beyond colours 2010

7/31/2019 Beyond Colours 2010

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Hlygi` Cgdg|xs=Nsslps ni` Donhodopols ge Vgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil

Oiplxinpogind Xlinossnicl Eg|i`npogi Jyou 86>6

Spleni Hnpgxy Eg|i`npogi [nxsn{ 86>6


4/102

Cg!n|pbgxs

Kx}lkgx} Kxgan`}jooi`lvli`lip lrvlxp$ [nxsn{

Ulxgiojn AgucbniOispop|pl egx Lcgigaoc Xlslnxcb ni` Vgdocy Cgis|dpoik$ Jyou

Ayjgdn Xonhcb|j\jxnoioni Cliplx egx C|dp|xnd Sp|`ols$ Jyou

Oxyin SgdgilijgOiplxinpogind Xlinossnicl Eg|i`npogi$ Jyou

S|sni Spl{nxpSpoep|ik [ossliscbnep |i` Vgdopoj$ Hlxdoi

Gdljsni`x S|sbjgOispop|pl egx L|xg!Npdnipoc Cggvlxnpogi$ Jyou

Jnpnxyin [gdc}|j\ioulxsopy ge Hoxaoikbna

Pbl n|pbgxs ge pbl v|hdocnpogi {g|d` dojl pg pbnij Xgani [gdc}|jegx bos und|nhdl cgaalips gi pbl xlvgxp)


5/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs=Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil


6/102

Oiplxinpogind Xlinossnicl Eg|i`npogi

Socbguyjb Spxodpsou "Nxplan/ 05

6066n66!8>< [nxsn{

pld) t02 88t !08!?


7/102

Cgiplips

Lrlc|poul S|aanxy ;

Oipxg`|cpogi >3

>) Sdg{ cbnikl \jxnoils enpl7 >5

>)>) Xlugd|pogi ns xlp|xi pg ni lugd|poginxy vnpb >;

>)8) Pbl li`|xoik leelcps ge \jxnoils bospgxocnd dlkncy 8)3) Pbl kxn`|nd lalxklicl ge n anxjlp lcgigay 82

8) Vd|xndosa n hnsos egx pbl e|p|xl 3>

8)>) Vd|xndosa oi vgdopocs hy `len|dp 38

8)8) Vd|xndosa oi h|soilss= pbl hnsos egx vgdopocnd cgavlpopogi 30

8)3) Xlkogind oulxsopy 32

8)0) Vd|xndosa oi pbl oiegxanpogi svncl 0>

3) Pbl dg{ `lkxll ge cgislis|s 00

3)>) Pbl dncj ge nkxllalip gi pbl x|dls ge pbl knal 0

0)3) Pbl vlxliiond ~|lspogi {bnp joi` ge xldnpogis {opb X|sson7 ;5


8/102

) [bg {odd kgulxi \jxnoil= hncj pg vxlso`lipond x|dl7 20


9/102

;Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil

Lrlc|poul S|aanxy

Pbos xlvgxp noas pg vxlslip n vgxpxnop ge \jxnoil egddg{oik pbl eoepb

niioulxsnxy ge pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi ni` pbl 86>6 vxlso`lipond ldlc!

pogis) Pbl n|pbgxs ge pbos xlvgxp sll \jxnoil ns n kdnss$ {bocb os bnde

e|dd ni` bnde lavpy$ o)l) pblxl nxl xlnd cgiclxis nhg|p \jxnoils e|p|xl

pxnmlcpgxy nddol` pg pbl encp pbnp pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi bns vxg`|cl`

n dlkncy ge {bocb pbl hlileops nxl cdlnx pg sll) Egx lrnavdl$ \jxnoilos n {ldd!xggpl` ldlcpgxnd `lagcxncy {opb pbl dgiklsp dosp ge exll ni`

enox ldlcpogis nagik pbl COS cg|ipxols$ oi cgipxnsp pg aniy "slao!/ n|!

pbgxopnxoni cg|ipxols oi pbl xlkogi) _lp \jxnoil os spodd enx exga hloik n

saggpbdy e|icpogioik cgispop|pogind lagcxncy)

\jxnoils pxnisegxanpogi soicl ops oi`lvli`licl cni hl cbnxncplx!

osl` ns n sdg{ ni` kxn`|nd cbnikl gx$ agxl s|ccoicpdy$ lugd|poginxy)

Pbl ylnxs egddg{oik pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi cgipxnsp {opb pbl vxlcl`oik

ylnxs$ `|xoik {bocb pbl lugd|pogi {ns oiplxx|vpl`) Oi >??? Vxlso`lipJ|cban {ns xl!ldlcpl` egx n slcgi` plxa ns n xls|dp ge pbl ig!{oi

sop|npogi "pbl cbgocl hlp{lli pbl Cgaa|iosp dln`lx Syagilijg ni`

J|cban oi pbl x|i!gee/) E|xpblxagxl$ pbos xl!ldlcpogi xls|dpl` oi pbl

cnvp|xl ge pbl spnpl hy gdoknxcboc cdnis {opb pbl Vxlso`lip gi pgv ni`

dl` pg pbl `l!encpg ldoaoinpogi ge pbl slvnxnpogi ge vg{lxs) \v |ipod

pblsl lulips$ \jxnoionis bn` pbl kgulxialip pbly cbgsl$ oi pbl slisl

pbnp hgpb Dlgio` Jxnucb|j ni` Dlgio` J|cban "pbl eoxsp poal xg|i`/


10/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

2

{lxl ldlcpl` oi exll ni`$ agxl gx dlss$ enox ldlcpogis$ exga n vd|xndopyge cniò`npls ge òeelxlip cgdg|xs) N xlp|xi pg pbos pyvl ge lugd|poginxy

vnpb sllas pg hl pbl anoi ncbolulalip ge pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi) Ig{

\jxnoionis cni nknoi ldlcp pblox dln`lxs oi exll ni` enox ldlcpogis$ {opb

e|dd xlsvgisohodopy egx pblox cbgocl ni` egx pbl n|pbgxopols pbly hxoik pg

vg{lx) Pbl 86>6 vxlso`lipond ldlcpogis cgieoxal` pbos pxli`)

Lcgigaoc luldgvalips oi \jxnoil sbg{ n sgal{bnp òeelxlip so`l

ge pbl spgxy) [bodl vgdopocnddy \jxnoil spnkinpl` ni` luli `lplxogxnpl`

`|xoik J|cbans slcgi` plxa$ \jxnoils lcgigay bns agxl gx dlsssplnòdy vxgkxlssl` gulx pbl vnsp 86 ylnxs) @lsvopl ndd pbl xn{hncjs ge

pbl Sguolp dlkncy$ n bokb `lkxll ge cgxx|vpogi$ oileeocolip oispop|pogis$

ni` vgdopocnd bnugc$ soicl oi`lvli`licl \jxnoil bns aninkl` pg h|od`

ni lcgigay hnsl` gi anxjlp vxoicovdls$ ni` cxlnpl eg|i`npogi egx pbl

e|p|xl lcgigaoc luldgvalip ge pbl cg|ipxy)

Bg{lulx$ aniy ge pblsl `luldgvalips pggj vdncl `lsvopl pbl

dncj ge vgdopocnd {odd ni` leelcpoul vgdocy!anjoik) \jxnoils lcgigay

`luldgvl` pg n dnxkl lrplip oi vnxnddld pg xnpblx pbni g{oik pg vgdopo!cnd `luldgvalips) Oi pbl dgiklx x|i$ bg{lulx$ pbl vnxnddld lrosplicl ge

vgdopocs ni` pbl lcgigay os oavgssohdl$ ns pbl cg|ipxy ill`s xlegxas

pg lis|xl e|p|xl s|spnoinhdl kxg{pb$ vnxpoc|dnxdy neplx pbl >


11/102

?Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil

Lrlc|poul S|aanxy

òulxsl vlgvdl bns aninkl` pg vxlslxul ops oiplkxopy ni` doul oi sokioeo!cnip bnxagiy)

Gi pbl gpblx bni`$ pbos ulxy snal vd|xndosa os n cgxgddnxy ge spnpl

{lnjilss ni` sgcolpnd ni` ldopl exnkalipnpogi) Pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi

`lagispxnpl` pbnp \jxnoioni sgcolpy und|ls ops vd|xndosa ni` os vxl!

vnxl` pg `leli` op) _lp$ oi pbl nhslicl ge spnhdl oispop|pogis ni` x|dls

ge pbl knal$ pbl cg|ipxy xlanois dnxkldy |ianinklnhdl ni` `yse|ic!

pogind$ xlslahdoik pbl lnxdy ylnxs ge pbl vxlso`licy ge Dlgio` Jxnucb|j)

Pbos snal vd|xndosa pbli os ni ghspncdl pg leelcpoul kgulxinicl ni`pbl cgisgdo`npogi ge `lagcxncy$ sgalpboik {bocb cnxxols oiblxlip xosj)

Oi pbl lulip ge pbl pyvls ge v|hdoc òsgx`lx {bocb nxl slli oi enodoik

spnpls$ sgcolpy aokbp hl vxlvnxl` pg sncxoeocl pbl hlileops ge vd|xndos!

poc lrvxlssogi egx pbl snjl ge n spxgik bni` pbnp aokbp xlp|xi pbl

ylnxil` egx gx`lx) Oi`ll`$ pbl {lnjilss ni` pbl vlxcloul` oicgavl!

plicl ge pbl kgulxialip gulx pbl dnsp vnsp eoul ylnxs bnul xls|dpl` oi

pbl {o`l svxln` hldole pbnp pgg a|cb exll`ga dln`s pg oxxlsvgisohodopy

ni` òsgx`lx)Ilulxpbldlss$ pbl ndhlop edn{l` lrosplicl ge vd|xndosa oi \jxnoil os

ni oavgxpnip hnsos egx ops e|p|xl luldgvalip) Op vxguo`ls egx sgal sgxp

ge lcgigaoc cgavlpopogi gx np dlnsp op vxlcd|`ls agigvgdosnpogi) Op os

ndsg pbl sg|xcl ge pbl unxolpy ge gvoiogis vxlslip oi v|hdoc òscg|xsl)

Agxl oavgxpnipdy$ vd|xndosa vxlulips pbl cgisgdo`npogi ge n|pbgxopnx!

oni x|dl oi \jxnoil$ anjoik pbl cg|ipxy n xnxl lrnavdl oi pbl vgsp!Sg!

uolp cgiplrp)

@lsvopl pbl vd|xndosa$ \jxnoil bns sg enx enodl` pg lspnhdosb cdlnxx|dls ge pbl knal ni` xlncb cgislis|s gi oavgxpnip ghmlcpouls oi

plxas ge ops spnpl!h|odòik) Gidy sgal dg{lx dluld cgislis|s bns hlli

ncbolul`$ {bocb bns vxghnhdy slc|xl` \jxnoils e|p|xl ns ni oi`lvli`!

lip ni` sgulxloki cg|ipxy) _lp$ pbos os igp lig|kb pg xls|dp oi n cgblx!

lip vgdopocnd inpogi) Pbl encp pbnp vgdopocnd ldopls spodd gepli cbggsl pg

lavbnsosl pbl òuosoul oss|ls |i`lxaoils inpogind oiplkxopy)


12/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

>6

Soaodnxdy$ sgal cgislis|s bns hlli ncbolul` oi plxas ge pbl nc!clvpnicl ge `lagcxncy ns pbl gidy knal oi pg{i$ np dlnsp oi vgdopocnd

xblpgxoc ni` vxgkxnas oi \jxnoil) Bg{lulx$ pbos os igp ilclssnxody hl!

cn|sl op os xlknx`l` ns pbl agsp m|sp ni` enox syspla) Xnpblx$ pbl sbllx

òeeoc|dpy ge oavgsoik n agigvgdy ge vg{lx hy gil vgdopocnd egxcl

anjls `lagcxncy ndagsp |inugo`nhdl egx \jxnoil) Oavgxpnipdy$ ig

anoispxlna vgdopocnd egxcl oi \jxnoil nùgcnpls niy ndplxinpoul pg$ gx

unxonpogis ge$ `lagcxncy "egx lrnavdl$ ndgik pbl doils ge aninkl`

gx sgulxloki `lagcxncy/$ luli pbg|kb sgal xlelxlicls pg n spxgikbni` nvvlnxl` oi pbl dnplsp vxlso`lipond cnavnoki) Sg \jxnoil$ |i!

dojl X|sson ni` sgal gpblx COS spnpls$ `gls igp xlmlcp pbl cgaagi

L|xgvlni und|l ge `lagcxncy ns s|cb) Ighg`y oi \jxnoil cdnoas pbnp

`lagcxncy$ couod sgcolpy ni` exll`gas nxl und|ls oavgsl` exga g|p!

so`l ns os pbl cnsl oi X|sson)

Ilulxpbldlss$ pbos lipxlicbalip ge `lagcxncy bns igp bldvl`

\jxnoioni vgdopocnd ldopls pg vxgkxlss oi plxas ge xlegxaoik pbl Cgispo!

p|pogi$ {bocb os {o`ldy slli ns n slp ge alpn!x|dls ge n vgdopocnd sysplani` oi plxas ge lis|xoik pbl oi`lvli`licl ge pbl m|òconxy) Ig vxgkxlss

bns hlli an`l soicl pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi lsvopl pbl xblpgxocnd cga!

aopalip ge jly vgdopocnd ncpgxs pg xlsgdul pbl `ln`dgcj gi lopblx ge

pblsl oss|ls) Pbl nhslicl ge n dluld vdnyoik eold` ni` n `yse|icpogind

vgdopocnd c|dp|xl alnip pbnp \jxnoil {ns vdnk|l` hy vgdopocnd oieokbpoik$

sbgxp!plxaosa ni` oin`l~|npl kgulxialip `|xoik pbl Gxnikl ylnxs)

[lnj couod sgcolpy ni` dg{ vxlss|xl egx xlegxa exga {opboi$ alnis

pbnp pbos os |idojldy pg cbnikl oi pbl ilnx e|p|xl) Oi encp$ pbl dg{ dluldge inpogind cgislis|s os nppxoh|pnhdl pg pbl dg{ dluld ge px|sp nagik

òeelxlip kxg|vs ge sgcolpy ni` n dncj ge oioponpoul gx oiplxlsp oi cbnik!

oik pboiks np pbl dgcnd dluld) Pbl doaopl` sgcond cnvopnd ge \jxnoil ndgik

{opb pbl npgaosnpogi ge sgcolpy alnis pbnp pbl vgdopocnd cdnss os igp

nccg|ipnhdl ni` pblxl os n `lnxpb ge xlsg|xcl egx h|odòik n inpogind

cgislis|s)


13/102

>>Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil

Lrlc|poul S|aanxy

Oi n hxgn`lx cgiplrp$ \jxnoil dncjs n cgisgdo`npl` uosogi ge ops vdncloi pbl {gxd`) [opb ~|lspogi anxjs bnikoik gulx pbl L|xgvlniilss ge ops

o`lipopy$ nddol` pg ni oicxlnsl` xld|cpnicl gi pbl vnxp ge dnxkl s{npbls

ge ops vgv|dnpogi pg hl cbnxncplxosl` hy pbl s|hgxòincy oavdol` oi ops

spnp|s ns vnxp ge X|ssons ilnx nhxgn`$ \jxnoil eoi`s opslde hlp{lli

p{g hdgcs |inhdl pg p|xi `lcosouldy gil {ny gx pbl gpblx) [bodl sgcolpy

xlanois nahok|g|s nhg|p pbl òxlcpogi pbl cg|ipxy ill`s pg agul$ ns

cgieoxal` hy unxog|s v|hdoc gvoiogi vgdds$ pbl vgdopocnd cdnss sjode|ddy lr!

vdgops pbos nahok|opy oi gx`lx pg klp pbl agsp exga lopblx X|sson gx pblL\ egx cgxvgxnpl hlileop) Exga pbos vlxsvlcpoul \jxnoils oi`lplxao!

inpl spnicl oi pbl egxloki nxlin os igp alxldy pbl xledlcpogi ge nahok|!

g|s o`lipopy$ h|p ndsg oiòcnpoul ge pbl sbgxp!plxa ni` inxxg{ oiplxlsps

ge pbl vgdopocnd cdnss) Pblsl oiplxind `yinaocs nxl cgavg|i`l` hy pbl

encp pbnp pbl oiplxinpogind ncpgxs$ gpblx pbni X|ssoni$ dncj n uosogi egx

ni` ge \jxnoil)

@lsvopl sgal oiopond sokis ge cbnikl$ pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi ò` igp

anxj n hxlnjpbxg|kb oi pbl L|xgvlni oiplkxnpogi ge \jxnoil) Soicl pblGxnikl Xlugd|pogi$ pbl \jxnoioni vgdopocnd ldopls bnul hlli li`gxsoik

\jxnoils vnxpocovnpogi oi unxog|s L\ oioponpouls ni` vgdocols$ s|cb ns

pbl L|xgvlni Ilokbhg|xbgg` Vgdocy "LIV/ gx Lnsplxi Vnxpilxsbov "LnV/)

Bg{lulx$ pblsl vgdocols bnul svlcpnc|dnxdy enodl` pg egc|s pbl aoi`s

ni` dlikpbli pbl poal bgxo}gis ge pbl vgdopocnd cdnss oi \jxnoil) Pbos os

oi spnxj cgipxnsp pg pbl {ny pbl L\ s|ccll`l` oi liknkoik pbl vgdopocnd

dln`lxs oi Clipxnd ni` Lnsplxi L|xgvl) Pbos os igp gidy `|l pg pbl oiblx!

lip unk|lilss ge oiclipouls ni` ghmlcpouls ge pbl LIV ni` LnV h|p ndsgpbl `galspoc coxc|aspnicls oi \jxnoil$ inaldy pbl vgdopocnd oispnhodopy

{bocb lis|l` oi pbl neplxanpb ge pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi)

Oiplkxnpogi {opb pbl L\ bns xlanoil` ni nhspxncp ni` òspnip vxgs!

vlcp egx aniy \jxnoioni vgdopoconis ni` ns s|cb igp cnvnhdl ge gulx!

xoòik sbgxp!plxa `galspoc cgiso`lxnpogis) Igp{opbspniòik pblox

`lcdnxl` cgaaopalips pg pbl L|xgvlni cbgocl$ pbl Gxnikl kgulxi!

alips enodl` pg n`gvp n il{ spxnplky gi L|xgvlni oiplkxnpogi) Oi vnx!


