betty neuman theory.doc
TRANSCRIPT
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CREDENTIALS & BACKGROUND OF THE THEORIST
Betty Neumen was born n!"#$ near Lowe%% O'o(
!"$)* Earne+ D,%oma n Nursn- wt' +oub%e 'onors n ,eo,%e 'os,ta% s.'oo% o/
Nursn-0Now -enera% 'os,ta% 1 n A2ron O'o( !"3)* Ba..a%aureate +e-ree n nursn- ,ub%. 'ea%t' & 4sy.'o%o-y
!"55* 6aster +e-ree n 6enta% 'ea%t' ,ub%. 'ea%t .onsu%tat7e /rom t'e
Un7ersty o/ Ca%/orna at Los An-e%s 0UCLA1(
!"83* Do.tora% +e-ree n C%n.a% ,sy.'o%o-y /rom 4a./. 9estern Un7ersty
San Fernan+s CA(
Neumen was a ,oneer o/ nursn- n7o%7ement n menta% 'ea%t'( S'e re/ne+ menta%'ea%t' 4ro-ramme /or ,ost master %e7e% nurses at UCLA
Her nursn- ba.2-roun+ n.%u+es wor2 n ,ub%. 'ea%t' s.'oo% n+ustry & Hos,ta%
settn-(
4ra.t.e+ as a sta// 'ea+ nurse S.'oo% nurse In+ustra% nurse Nurse .ounse%or
& as ,ro/essor at UCLA( Consu%tant to e+u.atona% & ,ra.t.e Insttute(
4ra.t.e+ as a %.ense+ .%n.a% marra-e & /am%y t'era,st(
Consu%tant Internatona%%y /or nursn- S.'oo%s(
S'e was a%so n7o%7e+ n .%n.a% tea.'n- n t'e areas o/ me+.a% sur-.a% .ommun.ab%e+sease & .rt.a% .are be.ause s'e 'a+ a%ways been ntereste+ n 'uman be'a7or ( T'en
'e%,e+ to estab%s' & mana-e 'er 'usban+:s obstetr.a% & -yne.o%o-.a% ,ra.t.e (
S'e +e7e%o,e+ 'er /rst e;,%.t tea.'n- & ,ra.t.e mo+e% /or menta% 'ea%t' .onsu%taton
n t'e %ate !"5
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THEORETICAL SOURCES
T'e Neuman system mo+e% s base+ on Genera% System t'eory( T's t'eory
re/%e.ts t'e nature o/ %7n- or-ansm as o,en systems(
A%% e%ements n a .om,%e; or-an?aton are n ntera.tons(
T'e Neuman system mo+e% 'as some sm%arty to gestalt theory.
T'e Gesta%t a,,roa.' .ons+ers t'e n+7+ua% as a /un.ton o/ t'e or-ansm @
en7ronmenta% /e%+ & 7ew be'a7or as re/%e.ton o/ re%ate+ness wt'n t'at /e%+(
Neuman +es.rbes a+ustment as t'e ,ro.ess by w'.' t'e or-ansm sats/es ts nee+s(
Be.ause many nee+s e;st an+ ea.' may +sturb .%ent ba%an.e 0or1 stab%ty t'ea+ustment ,ro.ess s +ynam. an+ .ontnuous
A%% %/e s .'ara.ter?e+ by 's on-on- nter,%ay o/ ba%an.e & mba%an.e wt' t'eor-ansms(
Neuman +es.rbes t'e ,erson as 'a7n- a .ore t'at s ,rote.te+ by bu//ern- systems( T'e
/our 2ey .on.e,ts +es.rbe ntera.ton o/ t'e ,erson wt' t'e en7ronmenta% stressors t'at+etermne 'ea%t' status(
T'e mo+e% s a%so +er7e+ /rom t'e philosophical views of Pierreteihard Dechardin & Bernard Marxist Philosophy suggests that the properties of parts are determined partly
by the larger wholes within dynamically organized systems.
