best management practices for onion pests€¦ · best management practices for onion pests christy...

42
Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Allium Schools: (abridged version) Canton, NY, October 21, 2013 Plattsburgh, NY, October 22, 2013

Upload: others

Post on 16-May-2020

4 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Best Management Practices for Onion Pests

Christy HoeptingCornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program

Cornell Cooperative ExtensionVegetable Program

Allium Schools: (abridged version)Canton, NY, October 21, 2013

Plattsburgh, NY, October 22, 2013

Page 2: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Nymph (0.5 – 1.2 mm)No wings

Nymphs feeding in leaf axils

Adult≤ 2 mmWings

Onion Thrips

Page 3: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

15-Mar 14-Apr 14-May 13-Jun 13-Jul 12-Aug 11-Sep 11-Oct

HarvestOnions

ThripsPlanting

*Thrips produce 3 to 4 generations in a field,requiring 6 to 8 weeks of protection

1 2 3 4generations

Onion Thrips Pressure

Page 4: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Organic Options

• Entrust is the most effective OMRI‐approved insecticide– Apply at 1 OT per leaf

• Kaolin clay (Surround) provides mediocre control– Washes off with rain andneeds to be reapplied

• Natural pyrethrins– ?

Page 5: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Insecticide Efficacy Trials: Results 2009 (Botanicals)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1‐Jul 8‐Jul 15‐Jul 22‐Jul 29‐Jul 5‐Aug 12‐Aug 19‐Aug

Average No. Ono

in Thrips Larvae

 per leaf

untreated

Radiant

Neemix+Trilogy

Neemazad

MBI‐205

Requiem

3 OT per leaf

1 OT per leaf

untreated

Requiem

Radiant

Neemix+Trilogy

MBI‐205

Neemazad

Botanical Insecticides: Potter, 2009

Neemazad, Neemix, Trilogy, Requiemdid not provide effective control

Page 6: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Products Chemical Class

Active Ingredient

Relative Efficacy

Lannate LV carbamate methomyl +Radiant spinosyn spinetoram +++Movento 240SC*Section 18

Tetramic acid Spirotetramat +++

Agri-Mek 0.15ECAgri-Mek 0.7 SC*

avermectin abamectin ++

Assail 30SG neonicotinoid acetamiprid -Warrior II with Zeon Technology

pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin

+ to ++

Registered Insecticides

BEST!

Does not work!

Page 7: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Scouting for Onion Thrips

• Start looking for onion thrips in early to mid June– Bare root transplants imported from the south may be infested with onion thrips

• Look deep into the leaf axils to find the first thrips of the season

Page 8: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Scouting for Onion Thrips

Thrips should be controlled before you see this much damage

Page 9: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Scouting for Onion Thrips

Page 10: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Management of Onion Thrips

• First line of defense is insecticides

Cultural Practices:• Mulches (reflective silver plastic, straw)

– May delay colonization of thrips into onion• Delay first insecticide spray

– May slow development of onion thrips• Decrease frequency of sprays

Page 11: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Reflective Silver Mulch

Page 12: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Straw Mulch Reduces Onion Thrips

Page 13: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Botrytis Leaf Blight

Classic BLB lesions:Look for tiny straw‐colored center surrounded by a silvery halo

Page 14: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Pelting rain injury

Chemical injury

Botrytis Leaf Blight

When BLB lesions get old:• center becomes sunken, often 

splits, yellowish in color• remnants of the silvery halo can 

usually still be seen 

Page 15: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Pelting rain injury

Botrytis Leaf Blight

Overwinter as sclerotia in soil, cull piles, onion debris.Optimum conditions: 59 – 65 ˚F + 12 hours leaf wetness; greatly reduced above 81 ˚F

BLB lesions may be confused with:

Chemical injury Pelting rain injury Iris Yellow Spot Virus

Page 16: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Alternaria Purple Blotch

Look for purple or tan boat‐shaped lesions on otherwise 

green leaf tissue

Page 17: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Alternaria Purple Blotch

• Over‐winters in crop residue and cull piles

• Optimum conditions:– 77 ◦F, min: 55 ◦F, max: 97 ◦ F– 90+ % RH– Long periods of leaf wetness

• Shows up in late‐June, early August

Page 18: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Downy Mildew

Page 19: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Downy Mildew

Downy mildew is invaded by secondary pathogens including Purple Blotch & SLB

Page 20: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Downy mildew Purple Blotch

Downy Mildew vs. Purple Blotch

Page 21: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Downy Mildew

Onions die standing up from downy mildew

• Optimum Conditions:– 50‐54 ◦F plus long dew periods

– Day time temps > 74 ◦F can prevent sporulation

• VERY challenging to control

Page 22: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Fungicide Recommendations

Best Fungicides for:Purple Blotch

Botrytis Leaf Blight Downy Mildew Stemphylium

Leaf BlightScala Bravo Ridomil Gold Pristine

Quadris Top Scala a.i. mancozeb*Rovral Rovral Quadris Top

a.i. phosphorus acid**

Bravo 1.5 pt + Scala 9 fl oz + 3 lb Penncozeb

Hoepting et al.

*Penncozeb, Manzate, Dithane**Phostrol, Prophyte, Ramphart, etc.

Page 23: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Organic Pesticide Recommendations?