14/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

>8

poc|dnx$ pbl ldopls aossl` ni gvvgxp|iopy pg vxguo`l n cgblxlip$ cdlnxni` dgik!plxa spxnplkoc exnal{gxj) N cgxgddnxy ge pbos {ns pbl dncj ge

n xnòcnd gulxbn|d ge pbl oispop|pogind exnal{gxj ge L|xgvlni oiplkxn!

pogi) Pg ndd oiplips ni` v|xvgsls$ ig leelcpoul dln`lxsbov gi L|xgvlni

oss|ls bns lalxkl` soicl pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi) Oi pbl cgiplrp ge pbl

oiplisoul vg{lx spx|kkdl$ niy spxnplkols xl~|oxoik dgiklx!plxa cga!

aopalips$ oicd|òik L\!xldnpl` anpplxs$ {lxl xldlknpl` pg pbl hncj!

h|xilx)

Oi s|a$ pbos xlvgxp sbg{s pbnp \jxnoil bns |i`lxkgil sokioeocnipcbnikl gulx pbl vnsp p{g `lcn`ls pg{nx`s hlcgaoik n ~|nso!{lsplxi

sgcond ni` vgdopocnd lipopy) Ndpbg|kb pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi ò` igp e|d!

eodd aniy lrvlcpnpogis$ op lis|xl` \jxnoil cni lugdul) Pbl agsp vxgh!

nhdl sclinxog egx \jxnoils e|p|xl os n cgipoi|npogi ge ops sdg{ h|p luo!

`lip agul oi pbl snal òxlcpogi$ pg{nx`s hlcgaoik ni oiplkxnd vnxp ge

pbl [lsp) Pbos os$ bg{lulx$ n dgik!plxa vlxsvlcpoul) Oi pbl sbgxp x|i$

vggx kgulxinicl ni` pbl exnkodopy ge ops `lagcxnpoc oispop|pogis nxl ni

ghuog|s pbxlnp pg pbos klilxnd pxli`$ anjoik vgssohdl pbl lxgsogi ge`lagcxnpoc vxncpocls lsvlconddy ns pbl il{dy ldlcpl` dln`lxsbov nvvlnxs

pg hl dlss cgaaoppl` pg `lagcxnpoc igxas pbni pbl vxluog|s gil) H|p

\jxnoils anmgx vxghdla os igp sg a|cb oi pbl pbxlnps pg lagcxncy ni`

couoc exll`gas$ ndpbg|kb pbl xosj ge pblox lxgsogi xlanois$ h|p$ xnpblx$

oi pbl cbnddlikls oi ncboluoik n xnòcnd oavxgulalip ge pbl ~|ndopy$ le!

eocolicy$ ni` e|icpogindopy ge pbl `lagcxncy ncbolul` sg enx)


15/102

>3Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil

Oipxg`|cpogi

Aniy ilknpoul gvoiogis bnul hlli lrvxlssl` nhg|p \jxnoil egd!

dg{oik pbl `nsboik ge pbl bokb lrvlcpnpogis ge pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi)

Sgal{bnp vnxn`grocnddy$ pblsl bnul laninpl` exga hgpb [lsplxi

`lagcxncols ni` pbl igi!`lagcxnpoc cg|ipxols ge pbl COS$ vnxpoc|dnxdy

X|sson) [bodl pbl L\ alahlx spnpls ni` gpblx [lsplxi `lagcxncols

lrvlcpl` ensp ni` vxgeg|i` cbnikls oi \jxnoil$ X|ssons xlncpogi pg pblGxnikl Xlugd|pogi {ns xnpblx òsaossoul$ slljoik pg òscxlòp `luldgv!

alips oi \jxnoil oi gx`lx pg |i`lxaoil niy pbxlnps pg pbl xlkoal oi

X|sson) Agsp sokioeocnip ge ndd vlxbnvs os pbl encp pbnp aniy oe igp agsp

\jxnoionis bnul pblaslduls hlcgal òsodd|sogil` {opb `luldgvalips

pbnp pggj vdncl egddg{oik pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi) Pbl exnpxoco`nd hlbnu!

og|xs ge pbl Gxnikl dln`lxs$ {bocb dln` pg |ispnhdl kgulxialip ni`

cgiexgipnpogi hlp{lli pbl hxnicbls ge vg{lx alnip pbnp pbgsl {bg

bgvl` egx n {nxa {ldcgal exga pbl L\ ni` pbl lalxklicl ge n `xoulegx xlegxa oi \jxnoil {lxl sggi òsnvvgoipl`)

Pblsl enodl` lrvlcpnpogis$ ulxy òeelxlip oi pblox inp|xl$ bnul cxl!

npl` llv ex|spxnpogi oi ghslxulxs ni` xls|dpl` oi n xnpblx hdlnj vocp|xl

ge \jxnoil hgpb oi pbl [lsp ni` pbl Lnsp) \jxnoil bns hlli `lscxohl`

ns n dgsp cnsl gx luli n enodl` spnpl) Pbl ldlcpogi ge Uojpgx _ni|jguycb$

pbl xound ge pbl Gxnikl cnav oi 86>6$ ns pbl vxlso`lip ge \jxnoil vxg!

`|cl`$ pg sny pbl dlnsp$ aorl` elldoiks) Egx sgal op sokioeol` n xlp|xi pg


16/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

>0

pbl vxl!8660 J|cban lxn ni` nhgul ndd pbl enod|xl ge pbl Gxnikl Xlug!d|pogi ni` pbl ncbolulalips pbnp cnal oi ops {njl) _lp$ sgal gvpoaosps

bnul egc|sl` gi pbl encp pbnp pblsl {lxl exll ni` enox ldlcpogis oi

cgipxnsp pg pbl sop|npogi oi ilokbhg|xoik cg|ipxols$ doplxnddy ighg`y

jil{ {bg pbl {oiilx {ns |ipod pbl xls|dps {lxl egxanddy niig|icl`

{bocb xls|dpl` oi n hxgn`dy vnoi!exll pxniselx ge vg{lx) Pbl gvpoaosps

bnul |xkl` pbl [lsp pg licg|xnkl ni` s|vvgxp \jxnoil pg vxlslxul

ni` n`blxl pg ops L|xgvlni cbgocl) Pbl bokb dluld xlvxlslipnpogi ge

pbl L\ np pbl oin|k|xnpogi ge pbl il{ vxlso`lip ni` pbl Xlsgd|pogi gepbl L|xgvlni Vnxdonalip gi pbl snal `ny$ {bocb xlcgkiosls \jxnoils

xokbp pg L\ alahlxsbov$ nxl cdlnx lrvxlssogis pbnp pbl gvpoaosps nxl

hloik dosplil` pg)

Pbos xlvgxp noas pg vxlslip n vgxpxnop ge \jxnoil egddg{oik pbl eoepb

niioulxsnxy ge pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi ni` pbl 86>6 vxlso`lipond ldlc!

pogi) Pbl n|pbgxs ge pbos xlvgxp$ yg| {odd eoi`$ sll \jxnoil ns n kdnss$

{bocb os bnde e|dd ni` bnde lavpy$ o)l) pblxl nxl xlnd cgiclxis nhg|p

\jxnoils e|p|xl pxnmlcpgxy nddol` pg pbl encp pbnp pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|!pogi bns vxg`|cl` n dlkncy ge {bocb pbl hlileops nxl cdlnx pg sll) Egx

lrnavdl$ \jxnoil os n {ldd!xggpl` ldlcpgxnd lagcxncy {opb pbl dgiklsp

dosp ge exll ni` enox ldlcpogis nagik pbl COS cg|ipxols "vxlso`lipond ldlc!

pogis oi 866< ni` 86>6 ni` vnxdonalipnxy ldlcpogis oi 8665 ni` 866;/$

oi cgipxnsp pg aniy "slao!/ n|pbgxopnxoni cg|ipxols oi pbl xlkogi) _lp

\jxnoil os spodd enx exga hloik n saggpbdy e|icpogioik cgispop|pogind

`lagcxncy) Oavgxpnipdy$ ncxgss \jxnoil$ luli nagiksp pbgsl {bg s|v!

vgxpl` lopblx ge pbl p{g vxoanxy vxlso`lipond cniò`npls pbl hd|l"Uojpgx _ni|jguycb/ ni` pbl gxnikl "_|don Pyagsblijg/ dnxklx

s{npbls ge sgcolpy nxl dgikoik egx n il{ klilxnpogi ge vgdopocnd ldopls)

Pbos os luo`licl` hy pbl bokb i|ahlx ge ugpls knxilxl` hy ndplxinpoul

cniò`npls oi pbl eoxsp xg|i` "Slxboy Pybyvjg ni` Nxslioy _npslio|j/$

pbl bokb i|ahlx ge pbgsl {bg ò` igp s|vvgxp lopblx cniò`npl oi pbl

x|i!gee ni` pbl encp pbnp _ni|jguycb {ns |dpoanpldy s|vvgxpl` hy dlss

pbni bnde ge pbl ugplxs)


17/102

>5

>) Sdg{ cbnikl \jxnoils enpl7

Pbl dnsp eoul ylnxs oi \jxnoil bnul hlli cbnxncplxosl` hy lulx kxlnp!

lx òslicbnipalip {opb pbl cgipoi|g|s exnpxoco`nd hocjlxoik hlp{lli

\jxnoils p{g vxoanxy hxnicbls ge vg{lx$ {bocb bns xls|dpl` oi ni gi!

kgoik slisl ge vgdopocnd cxosos) Pbl lcgigaoc xlclssogi cn|sl` hy pbl

eoinicond cxnsb ge 8662 alxldy xloiegxcl` pbl slisl ge lcdoil) _lp$ m|`k!

oik gulx pbl vlxsvlcpoul ge pbl dnsp p{g `lcn`ls$ \jxnoil bns cgaln dgik {ny$ `lsvopl aossoik n i|ahlx ge gvvgxp|iopols) Pbl eoxsp gil

{ns aossl` xokbp neplx oi`lvli`licl oi >??>$ {bli pbl gd` Sguolp ig!

alicdnp|xl$ xnpblx pbni pbl nipo!cgaa|iosp òsso`lips$ cnal pg vg{lx

oi pbl eg|iòik ldlcpogis) Pbl slcgi` gil {ns aossl` oi 866< neplx

pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi {bli pbl vgv|dnxopy ge pbl il{dy ldlcpl` vxlso!

`lip _|sbcblijg ni` agxl oavgxpnipdy pbl bokb dluld ge sgcond cnvopnd$

{bocb {ns oi luo`licl `|xoik pbl xlugd|pogi$ {lxl exopplxl` n {ny oi n

vdny egx vg{lx$ h|p ilkdlcp ge kgulxialip "oi pbl slisl pbnp pblxl {nsn enod|xl pg kgulxi hy pbl {oiilxs/) Ilulxpbldlss$ pbxg|kbg|p \jxnoil

bns xlanoil` oi`lvli`lip$ oiplkxnpl` ni` np vlncl$ `lsvopl ops cgi!

pxgulxsond bospgxocnd dlkncy$ xlkogind oulxsopy ni` a|dpolpbioc spx|cp|xl)

\jxnoil bns agul` pg{nx`s hlcgaoik n anxjlp lcgigay$ ndpbg|kb

{opb aniy `leocolicols) Eoinddy$ `lagcxncy bns hlcgal lipxlicbl` oi!

sgenx ns pbl 86>6 vxlso`lipond ldlcpogis n`blxl` pg lagcxnpoc ldlcpgxnd

vxncpocls ni` xls|dpl` oi n vlncle|d pxnisopogi ge vg{lx) Np hlsp$ bg{!


19/102

>;Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil


lulx$ op {g|d` nvvlnx pbnp pbos lagcxnpoc vxgclss any xls|dp oi \jxnoilegddg{oik n vnpb ge oicxlalipnd ni` kxn`|nd lugd|pogi$ {bocb {ns oiplx!

x|vpl` oi pbl dnpl >??6s {bli n xl!ldlcpl` Vxlso`lip J|cban leelcpouldy

spxlikpblil` gdoknxcboc x|dl$ h|p {bocb xls|al` ns pbl xls|dp ge pbl

Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi)

>)>) Xlugd|pogi ns n xlp|xi pg ni lugd|poginxy vnpb

Pbl Gxnikl xlugd|pogi {ns bnodl` hy aniy ns n xnòcnd hxlnj {opbpbl Sguolp dlkncy$ n cg|xnklg|s ndhlop hldnpl` npplavp pg xl!oiuokgxnpl

pbl svoxop ge pbl >?2?!>??> `lagcxnpoc xlugd|pogis pbnp s|ccll`l` oi

Lnsplxi L|xgvl h|p vlplxl` g|p oi \jxnoil ni` ldsl{blxl oi pbl egxalx

Sguolp \iogi$ lrcd|òik pbl pbxll Hndpoc spnpls Lspgion$ Dnpuon ni`

Dopb|nion)

Pbl g|pdoils ge pbl L|xgvlni xlugd|pogis ge >202 xl!lalxkl` oi pbnp

ndpbg|kb pbl nicoli xlkoals {lxl `lelnpl`$ dohlxnd `lagcxncy ò` igp

egddg{) Op sllas pbnp pbl xlugd|poginxy dln`lxs$ {bg an`l pblox cnxllxsoiso`l gd` spx|cp|xls$ ge n slde!slxuoik ni` xlip!slljoik inp|xl cbnikl`

vgdocols$ h|p ò` doppdl pg cbnikl pbl oispop|pogis pbnp oavdlalipl`

pbla) Pbly bn` n `lagcxnpoc$ L|xgvlni svoxop$ h|p ig svoxop ge |xklicy

ni` ulxy doppdl vxlagiopogi ge `niklx)>

Pbl enod|xl pg cnxxy g|p ensp$ cgblxlip$ ni` cgavxlblisoul oispop|!

pogind xlegxa$ ns g|pdoil` oi pbl cbnvplxs 3)>) ni` 3)3)$ bns dnxkldy `l!

plxaoil` pbl enod|xl ge pbl Gxnikl xlugd|pogi ni` ge pbl eoxsp Gxnikl

kgulxialip) \jxnoioni vgdopoconis exga pbl Gxnikl cnav cnal {opb!g|p n {ldd!pbg|kbp g|p ni` cgavxlblisoul spxnplky ge xlegxas ni` ndsg

vxgul` |inhdl pg xlegxa pbl gd` oispop|pogis) Pblsl vgdopoconis {lxl

gepli alògcxl ni` doplxnddy oxxlsvgisohdl$ vxlgcc|vol` {opb vlxsgind

nahopogis ni` |i`lx!li`g{l` {opb vxgelssogind pndlip)