Dechardin’s Philosophy states wholeness of life.to see2 0or1 mantan a ba%an.e amon- t'e 7arous /a.tors bot' wt'n an+ ou Neuman
.on/rme+ t'at t'e ,atterns o/ t'e w'o%e n/%uen.e awareness o/ t'e ,art(
S'e use+ !an’s selye’s definition of stress" w'.' s t'e nons,e./. res,onse o/ t'e bo+y to any +eman+ ma+e on t( Stress n.reases t'e +eman+ /or rea+ustment( T's+eman+ s non s,e./.> t reures a+a,taton to a ,rob%em(
T'e +ea% s to a.'e7e o,tma% system stab%ty( Han se%ye 0!"8
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*Se.on+ary ,re7enton @ re+u.e t'e e/ee.ts or ,ossb%e e//e.t o/ stressors t'rou-'
ear%y +a-noss & treatment(
*Tertary ,re7enton* Re+u.es t'e res+ua% stressors e//e.t a/ter treatment(
T'e Neuman system mo+e% s synt'ess o/ 2now%e+-e /rom se7era% s.en.e +s.,%nes
an+ a%so n.or,orates Neuman:s ,'%oso,'. be%e/s an+ ear%er .%n.a% nursn-e;,eren.e ,art.u%ar%y n menta% 'ea%t' nursn-(
T'e Neuman systems mo+e% o/ .onssts # maor .om,onents are stress an+ t'erea.ton to stress ( T'e .%ent n t'e Neuman systems mo+e%s s 7ewe+ as an o,en system
n w'.' re,eate+ .y.%es o/
T'e Neuman system mo+e% +a-ram ,resent t'e maor as,e.ts o/ t'e mo+e%
4'yso%o-.a%
4sy.'o%o-.a%
So.o .u%tura%
De7e%o,menta% an+ S,rtua% 7arab%es Bas. stru.ture & Ener-y resour.es
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Or-na%%y %oo2e+ em,r.a% su,,ort(
!""3* Resear.' Sur7ey +ent/e+ near%y !
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Create+ en7ronment
Stressor
Lnes o/ +e/enseResstan.e
De-ree o/ rea.ton
4re7enton as nter7entonRe.onsttuton
9HOLISTIC CLIENT A44ROACH
T'e Neuman system mo+e% s a +ynam. o,en system a,,roa.' to .%ent .are or-na%%y
+e7e%o,e+ to ,ro7+e a un/yn- /o.us /or nursn- ,rob%em +e/nton an+ /or best
un+erstan+n- t'e .%ent n ntera.ton wt' t'e en7ronment( T'e .%ent as a system may be +e/ne+ as ,erson /am%y -rou, .ommunty 0or1
ssue(
WHOLISTIC CONCEPT C%ents are 7ewe+ as w'o%eness w'ose ,arts are n
+ynam. ntera.ton( T'e mo+e% .ons+ers a%% 7arab%es smu%taneous%y a//e.tn- t'e
.%ent system
!( 4'yso%o-.a%#( 4sy.'o%o-.a%
( So.o * Cu%tura%
$( De7e%o,menta%
3( S,rtua%(T'ese 7arab%es 'a7e a bas. .ore stru.ture unue to n+7+ua% but .ommon to a%% 'uman
ben-s
OPEN SYSTEM:
A system s o,en w'en ts e%ements are e;.'an-n- n/ormaton ener-y wt'n ts
.om,%e; or-an?aton>
Stress an+ rea.ton to stress are bas. .om,onents o/ an o,en system(
ENVIRONMENT
Interna% an+ e;terna% /or.es a//e.tn- an+ ben- a//e.te+ by t'e .%ent at any tme
.om,rse t'e en7ronment(
CREATED ENVIRONMENT:
T'e .reate+ en7ronment s t'e .%ent:s un.ons.ous mob%?aton o/ a%% system
7arab%es towar+ system nte-raton stab%ty an+ nte-rty(
CONTENT :
T'e /7e 7arab%es 0 4'yso%o-.a% ,sy.'o%o-.a% so.o* .u%tura% +e7e%o,menta% an+
s,rtua% 1 o/ man n ntera.ton wt' t'e en7ronment .om,rse t'e w'o%e system o/ t'e
.%ent(
BASIC STRUCTURE
T'e bas. stru.ture .onssts o/ a%% 7arab%es as sur77a% /a.tors .ommon to mansu.'
