best practices for supporting under- prepared students bernal c. baca. ed.d. wilma j. dulin, m.s....
TRANSCRIPT
Best Practices for Supporting Under-prepared Students
Bernal C. Baca. Ed.D.
Wilma J. Dulin, M.S. CFLEYakima Valley Community College
Definitions…
How one defines “under-prepared” students makes a difference in how to approach assistance.
In general, we use the term “under-prepared” when referring to students not ready for college work and we think all of us as “developmental” learners.
Why are students under-prepared? Two common reasons…
Lack of basic skills in reading, writing, English, and/or math.
Lack of background knowledge in content areas.
…Two neglected reasons
No clear goals or direction for education.
Lack of understanding of culture of college.
Lack of basic skills in reading, writing, English, and/or math
Developmental nature of refining skills across time and situations
Lack of basic skills in reading, writing, English, and/or math
Often determined by placement or entrance testing - may be single measures
Could be in one skill area or some combination
Poor general vocabulary.
Lack of background knowledge in content areas
Developmental nature of knowledge and life long learning
Lack of background knowledge in content areas
Often determined by High School or other transcript.
Former education may be outdated.
Lack of basic concepts expected by general faculty.
No clear goals or direction for education.
Developmental nature of figuring out who we are and what we want to do.
No clear goals or direction for education.
Goals may be related to degrees, not to learning
No knowledge of steps, types of degrees, career ladders etc..
Lack of understanding of “culture of college.”
Developmental nature of “cultural competence” for college successWhat is “culture?”What is “cultural competence?”No one is ever deemed “culturally
competent – we are all in a state of development.
Lack of understanding of “culture of college.”
No “family knowledge” about how to succeed in college
No friendship or mentor networks to teach the ins and outs of college
Culture clash
What characterizes the “culture of college?” Structured time orientation
Prioritization of college activities over family and work
Task precision
Different vocabulary
What characterizes the “culture of college?
Power relationships with faculty
Peer diversity
Expectation of personal responsibility
Teamwork & competition
In order to be successful in college, students need to develop “cultural competence” for the college culture.
So what are “best practices” for tutors for serving developmental students?
We emphasize developing attitudes and skills for assisting with college cultural competence in five areas.
The process is developmental, from the start of enrollment throughout the course of acquiring an education and beyond.
Five areas for assisting (and tutor training)
• Personal skills• Interpersonal skills• Classroom skills• Study skills• Assignment/test skills
Personal skills for college success and what to emphasize in tutoring Organization Timeliness Goal directed Personally
responsible Prioritize school
Model use of notebooks, calendars, day-planners, etc.
Develop contingency plans for transportation, childcare, etc.
Require tutees to come prepared!
Interpersonal Skills for college success and what to emphasize in tutoring. Diversity
awareness and respect
Listening skills
Skills for working with a variety of people in groups
Reflective listening
Interpersonal Skills for college success and what to emphasize in tutoring.
Relating to peers versus faculty
Demonstrating respect for peers
Demonstrating respect for faculty
Classroom skills for college success and what to emphasize in tutoring Timeliness and
preparation for class
Note-taking
Attending all classes
Teach a note taking style appropriate to the course and instructor
Classroom skills for college success and what to emphasize in tutoring
Asking questions
Group interaction
Model and prompt asking questions in class
Discuss group interaction skills
Study skills for college success and what to emphasize in tutoring 2 hours out for each
hour in class
Pre-class and post-class studying
Use of technical support
Structure time on task
Develop a plan for preparing for class and following up after class
Teach about technical support - librarians, CDs, etc.
Study skills for college success and what to emphasize in tutoring Reading text
Vocabulary practice
Teach different strategies for different types of materials
Use vocabulary!
Study skills for college success and what to emphasize in tutoring
Application to real life
Redrawing visual elements
Model new applications
Require recreation of visual elements and/or presentation in another format
Assignment/Test Skills for college success and what to emphasize in tutoring
Following directions
Revising/editing work
Understanding directions before starting tasks
Reviewing and self-editing skills
Assignment/Test Skills for college success and what to emphasize in tutoring Getting process help,
not content help
Technological skills
Completeness and precision
Don’t let tutoring be a homework club!
Demonstrating technical skills and how to get them
Using scoring guides and rubrics to check own work
To recap…
In order to be successful, students need to develop personal, interpersonal, classroom, study, and assignment skills in line with college cultural expectations.
Tutors can convey the college cultural expectations and teach these skills in explicit ways.
The best practices for tutoring under-prepared students are those that develop their college cultural competence and convince them that they are capable people.
Discussion Board Prompts
What characterizes the culture of your college?
Do you explicitly include information about the college culture in your tutor training and/or tutoring sessions?
Which areas are included in your tutoring sessions: personal skills, interpersonal skills, classroom skills, study skills or assignment/test skills?
References
Diller, J.V. & Moule, J.(2005). Cultural competence: A primer for educators. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
Arredondo, R. et. al (1996). Operationalization of the multicultural counseling competencies. Association of Multicultural Counseling and Development. (www.bgsu.edu/colleges/edhd/programs/AMCD/ProfStandards.html)