwegian
Petter (.) and you represents employers in private sector and you call it a bad thing or not-Norwegian
PF: yes DL: what do you mean by that? PF: no ((laughing)) you can interpret yourself if
you try to understand what’s being said here ((points to the screen where they broadcasted the video from Holmlia)) (1.0) and it’s for sure- we organize many companies in the service industries and they are struggling with with this to get language and communication to function ((looks at DannyBoy)) (1.0) and ehm then I think it’s very strange if you as a Norwegian or somebody who commands the Norwegian language (lit. sproget) shall de-learn and start to use a tribal language which you can’t use at work (.) then you ask for unemployment
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The scholars’ role in the
constructions and reproductions of
purported ways of speaking among
young people in linguistically and
culturally heterogeneous urban
neighbourhoods
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Figure 1: Number of media articles on ‘kebabnorsk’ (‘Kebab-Norwegian’) after 1 January
1995 in the Norwegian press (Atekst Retriever 26 September 2014, N=506)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Aasheim
Opsahl
Lomheim
Uri
Røyneland
Svendsen
Språkforsker
Østby
Figure 2: Number of articles after 1 January 1995 in the Norwegian press on
‘kebabnorsk’+various scholars and ‘kebabnorsk’+’language researcher’
(‘språkforsker’) (Retriever 10 September 2014, N=506)
Foto: Ketil Hylland
BAS: kjempebra (.) det (.) men ee jeg driver og
undersøker hvordan man snakker i Oslo
A: mm
BAS: og har dere noen oppfatning om hvordan
man snakker her på Holmlia ↑
A: kebabnorsk
BAS: hva er det ↑
A: det er sånn jeg ee jeg vet ikke hvordan jeg
skal forklare
B: det er en slang
BAS: er det en slang ↑
C (?): ja
BAS: hva er det for noe da (.) hva er liksom slang
↑
C (?): gatespråk for eksempel
BAS: gatespråk
C: ja
BAS: ja hva hvordan er det fordi man snakker på
gata eller ↑
C: nei det er sånn man snakker i Holmlia
BAS: very good (.) that (.) but ee I am
investigating how people talk in Oslo
A: mm
BAS: and do you have an opinion about
how you talk here at Holmlia ↑
A: Kebab-Norwegian
BAS: what is that ↑
A: It is like ee I do not know how to
explain
B: it is a slang
BAS: is it a slang ↑
C (?): yes
BAS: what is that (.) what is slang in a
way ↑
C (?): street language for example
BAS: street language
C: yes
BAS: yes what is it because you talk on
the street or ↑
C: no it is the way you talk in Holmlia
[…] sciences which claim “to put forward the
criteria that are the most well founded in reality”
are merely recording a state of the struggle over
classifications, often invoked through a scientific
authority (Bourdieu 1991:222).
‘double hermeneutics’
The intersection of two frames of meaning as
a logically necessary part of social science,
the meaningful social world as constituted by
lay actors and the metalanguages invented
by social scientists; there is a constant
’slippage’ from one to the other involved
in the practice of the social sciences.
(Giddens 1984:374)
A semiotic register versus
general processes of
language change?
The extent to which the linguistic forms and functions in question are to be
found among others. Among whom, and in which contexts?
The speech styles’ durability over time – language use in different contexts in
adulthood (Rampton 2015)
The need for further investigations of linguistic forms and functions, phonology
in particular (Bodén 2010; Hansen and Pharao 2010).
The extent to which there is a change in the values and ideologies ascribed to
these alleged ways of speaking?
The extent to which this is an urban phenomenon?
The need to compare recently emerged speech styles with previous ones
across time and space – language contact is not a new phenomenon.
Considerations:
Merci beaucoup pour votre attention!