as nnate or -enet. /a.tors w'.' s unue to t'e n+7+ua%(
T'e nner .r.%e o/ t'e +a-ram re,resents t'e bas. sur77a% /a.tors or ener-y
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PROCESS (OR) FUNCTION
T'e e;.'an-e o/ matter ener-y an+ n/ormaton wt' an en7ronment an+ t'entera.ton o/ t'e ,arts an+ sub @ ,arts o/ t'e system o/ man(
A %7n- system ten+s to mo7e towar+ w'o%eness stab%ty we%%ness an+ ne-entro,y
INPUT AND OUTPUT
T'e matter ener-y an+ n/ormaton e;.'an-e+ between man an+ en7ronment
w'.' s entern- 0or1 %ea7n- t'e system at any ,ont n tme
FEED BACK :
T'e ,ro.ess wt'n w'.' t'e matter ener-y an+ n/ormaton as system out ,ut
,ro7+es /ee+ba.2 /or .orre.t7e a.ton to .'an-e en'an.e 0or1 stab%?e t'e system
NEGENTROPY:
A ,ro.ess o/ ener-y ut%?aton t'at assst system ,ro-resson towar+ stab%ty 0or1
we%% ness( ENTROPY A ,ro.ess o/ ener-y +e,%eton an+ +sor-an?aton t'at mo7es t'e system towar+ %%ness
0 or1 ,ossb%e +eat'(
STABILITY: T'e .%ent 0or1 a system su..ess/u%%y .o,es wt' stressors( It s ab%e
to mantan an a+euate %e7e% o/ 'ea%t'(Fun.tona% 'armony 0 or1 ba%an.e ,reser7es t'e
nte-rty o/ t'e system
STESSORS
Stressors are en7ronmenta% /or.es t'at may a%ter system stab%ty(
Neuman 7ews stressors as Intra,ersona% /or.es o..urrn- wt'n t'e n+7+ua% E;Con+tone+ res,onses0 An-er
Fear1
Inter,ersona% /or.es o..urrn- between one 0or1 more n+7+ua%sE; Ro%e e;,e.tatons 0C'%+ rearn- ,ra.t.es1
Intra,ersona% /or.es o..urrn- outs+e t'e n+7+ua%
E; Fnan.a% .r.umstan.es
Stressors are =stmu% w'.' m-'t ,enetrate bot' .%ent:s /%e;b%e an+ norma% %nes o/+e/ense> bot' ,otenta% out.ome o/ an ntera.ton wt' a stressor may be bene/.a%
0,ost7e1 or no;ous 0ne-at7e1(
9e%%ness e;sts w'en t'e ,arts o/ t'e .%ent system ntera.t n 'armony(
System nee+s are met(
ILLNESS
T'e Ds'armony amon- t'e a ,arts o/ t'e system s .ons+ere+ %%ness n 7aryn-+e-rees re/%e.tn- unmet nee+s(
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NORMAL LINE OF DEFENSE
T'e norma% %ne o/ +e/ense s t'e mo+e%:s outer so%+ .r.%e
It re,resent s a stab%ty state or eu%brum state /or t'e n+7+ua% system or t'e.on+ton /o%%own- a+ustment ma+e to stressors an+ mantane+ o7er tme t'at s
.ons+ere+ unue%y norma%(
T's s a resu%t or .om,oste o/ se7era% 7arab%es an+ be'a7ors su.' as t'en+7+ua%:s usua% %e7e% o/ we%%ness n.%u+es .o,n- ,atterns %/esty%e an+ +e7e%o,menta%
sta-e>
NORMAL LINE OF DEFENCE
It s bas.a%%y t'e way n w'.' an n+7+ua% .o,es wt' stressors w'%e
/un.tonn- wt'n .u%tura% ,attern o/ brt' an+ to w'.' 'e attem,ts to .on/orm(
FLEXIBLE LINES OF DEFENCE
It s +ynam. an+ .an be ra,+%y a%tere+ o7er a s'ort tme(
It s ,er.e7e+ as a ,rote.t7e bu//er /or ,re7entn- stressors /rom brea2n-