Pbly {lxl gepli ig òeelxlip pg gpblx Clipxnd ni` Lnsp L|xgvlni

vgdopoconis {opb gil cx|cond òeelxlicl {bocb òspoik|osbl` pbla=

> Sblxx$ M) 8665) Pbl Scbggd ge @lelnp$ @}lxjndg Py}bion$ 88 M|dy 8665)


20/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

>2

\jxnoioni vgdopoconis cg|d` igp neegx` pbl d|r|xy ge oicgavlplicl$ nsoi \jxnoil pbl pbxlnp {ns igp exga gpblx vgdopoconis$ h|p exga ni li!

pxlicbl` Sguolp!lxn igalicdnp|xl) Pbos vxghdla os lrnclxhnpl` hy pbl

cgipoi|l` oied|licl ge X|sson gi pbos igalicdnp|xl ni` dnxkl s{npbls

ge \jxnoils vgv|dnpogis$ sgalpboik {bocb {ns igp n encpgx oi Clipxnd

ni` Lnsplxi L|xgvl gx pbl Hndjnis)

Pbl `llv vlxsgind nioagsopy hlp{lli pbl p{g Gxnikl dln`lxs

vxlso`lip Uojpgx _|sbcblijg ni` gccnsogind vxoal aoiosplx _|don Py!

agsblijg$ {bocb vlxsospl` exga pbl hlkoiioik ge pbl Gxnikl Xlug!d|pogi$ {ns blnuody lrnclxhnpl` hy lrplxind encpgxs "ns sbg{i oi pbl

Cbnvplx 0)>/) Gi pbl gil so`l$ pbl vgdopl oiòeelxlicl "hlioki ilkdlcp/

ge pbl [lsp |i`lxaoil` pbl n|pbgxopy ge vxg![lsplxi vgdopocnd egxcls

oi pbl lyls ge \jxnoioni sgcolpy$ ni` any luli bnul òscg|xnkl` vgdopo!

conis exga òsvdnyoik xlsvgisohdl L|xgvlni hlbnuog|x) Gi pbl gpblx

so`l$ pbl {o`l xnikl ge oiclipouls vxguo`l` hy Agscg{ any bnul

cgipxoh|pl` pg pbl xluound ge Uojpgx _ni|jguycbs Vnxpy ge Xlkogis ni`

licg|xnkl` sgal Gxnikl vgdopoconis "oicd|òik _|don Pyagsblijg/ pgedoxp {opb Jxladoi$ oi n xnpblx gvvgxp|iosp bgvl ge povvoik pbl hndnicl

oi blx enug|x)

Spx|cp|xnd encpgxs bnul ndsg cgipxoh|pl`) Soicl oi`lvli`licl \jxnoil

bns aninkl` pg jllv n `ldocnpl hndnicl hlp{lli pbl p{g vgdopocnd an!

mgx g|pdggjs {bocb {lxl pxnisegxal` oipg vgdopocnd egxcls vxg![lsplxi

`lagcxnps$ gepli dnhlddl` ni` `lagiosl` ns inpogindosps$ ni` nipo!

[lsplxi Sguolpgvbodls$ pbl aysplxog|s vxg!X|ssoni eoepb cgd|ai) Pbl

xlnd vocp|xl {ns clxpnoidy agxl cgavdlr ni` bnx`dy xl`|cohdl pg n cx|`lho!vg{lx ag`ld ge cdnsb ge couodosnpogis) H|p pbos nvvnxlip hovgdnxopy

{ns n cgiuliolip bl|xospoc {opb pbl vg{lx pg xnvo`dy aghodosl s|vvgxp$

sgalpboik pbl spxgik ni` vgsp!Sguolp n|pbgxopols gvvgxp|iospocnddy la!

vdgyl`$ ns g|pdoil` oi pbl Cbnvplx 3)8) ge pbos xlvgxp) N vnxnddld lrplxind

hovgdnxopy {ns lavdgyl` oi n soaodnx {ny) Pbl inp|xnd nùnicl ge pbl

[lsp {ns cg|iplxhndnicl` hy bnxsb nipo![lsplxi vxgvnkni`n lan!

inpoik exga X|sson ns {ldd ns exga pbl vxg!X|ssoni$ anss alòn$ vgdo!


21/102

>?Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil


poconis$ ni` pbl Gxpbg`gr Cb|xcb ge Agscg{ Vnpxonxcbnpl oi \jxnoil)Pbl sgep vg{lx ge {lsplxi oispop|pogis ni` {lsplxi douoik spni`nx`s

{lxl cg|iplxl` hy pbl cx|`l vg{lx ge nipo![lsplxi xlslipalips ni`

nddlkl` bokblx svoxop|ndopy ge X|ssoni'oavlxond alssoniosa)

Sgcond nahoundlicl$ `|hhl` hy sgal ns vgsp!Sguolp scbo}gvbxlion$

bns ndsg cgipxoh|pl` pg pbl spnhodopy "ni` spnkinpogi/ ge \jxnoioni sgcolpy

ni` bns dnxkldy encodopnpl` pbl s|xuound ge vgsp!Sguolp ldopls oi n xldnpouldy

vd|xndospoc ni` cgavlpopoul vgdopocnd ni` lcgigaoc liuoxgialip) S|cb

sgcond nahoundlicl$ inaldy vlgvdls soa|dpnilg|s ncclvpnicl ge oicga!vnpohdl und|ls ni` lrvxlssogi ge cgipxnòcpgxy$ oicgikx|lip nppop|`ls os

bnx`dy |io~|l pg \jxnoil) Op gcc|xs oi niy sgcolpy oi pxnisopogi ns vlgvdl

dgsl gil syspla ge und|ls h|p enod pg nc~|oxl ni` oiplxindosl nigpblx) Oi

\jxnoil$ bg{lulx$ sgcond nahoundlicl {ns xloiegxcl` hy {lnj$ ed|o`$ ni`

svdop o`lipopols$ sjodde|ddy lrvdgopl` hy pbl vgsp!Sguolp ldopl oi pblox òuo`l!

ni`!x|dl vgdocols "{blxl òuo`l alnis vxoanxody òspgxp ni` òsgxolip/)

Pb|s$ egx agxl pbni n lcn`l$ pbly s|cclsse|ddy anoipnoil` n|pbgxopnxoni

x|dl hy aniov|dnpogi xnpblx pbni hy cglxcogi$ xlvxlslipoik pblasldulsoi pbl vgdopocnd nxlin ns pbl dlsslx luod ni` n inp|xnd vlncljllvlx hl!

p{lli lrpxlal$ `niklxg|s$ ni` oxxlsvgisohdl egxcls)

Pbl 8660 Gxnikl xlugd|pogi povvl` pbl hndnicl nknoisp pbos ldopl$

h|p gidy plavgxnxody) N hnppdl bn` hlli {gi hy pbl insclip couod sgco!

lpy: bg{lulx$ pbl gssoeol` n|pbgxopnxoni spnpl bn` igp ylp dgsp pbl {nx)

Agxlgulx$ pbl [lsp enodl` pg cgal pg pbl s|vvgxp ge pbos lalxklip `l!

agcxncy {opb ni geelx n alahlxsbov vxgsvlcp ge pbl L\$ gx pg ncp ns n

vxgplcpgx$ ns {ns pbl cnsl egx pbl soaodnx |icgisgdo`npl` `lagcxnpocxlkoals oi pbl Hndjnis {blxl pbox`!vnxpy liegxclalip bldvl` hxlnj

pbl uocog|s coxcdl ge sgcond aospx|sp ni` igi!cggvlxnpogi$ ni` pg cbnikl

xnòcnddy pbl vxlunodoik vnxnòka ge sgcond hlbnuog|x ni` vgdopocnd `l!

uldgvalip) Oi \jxnoil$ pbl xlugd|pogi {ns$ ns oi >??>$ bomncjl` hy pbl

gvvgxp|iospoc ldopl pbnp |sl` n kli|oil vgv|dnx inpogind!`lagcxnpoc

agulalip egx pblox vlxsgind$ cgxvgxnpl$ vnxpoc|dnxospoc v|xvgsls)


22/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

86

Oi hgpb >??> ni` 8660$ pbl xlugd|pogis xls|dpl` oi vncps hlp{llipbl ag`lxnpls exga hgpb so`ls {bg anxkoindosl` xnòcnds oi pblox

g{i cnavs) Oi >??>$ pbl sgulxloki!cgaa|iosps dl` hy Jxnucb|j$

g|panigl|uxl` pbl vxg!oavlxond Cgaa|iosp Vnxpy encpogi gi pbl

gil so`l$ ni` pbl ag`lxnpl dln`lxs ge X|jb {bg g|pi|ahlxl` pbl

agxl xnòcnd nipo!cgaa|iosps gi pbl gpblx) Oi 8660$ pbl oic|ahlip

vxlso`lip Dlgio` J|cban ni` bos nssgconpls an`l n cgavxgaosl

`lnd {opb Uojpgx _|sbcblijg np pbl lrvlisl ge Uojpgx _ni|jguycb

ni` bos plna$ gi gil so`l$ ni` _|don Pyagsblijg$ Vgxn$ ni` gpblxxlugd|poginxols gi pbl gpblx so`l) Oi gpblx {gx`s$ `|l pg pbl J|cb!

an!_|sbcblijg cgavxgaosl$ {bocb vnul` pbl {ny egx pbl x|i!gee

ldlcpogis$ pbl xnòcnd kxg|vs xlvxlslipl` hy Uojpgx _ni|jguycb$ ni`

_|don Pyagsblijg ni` Vgxn$ {lxl so`ldoil`) Oi hgpb cnsls$ pbl xlug!

d|pogis xls|dpl` oi pbl pxnisvdnclalip "xnpblx pbni xlvdnclalip/

ge pbl ldopls$ sgalpboik {bocb ò` igp bldv oi pbl pxnisegxanpogi ge

pbl cg|ipxy)

Ns n xls|dp$ egddg{oik pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi$ pbl n|pbgxopnxoni!ls~|l `gaoinip vg{lx vgdopocs "n vgdopocnd syspla cbnxncplxosl` hy pbl

`gaoinicl ge gil vgdopocnd oispop|pogi {bocb oi \jxnoil {ns pbl Vxlso!

`licy/ cnal pg ni li`) Op {ns xlvdncl`$ gicl nknoi$ hy elcjdlss vd|xnd!

osa$ xnpblx pbni n vxgvlxdy oispop|pogindosl` ni` leelcpouldy e|icpogioik

`lagcxncy)Cg|ipxols {opb elcjdlss vd|xndosa

pli` pg bnul sokioecnip nag|ips g vgdopocnd xll`ga$ xlk|dnx ldlc!

pogis$ ni` ndplxinpogi g vg{lx hlp{lli kli|oildy òlxlip vg!

dopocnd kxg|voiks) @lsvopl pblsl vgsopoul lnp|xls$ bg{lulx$ `lagc!

xncy xlanois sbnddg{ ni` pxg|hdl`) Vgdopocnd vnxpocovnpogi$ pbg|kb

hxgn` np ldlcpogi poal$ lrpli`s doppdl hlygi` ugpoik) Vgdopocnd ldopls

xga ndd pbl anmgx vnxpols gx kxg|voiks nxl {o`ldy vlxcloul` ns cgx!

x|vp$ sld!oiplxlspl`$ ni` oillcpoul) Pbl ndplxinpogi g vg{lx sllas

exsp g ndd pg pxn`l pbl cg|ipxys vxghdlas hncj ni` gxpb xga gil

bnvdlss so`l pg pbl gpblx) Vgdopocnd ldopls xga ndd pbl anmgx vnxpols

nxl {o`ldy vlxcloul` ns cgxx|vp$ sld!oiplxlspl`$ òsbgilsp$ ni` igp


23/102

8>Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil


slxog|s nhg|p {gxjoik gx pblox cg|ipxy) Pbl v|hdoc os slxog|sdy òs!

nlcpl` xga vgdopocs$ ni` {bodl op any spodd cdoik pg n hldol oi pbl

o`lnd g `lagcxncy$ op os lrpxlaldy |ibnvvy nhg|p pbl vgdopocnd dol

g pbl cg|ipxy) Gulxndd$ vgdopocs os {o`ldy slli ns n spndl$ cgxx|vp$

ldopl!`gaoinpl` ganoi pbnp ldoulxs doppdl kgg` pg pbl cg|ipxy ni`

cgaani`s l~|nddy doppdl xlsvlcp) Ni` pbl spnpl xlanois vlxsosplipdy

{lnj) Lcgigaoc vgdocy os gpli vggxdy cgicloul` ni` lrlc|pl`$ ni`

lcgigaoc vlxgxanicl os xl~|lipdy hn` gx luli cndnaopg|s) Sgcond

ni` vgdopocnd xlgxas nxl soaodnxdy pli|g|s$ ni` s|cclssoul kgulxi!

alips nxl |inhdl pg anjl bln`{ny gi agsp g pbl anmgx vxghdlas

ncoik pbl cg|ipxy$ xga cxoal ni` cgxx|vpogi pg blndpb$ l`|cnpogi$

ni` v|hdoc {ldnxl klilxnddy)8

Pblxl {ns bg{lulx gil jly òeelxlicl hlp{lli pbl gvvgxp|iopols

vxlslipl` hy pbl lulips ge >??> ni` 8660) Ns pbl eoxsp \jxnoioni vxlso!

`lip$ Dlgio` Jxnucb|j bn` ncp|nddy doppdl cbgocl h|p pg ncclvp pbos joi`

ge vd|xndosa) Pblxl {ns ig cgav|icpogi gi bos vnxp pg oipxg`|cl doh!

lxnd `lagcxncy$ pbl x|dl ge dn{ gx pbl exll anxjlp) E|xpblxagxl neplx

pbl Cgaa|iosp vnxpy {ns òshni`l` oi >??>$ bl bn` ig oispop|pogind

alcbniosas gx xlsg|xcls pg c|xh lopblx elcjdlssilss gx vd|xndosa oi pbl

cg|ipxy hy xloipxg`|coik n|pbgxopnxoni x|dl) _|sbcblijg$ oi cgipxnsp oi!

blxopl` xnpblx leelcpoul alcbniosas ge pbl hdncjanod spnpl {boasocnddy

cxlnpl` hy Dlgio` J|cban3) Bg{lulx$ _|sbcblijg xlexnoil` exga pbl

joi` ge sldlcpoul nvvdocnpogi ge dn{ ni` |sl ge jgavxganp "cgavxgaos!

oik luo`licoik/ cgddlcpl` hy bos vxl`lclssgxs pg xnosl cxoaoind cbnxkls

nknoisp vgdopocnd gvvgilips) H|p bl o` igp xlvdncl pbos oiegxand alcbn!

iosa ge spnpl `gaoinpogi hy egxand ni` xlnddy leelcpoul alcbniosas ge

8 Cnxgpblxs$ P) 8668) Pbl Li` ge pbl Pxnisopogi Vnxnòka$ Mg|xind ge @lagcxncy$ ugd) >3$ ig)8 "8668/)3 @nx`li$ J) 866>) Hdncjanod ns n Pggd ge Spnpl @gaoinpogi= \jxnoil \i`lx J|cban$ LnspL|xgvlni Cgispop|pogind Xluol{$ ugd) >6$ igs) 8!3 "866>/) S|cb n spnpl os hnsl` gi pbxll voddnxs=">/ {o`lsvxln` cgxx|vpogi pgdlxnpl`$ luli licg|xnkl` hy pbl kgulxialip: "8/ leelcpoul s|x!uloddnicl ni` cgddlcpoik ge cgavxgaosoik anplxonds "jgavxganp/ pg jllv lulxyhg`y gi n

bggj: "3/ sldlcpoul nvvdocnpogi ge dn{ nknoisp òsdgynd s|hmlcps)


24/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

88

n `lagcxnpoc spnpl hnsl` gi pbl x|dl ge dn{$ sgalpboik {bocb xls|dplòi ni oispop|pogind unc||a ni` vxgcl`|xnd `ln`dgcj$ n cbngpoc sop|npogi

{blxl ilopblx oiegxand igx egxand x|dls {gxjl` vxgvlxdy)

