best methods for learning english grammer
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YES, I CAN
LEARN & SPEAKENGLISH
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HOW TO LEARN ENGLISH EFFECTIVELY
SITTING AT A TABLE LOOKING AT YOUR NOTEBOOK IS NOT THE BEST WAY TO STUDY ENGLISH. MOST OF THE TIME, YOUR MIND IS NOT ACTIVELY USING THE INFORMATION THAT YOU ARE STUDYING, AND PRACTICAL LEARNING DOES NOT TAKE PLACE. HERE ARE SOME TECHNIQUES THAT WILL HELP YOU LEARN MORE EFFECTIVELY.
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WRITE A JOURNAL
• Writing every day lets you see your grammar clearly in front of you, express your ideas, and use a non-oral method in communicate in English. Then read the corrected version out loud.
• It is a good idea to re-copy the corrected journal too, so that you will have the experience of writing your ideas down in proper English.
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READ A BOOK
• By Reading A Story, You Create A Picture In Your Imagination That Will Connected Different Parts Of Your Brain To English. Find A Book That Is Not Too Difficult.
• Do Not Stop Every Time You Find A New Word. • Guess What The Word Probably Means, Continue
Reading, And Check In Your Dictionary At The End Of The Page Or Chapter.
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Re-write your class notes every day.
• Writing your notes a second time will allow you to remember more strongly what you study.
• It will also make your notebook neater, making it easier to study.
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WATCH TV AND MOVIES, AND LISTEN TO THE RADIO.
• Even if you don’t understand everything, you will still be learning.
• It is possible to understand the content even if you know only 30% of the words that you hear!
• Your listening ability will improve day by day-and it’s fun!
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KEEP A VOCABULARY NOTEBOOK IN A SEPARATE NOTEBOOK FROM YOUR CLASS
NOTES• Take an active approach to learning new vocabulary. • If you find 5 words a day, 6 days a week, you will learn about 140 new words a month;
10 words a day would bring you over than 280 new words a month.• Hint – approach new words by subject: things connected to your hobies, to your
interests etc.• Do it this way:• Think of a word you know in your language.• Look it up in your dictionary.• When you find the English word, write it down on the left side of your vocabulary note
book.• In the midle of the page, write down if the word is a noun (n), verb (v), adjective (adj),
etc. so that you will know how to use the word.• Look the word up in an English-English dictionary.• Write the English definition on the right side of the the page (or on the next page).• Copy a sentence from the dictionary. This will help you learn how to use the word
correctly.• Practice reading this sentence untll it becomes natural for you.
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SPEAK LOTS OF ENGLISH WITH YOUR FRINDS
• You improve your spoken English by speaking English in different situations with people of all nationalities.
• If you want to speak English better in the future, speak it as much as possible now!
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THINK POSITIVELY
• People who say “I can’t speak English well” are corrected.• People who say “Every day in every way, my English is
getting better and better” are also correct. • What you think is what you get.• Practice saying the second sentence every day, and you will
see greater improvement in your English and in your confidence.
• Remember: the more fun you have with English,the easier it will be to learn ENJOY
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English Grammar In Easy Way
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Preview• Definitions• Nouns• Pronouns• Verbs• Adjectives• Adverbs• Prepositions• Conjunctions
• Interjections• Determiners• Subordinators• Interrogatives• Qualifiers• Sentence combinations• Yes/no questions• Information questions• Punctuation rules• Capitalization rules
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Grammar
• DEFINITION The grammar of a language is a complex of systems
that may be analyzed and studied on these three levels: (Noam Chomsky’s UG)
1. Phonology (set of sounds/ symbols)2. Morphology (combinations of sounds that carry single units of meaning)
3. Syntax (how single units of meaning are combined to form words, phrases and sentences.
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Parts of speech (Nouns)
• Nouns1. Definition2. Proper / common 3. Singular / plural (annex)4. Count / non-count /abstract
(annex) (how much –how many)
5. Collectible (group nouns)6. Units of measurement (Reference: Schramper Azar, Betty,1996.
Basic English Grammar)
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Definition (proper and common nouns)
• Nouns – words used to name a person, place, thing, object, quality, idea, concept, or an action.
Ref. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2001)
• Proper Nouns- special or particular name given to common nouns to distinguish them from others of the same kind.
Example: common- woman proper Martha
a countryPuerto Rico
a petPuppy
many others
a monumentThe Statue of
Liberty
a dayMonday
a placeRyder
Hospital
A personCarlos
Proper Nouns
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Proper and common nouns
COMMON PROPER COMMON PROPERday Saturday associations Members Club
month October movies Titanic
mountain El Yunque planets Neptune
river The Amazon city San Juan
ocean Pacific Ocean historical periods Middle Ages
book Applied Linguistic
language Spanish
newspaper New York Times nationality Puerto Rican
religion Catholic School course English 101
brand of product Cadillac institutions University of Puerto Rico
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Nouns (singular and plural)
• Rule No. 1 (Add –s to the end of noun) cup cups student students
• Rule No.2 consonants before “y” change –y to i and add –es city -cities party- parties lady-ladies
• Rule No.3 vowels before “y” add –s boy –boys key –keys day -days
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Singular and plural (cont.)