t'rou-' t'e so%+ %ne o/ +e/ense(
T'e re%atons', o/ t'e 7arab%es .an a//e.t t'e +e-ree to w'.' n+7+ua%s are
ab%e to use t'er /%e;b%e %ne o/ +e/ense a-anst ,ossb%e rea.ton to a stressor or
stressors su.' as %oss o/ s%ee,(
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It s m,ortant to stren-t'en t's /%e;b%e %ne o/ +e/ense to ,re7ent a ,ossb%e
rea.ton(
LINES OF RESISTANCE:
ð T'e seres o/ bro2en rn-s surroun+n- t'e bas. .ore stru.ture are .a%%e+ t'e lines of resistance(
ð T'ese rn-s re,resent resour.e /a.tors or nterna% /a.tors t'at 'e%, t'e .%ent +e/en+
a-anst a stressor( E; T'e bo+y:s mmune res,onse system
DEGREE OF REACTION
ð t'e +e-ree o/ rea.ton s t'e amount o/ system nstab%ty resu%tn- /rom stressor
n7ason o/ t'e norma% %ne o/ +e/ense(
DEGREE OF REACTION
It s +etermne+ by t'e tmn- ty,e an+ stren-t' o/ t'e stressors as we%% as by t'e
,ersons bas. .ore stru.ture e;,eren.es a7a%ab%e ener-y resour.es & t'e ,er.e,ton o/ t'e stressors(
PREVENTION AS INTERVENTION
Inter7entons are ,ur,ose/u% a.tons to 'e%, t'e .%ent retan attan an+or mantansystem stab%ty( T'ey .an o..ur be/orea/ter ,rote.t7e %nes o/ +e/ense an+ resstan.e
are ,enetrate+ n bot' rea.ton an+ re.onsttuton ,'ases( Neuman su,,orts be-nnn-
nter7enton w'en a stressor s et'er sus,e.te+ or +ent/e+( Inter7entons are base+ on ,ossb%e or a.tua% +e-ree o/ rea.ton resour.es -oa%s an+ t'e ant.,ate+ out.ome(
Neuman +ent/es t'ree %e7e%s o/ nter7enton( 4rmary Se.on+ary an+ tertary(
PRIMARY PREVENTION:
ð 4rmary ,re7enton s .arre+ out w'en a stressor s sus,e.te+ 0 or1 +ent/e+
Neuman states = T'e a.tor 0 or1 nter7enton wou%+ ,er'a,s attem,t to re+u.et'e ,ossb%ty o/ t'e n+7+ua%:s en.ounter wt' t'e stressor 0 or1 n some way attem,t
to stren-t'en t'e n+7+ua%:s en.ounter wt' t'e stressor 0 or 1 attem,t to stren-t'en t'e
n+7+ua%:s /%e;b%e %ne o/ +e/ense to +e.rease t'e ,ossb%ty o/ a rea.ton(E-( 4re,arn- s,e.a% +et /or mot'er w'o breast /ee+s 'er n/ant(
SECONDARY PREVENTION
ð Se.on+ary ,re7enton n7o%7es nter7entons 0or1 treatment ntate+ a/ter
sym,toms /rom stress 'a7e o..urre+(
ð Bot' t'e .%ent:s nterna% an+ e;terna% resour.es wou%+ be use+ towar+ system
stab%?aton to stren-t'en nterna% %nes o/ resstan.e re+u.e t'e rea.ton an+n.rease resstan.e /a.tors .%ent(E-( Counse%n- a -re7n- .%ent(
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TENTIARY PREVENTION
³ Tertary ,re7enton o..urs a/ter t'e a.t7e treatment 0 or 1 se.on+ary ,re7enton sta-e
³ It /o.uses on rea+ustment towar+ o,tma% .%ent system stab%ty
³ A ,rmary -oa% s to 'e%, ,re7ent re.urren.e o/ rea.ton 0 or1 re-resson