Ns n xls|dp \jxnoil kgp sp|cj oi elcjdlss vd|xndosa$ {bocb cni hl!

cgal lopblx n spnkoik vgsp gi pbl xgn` pg{nx`s cgisgdo`npl` `lagc!

xncy$ gx gil hncj pg{nx`s n|pbgxopnxoniosa) Oi encp$ oi 8660 \jxnoil

xlp|xil` pg pbl lugd|poginxy `luldgvalip pbnp {ns oiplxx|vpl` hy pbl

ldlcpogi ge J|cban oi pbl dnpl ?6s) Pbl xl!ldlcpogi ge J|cban egx n slc!

gi` plxa oi >??? xls|dpl` oi pbl cnvp|xl ge pbl spnpl hy pbl Vxlso`lips|xxg|i`l` hy gdoknxcbs) \v |ipod pbli$ \jxnoionis bn` pbl kgulxialip

pbly cbgsl$ oi pbl slisl pbnp hgpb Dlgio` Jxnucb|j ni` Dlgio` J|cban

"pbl eoxsp poal xg|i`/ {lxl ldlcpl` oi exll ni`$ agxl gx dlss$ enox ldlc!

pogis$ exga pbl vd|xndopy ge cniò`npls ge òeelxlip cgdg|xs) N xlp|xi pg

pbos pyvl ge lugd|poginxy vnpb sllas pg hl pbl anoi ncbolulalip ge

pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi) Ig{ \jxnoionis cni nknoi ldlcp pblox dln`lxs

oi exll ni` enox ldlcpogis$ {opb e|dd xlsvgisohodopy egx pblox cbgocl ni`

egx pbl n|pbgxopols pbly hxoik pg vg{lx) Pbl 86>6 vxlso`lipond ldlcpogiscgieoxal` pbos pxli`)

\jxnoils xlp|xi pg pbl lugd|poginxy `luldgvalip `gls igp alni$

ge cg|xsl$ pbnp _|sbcblijg {g|d` bnul alxldy pg cgipoi|l pbl {gxj

ge Jxnucb|j ni` pbl lnxdy J|cban ns oe igpboik bn` bnvvlil`) Pbl

Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi xls|dpl` oi sgal ulxy oavgxpnip cbnikls pg ni` oi

\jxnoioni sgcolpy$ {bocb _|sbcblijg ni` pbl Gxnikl cnav oi klilxnd

sbg|d` bnul h|odp gi ni` |sl` ns ni oaalisl xlsg|xcl)

Eoxsp$ \jxnoioni sgcolpy bn` `luldgvl` oipg gil {bocb {ns agxlxlsodolip ni` xlsospnip pg n|pbgxopnxoni vxlss|xl pbni bn` gicl hlli

pbl cnsl ni` clxpnoidy pbnp aniy vlgvdl lrvlcpl`) Pbos `luldgvalip

cni hl cbnxpl` ns op {ns oi luo`licl oi pbl 86680$ 8665$ ni` 866; vnx!

donalipnxy ldlcpogis) Pbl dnsp p{g {lxl lsvlconddy oiplxlspoik= `lsvopl

0 Op {ns pbl eoxsp poal \jxnoionis ldlcpl` pbl Vnxdonalip nccgxòik pg pbl aorl` syspla) Egxpbl eoxsp poal bnde ge pbl AVs {lxl ldlcpl` hnsl` gi pbl vnxpy dosps$ {bodl pbl gpblx bnde$ nshlegxl$ gi pbl anmgxopnxoni hnsos) Pbl G|x \jxnoil gvvgsopogi vnxpy nvvlnxl` pg hl pbl

{oiilx ge pbl vnxpy dosps cgiplsp)


25/102

83Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil


pbl lrvxlssogis ge anss òsnvvgoipalip oi vgsp!xlugd|poginxy `luld!gvalips$ ni` `lsvopl xlnd ni` nddlkl` aospnjls an`l hy pbl Gxnikl

dln`lxs$ pbl anmgxopy ge pbl ugplxs cgieoxal` pblox cgaaopalip pg pbl

xlugd|poginxy o`lnds$ hy ugpoik egx Gxnikl cnav xlvxlslipnpouls: agxl!

gulx$ pbly cdlnxdy vxlelxxl` pbl agxl nsslxpoul Pyagsblijg gulx pbl

sllaoikdy oi`lcosoul _|sbcblijg$ ns luo`licl` hy pbl xnvo` `lcdoil ge

_|sbcblijgs vgv|dnx s|vvgxp)

Slcgi`$ pbl ldlcpgxnd hnsl ge pbl Gxnikl cnav bns hxgn`lil` s|h!

spniponddy {opboi pbl dnsp `lcn`l luli hlegxl pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogiexga pbl {lsplxiagsp "ni` dlnsp X|ssoeol` ni` Sguolposl`/ xlkogis ge

[lsplxi \jxnoil "Kndocon ni` Ugdyi/ {bocb |ipod pblox niilrnpogi hy pbl

Sguolp \iogi oi >?3? hldgikl` pg Vgdni`$ pg pbl unsp nxlns ge clipxnd

\jxnoil$ hgpb gi pbl xokbp ni` dlep hnijs ge pbl @iovxg xoulx "{bocb

podd pbl ao`!>;pb'dnpl >2pb clip|xols ndsg eldd pg Vgdni`s Eoxsp X}lc}vg!

svgdopn ni` neplx pbnp X|sson/) Pbos bospgxocnd dlkncy os bokbdy oavgxpnip

hlcn|sl op xls|dpl` oi n xnòcnddy òeelxlip vgdopocnd c|dp|xl ni` sgcond

bnhop|s$ pg pbnp ge dni`s cgipxgddl` hy pbl vxgeg|i`dy n|pgcxnpoc A|s!cguy ni` X|sson)

Gil any svlc|dnpl {blpblx e|xpblx agulalip lnsp{nx` os vgsso!

hdl$ h|p luli pbl doaopl` lrvnisogi ge pbl o`lgdgkocnd [lsp {opboi

\jxnoil hxg|kbp nhg|p vndvnhdl ldlcpgxnd xls|dps exga 8


26/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

80

pbl vnxdonalip$ {bodl {lsplxi \jxnoil {ns vxl`gaoinipdy xlvxlslipl`hy inpogind `lagcxnps$ pbl slcgi` agsp oied|lipond egxcl oi Ulxjbguin

Xn`n) Ig nddonicl hlp{lli pblsl vgdopocnd lilaols {ns luli oanko!

inhdl) Pg`ny$ pbl cgaa|iosps bnul hlli uoxp|nddy {ovl` g|p ns vgdopo!

cnd egxcl$ {opb n `osand


27/102

8) Sdg{ cbnikl \jxnoils enpl7

vxghdlas$ \jxnoil os {ldd {opboi pblox }gil ge oiplxlsp$ pg pbl vgoippbnp op os ig dgiklx vlxcloul` ns n dlkopoanpl svblxl ge lrcd|soul X|s!

soni oied|licl)

>)8) Pbl li`|xoik leelcps ge \jxnoils bospgxocnd dlkncy

Oi`lvli`lip \jxnoil lalxkl` igp gidy ns n dlknd s|cclssgx pg pbl

\jxnoioni Sguolp Sgcondosp Xlv|hdoc h|p ndsg ns ops oispop|pogind$ sgcolpnd$

c|dp|xnd$ ni` hlbnuog|xnd cgipoi|npogi) Oi vxncpocnd plxas op alnip pbnp\jxnoil oiblxopl` `yse|icpogind oispop|pogis$ ni gepli oicgavlplip ni`

exl~|lipdy slde!slxuoik ldopl$ ni npgaosl` vgv|dnpogi {opb n dnxkldy igi!

couoc vgdopocnd c|dp|xl) Pbl alipndopy ge Bgag Sguolpoc|s {ns s|vvxlssl`)

Pbl lalxklicl ge n inxxnpoul {bocb s|vvgsl`dy osvdnyl` il{ pboijoik

ni` `lagcxnpoc und|ls gi pbl vnxp ge pbl vgdopocnd ldopl {ns alxldy n

cnag|ednkl egx pbl cgipoi|npogi ge {bnp cg|d` hl plxal` n Dlioiosp!Spn!

doiosp aoi`slp= n cgiuocpogi pbnp vgdopocs os n }lxg!s|a knal$ pbl {oiilx

klps ndd$ pbl li`s m|spoey pbl alnis$ ni` pbl spnpl os n s|vxlal$ ilnxdy l!oeol` lipopy) Cgavxgaosl gx vgdopocnd nkxllalips nxl an`l igp hlcn|sl

ge pbl dgkoc ge nvvxgvxonplilss$ h|p xnpblx hlcn|sl ge pbl blplxgklilopy

ni` vd|xndosa ge \jxnoil {bocb vxlcd|`ls niy agigvgdosnpogi ge vg{lx)

Ns n xls|dp$ cgavxgaosl pli`s pg lalxkl ns n dnsp xlsgxp ni` n alnis ge

eoxspdy$ nugo`oik cgiedocp ni` slcgi`dy$ klppoik np dlnsp n volcl ge pbl vol)

Vnxp ge pbos dlkncy os n s|vlxeocond "ni` lssliponddy vgv|dosp/ igpogi

ge `lagcxncy ns anmgxopy {odd$ ni` ilkdlcp ge "gx luli cgiplavp egx/

n dohlxndosa pbnp spni`s egx aoigxopy xokbps$ pbl x|dl ge dn{$ cblcjs ni`hndnicls$ l~|nd gvvgxp|iopols$ ni` aniy agxl vxoicovdls ni` alcbn!

iosas pbnp vxguo`l pbl i|nicls dncjoik oi pbl xnpblx cx|`l igpogi ge

`lagcxncy oiblxopl` exga Anxrosa!Dlioiosa) Xnpblx vxl`ocpnhdy$ vgsp!

Sguolp lagcxncy luldgvl` vxoanxody pbl ldlalips pbnp bn` lrospl`$ np

dlnsp ulxhnddy$ oi sgcondosp lagcxncy xlelxxoik agspdy pg ops nrogdgky$

pg pbl syspla ge und|ls {blxl couoc xokbps ni` exll`gas gcc|vy pblox

`|l vdncl) H|p op enodl` pg `luldgv ldlalips pbnp bn` ilulx lrospl` hl!


28/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

85

egxl ni` {bocb anjl lagcxncy e|icpogi= eoxsp ge ndd$ pbl x|dl ge dn{$ h|pndsg pbl oispop|pogind ni` vxgcl`|xnd ldlalips pbnp lis|xl enox ugpoik

ni` ndd pbl nssgconpl` vxgclssls ni` vxgcl`|xls) Op os igpl{gxpby pbnp

pbl anoi ldlalips ge kgg` kgulxinicl oi pbl [lsp dojl xlsvgisoul!

ilss ge pbl n|pbgxopols$ ulxpocnd ni` bgxo}gipnd nccg|ipnhodopy$ òspxoh|!

poul m|spocl bnul ig eoxady lspnhdosbl` \jxnoioni nindgk|ls$ {bodl

sgal gpblx plxas dojl pxnisvnxlicy$ vnxpocovnpogi$ cgavlpopoulilss xl!

anoi sbnddg{ ni` sdgkni!dojl$ ilulx lrvdnoil` gx ldnhgxnpl`) Pbl oddoh!

lxnd `lagcxncy pbnp lugdul` oi \jxnoil sllas igp gidy pg anxkoindoslgx ospgxp$ oi v|hdoc òscg|xsl$ plxas ni` cgiclvps xldnpl` pg dohlxndosa$

h|p ndsg pg cgavdlpldy lrcd|`l pbl igpogis xldnpl` svlcoeocnddy pg pbl

~|ndopy ge `lagcxncy$ inaldy ops lsslipond cgiplip ni` vxgcl`|xls)

Oispln`$ vgsp!Sguolp vgdopocnd c|dp|xl os klilxnddy cbnxncplxosl` hy

vnplxindosa$ dg{ oioponpoul$ elnx ge exll`ga$ nigaol$ sgcond nahoun!

dlicl$ ni` npgaosnpogi ge sgcolpy pbnp xls|dps$ oi vnxpoc|dnx$ oi dg{ dlulds

ge px|sp$ n `lnxpb ge sgdo`nxopy$ doaopl` cgipxncp|nd òscovdoil$ ni` n cox!

c|ascxohl` `lkxll ge cggvlxnpoulilss) Oi s|a$ \jxnoil dncjs aniy gepbl cgavgilips {bocb cgispop|pl sgcond cnvopnd$ inaldy pbl ilp{gxj

ge nssgconpogis$ ncpouopols$ gx xldnpogis pbnp hoi` vlgvdl pgklpblx ns n

cgaa|iopy uon clxpnoi igxas ni` vsycbgdgkocnd cnvncopols$ igpnhdy

px|sp$ {bocb nxl lsslipond egx couod sgcolpy ni` vxg`|cpoul ge e|p|xl cgd!

dlcpoul ncpogi gx kgg`s$ oi pbl aniilx ge gpblx egxas ge cnvopnd)5Pbl

plxa knoil` c|xxlicy {opboi pbl sg!cnddl` vnpb!`lvli`licl pblgxy

pbnp lspnhdosbl` n spxgik cgxxldnpogi hlp{lli pbl dluld ge sgcond cnvopnd$

couocilss$ ni` pbl e|icpogind cnvncopy ge oispop|pogis) Pbl plxa blxnd`spbl xnpblx soavdl px|pb pbnp pbl vgoip ge nxxound lvli`s gi pbl vgoip ge

`lvnxp|xl) Bospgxocnd `lplxaoinips$ bg{lulx$ ndd pblox oavgxpnicl igp!

{opbspniòik$ sbg|d` igp so`ldoil pbl a|i`nil oss|ls ge n vggx oispo!

p|pogind `lsoki$ n cgxx|vp ldopl$ oxxlsvgisohdl ni` oicgavlplip x|dlxs$ n

vnssoul ni` `lagxndosl` vgv|dnpogi$ ni` aniy agxl vxghdlas `lplx!

aoil` hy cgicxlpl b|ani nklips xnpblx pbni xloeol` bospgxocnd egxcls)

5

Enxx$ M) 8660) Sgcond Cnvopnd) N Cgiclvp|nd Bospgxy$ Vgdopocnd Pblgxy$ 38=> "Elhx|nxy 8660/$ v) ?)