• Rule No. 4 (–f and –fe endings) change the –f or –fe to v and –es life –lives wife –wives thief –thieves
• Rule No. 5 (sh, ch, x, ss endings) add –es bush –bushes match –matches box -boxes kiss -kisses
• Rule No. 6 (consonant + o) add –es (vowel +o) –s tomato –tomatoes radio radios
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PRACTICE EXERCISESUSE THE PLURAL FORM TO FILL IN THE
BLANKS. (PROVIDED LIST)BabyBoyCityCountryLadyPartyTrayKeyDictionarycowboy
• They have one girl and two ______.• I visited many _______ last year.• Women give birth to _______.• She lost the _____ of the car and the house!• _____ rides horses in Texas.• Madrid and Paris are beautiful _______.• We must bring ______ to the English class.• Good evening _____ and gentleman.• On Saturday nights, I like to go to _______.• People carry their food on _____ at the cafeteria.
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Pronunciation of plurals (s / es)• Group A Final –s is pronounced /z/ after voiced sounds
(taxicabs, beds, dogs, balls, years, days, boys, trees, etc.)
• Group B Final –s is pronounced /s/ after voiceless sounds (books, cups, groups, cats, students, desks, etc.)
• Group C Final –s, es is pronounced /ez/ after “s” sounds (classes, horses, boxes, faces) after “z” sounds (sizes, roses, noises) after “sh” sounds (dishes, bushes) after “ch” sounds (matches, sandwiches) after “ge/dge” sounds (pages, ages, bridges, edges)
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Irregular plural forms (exceptions)
• Child children• Foot feet• Man men• Woman women• Mouse mice• Tooth teeth• Fish fish• _____ people (is always plural) (no s)
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Count and noncount. nouns• Count nounsa book booksone book two books some books a lot of books many books a few books
• Non-count nouns
money some money a lot of money much money a little money
• Common non-count nouns advice, furniture, love, peace,
homework, luck information, food, mail, music, traffic, weather, work, bread, cheese, coffee, rice, sand, meat, milk, water, sugar, money, oil,
liquids materials (paper) abstracts general food gases
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Chair Traffic Music Work
Furniture Cars Coffee Water
Coin Fact Library Jewelry
Money Information Peace Rings
Letters Homework Advice Justice
mail assignment job sugar
ORAL PRACTICE (COUNT VS. NON-COUNT)
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Pronouns• Definition• Personal pronouns (subject-
object)• Possessive adjectives• Possessive pronouns• Reflexive• Indefinite• Interrogative• Demonstrative• Relative • reciprocal
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Verbs (verb tenses /conjugation)• Definition
• Regular • Irregular verbs• Spelling / pronunciation• Conjugation (annex-practice)• Auxiliary verbs/ modals (annex)• Infinitives• Gerunds
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VerbsRegular/ Irregular/ verb tenses
Regular verbs (d or ed endings)
/d/ sound pronunciation
/t/ sound pronunciation
/ed/ pronunciation
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Irregular verbs
• Three forms
• Two forms
• One form
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Verb conjugation
• Simple present tense I Work
You Work
He, she, it WorksWe Work
You Work
they work
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Verb tenses
• Simple past I Worked
You Worked
He, she, it Worked
We Worked
You Worked
they Worked
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Verb tenses
• Simple future• Another way to express the
simple future
I am going to work tomorrow.She is going to work next
week.They are going to work on
Sunday.
I will work
You will work
He, she, it will work
We will work
You will work
they will work
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Present progressive
I am working right now.
You are working.
He, she, it is working.
We are working.
You are working.
They are working.
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Past progressive (continuous)
I was working last night.
You were working yesterday.
He, she, it was working last summer.
We were working a few hours ago.
You were working last week.
They were working last Monday.
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Future progressive (continuous)
I will be working tomorrow.
You will be working this afternoon.
He, she, it will be working next weekend.
We will be working tonight.
You will be working next summer.
They will be working next semester.
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Adjectives
• Definition• Articles as adjectives• Order of adjectives in a series (color, size, origin, nationalities,
shape, age, etc..)• Past participles / gerunds used as adjectives• Comparatives and superlatives comparisons (annex-practice)
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Adverbs
• Definition• Adverbs of frequency (annex)• Adverbs of time• Adverbs of location (place)• Adverbs of mode
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Prepositions
• Definition• IN, ON and AT (annex –
time and location)• All prepositions• Transitional expressions
(prep. Phrases-annex)
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Conjunctions
• Definition• Correlative conjunctions• Coordinating conjunctions• Subordinate conjunctions• Conjunctive adverbs• Other subordinators (annex)
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Interjections and other words
• Definition and examples• Onomatopoeias• Numerals (cardinals,
ordinals)• Determiners• Qualifiers• Subordinators• interrogatives
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Capitalization Rules (annex)
Punctuation Rules (annex)
Sentence Combinations
YES/NO questions
Information questions
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• THANK YOU AND KEEP GOING