³ T's ,ro.ess %ea+s ba.2 n a .r.u%ar /as'on towar+ ,rmary ,re7entonE; A7o+an.e o/ stressor 2nown to be 'a?ar+s to t'e .%ent 'a?ar+ous to t'e .%ent
RECONSTITUION:
³ Re.onsttuton s t'e state o/ a+a,taton to stressors n t'e nterna% an+ e;terna%
en7ronment(
³ It .an be-n at any +e-ree 0or1 %e7e% rea.ton an+ may ,ro-ress beyon+ 0 or1 stab%?e
somew'at be%ow t'e .%ent:s ,re7ous norma% %ne o/ +e/ense(
³ In.%u+e+ n re.onsttuton are
Inter,ersona%
Intra,ersona%E;tra ,ersona%En7ronmenta% /a.tors nterre%ate+ wt' .%ent system ,'yso%o-.a% ,sy.'o%o-.a% so.o
*.u%tura% +e7e%o,menta% an+ s,rtua% 7arab%es
Nursn- nter7enton
Neu!" #el!$e% $&e%e '#ee"$*" leel% $* "u#%"g " $&e +*ll*,"g !""e#
!( 4rmary ,re7enton n7o%7es @ .ountera.ton 'arm/u% en7ronmenta% stressors be/ore o..urren.e o/ %%ness(
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#( Se.on+ary ,re7enton attem,ts* to re+u.e t'e e//e.t 0 or 1 ,ossb%e e//e.t o/
stressors t'rou-' ear%y +a-nost. & e//e.t7e treatment o/ %%ness sym,toms(
( Tertary ,re7enton attem,ts @ to re+u.e t'e res+ua% stressor e//e.ts a/tertreatment(
6AOR ASSU64TIONS
6AOR ASSU64TIONS REGARD THE FOUR BASICS AS
NURSING
4ERSON
HEALTH
ENJIRON6ENT
ARE AS FOLLO9S
NURSING :
³ Neuman be%e7es nursn- s .on.erne+ wt' t'e w'o%e ,erson( S'e 7ews nursn- as a
u"-ue '#*+e%%*" " $&!$ $ % .*".e#"e/ ,$& !ll *+ $&e !#!0le% !++e.$"g !""//u!l1% #e%'*"%e $* %$#e%%2 S'e 'as +e7e%o,e+ an assessment an+ nter7enton
too% to 'e%, wt' t's tas2(
PERSON
³ T'e Neuman systems mo+e% ,resent:s t'e .on.e,t o/ ,erson as a .%ent system t'at
may be an n+7+ua% /am%y -rou, .ommunty 0 or1 so.a% ssue(
³ T'e .%ent system s +ynam. .om,oste o/ nterre%atons', amon- ,'yso%o-.a%
,sy.'o%o-.a% so.o* .u%ture +e7e%o,menta% & s,rtua% /a.tors(
³ T'e .%ent system s 7ewe+ as ben- n .onstant .'an-e 0or1 moton an+ s seen as ano,en system n re.,ro.a% ntera.ton wt' t'e en7ronment(
HEALTH
ð Neuman .ons+ers 'er wor2 as a we%%ness mo+e%( S'e 7ews 'ea%t' as a
.ontnuum o/ we%% ness to %%ness t'at s +ynam. n nature an+ .onstant%y sube.t
to .'an-e( Harmony or ba%an.e o/ a%% t'e ,arts an+ sub,arts t'e .%ent systems
ð O,tma% we%%ness 0or1 stab%ty n+.ates t'at tota% system nee+s are ben- met (
A re+u.e+ state o/ we%%ness s t'e resu%t o/ unmet system nee+s(
ð T'e .%ent s n a +ynam. state o/ et'er we%%ness 0or1 %%ness n 7aryn- +e-rees
at any -7en ,ont n tme(
ENVIRONEMENT:
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³ En7ronment an+ man are +ent/e+ as t'e bas. ,'enomena o/ t'e Neuman system
mo+e% wt' t'e re%atons', between en7ronment an+ man ben- re.,ro.a%(
³ En7ronment s +e/ne+ as ben- a%% t'e nterna% an+ e;terna% /a.tors t'at surroun+ 0 or1
ntera.t wt' man .%ent