29/102

8;Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil


Sg enx$ \jxnoioni vgdopoconis bnul enodl` pg `lsoki oispop|pogis niòipxg`|cl vgdocols pbnp cg|d` oavxgul pbl vgdopocnd c|dp|xl$ oicxlnsl

couoc svoxop ni` sgcond cgblsogi) Gi pbl cgipxnxy$ soicl pbl lnxdy ylnxs

ge \jxnoils oi`lvli`licl$ pbly `ldohlxnpldy `llvlil` sgcolpnd nigaol

ni` aniov|dnpl` sgcond nahoundlicl hy sliòik aorl` sokinds ni` v|x!

s|oik cgie|soik vgdocols pbnp bldvl` pbla pg jllv sgcolpy npgaosl`$

òsgxolipl`$ ni` ndolinpl`) Ncp|nddy$ pbl kxn`|nd ncc|a|dnpogi ge sgcond

cnvopnd ni` slisl ge couoc `|py pbnp |dpoanpldy dln` pg pbl Gxnikl nipo!

n|pbgxopnxoni g|phxlnj$ gcc|xxl` oi svopl ge pbl leegxps ge pbl x|doikldopl) Op {ns oi encp pbl xls|dps ge pbl encp pbnp \jxnoil$ soicl Kgxhncblus

leegxps np vlxlspxgojn$ bn` hlcgal n agxl gvli cg|ipxy$ {opb exllx oi!

egxanpogi edg{s) Op bn` nhsgxhl` {lsplxi o`lns ni` vxncpocls$ ni` {ns

bgal pg inpogind ni` oiplxinpogind IKGs) Oi n slisl$ pbl Gxnikl Xlug!

d|pogi anxjl` n sgxp ge lrvnisogi ge L|xgvl {opboi \jxnoil)

H|soilss vd|xndosa ni` lcgigaoc gvliilss bnul ndsg cgipxoh|pl`

pg n kxn`|nd kxg{pb ge sgcond cnvopnd ni` couoc aoi`lìlss) N exll anx!

jlp lcgigay$ bg{lulx òspgxpl`$ xl~|oxls xlsvgisohodopy ni` cgipxnc!p|nd òscovdoil$ licg|xnkls oioponpoul ni` cggvlxnpogi$ òscg|xnkls vn!

plxindosa$ ni` spxlikpblis vlgvdls slde!cgieo`licl ni` oi`lvli`licl)

Pbl h|soilss ni` vgdopocnd cdnss oi \jxnoil bnul s|eeocolipdy spxgik doijs

pg pbl [lsp pg ncclvp {lsplxi und|ls ni` vxncpocls xnpblx |i~|lspogi!

oikdy$ luli pbg|kb pbl pli`licy pg vny dov slxuocl pg pbla spodd vlxsosps)

Bg{lulx xld|cpnipdy ni` oicgblxlipdy$ pblsl cdnssls egddg{ ni Lnsp L|!

xgvlni xnpblx pbni L|xnsoni vnpplxi ge `luldgvalip$ oi p|xi lis|xoik

pbnp {lsplxi o`lns ni` vxncpocls svxln` ncxgss pbl {bgdl ge \jxnoil$vnxpoc|dnxdy pbl agxl Sguolposl` Sg|pblxi ni` Lnsplxi xlkogis) Pb|s$

`lsvopl pbl òeeoc|dp bospgxocnd dlkncy$ \jxnoioni vgdopocnd ldopls bnul

agul` pg{nx`s np dlnsp pxyoik pg sllj cgavxgaosl$ {bodl sgcolpy ni`

h|soilss bnul dlnxil` pg s|xuoul ni` `luldgv {opbg|p pbl spnpl hloik

nhdl pg vxguo`l egx luli aoioand cgiòpogis)


30/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

82

>)3) Pbl kxn`|nd lalxklicl ge n anxjlp lcgigay

Lcgigaoc luldgvalips oi \jxnoil sbg{ n sgal{bnp òeelxlip so`l

ge pbl spgxy) [bodl vgdopocnddy \jxnoil spnkinpl` ni` luli `lplxogxnpl`

`|xoik J|cbans slcgi` plxa$ xlp|xioik gidy pg ops lugd|poginxy pxnmlc!

pgxy egddg{oik pbl 8660 vxlso`lipond ldlcpogi$ \jxnoils lcgigay bns

agxl gx dlss splnòdy vxgkxlssl` gulx pbl vnsp 86 ylnxs) @lsvopl ndd pbl

`xn{hncjs ge pbl Sguolp dlkncy$ n bokb dluld ge cgxx|vpogi$ oileeocolip

oispop|pogis$ ni` vgdopocnd bnugc$ soicl oi`lvli`licl$ \jxnoil bns ani!nkl` pg h|od` ni lcgigay hnsl` gi anxjlp vxoicovdls;$ ni` cxlnpl n

eg|i`npogi egx pbl e|p|xl lcgigaoc `luldgvalip ge pbl cg|ipxy)

Egx n spnxp$ vxounpl vxgvlxpy hlcnal pbl `gaoinip egxa ge g{i!

lxsbov$ s|vvdnipoik spnpl g{ilxsbov2) Nhg|p 26, ge dlknd lipopols oi

\jxnoil nxl vxounpl) Pbnp ndgil linhdl` pbl lcgigay pg hlcgal agxl

leeocolip ni` cgavlpl gi {gxd` anxjlps$ ni` `luldgv n xlsodolicl pg

nùlxsl sbgcjs s|cb ns kns vxocl bojls) Vxounposnpogi {ns pb|s ni oa!

vgxpnip alnis ge sboepoik pbl g{ilxsbov spx|cp|xl oi pbl cg|ipxy n{nyexga pbl spnpl) Pbl anss vxounposnpogi pbnp oicd|`l` sandd ni` alò|a

liplxvxosls {ns `l!encpg gulx hy >???)

Vxocls {lxl agspdy dohlxndosl` ni` ni Nipo!Agigvgdy Cgaaoppll

{ns lspnhdosbl` pg vxlulip anxjlp nh|sls) Vxocls egx god ni` vlpxgdl|a

vxg`|cps {lxl dohlxndosl` oi pbl eoxsp ylnxs neplx oi`lvli`licl$ ni`

kns vxocls {lxl bggjl` pg L|xgvlni vlpxgdl|a!vxg`|cp vxocls uon n

pxnisvnxlip egxa|dn "ndhlop gidy oi 866?/) Vxocl dohlxndosnpogi$ pbg|kb

oiednpoginxy$ {ns oavgxpnip egx pbl cgiulxsogi ge n clipxnddy vdniil`lcgigay oipg n anxjlp lcgigay$ pb|s cgipxoh|poik pg e|xpblx lcgigaoc

vxgkxlss oi pbl cg|ipxy)

Pbl spnpls agigvgdy gi egxloki pxn`l gvlxnpogis {ns nhgdosbl`

gvlioik pbl {ny pg pxn`l dohlxndosnpogi) Ilkgponpogis {opb pbl [gxd`

; Nsd|i`$ N) 866?) Bg{ \jxnoil Hlcnal n Anxjlp Lcgigay ni` @lagcxncy)2 Pbos cbnvplx os vnxpdy hnsl` gi pbl Oispop|pl egx Lcgigaoc Xlslnxcb ni` Vgdocy Cgis|dpoik"OLX/ vxgmlcp Pbl Lcgigay ge \jxnoil vxlvnxl` egx pbl Cliplx egx L\ Lidnxklalip Sp|òls

"B|iknxy/ oi 8662)


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8?Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil


Pxn`l Gxkniosnpogi "[PG/ hxg|kbp hlileops luli hlegxl pbl cg|i!pxy mgoil` pbl gxkniosnpogi) Egx oispnicl$ pbl C|spgas Cg`l hxoikoik

\jxnoil oipg cgavdonicl {opb unxog|s [PG x|dls liplxl` oipg egxcl oi

8660) Oavgxp pnxoees egx oi`|spxond kgg`s {lxl ndokil` {opb pbl cg|ipxys

pnxoee geelx n ylnx dnplx) Lulip|nd alahlxsbov ge pbl [PG oi 8662 xl!

s|dpl` oi pbl e|xpblx dohlxndosnpogi ge ops pnxoee ni` igi!pnxoee hnxxolxs pg

pxn`l) Exllx pxn`l bns hxg|kbp oavgxpnip hlileops hgpb egx bg|slbgd`s$

ni` egx pbl lcgigaoc syspla ns n {bgdl)

Agilpnxy ni` eoinicond sysplas `luldgvl`$ {opb pbl Inpogind Hnijhloik pbl sgdl n|pbgxopy xlsvgisohdl egx agilpnxy ni` lrcbnikl xnpl

vgdocy oi pbl cg|ipxy) Pbl `gddnxosnpogi ge pbl lcgigay$ sg vxlundlip oi

pbl ?6s$ bn` hlli kxn`|nddy oaoiosboik hlegxl op xlalxkl` nknoi |xoik

8662 kdghnd cxosos) Igi!agilpnxy pxnisncpogis "hnxplx$ igi!pxnisvnxlip

a|p|nd slppdlalip ge nxxlnxs$ lpc)/$ vlxunsoul |ipod pbl li` ge >??6s $ bnul

ndd h|p `osnvvlnxl`)

Anmgx eoscnd xlegxa {ns oavdlalipl` {opb pbl oipxg`|cpogi ge pbl

H|`klp Cg`l oi 8668) Pbl eoscnd syspla {ns hxg|kbp agxl oi doil {opbpbl Oiplxinpogind Agilpnxy E|i`s "OAE/ spni`nx`s) Dgcnd n|pbgxopols

{lxl kouli agxl n|pgigay pg slp pblox h|`klps$ {bodl xlclovps exga

vxounposnpogi {lxl oicd|`l` oi eoinicoik oplas ni` igp xluli|ls$ ns {ns

pbl cnsl hlegxl)

Pnr xlegxa bns hlli ndsg oavdlalipl`) Pbl pnr h|x`li {ns xl!

`|cl` egx liplxvxosls ni`$ lsvlconddy$ egx oi`ouo`|nds) Oi vnxpoc|dnx$ vlx!

sgind oicgal pnr xnpl {ns slp np >


32/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

36

gvl` pg n dnxkl lrplip oi vnxnddld xnpblx pbni g{oik pg vgdopocnd `l!uldgvalips) Pbl spnpospocs nxl cgavlddoik oi pbos xlknx`) Hy 8666$ egx

oispnicl$ ncp|nd K@V oi pbl cg|ipxy bn` `xgvvl` hy nxg|i` 56, ge

ops >??> dluld) Niy s|hsl~|lip kxg{pb gcc|xxl` {opbg|p ni oicxlnsl

oi vxg`|cpoul cnvncopy= nccgx`oik pg pbl Spnpl Spnpospocs Cgaaoppll ge

\jxnoil$ oi 866? gidy >?)8, ge ani|encp|xoik liplxvxosls |sl` plcb!

igdgkols nkl` dlss pbni < ylnxs gd`$ gi nulxnkl) M|sp gulx n ~|nxplx ge

cgavniols |sl` < pg >6 ylnx gd` plcbigdgky$ {bodl pbl xlanoi`lx |sl`

gd`lx plcbigdgky) Oi gpblx {gx`s$ op {ns pbl lavdgyalip ge |i`lx!|po!dosl` cnvncopy ni` |i`lxlavdgyl` vlgvdl pbnp dln` pg kxg{pb)

Oi pbl dgiklx x|i$ bg{lulx$ pbl cg|ipxy ill`s xlegxas pg lis|xl

e|p|xl spnhdl kxg{pb$ vnxpoc|dnxdy neplx pbl >


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3>Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil

8) Vd|xndosa n hnsos egx pbl e|p|xl

Hlso`ls pbl encp pbnp pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi xlp|xil` pbl cg|ipxy

pg ops vxluog|s pxnmlcpgxy$ op bns ndsg xls|dpl` oi vd|xndosa hlcgaoik n

`llvdy xggpl` elnp|xl ge \jxnoioni vgdopocnd ni` lcgigaoc doel) Pblxl

nxl bg{lulx p{g so`ls pg pbos vd|xndosa oi \jxnoil) Gi pbl gil bni`$

\jxnoioni vd|xndosa cni hl |i`lxspgg` ns n xledlcpogi ge pbl òulx!

sopy ni` blplxgklilg|s cbnxncplx ge pbl cg|ipxy$ {blxl sgcolpy ni`pbl vgdopocnd cdnss xlcgkiosl ni` pgdlxnpl oiplxind òeelxlicls) Oi encp$

\jxnoil os gil ge pbl el{ lrnavdls oi L|xgvl {blxl n spnpl$ {bocb

os an`l |v ge s|cb ni nandkna ge inpogind$ xldokog|s ni` lpbioc ò!

ulxsopy bns aninkl` pg vxlslxul ops oiplkxopy ni` lrosp oi sokioeocnip

bnxagiy)

Gi pbl gpblx bni`$ pbos ulxy snal vd|xndosa os n cgxgddnxy ge spnpl

{lnjilss ni` sgcolpnd ni` ldopl exnkalipnpogi) Pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi

`lagispxnpl` pbnp \jxnoioni sgcolpy und|ls ops vd|xndosa ni` os vxlvnxl`pg `leli` op) _lp$ oi pbl nhslicl ge il{ oispop|pogis ni` x|dls ge pbl

knal$ pbl cg|ipxy xlanois dnxkldy |ianinklnhdl ni` `yse|icpogind$ xl!

slahdoik pbl lnxdy ylnxs ge pbl vxlso`licy ge Dlgio` Jxnucb|j) Pbos snal

vd|xndosa pbli os ni ghspncdl pg leelcpoul kgulxinicl ni` pbl cgisgdo`n!

pogi ge `lagcxncy$ sgalpboik {bocb cnxxols oiblxlip xosj) Oi pbl lulip

ge pbl pyvls ge v|hdoc òsgx`lx$ {bocb nxl slli oi enodoik spnpls$ sgcolpy

aokbp hl vxlvnxl` pg sncxoeocl pbl hlileops ge vd|xndospoc lrvxlssogi egx


34/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

38

pbl snjl ge n spxgik bni` pbnp aokbp xlp|xi pbl ylnxil` egx gx`lx) Oi!`ll`$ pbl {lnjilss ni` pbl vlxcloul` oicgavlplicl ge pbl kgulxialip

gulx pbl dnsp vnsp eoul ylnxs bnul xls|dpl` oi pbl {o`l svxln` hldole pbnp

pgg a|cb exll`ga dln`s pg oxxlsvgisohodopy ni` osgx`lx)

\jxnoioni vd|xndosa os pblxlegxl igp e|ddy!edl`kl` oi pbl slisl pbnp

op oiugduls n unxolpy ge sgcolpnd ncpgxs sbnvoik vgdocols) Vgdopocnd vg{lx

oi \jxnoil spodd dols {opb ldlcpgxnpl ni` n sandd cgiclipxnpl` cdnss ge

vgdopocnd ni` h|soilss ldopls) \jxnoionis cni `lco`l {bg {odd kgulxi

pbl cg|ipxy pbxg|kb ldlcpogis) H|p alcbniosas egx oied|licoik v|hdocvgdocy hlp{lli pbl ldlcpogis ni` jllvoik pbl vgdopocnd cdnss nccg|ip!

nhdl nxl dnxkldy igi!lrosplip) Jly sgcolpnd kxg|vs$ s|cb ns pxn`l |iogis$

oiplxlsps kxg|vs$ h|soilss gxkniosnpogis$ igi!kgulxialipnd gxkniosn!

pogis ni` gpblx joi`s ge egxand ni` oiegxand cgndopogis nxl xlagul`

exga pbl vgdocy vxgclss) Pbly nxl ilopblx nhdl pg oied|licl vgdocy$ igx

xlvxlslip pbl xnikl ge sgcolpnd cdlnunkls ni` oiplxlsps) Oi gpblx {gx`s

\jxnoioni vd|xndosa os doaopl` ni` bnx`dy cgi`|coul pg pbl luldgvalip

ge n px|dy gvli sgcolpy {opb cgavlpoik uol{s {bocb oi p|xi ncp ns nspoa|d|s pg vxgkxlss)

Ilulxpbldlss$ pbl ndhlop edn{l` lrosplicl ge vd|xndosa oi \jxnoil os

ni oavgxpnip hnsos egx ops e|p|xl luldgvalip) Op vxguo`ls egx sgal sgxp

ge lcgigaoc cgavlpopogi gx np dlnsp op vxlcd|`ls agigvgdosnpogi) Op os

ndsg pbl sg|xcl ge pbl unxolpy ge gvoiogis vxlslip oi v|hdoc `oscg|xsl)

Agxl oavgxpnipdy$ vd|xndosa vxlulips pbl cgisgdo`npogi ge n|pbgxopnx!

oni x|dl oi \jxnoil$ anjoik op n xnxl lrnavdl oi pbl vgsp!Sguolp cgi!

plrp)

8)>) Vd|xndosa oi vgdopocs hy `len|dp

\jxnoioni vd|xndosa pbnp {ns oi luo`licl egddg{oik pbl Gxnikl Xlu!

gd|pogi o` igp nvvlnx g|p ge ig{blxl: op bn` lalxkl` |xoik vxluog|s

vbnsls ge \jxnoioni oi`lvli`licl) Oi`ll`$ egx agsp ge ops oi`lvli`!

lip lrosplicl \jxnoil bns hlli n xldnpouldy gvli cg|ipxy$ lrbohopoik


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`yinaoc ni` cgavlpopoul vgdopocs) Pbos {ns oi luo`licl oi pbl xldnpouldyexll ni` enox vxlso`lipond ldlcpogis ge >??> ni` >??0) Pbos cgavlpopoul!

ilss$ bg{lulx$ {ns xggpl` dlss oi xgh|sp couod sgcolpy$ spxgik lagcxnpoc

oispop|pogis gx `lagcxnpoc dln`lxsbov ni` a|cb agxl oi pbl oinhodopy ge

oic|ahlips pg anoipnoi vg{lx gx cgiclipxnpl vgdopocnd cgipxgd hy vxl!