• We do not have a lot of experience with management of fungal leaf diseases (SLB, downy mildew, etc.) or onion thrips with organic pesticides

• Do you have any experience?• Any success stories?• Is this an area of research that you are interested in?– Which pests and diseases– We are thinking that thrips management may be worthwhile?

Page 24: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Bacterial Diseases of Onions

Page 25: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Bacterial Diseases of Onions

Page 26: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

• 3‐foot wide beds (Standard)

• 2‐4 rows per bed (6 to 12+ inch row spacing)

• 4 to 12+ inch plant spacing

• Plant population range:– ~200 to 1600 plants per 100 feet of plastic bed

Planting Configurations

Page 27: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

• Onion growth is favored by:• moderate temperatures:

– no growth below 43°F– no growth above 81°F

• Black plastic absorbs sunlight– Increase soil temperature– Promotes early crop growth in April & May

Plastic Mulch

Page 28: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Black plastic promotes early season seedling growth

Elba, 2006

Page 29: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

ab

bc

Final yield of yellow onions, Elba 2006

26.1

38.447.1

57.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

bareground black embossed metalized

mulch

yiel

d in

lbs

per 1

0 fo

ot b

lock

a

bb

c

Metallic silver mulch had significantly 1.5 times higher yield than black

Black vs. Reflective Silver Mulch‐ Final Yield

Weeds!

Page 30: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

W I D E plant spacing is favorable for bacterial decay:• Large plants, bushy leaves: hold water in leaf axils and whorls– Favor bacteria to entry into plant

• Thick necks: take longer to dry down, remain green and succulent– Bacteria spread from leaves into bulb

• Delayed maturity: interferes with proper lodging & curing of necks and bulbs– Bacteria spread from leaves into bulb

Narrow plant spacing is less favorable for bacterial rots

Plant Spacing

Page 31: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Narrowing plant spacing by 2 inches compared to the growers’ standard:• Significantly provided 44 to 66% control of bacterial bulb decay at harvest.

• Increased marketable yield by 120 to 220%.• The economic return increased 1.1 to 5.5 times representing $45 to $258 more income per 100 feet of bed.

Summary: Reduced Plant Spacing On Bacterial Bulb Decay

Page 32: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Be Aware of Nutrient Interactions with Spacing & Mulch Type

In cold spring, nutrients are less available under silver than black plastic

Panama, NY 2011

Page 33: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

48 inch213” row x 4” plant

24 inch26” row x 4” plant

20 inch25” row x 4” plant

Be Aware of Nutrient Interactions with Spacing & Mulch Type

As plant population increases, amount of nutrients per plant decreases

Page 34: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

• Who says all your onions have to have the exact mulch type and planting configuration?

• Diversify mulch type & plant spacing– Unpredictable weather (cool vs. hot)– Different markets/bulb size (narrower spacing for medium bulb markets, wider spacing for jumbo markets)

– Early harvest vs. stored onions (wide spacing on black for early harvest, narrow spacing on silver for storage onions

Plant Spacing & Mulch Considerations

Page 35: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Harvest Tips for Best Quality 

• In general, bulb quality is best during hot and dry growing seasons (although size is down)

• Cool and wet growing seasons are most favorable for disease development and can result in poor bulb quality

Bacterial bulb rotBotrytis neck rot (fungal)

Page 36: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Harvest Tips for Best Quality 

Pulling and Windrowing:• Pull when at least 50% lodged

• After lodging, bulbs increase 25 to 33%

• Pull when onion plants pull readily out of the ground (indicates bulbing is complete)

Page 37: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Harvest Tips for Best Quality 

Pulling and Windrowing: Avoid Sunscald• Do not pull onions or leave freshly pulled bulbs in hot intense direct sunlight

• Orient pulled plants so that leaves lay over top of the bulbs

• Remove onions from field and dry down inside or out of direct sunlight with lot’s of air circulation

Onions with sunscald

Page 38: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Harvest Tips for Best Quality 

Topping and Harvesting:• Conduct harvest practices when weather is dry• Avoid bruising during harvest procedures

Brown stain, caused by a soil‐borne fungal pathogen that causes the onion skin to stain

Page 39: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Harvest Tips for Best Quality 

Curing:• Optimum conditions:

– 68‐86 °F (best skin develops at 75‐90 °F)• 3‐5 °F above ambient air temperature• Avoid greater than 90 °F for bacterial diseases and > 82 °Ffor black mold

– 70% relative humidity• RH going into boxes should be 50% and 100% coming out

– 12 to 24 hour

• Shallow stacking is better

Page 40: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Harvest Tips for Best Quality 

Storage:• Optimum conditions:

– 32 °F with 65‐70% RH• Store out of direct sunlight; will induce greening of outer scales

• Avoid condensation by not circulating air onto onions that is a warmer temperature than the onions

Page 41: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Christy Hoepting• 585‐721‐6953• [email protected]• Cornell Vegetable Program website:http://cvp.cce.cornell.edu/

Information

Page 42: Best Management Practices for Onion Pests€¦ · Best Management Practices for Onion Pests Christy Hoepting Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Cornell Cooperative Extension

Christy Hoepting• 585‐721‐6953• [email protected]• Cornell Vegetable Program website:http://cvp.cce.cornell.edu/

Information