³ S-n/.ant to t'e .on.e,t o/ en7ronment are stressor 0 Intra Inter E;tra ,ersona% 1
w'.' are +ent/e+ as en7ronment /or.es t'at ntera.t wt' an+ ,otenta%%y a%ter system
stab%ty(
Neuman 'as +ent/e+ re%e7ant en7ronments
Interna% En7ronmentE;terna% En7ronment
Create+ En7ronment
³ I"$e#"!l E"#*"e"$ * T'at s Intra,ersona% wt' a%% ntera.ton .ontane+ wt'n t'e
.%ent
³ E3$e#"!l E"#*"e"$* s Inter,ersona% 0 or1 ntra,ersona% wt' a%% ntera.tons
o..urrn- outs+e t'e .%ent(
³ C#e!$e/ E"#*"e"$ * s ,rmary ntra,ersona% but a%so en.om,asses t'e e;terna%
en7ronment t'at s sub.ons.ous%y +e7e%o,e+ by t'e .%ent as a = Symbo%. e;,resson
o/ system w'o%eness
THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS
T'eoret.a% assertons are t'e re%atons amon- t'e essenta% .on.e,ts o/ a mo+e%(
NURSE An a.t7e ,art.,ant wt' t'e .%ent an+ as .on.erne+ wt' a%% t'e7arab%es a//e.tn- an n+7+ua%:s res,onse to stressors(
CLIENT He ntera.ts wt' t'e en7ronment by a+ustn- 'mse%/ to t or
a+ustn- t to 'mse%/(
4RO4OSITIONS
• A%t'ou-' ea.' n+7+ua% .%ent or -rou, as a .%ent system s unue ea.' system
s a .om,oste o/ .ommon 2nown /a.tors or nnate .'ara.terst.s wt'n anorma% -7en ran-e o/ res,onse .ontane+ wt'n a bas. stru.tures(
• 6any 2nown un2nown an+ un7ersa% en7ronmenta% stressors e;st( Ea.' +//ers
n ts ,otenta% /or +sturbn- a .%ent:s usua% stab%ty %e7e% or norma% %ne o/
+e/ense(
• T'e norma% %ne o/ +e/ense .an be use+ as a stan+ar+ /rom w'.' to measure
'ea%t' +e7aton(
• T'e nterre%atons',s o/ 7arab%es +etermnes t'e nature an+ +e-ree o/ system
rea.ton or ,ossb%e rea.ton to t'e stressors
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• T'e .%ent w'et'er n a state o/ we%%ness or %%ness s a +ynam. .om,oste o/
nterre%atons',s o/ 7arab%es( 9e%%ness s on a .ontnuum o/ a7a%ab%e ener-y to
su,,ort t'e system n an o,tma% state o/ system stab%ty(
• Im,%.t wt'n ea.' .%ent system are nterna% resstan.e /a.tors 2nown as %nes o/
resstan.e(
• T'e -oa% o/ 'ea%t' ,romoton s n.%u+e+ n ,rmary ,re7enton• Se.on+ary ,re7enton re%ates to sym,tomato%o-y /o%%own- a rea.ton to stressors(
• Tertary ,re7enton re%ates to t'e a+ust7e ,ro.esses ta2n- ,%a.e as
re.onsttuton mantenan.e /a.tor ba.2 to ,rmary ,re7enton(
• C%ent system s n +ynam. .onstant ener-y e;.'an-e wt' t'e en7ronment(
ACCE4TANCE B THE NURSING CO66UNIT
• T'e Neuman mo+e% 'as attane+ a..e,tan.e t'rou-'out t'e wor%+ & 4ro7+es an
+ea% /ramewor2(
• T'e mo+e% 'as been a+o,te+ eua%%y we%% to a%% %e7e%s o/ nursn- e+u.aton & to a
w+e 7arety o/ ,ra.t.e areas(
PRACTICE
Nurse /a.%tate -oa% +re.te+ un/e+ w'o%st. a,,roa.'es to .%ent .are(
6u%t+s.,%nary a,,roa.'es to ,re7ent /ra-mentaton o/ .%ent .are(