slxuoik ldopl |iopy$ cgipxgddoik ldlcpogis ni` alòn ni`'gx |soik egxcl

nknoisp gvvgilips)? Op xls|dpl` vxoanxody exga pbl s|``li cgddnvsl ge

pbl \SSX pbnp `lvxoul` n|pbgxopnxoni x|dlxs ge pbl gxkniosnpogi$ sjodd$

ni` eoinicls ilclssnxy pg anoipnoi vg{lx ni`'gx cgiclipxnpl vgdopocndcgipxgd) Ndpbg|kb pbos spoa|dnpl` pbl lalxklicl ge vd|xndosa$ op ndsg

dln` pg `yse|icpogind ni` dlss!pbni!`lagcxnpoc kgulxinicl) Pbos elcj!

dlss vd|xndosa$ xlelxxl` pg oi pbl Cbnvplx >)>$ os n vbligaligi pyvocnd

ge aniy oddohlxnd `lagcxncols$ vxoanxody oi pbl Pbox` {gxd`)

Pbl vgdopocnd cxosls pbnp bn|ipl` \jxnoil soicl pbl cgddnvsl ge pbl

eoxsp Gxnikl kgulxialip oi Slvplahlx 866< {lxl pbl cgisl~|licl ge

pbos joi` ge elcjdlss vd|xndosa ni` dncj ge leelcpoul oispop|pogis$ {bocb

n`blxl pg pbl x|dl ge dn{) Vlxsgind xoundxols$ cdnsboik h|soilss oiplxlsps$ni` lrplxind oiplxelxlicl clxpnoidy cgipxoh|pl pg pbl vxghdla) Oi ls!

slicl$ bg{lulx$ pblxl lrosps ni oispop|pogind oinhodopy pg `lnd {opb cgi!

edocps "oaanilip pg niy `lagcxncy/ oi n dlknd ni` dlkopoanpl {ny) Pbl

agsp dojldy sclinxog egx cg|ipxols neelcpl` hy elcjdlss vd|xndosa ni`

vgsp!_ldpsois X|sson os odd|spxnpoul oi pbos xlknx` os pbl lalxklicl ge

spxgik x|dlxs {bg allp v|hdoc lrvlcpnpogis ge dn{ ni` gx`lx ni`$

{opb s|cb n vgv|dnx ani`npl$ c|xpnod cbngpoc vd|xndosa ni` xlvdncl op

{opb `gaoinip vg{lx vgdopocs)Op os bokbdy oavxghnhdl$ bg{lulx$ pbnp pbos {odd bnvvli oi \jxnoil

pbl dnsp npplavp pg `g sg oi 8660 xls|dpl` oi pbl Gxnikl xlugd|pogi) Op

os an`l agxl oavxghnhdl hlcn|sl \jxnoils xlkogind òeelxlicls ni`

a|dpovdl sgcolpnd ni` ldopl òuosogis anjl niy cgisgdo`npogi ge n|pbgxo!

? D|cni [) 8668) Vd|xndosa hy @len|dp oi Agd`gun$Mg|xind ge @lagcxncy$ ugd) >3$ ig) 0 "8668/)Sll ndsg D|cni [) 866


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Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

30

pnxoniosa luli agxl òeeoc|dp pbni pbl cgisgdo`npogi ge `lagcxncy)Gvoiogi s|xulys xlulnd pbnp pbl anmgxopy ge \jxnoionis$ bg{lulx ex|s!

pxnpl` ni` òsnvvgoipl` hy pblox cgxx|vp vgdopoconis ni` `yse|icpogind

oispop|pogis$ xle|sl pg pxn`l oi `lagcxnpoc exll`gas egx vxgaosls ge

dn{ ni` gx`lx ni`$ ge cg|xsl$ vxgsvlxopy>6) Pbos alnis pbnp \jxnoil$

egx hlpplx gx {gxsl$ {odd xlanoi vd|xndospoc ni` elcjdlssdy `lagcxnpoc

egx pbl egxlsllnhdl e|p|xl) Gil any lrvlcp pbnp \jxnoils vgsp!Sguolp

ldopl$ neplx lrbn|spoik opslde oi ex|opdlss oieokbpoik$ {g|d` bnul doppdl

cbgocl h|p pg kxn`|nddy oispop|pogindosl lrospoik vd|xndosa$ pg slc|xl pblx|dl ge dn{$ ni` pg lspnhdosb leelcpoul cblcjs ni` hndnicls) Sggilx gx

dnplx$ pbly aokbp cgal pg |i`lxspni` pbnp {bnp [lsp L|xgvlni hnxgis

ni` gdoknxcbs cnal pg xlcgkiosl dgik nkg pbnp vgdopocs os igp n }lxg!

s|a knal$ pbnp {oiilxs `g igp klp ndd$ pbnp aokbp `gls igp ilclssnxody

anjl xokbp$ ni` pbnp pbl kgnds sbg|d` igp m|spoey pbl alnis)

8)8) Vd|xndosa oi h|soilss= pbl hnsos egx vgdopocndcgavlpopogi

Pbl lcgigaoc òalisogi ge vd|xndosa os spxgikdy doijl` pg pbl joi`s

ge vgdopocnd `luldgvalips g|pdoil` nhgul) Gi pbl gil bni`$ op os pbl

h|soilss vd|xndosa nagik pbl lcgigaoc cdnis pbnp vxguo`ls egx vgdopo!

cnd vd|xndosa ni` cxlnpls snelk|nx`s nknoisp agigvgdosnpogi ge vg{lx)

Gi pbl gpblx bni`$ vd|xndosa oi h|soilss os dnxkldy doaopl` pg pbl snal

vg{lxe|d lcgigaoc cdnis) Pbos joi` ge vd|xndosa os |idojldy pg v|sb egx

e|xpblx lcgigaoc dohlxndosnpogi$ {bocb {g|d` nddg{ pbl luldgvalip gesandd ni` alò|a liplxvxosl "SAL/ ni` vnxpocovnpogi oi vgdocy anj!

oik uon l~|nd ni` pxnisvnxlip x|dls ge pbl knals$ oicd|òik xlk|dnpl`

>6 Ni gvoiogi s|xuly cnxxol` g|p hy n s|hòuosogi ge pbl Inpogind Ncn`lay ge Scolicls giGcpghlx 8?!3>$ 8662 "neplx pbl kdghnd lcgigaoc cxosos bop \jxnoil slulxldy/ xlulndl` pbnpgidy 86, ge xlsvgi`lips nis{lxl` vgsopouldy pg pbl ~|lspogi [g|d` yg| dojl pg pxn`l geeinpogind oi`lvli`licl egx lcgigaoc {ldd!hloik7) E|xpblxagxl ;8, xlsvgi`l` ilknpouldy$ni` >2, `lcdoil` pg nis{lx)

Sll bppv=''ano`ni)gxk)|n'spnpoc'il{s'866;'>88562?2;?)bpad


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3) Soicl pblxl os ig vgdopocnd dln`lxsbov pg v|sb

egx xlegxas$ op pnjls ylnxs egx unxog|s lcgigaoc cdnis pg hndnicl pblox

oiplxlsps ni` nxxoul np sgalpboik {bocb s|ops pbla ndd) Pbl [PG ala!

hlxsbov ilkgponpogis bn` hlli n kgg` lrnavdl ge pbos joi` ge kxn`|nd

hndnicoik ge h|soilss oiplxlsps) Alpnd vxg`|clxs {lxl ilp knoilxs dgh!

hyoik egx ncclssogi$ {bodl pbl n|pgagpoul oi`|spxy {ns spxgikdy nknoisp

ns bokb pnxoee ni` igi!pnxoee hnxxolxs vxguo`l` ni oavgxpnip sbold` egxpbl `galspoc cnx anxjlp) Pbl nkxoc|dp|xnd dghhy {ns ndsg ulxy spxgik)

Ns pbl xls|dp$ op pggj pbl cg|ipxy agxl pbni >0 ylnxs pg cgavdlpl ilkn!

pogis)

\jxnoils vd|xndosa ge vgdopocnd vnxpols os dnxkldy hnsl` |vgi vd|xnd!

osa oi h|soilss) Ndd anmgx vgdopocnd vnxpols bnul o`lipoeonhdl h|soilss

xggps) Oi aniy cnsls n soikdl vgdopocnd vnxpy xlvxlslips pbxll gx eg|x

dnxkl eoinicond ni` oi`|spxond kxg|vs$ ni` el{ kxg|vs {g|d` nvvlnx pg

s|vvgxp agxl pbni gil vgdopocnd egxcl)Nccgxòik pg pbl h|soilss `gssolx ge Vxg\n)cga$ pblxl nxl 08 eoini!

cond ni` oi`|spxond kxg|vs oi pbl cg|ipxy) Pbly bnul h|soilss oiplxlsps

oi unxog|s slcpgxs ge pbl lcgigay$ {bocb xl~|oxls pbl cgipoi|nd hndnic!

oik ge lcgigaoc vgdocy `lcosogis)

Pbl oiplxlsps ge h|soilss kxg|vs exl~|lipdy oiplxslcp$ ns pbly ge!

pli g{i liplxvxosls oi pbl snal slcpgxs ge pbl lcgigay) Egx oispnicl$

ndagsp ndd pbl dnxklsp eoinicond ni` oi`|spxond kxg|vs nxl oiugdul` oi

alpnd vxg`|cpogi$ pbl dnxklsp ani|encp|xoik s|h!slcpgx oi pbl lcgi!gay$ nccg|ipoik egx 88, ge oi`|spxond sndls oi 8662) Lilxky$ ancboil

h|odòik ni` eoinicond slcpgx nsslps nxl ndsg oi pbl vgxpegdog ge pbl dnxk!

lsp kxg|vs$ {bodl nkxoc|dp|xl$ egg` oi`|spxy$ ni` cgispx|cpogi nxl exl!

~|lipdy nssgconpl` {opb sanddlx h|p spodd sokioeocnip kxg|vs)

Pg vxgagpl ni` `leli` pblox oiplxlsps$ eoinicond ni` oi`|spxond

kxg|vs s|vvgxp unxog|s vgdopocnd egxcls ni` |sl alòn xlsg|xcls) Egx

oispnicl$ pbl Vnxpy ge Xlkogis os s|vvgxpl` hy Xoinp Njbalpgu "Syspla


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Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

35

Cnvopnd Aninklalip kxg|v/$ Ni`xoy Jdo|ylu "\jxvg`sbyvioj Cgxvgxn!pogi/$ ni` @aypxg Eoxpnsb "Kxg|v @E/$ {bodl pbl Hdgc ge _|don Pyagsb!

lijg hy Uopndoy Kny`|j "Oi`|spxond \iogi ge @gihnss/$ ni` Jgspynipyi

]blunkg "Eoinicy o Jxl`yp Kxg|v/) Ugdg`yayx Hgyjg "Oddyocb Splld AAJ/

eoinicl` "hlegxl 866;/ pbl Sgcondosp vnxpy$ ni` Jgspynipyi Kxokgxosboi

"Lilxklpycbioy Spni`nx`/ pbl Cgaa|iosps>>) Sgal h|soilssali vxlelx

pg hlcgal alahlxs ge Vnxdonalip ns n alnis ge vxgplcpoik pblox h|so!

ilss oiplxlsps$ s|cb ns Xoinp Njbalpgu$ gil ge pbl xocblsp vlgvdl oi

\jxnoil$ gx luli alahlxs ge pbl kgulxialip$ ns os pbl cnsl {opb {opbpbl il{ kgulxialip ge Vxlso`lip Uojpgx _ni|jguycb)

Doaopl` anxjlp xlegxas$ {bocb spoa|dnpl` pbl lalxklicl ge vxo!

unpl g{ilxsbov ni` n clxpnoi dluld ge vxgvlxpy xokbps vxgplcpogi$ cxl!

npl` ni liuoxgialip egx pbl `luldgvalip ge vd|xndosa oi h|soilss)

Oi 8662$ nhg|p 58) Pbl spnpl {opb`xl{ exga agsp

slcpgxs ge pbl lcgigay$ {bodl vxounposnpogi cxlnpl` ni gvvgxp|iopy

egx oiopond cnvopnd ncc|a|dnpogi) Ns anss vxounposnpogi li`l`$ pbl eg!c|s ge h|soilss kxg|vs bns sboepl` exga nsslp ncc|a|dnpogi pg nsslp

vxgplcpogi)

N jly spnkl oi nsslp vxgplcpogi {ns xlncbl` oi 8662 {bli neplx ylnxs

ge òsc|ssogis ni` naliàlips pbl dn{ gi mgoip spgcj cgavniols "MSC/

{ns eoinddy n`gvpl`) Vxluog|s dlkosdnpogi oi pbos svblxl {ns g|p`npl`$

enodoik pg cgulx ndd ilclssnxy oss|ls xlknxòik MSC ncpouopols) Pbl il{ dn{

cgulxs ndd pbl anoi oss|ls ge cgxvgxnpl kgulxinicl oi \jxnoil$ lspnh!

dosboik n exnal{gxj egx pbl e|icpogioik ge pbl MSCs$ ni` k|nxniplloik nbokblx `lkxll ge vxgplcpogi ge sbnxlbgd`lxs$ lavdgylxs$ ni` cxlòpgxs

xokbps) Op sbg|d` ndsg spoa|dnpl pbl `luldgvalip ge pbl spgcj anxjlp ni`

dln` pg n xl`|cpogi oi cg|iplxelopoik) Pbl oipxg`|cpogi ge pbos dn{ lr!

vdnois pbl cgiso`lxnhdl oavxgulalip oi \jxnoils @goik H|soilss xnij!

oik "vnxpoc|dnxdy oi pbl cnplkgxy gi vxgplcpoik oiulspgxs/ m|avoik exga

>> bppv=''{{{)oiulspkn}lpn)ilp'

>8 bppv=''{{{)lhx`)cga'v|hs'lcgig'px6?)bpa


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>03 oi 866? pg >6? n ylnx dnplx) Pbl encp pbnp op spodd dnks hlboi` gpblx Lnsp!lxi L|xgvlni ni` Clipxnd Nsoni cg|ipxols s|kklsps pbnp vxgvlxpy xokbp

vxgplcpogi oi pbl cg|ipxy xlanois oicgavdlpl)

N `luldgvalip ge n {o`l ni` spxgik SAL slkalip oi pbl lcgigay

|s|nddy n``s ni n`òpogind òalisogi pg vd|xndosa oi h|soilss$ ns pblsl

liplxvxosls `g igp bnul òxlcp xlvxlslipnpogi oi vg{lx spx|cp|xls) Pb|s$

pbly bnul pg egddg{ agxl cgiulipogind x|dls ge lagcxnpoc sgcolpols$ s|cb

ns egxaoik nssgconpogis pg vxgplcp pblox oiplxlsps$ {bocb s|hsl~|lipdy

dghhy egx pblsl oiplxlsps oi lrlc|poul ni` dlkosdnpoul hxnicbls ge vg{lx)Oi \jxnoil$ pbl liuoxgialip {ns xldnpouldy cgi`|coul pg sandd "ao!

cxg/ h|soilssls$ luli hlegxl pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi) Egx oispnicl$ oiò!

uo`|nds cg|d` xlkosplx pblaslduls ns lipxlvxlil|xs ni` x|i lcgigaoc

ncpouopy hy hloik lipopdl` pg vny eorl` d|av!s|a pnrls$ ni` cgi`|cp ulxy

soavdl hggjjllvoik) N soavdoeol` pnr xlkoal bns ndsg hlli oipxg`|cl`

egx sandd liplxvxosls) Oi 8662$ sandd liplxvxosls vxg`|cl` nhg|p >5, ge

pgpnd g|pv|p ni` lavdgyl` ndagsp n ~|nxplx ge boxl` lavdgylls oi pbl

cg|ipxy ns cgavnxl` pg 2, ni` >3 bppv=''{{{)ncn`laon)gxk)|n'7v18


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Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

32

8)3) Xlkogind òulxsopy

Nigpblx sg|xcl ge vd|xndosa oi \jxnoil os ops xlkogind òulxsopy) Pbos

os exl~|lipdy aoscgicloul` ni` aosxlvxlslipl` oi plxas ge \jxnoil

ns sllaoikdy òuo`l` ni` ho!vgdnx$ svdop hlp{lli lnsplxi ni` {lsplxi

vnxps) Oi encp$ pbl klgkxnvbocnd òuo`ls oi \jxnoil nxl a|cb agxl cga!

vdlr pbni pbos) Pbl i|nicls {bocb vlxpnoi pg pblsl xlkogind cdlnunkls

nxl bokbdy oispx|cpoul)

Eoxspdy$ pbl cdnssoc lnsp!{lsp òuo`l enods pg nccg|ip egx pbl byhxoìnp|xl ge pbl clipxnd ghdnsps ge \jxnoil) Pblsl xlvxlslip$ igp gidy klg!

kxnvbocnddy h|p ndsg vgdopocnddy ni` doik|ospocnddy pbl ao``dl kxg|i` hl!

p{lli pbl lnsp$ {bocb hgx`lxs gi X|sson$ ni` pbl {lsp$ {bocb hgx`lxs

vxoanxody gi L\ alahlx spnpls) Hgpb oi plxas ge dnik|nkl vxlelxlicl

"pbl |sl ge \jxnoioni ulxs|s X|ssoni/ ni` vgdopocnd nppop|`ls$ clipxnd xl!

kogis vdny n ag`lxnpoik xgdl oisgenx ns òeelxoik uol{vgoips cglrosp oi

vlncl$ igp{opbspniòik pbl oicxlnsoik xlslahdnicl ge ugpoik vnpplxis

pg pbgsl eg|i` oi [lsplxi \jxnoil) Oi`ll`$ slulxnd sp|òls bokbdokbppbl xnpblx byhxo` inp|xl ge \jxnoil$ {opb sgal ge pbla s|kklspoik

pbnp pblxl nxl pli xlkogis oi \jxnoil "{blxl pbl igpogi ge pbl Lnsplxi

\jxnoil os `lcgispx|cpl`/$ {bodl gpblxs s|kklspoik pblxl nxl p{lipy!

p{g gx agxl \jxnoils$ hy lavbnsosoik pbl xldlunicl ge dgcnd ni` sg!

cond o`lipopols$ ns gvvgsl` pg lpbioc o`lipopols>0)

Bg{lulx$ dnik|nkl vgdocy soicl pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi pli`l` pg

lrnclxhnpl vlxcloul` xlkogind òeelxlicls xnpblx pbni pnjl nùnipnkl

ge ni` h|od` gi pbos ag`lxnpoik xgdl) I|alxg|s alns|xls$ lsvlconddy oipbl alòn {lxl uol{l` oi Lnsplxi xlkogis ns luo`licl ge ni liegxcl`

\jxnoiosnpogi) [bodl pbly ò` igp ilclssnxody kg hlygi` lrospoik dlk!

osdnpogi$ pbl encp pbnp pblsl vgdocols {lxl nccgavniol` hy gpblx ncpogis

s|cb ns pbl oicxlnsl` vxgaoilicl oi pbl alòn ge pbl spx|kkdl egx

\jxnoioni oi`lvli`licl ni` lpbioc \jxnoioni s|eelxoik `|xoik pbl bg!

>0 Sll unxog|s cgipxoh|pogis pg pbl ugd|al Bxypsnj$ _)$ Vgxpigu$ N$ S|snj$ U) "l`s)/) 866;)Duou!@gilpsj= Sgpsondio O`lipycbigspo u S|cbnsioo \jxnoio) Svlcond Oss|l ge \jxnoin Ag`!

lxin)


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dg`gagx"pbl enaoil hlp{lli >?38!33 cn|sl` np dlnsp oi vnxp hy Spndoisvgdocy ge egxcl` cgddlcpouosnpogi/$ spxlikpblil` pbl vlxclvpogi pbnp pbly

{lxl vnxp ge n cnavnoki pg xoul pbl X|ssoni dnik|nkl g|p ge |sl {blx!

lulx vgssohdl) Oi pbl cnsl ge pbl bgdg`gagx$ op {ns igp pbl enaoil vlx

sl {bocb òscgaegxpl` copo}lis$ h|p xnpblx pbl npplavp pg vgxpxny op ns

n kligco`nd ncp nknoisp pbl \jxnoioni inpogi$ vnxpoc|dnxdy hy vxlso`lip

_|sbcblijg) Pbos$ oi cgahoinpogi {opb bos vgdocols gi spxlikpblioik

pbl xgdl ge pbl \jxnoioni dnik|nkl$ sokioeocnipdy nkkxnunpl` pbl dln`lx!

sbov oi X|sson$ sgalpboik aniy oi Lnsplxi \jxnoil xlknx`l` ns òsp|xh!oik ni` |iilclssnxy$ vnxpoc|dnxdy soicl agsp ge pbl vgv|dnpogi oi pbl

Lnsp `lsoxls pg anoipnoi kgg` xldnpogis {opb X|sson)

Pbl slcgi` xlnsgi os pbnp n soavdospoc lnsp!{lsp òspoicpogi `gls igp

n`l~|npldy pnjl oipg nccg|ip cgavdlropols s|xxg|iòik pbl Cxoalni

vliois|dn ni` ops svlcond inp|xl {opboi pbl \jxnoioni cgiplrp) Ns pbl

gidy xlkogi {opb ops g{i Vnxdonalip ni` Cgispop|pogi$ Cxoaln vgsslssls

sgal `lkxll ge n|pgigay exga pbl clipxl) Oi n`òpogi$ pbl vxlslicl

ge pbl X|ssoni Hdncj Sln Edllp$ pbl lpbioc cgavgsopogi ge pbl vliois|dn"8, Cxoalni Pnpnx nccgxòik pg pbl

dnsp clis|s/ ni` pbl vxg!X|ssoni gxolipnpogi ge aniy ge ops xlso`lips

slp op nvnxp exga gpblx \jxnoioni ghdnsps) Pbl òspoicpoul elnp|xls ge pbl

Cxoalni vliois|dn hlcnal agxl sndolip `|xoik pbl vgsp!Gxnikl Xlug!

d|pogi vlxog` hlcn|sl pbl `lplxogxnpoik xldnpogisbov hlp{lli \jxnoil

ni` X|sson oicxlnsl` pbl vgplipond egx cgiedocp {opb xlknx` pg pbl Cxo!

aln oi klilxnd ni` Slunspgvgd oi vnxpoc|dnx)

Pbox`$ unxog|s vnxps ge \jxnoil bnul unspdy òeelxoik bospgxocnd pxn!mlcpgxols$ {bocb cgipoi|l pg sbnvl pblox o`lipopols pg n kxlnplx gx dlsslx

lrplip) Clxpnoidy pbl encp pbnp pbl {lsplxi \jxnoioni ghdnsps gidy hl!

cnal vnxp ge pbl \jxnoioni SSX egddg{oik pbl Slcgi` [gxd` [nx$ {bli

pbl lnsplxi gils bn` ndxln`y hlli oi pbl Sguolp \iogi egx gulx 86 ylnxs

ni` vnxp ge pbl X|ssoni Lavoxl soicl >5


42/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

06

lrvlxolicls ge pblsl xlkogis) Bg{lulx$ op sbg|d` ndsg hl igpl` pbnpPxniscnxvnpbon {ns vnxp ge B|iknxy egx aniy clip|xols$ ni` hldgikl`

pg C}lcbgsdgunjon exga >?>? pg >?3?) Igxpblxi H|jguoin bn` hlli vnxp

ge pbl Agd`nuoni Vxoicovndopy egx pbxll clip|xols$ neplx {bocb op liplxl`

pbl N|spxoni Lavoxl ni` pbli "oi >?>2/ cnal |i`lx Xganioni cgipxgd

|ipod >?06) Oi pbl lnsp$ Sdghg`n \jxnoin {ns cbnxncplxosl` hy Cgssncj

ncpouopy$ ndpbg|kb op xlanoil` agxl s|hgx`oinpl pg Agscg{ pbni pbl

]nvgxg}boni Socb$ nigpblx pxn`opogind Cgssncj plxxopgxy) Jbnxjou$ {bocb

{ns vnxp ge Sdghg`n \jxnoin$ s|hsl~|lipdy slxul` ns pbl cnvopnd ge pbl\jxnoioni Sguolp Sgcondosp Xlv|hdoc exga >?>; pg >?30) Pbl Cxoalni vl!

iois|dn {ns neeodonpl` {opb pbl Gppgani Lavoxl egx clip|xols hlegxl

hloik niilrl` hy X|sson oi pbl dnpl >2pb clip|xy ni` koepl` pg \jxnoil

oi >?


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44/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

08

h|p ois|eeocolip pg lis|xl pbl oispop|pogindosnpogi ge pbl exll`ga gelrvxlssogi oi pbl dgik plxa)

Pbl alòn$ vnxpoc|dnxdy pldluosogi$ gcc|vols n clipxnd xgdl oi pbl

oiegxanpogind svncl) [bodl ops oi`lvli`licl os spodd gvli pg ~|lspogi oi

dokbp ge pbl encp pbnp op os g{il` hy hok h|soilss$ op os hxgn`dy exll ge pbl

joi` ge kgulxialipnd clisgxsbov {bocb lrospl` oi vxl!Gxnikl \jxnoil)

Pbl vbligaligi ge plaiojo òxlcp kgulxialipnd oispx|cpogi pg al!

òn {o`ldy |sl` hy Vxlso`lipond Nàoiospxnpogi oi 8663!8660 os dnxkldy

egxkgppli) Inpogi{o`l pldluosogi cbniilds oi agsp cnsls bnul vxguo`l`hndnicl` il{s cgulxnkl$ {bodl xlvxlslipnpouls ge pbl x|doik vnxpols

ni` pbgsl oi pbl gvvgsopogi bnul limgyl` l~|nd ncclss pg pbl alòn)

Copo}lis ndsg limgy {o`l!xnikoik vd|xndosa oi hgpb ldlcpxgioc ni` vxoip

alòn) Pbl kxg{oik oavgxpnicl ge pbl oiplxilp oi \jxnoil os igpl{gx!

pby) Nccgxòik pg òeelxlip `npn$ pbl i|ahlx ge Oiplxilp |slxs oi \jxnoil

xlncbl` nxg|i` >5, ge pbl vgv|dnpogi hy pbl li` ge 866?>< Sll$ egx oispnicl$ Klao|sN|òlicl Xlslnxcb 866? bppv=''klao|s)cga)|n'|n'njp|ndig!sco'866?!>8!85 Pbl H|xln| ge Oiulspoknpoul Mg|xindosa Suo`gag os gil ge pbl lrnavdls ge s|cb ni np!

plavp) Sll bppv=''jolu)suo`gag)gxk'nhg|p!h|xg)bpad)


45/102



oied|licl pblox lòpgxond vgdocy) Pb|s$ \jxnoils vxlss exll`ga xlcgxòs aorl`) Nccgxòik pg pbl Xlvgxplxs [opbg|p Hgx`lxs Vxlss Exll`ga

Oi`lr 866?$ \jxnoil {ns oi 2?!?6pb vgsopogi nagik >;< cg|ipxols ge

pbl {gxd`$ {opb Ndhnion "22/ ni` Klgxkon "2>/ nbln`$ ni` Osxnld "?3/$

Agd`gun ">>0/ ni` X|sson ">;)

Pb|s$ `lsvopl pbl vxgkxlss pblxl nxl oicxlnsoik cgiclxis pbnp spnpl

clisgxsbov bns hlli xlvdncl` hy g{ilx clisgxsbov$ ns egx agsp alòn

g{ilxs pbl alòn nxl igp n {ny ge anjoik n vxgeop$ h|p n alnis ge cxl!

npoik enug|xnhdl v|hdoc gvoiogi)>2 Pblxl os n uol{ pbnp pbl vxlso`lipondldlcpogi cnavnoki ge 866?!86>6 bns xls|dpl` oi pbl xluound ge {xoppli!

pg!gx`lx spgxols$ `lsokil` pg vxgagpl pbl vgsopoul oankl ge pbl cdolip

ni`'gx xldlnsl ilknpoul ni` scni`ndg|s oiegxanpogi nhg|p vgdopocnd

cgavlpopgxs ge cdolips "gx g{ilxs/) Luo`licl egx pbos {ns vxguo`l` hy oi!

`lvli`lip {npcb`gks$ s|cb ns pbl Oispop|pl egx Anss Oiegxanpogi "OAO/$

{bocb lrnaoil` oiplxelxlicl oi ni` hy pbl alòn oi \jxnoil `|xoik

866?)Nccgxòik pg OAO agiopgxoik ge vxoipl` alòn$ @lclahlx 866?

hxgjl xlcgx`s ge svgisgxl` spgxols oi inpogind vxlss$ {opb ;8 s|cb spg!xols ns cgavnxl` pg gidy 82 oi M|dy 866?>?)

Agxlgulx$ soicl 866< pbl dncj ge vgdopocnd {odd pg lspnhdosb v|hdoc

pldluosogi "o)l) pldluosogi e|i`l` hy pnrvnylxs ni` cgipxgddl` hy pbla$

ns os pbl cnsl {opb pbl HHC$ egx lrnavdl/ bns vlxsospl`) Ns n xls|dp$ `l!

svopl ndd pbl vxgaosls gi pbos oss|l an`l hy vgdopocnd dln`lxs neplx 8660

ni` i|alxg|s leegxps hy couod sgcolpy ni` oiplxinpogind `gigxs$ v|hdoc

pldluosogi spodd `gls igp lrosp)

>; Vxlss Exll`ga Oi`lr 866?$ Xlvgxplxs [opbg|p Hgx`lxs {lh!sopl$ bppv=''{{{)xse)gxk'li!cdnsslalip>663!866?)bpad>2 Dnikl$ Iocg) C|xxlip Spnpl ge Exll`ga ge pbl Alòn oi \jxnoil) JNS @lagcxncy Xlvgxp)Jgixn`!N`lin|lx!Spoep|ik$ 8662$ v) 2)>? Oispop|pl egx Anss Oiegxanpogi {lh!sopl bppv=''lik)oao)gxk)|n''oi`lr)vbv7gvpogi1cgaWc

giplip%pnsj1uol{%o`1>;3


46/102

00

3) Pbl dg{ `lkxll ge cgislis|s

@lsvopl pbl nhgul alipogil` vd|xndosa$ \jxnoil bns sg enx enodl`

pg lspnhdosb cdlnx x|dls ge pbl knal ni` xlncb cgislis|s gi oavgxpnip

ghmlcpouls oi plxas ge ops spnpl!h|odòik) Gidy sgal dg{lx dluld cgisli!

s|s bns hlli ncbolul`$ {bocb bns vxghnhdy slc|xl` \jxnoils e|p|xl ns

ni oi`lvli`lip ni` sgulxloki cg|ipxy) _lp$ pbos os igp lig|kb pg xls|dp

oi n cgblxlip vgdopocnd inpogi) Pbl encp pbnp vgdopocnd ldopls spodd geplicbggsl pg lavbnsosl pbl òuosoul oss|ls |i`lxaoils inpogind oiplkxopy)

Soaodnxdy$ sgal cgislis|s bns hlli ncbolul` oi plxas ge pbl ncclvp!

nicl ge `lagcxncy ns pbl gidy knal oi pg{i$ np dlnsp oi vgdopocnd xblpg!

xoc ni` vxgkxnas oi \jxnoil) Bg{lulx$ pbos os igp ilclssnxody hlcn|sl op

os xlknx`l` ns pbl agsp m|sp ni` enox syspla) Xnpblx$ pbl sbllx òeeoc|dpy

ni` ndagsp e|podopy ge oavgsoik n agigvgdy ge vg{lx hy gil vgdopocnd

egxcl anjls `lagcxncy ndagsp |inugo`nhdl egx \jxnoil) Oavgxpnipdy$

ig anoispxlna vgdopocnd egxcl oi \jxnoil nùgcnpls niy ndplxinpoul pg$gx unxonpogis ge$ `lagcxncy "egx lrnavdl$ ndgik pbl doils ge aninkl`

gx sgulxloki `lagcxncy/$ luli pbg|kb sgal xlelxlicls pg n spxgik

bni` nvvlnxl` oi pbl vxlso`lipond cnavnoki) Sg \jxnoil$ |idojl X|s!

son ni` sgal gpblx COS spnpls$ `gls igp xlmlcp pbl cgaagi L|xgvlni

und|l ge `lagcxncy ns s|cb) Ighg`y oi \jxnoil snys pbnp `lagcxncy$

couod sgcolpy ni` exll`gas nxl und|ls oavgsl` exga nhxgn`$ ns os pbl

cnsl oi X|sson)


47/102

0) Pbl dncj ge nkxllalip gi pbl x|dls ge pbl knalNdpbg|kb pblxl os ni gep!ugocl` ncclvpnicl ge `lagcxncy$ pblxl os

ig slisl ge vxlvnxl`ilss pg hl cgispxnoil` hy x|dls$ ns lrvxlssl` hy

Mnuolx Sgdnin oi Gcpghlx 8668$ {bg s|kklspl` pbnp \jxnoil os igp vdny!

oik hy pbl x|dls h|p vdnyoik {opb pbl x|dls)8> Pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi

86 ugi Hlyal$ J) 866>$ Oispop|pogind Likoillxoik ni` Pxnisopogi pg @lagcxncy$ oi ]oldgijn$M) "l`)/$ @lagcxnpoc Cgisgdo`npogi oi Lnsplxi L|xgvl) Ugd|al >) Oispop|pogind Likoillxoik"Gregx`= Gregx` \ioulxsopy Vxlss/$ v) 5)8>

\jxnoiosjn Vxnu`n$ 68)>6)8668$ bppv=''{{{8)vxnu`n)cga)|n'li'il{s'8668'>6'>5'860?)bpa


48/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

05

ò` igp cbnikl pbnp) [bodl neplx pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi vg{lx {ns igdgiklx cgiclipxnpl` oi gil oispop|pogi $ o)l) pbl vxlso`licy$ pblxl os n

cgipoi|g|s pli`licy pg |sl x|dls$ igxas ni` oispop|pogis oi ni oispx|!

alipnd {ny) [bodl `lagcxncy os oi`ll` pbl gidy knal oi pg{i$ vgdopo!

cnd cgavlpopogi os igp cgispxnoil` hy$ igp nicbgxl` oi$ n slp ge spxgik

ni` leelcpoul xlvxlslipnpoul$ nàoiospxnpoul ni` m|òcond oispop|pogis)

Spnhdl ni` anp|xl oispop|pogis pbnp {g|d` liegxcl `lagcxnpoc spni`!

nx`s oi v|hdoc doel `g igp lrosp)

Soicl pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi$ pbl `lklilxnpogi ge pbl \jxnoionicgispop|pogi oipg n nxxny ge cgiedocpoik ni` odd!`leoil` x|dls bns nccldlx!

npl`) Pbl sbgxpcgaoiks ge pbl oispop|pogind `lsoki {lxl oi luo`licl

vxogx pg pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi) Oi vnxpoc|dnx$ pbl `lsoki ge pbl vxlso!