C%ass/.aton o/ stressors t'at .an be un+erstoo+ & use+ by a%% members o/ t'e
'ea%t' .are team(
Su..ess/u%%y use+ n many settn-s* Hos,ta% Nursn- 'omes Re'ab%taton
.entre Hos,.es &C'%+ brt' .entre(
NEU6AN SSTE6 6ODEL AND NURSING 4ROCESS
Neuman 0!"8#!""31 ,resents t'ree ste, nursn- ,ro.ess(
Nu#%"g /!g"*%e% Data base +ent/.aton o/ 7aran.es 'y,ot'et.a% nter7entonsNu#%"g g*!l%: .are -7er @ .%ent ne-otaton o/ nter7entons to retan attan or
mantan system stab%ty
Nu#%"g Ou$.*e%: m,%ementaton an+ e7a%uaton ,ro.ess(
EDUCATION
Its 9'o%st. ,ers,e.t7e ,ro7+es an e//e.t7e /ramewor2 /or e+u.aton o/
nursn- stu+ents(
Use+ /or .urr.u%um +e7e%o,ment(
T's mo+e% s use+ as a .om,re'ens7e /ramewor2 to or-an?e +ata .o%%e.ton(
Le7e%s o/ ,re7enton as nter7enton are use+ to %e7e% .ontent t'rou-'out .ourses
a.ross t'e .urr.u%um( T'e mo+e% 'as +emonstrate+ ts e//e.t7eness n su,,ortn- t'e .on.e,tua%
transton amon- %e7e%s o/ nursn- e+u.aton(
T'e mo+e% enab%e+ stu+ents to stu+y se%e.te+ .%ent ,o,u%atons as '-' rs2 an+
to ,%an 'ea%t' ,re7enton a.t7tes(
T'e mo+e%:s em,'ass on w'o%sm system ,re7enton an+ we%%ness ,rom,te+
CA4TE to a+o,t t(
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T's mo+e% s use+ to ,ro7+e t'e .on.e,tua% /rame wor2 /or mu%t,%e %e7e%s o/
nursn- an+ 'ea%t' re%ate+ .urr.u%a aroun+ t'e wor%+(
A..e,tan.e by t'e nursn- .ommunty s .%ear%y e7+ent(
RESEARCH
Neuman re,orts t'at 'er mo+e% s one o/ t'e t'ree most /reuent%y use+ mo+e%s/or nursn- resear.'(
!"8) $# stu+es(
!"8"*!"" more t'an !
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SIMPLICITY
6u%t,%e ntera.tons an+ nterre%atons',s or-an?e+ n a .om,%e; yet %o-.a% manner
ten+ to o7er%a, to some +e-ree(Usn- t'e ,re7enton .on.e,t wt'n t'e /ramewor2 one .an ,re+.t t'e or-n o/
stressors(
Nurses are usn- t'e mo+e% +es.rbe t as easy to un+erstan+ an+ to use a.ross .u%turesan+ n a w+e 7arety o/ settn-s(
GENERALITY
T's mo+e% 'as been use+ n a w+e 7arety o/ nursn- stuatons> t s rea+%y
a+a,tab%e an+ .om,re'ens7e enou-' to be use/u% n a%% 'ea%t' .are settn-s
n.%u+n- a+mnstraton an+ resear.'(
T'e so.a% -oa%s an+ ut%ty o/ t'e mo+e% @ /or e;am,%e 9'o%st. .are
,re7enton an+ system .on.e,ts are .on-ruent wt' ,resent so.a% 7a%ues(
EMPRICAL PRECISION
Contnue+ testn- an+ re/nement w%% n.rease t'e mo+e%:s em,r.a% ,re.son ast'e resear.' ,ro.ess ana%yss an+ synt'ess o/ /n+n-s /rom mu%t,%e stu+es are
.om,%ete+(
DERIVABLE CONSE4UENCES
T'e /o.us on ,rmary ,re7enton an+ nter +s.,%nary .are /a.%tes m,ro7e+ ua%ty
o/ .are an+ s /uturst.( It s ,otenta% to -enerate nursn- t'eores %2e t'eores o/ o,tma%
.%ent stab%ty (T'e mo+e% s broa+ an+ system.a%%y base+(