`licy$ {bocb {ns cgicloul` ns n byhxo` hlp{lli pbl eok|xlbln` bln`

ge spnpl ni` pbl cbole lrlc|poul {ns cdlnxdy edn{l`) Pbl {lh ge gulx!

dnvvoik vxlxgknpouls ge pbl vxlso`lip ni` pbl dlkosdnp|xl vxguo`l`

egx oi pbl >??5 cgispop|pogi nddg{l` pblsl oispop|pogis pg lrvni` ni`

cgisgdo`npl pblox xlsvlcpoul svblxls ge n|pbgxopy hlp{lli >??;!8663${opb Vxlso`lip J|cban lrvdgopoik niy knvs x|pbdlssdy ni` |iblsopnp!

oikdy) Ni` luli pbg|kb bos vxlso`licy ò` igp s|ccll` oi coxc|ascxoh!

oik pbl vnxdonalip oi cgispop|pogind plxas$ ops cgipxgd ge nàoiospxnpoul

xlsg|xcls ni` nxhopxnxy oiplxvxlpnpogis ge pbl cgispop|pogi alnip pbnp

pbl vxlso`licy `gaoinpl` gpblx spnpl oispop|pogis)

Pbl cgispop|pogind naliàlip nkxll` ns vnxp ge pbl oipxn!ldopl

cgavxgaosl `|xoik pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi "ni` oipxg`|cl` oi 8665/$

{bocb vnul` pbl {ny pg n xl!x|i ge pbl slcgi` xg|i` ge ldlcpogis$ gidylrnclxhnpl` pbl cgie|sogi ni` gulxdnv ge vg{lxs) Igaoinddy$ pbl 8665

xlegxa spxlikpblil` pbl syspla ge cblcjs ni` hndnicls hy {lnjlioik

pbl vxlso`licy) Bg{lulx$ op ndsg e|xpblx cgavdocnpl` pbl oiplxncpogis

hlp{lli pbl hxnicbls ge vg{lx hgpb {opboi pbl lrlc|poul hxnicb "hl!

p{lli pbl Vxlso`lip ni` Cnhoilp/ ni` hlp{lli pbl lrlc|poul ni` dlk!

osdnp|xl) Pbl cbnikls pg pbl lrlc|poul hxnicb {lnjlil` pbl vxlso`licy

ni` lavg{lxl` pbl vxoal aoiosplx$ {bocb dln` pg oiplisl cgavlpopogi


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gulx cgipxgd ge pbl lipoxl lrlc|poul hxnicb) Sg$ {bodl pbl vxlso`lip dgsppbl vg{lx pg nvvgoip ni` òsaoss pbl vxoal aoiosplx$ op xlanois n vg{!

lxe|d oispop|pogi {opb oavgxpnip dlkosdnpoul ni` nvvgoipoul vg{lxs) Egx

lrnavdl$ pbl vxlso`lip cbnoxs pbl Inpogind Slc|xopy ni` @lelicl Cg|i!

cod "IS@C/$ pbl `lcosogis ge {bocb nxl hoiòik egx ndd gxknis {opboi pbl

lrlc|poul hxnicb) Pbl vxlso`licy ndsg bns pbl xokbp pg nvvgoip xlkogind

kgulxigxs$ {bg nxl gpblx{osl s|hgxòinpl` pg pbl Cnhoilp)

Pbl cgispop|pogind oicgisosplicols gi Vxlso`lipond ni` Vxoal Aoios!

plxond vxlxgknpouls {lxl lrvdgopl` hy Vxlso`lip Uojpgx _|sbcblijg ni`Vxoal Aoiosplx _|don Pyagsblijg "86666 `nys$ pbl slcgi` kgulxialip ge _|don Pyagsblijg "866;!

6?/ xlcloul` 22> òxlcpouls$ oispx|cpogis$ ni` gpblx {xoppli vxlscxov!

pogis exga pbl Vxlso`lip ni` bos slcxlpnxonp "pbl vxluog|s kgulxialip

ge Uojpgx _ni|jguycb xlcloul` 83> oxlcpouls |xoik pbl snal vlxog`/)88

Pbl Dn{ gi pbl Cnhoilp ge Aoiosplxs$ {bocb cbnikl` pbxll poals oi

8662 ndgil$ os ni lrnavdl ge pbl vgdopocnd aniov|dnpogi egx pbl snjl gevnxposni oiplxlsps$ s|cb ns npplavps pg e|xpblx {lnjli pbl Vxlso`lip ns

ni oispop|pogi ni` ns n vgdopocnd dln`lx)

Pbl plisogis hlp{lli pbl Vxlso`lip ni` Vxoal Aoiosplx `|xoik

pbl Gxnikl vlxog` "8668"5?>/$ 8? Anxcb< Nvxod 8666$ bppv=''{{{)a{)|n'>666'>


50/102

Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

02

alipnxy anmgxopy hy xlcx|opoik oiòuo`|nd AVs {opbg|p pbla {opb`xn{!oik exga pblox gxokoind encpogis) Ns n xls|dp$ sgal gvvgsopogi AVs jlvp

egxand doijs {opb pblox encpogis$ h|p oi vxncpocl s|vvgxpl` pbl x|doik

cgndopogi {opb pblox ugpls)

Sgal `lv|pols uogdnpl` pbl x|dl hy aguoik pg nigpblx encpogi) H|p

luli {bli `lv|pols spnyl` oi pbl encpogis pg {bocb pbly {lxl ldlcpl`$

pbly ugpl` oi cgipxnòcpogi pg pblox encpogis "ns {ns pbl cnsl {opb sgal

`lv|pols exga pbl hdgc ge _|don Pyagsblijg oi pbl neplxanpb ge _ni|!

jguycbs uocpgxy oi pbl vxlso`licy oi 86>6/) Pbos xli`lxs pbl {bgdl ig!pogi ge encpogis ni` cgndopogis ge encpogis bgddg{) Pbl e|icpogioik ge

pbl \jxnoioni vnxdonalip oiòcnpls pbnp vxguoòik cgispop|pogind igxas

os ilclssnxy h|p igp s|eeocolip pg lis|xlslde!xlspxnoipgi pbl vnxp ge pbl

vgdopocnd cdnss {bli op os xl~|oxl` pg e|icpogi {opbg|p gpblx oscovdoioik

alcbniosas$ s|cb ns e|ddy!edl`kl` vgdopocnd vnxpols gx nvvxgvxonpl dlknd

alns|xls oi vdncl)

Cgispop|pogind cgie|sogi alnis pbnp pbl x|dls ge pbl knal li` |v

hloik cgiplspl` gi n `nody hnsos hy slde!slxuoik ldopls nccgxòik pg pbloxoaalònpl oiplxlsps$ cxlnpoik |iclxpnoipy ni` oispnhodopy) Pbl bokbdy oispx|!

alipnd nppop|`l pg igxas ni` oispop|pogis vxlunods nagiksp pbl vgdopocnd

cdnss ge \jxnoil) [bodl pbl anmgx vgdopocnd egxcls cdnoa pg enug|x cgispop|!

pogind xlegxas$ pbly enodl` pg ncbolul niy cgislis|s gi pbl {ny egx{nx`)

Pbl cgispop|pogind xneps agxl gepli pbni igp xledlcp pbl oiplipogi ge pbgsl

{bg vxgvgsl` pbla gepli oi v|xs|op ge oavxgulalips pg pblox g{i vgdopo!

cnd spniòik) Agxlgulx$ pbos vgdopocnd spx|kkdl svodds gulx oipg gpblx oispop|!

pogis$ {bocb dln`s pg pblox vgdopocosnpogi ni`'gx vnxndysos)Pbl agsp cgisvoc|g|s uocpoa ge pbos svoddgulx {ns pbl Cgispop|pogind

Cg|xp) Ns oi aniy gpblx vgsp!cgaa|iosp spnpls$ oi \jxnoil pbl Cgispop|!

pogind Cg|xp {ns cgicloul` ns n vg{lxe|d oispop|pogi oi pbl >??5 Cgispo!

p|pogi) _lp$ pbl vg{lx ge pbl \jxnoioni Cgispop|pogind Cg|xp bns vxgul`

pg hl n `g|hdl!l`kl s{gx`= {bodl op {ns kxnipl` pbl vg{lx pg `ldoulx n

eoind xlsgd|pogi oi òsv|pls hlp{lli spnpl oispop|pogis$ pbl odd!cgicloul`

`lsoki ge pbl cgispop|pogind exnal{gxj dl` pg pbl edggòik ge pbl Cgi!


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spop|pogind Cg|xp "CC/ {opb cnsls nhg|p oispop|pogind vxlxgknpouls) Npdlnsp oioponddy$ pbl Cg|xp pxol` pg sllj g|p pbl ao``dl kxg|i`) Hy pbl

slcgi` plxa ge J|cbans vxlso`licy ">???!8660/ ops x|doiks hlkni pg

hlnx agxl cdlnx sokis ge cgiclssogi pg vgdopocnd lrvlòlicy) Pbl Cg|xp$

{bocb ndxln`y limgyl` doppdl vxlspokl `|l pg ops vlxcloul` s|hslxuolicl

pg vgdopoconis ni` s|svocogi ge cgxx|vpogi nagik ops alahlxs$ {ns sok!

ioeocnipdy òscxlòpl` oi 866;) @|xoik pbl p|k!ge!{nx hlp{lli Vxoal

Aoiosplx Uojpgx _ni|jguycb$ ni` Vxlso`lip Uojpgx _|sbcblijg$ pbl nc!

pogis ge pbl dnpplx$ xli`lxl` pbl Cg|xp oicnvnhdl ge e|deoddoik ops ani`nplge cgispop|pogind n`m|òcnpogi) Pbl vxlso`lip$ g{oik pg bos xokbp pg nv!

vgoip >'3 ge CC m|`kls$ {opb`xl{ sgal ge pbla {opbg|p nvvgoipoik

il{ gils$ pblxlhy vxlulipoik op exga hloik ~|gxnpl) Pbl spniòik ge

pbl CC {ns e|xpblx `nankl` oi pbl neplxanpb ge pbl vxlso`lipond ldlc!

pogis oi Elhx|nxy 86>6 g{oik pg ops vgdopocnddy lrvlòlip x|doik gi pbl

vnxdonalip cgndopogi)

Bg{lulx$ pbl vgdopocosnpogi ni`'gx vnxndysos ge spnpl oispop|pogis

soicl pbl Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi bns igp neelcpl` ndd oispop|pogis pg pblsnal `lkxll) Sgal oispop|pogis$ dojl pbl Inpogind Hnij ge \jxnoil

"IH\/$ bnul aninkl` pg xlpnoi sgal `lkxll ge oi`lvli`licl$ `lsvopl

vxlss|xl exga vgdopocnd hgòls) Ns pbl IH\ Cg|icod os nvvgoipl` mgoipdy

hy pbl Vxlso`lip ni` pbl vnxdonalip$ pblxl nxl gvvgxp|iopols egx vgdopo!

cnd oied|licl) Bg{lulx$ pbl anoi oss|l os pbnp ~|ndoeocnpogi cxoplxon egx

pbl alahlxs ge pbl Cg|icod nxl sgal{bnp ~|lspoginhdl anjoik pbl

Cg|icod dlss vxgelssogind ni` pb|s agxl vxgil pg vgdopocnd oied|licl$

lsvlconddy ns ops `lcosogi!anjoik os igp pxnisvnxlip)Pbl egc|s gi gikgoik vgdopocnd spx|kkdls ni` cgiplspnpogis ge vxl!

xgknpouls `|xoik pbl Gxnikl vlxog` pggj npplipogi n{ny exga pbl xl!

egxa vxgclss) Ns n x|dl$ s|spnoil` xlegxas xl~|oxl vgdopocnd cgislis|s

ni` n sl~|licl ge dlkosdnpoul ni` oavdlalipnpogi alns|xls) Pbl vn!

xndysos ge pbl vnxdonalip xl`|cl` dlkosdnpoul e|icpogioik pg n aoioa|a)

Pbos bns bn` vxgeg|i` cgisl~|licls egx \jxnoils nhodopy pg `lnd {opb

pbl lcgigaoc cxosos ni` pg lahnxj gi ni` s|spnoi spx|cp|xnd xlegxas)


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Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

8 m|`klalips$ 5 ge {bocb nvvxgul`

pbl s|svlisogi ni` 5 gx`lxl` pbl cniclddnpogi ge pbl s|svlisogi ge pblCgispop|pogind Cg|xp m|`kls hy vxlso`lipond `lcxlls)

Pb|s$ pbl oi`lvli`licl ge pbl m|òconxy os kxgssdy cgavxgaosl`)

Pbl m|òconxy xlanois n bolxnxcbnd h|xln|cxncy {blxl bokblx cg|xps

koul oispx|cpogis pg dg{lx cg|xps$ dlnuoik doppdl oi`lvli`licl pg oiò!

uo`|nd m|`kls) Op s|eelxs exga= n dg{ dluld ge v|hdoc px|sp$ ni oinhodopy

pg geelx n`l~|npl m|òcond vxgplcpogi$ lrplisoul cgxx|vpogi$ gulxdgik

m|òcond vxgcllòiks$ oileelcpoul vxgcl`|xls ge m|òcond lrnaoinpogi$

xluosogi ni` lrlc|pogi ge cg|xp x|doiks$ oin`l~|npl vxgelssogindosn!pogi ge m|`kls$ igi!pxnisvnxlip sldlcpogi ni` nvvgoipalip vxgclssls

ni` |icdlnx `ldoilnpogi ge m|òcond xlsvgisohodopy) N cbnikl pg pbos spn!

p|s ~|g {g|d` xl~|oxl pbl s|spnoil` oavdlalipnpogi ge {o`l!xnikoik

alns|xls$ xnikoik exga pxnoioik$ nvvgoipoik ni` xlcx|opoik m|`kls pg

lis|xoik pbl eoinicond n|pgigay ge pbl cg|xps)

Gulxndd$ {bodl vgdopoconis cgipoi|l pg vdny {opb pbl x|dls$ \jxnoil

s|eelxs exga pbl oileeocolicy ni` |inccg|ipnhodopy ge v|hdoc nàoiospxn!

pogi$ xnavnip cgxx|vpogi$ {lnj vxgvlxpy xokbps ni` pbl oileelcpoulilssge pbl m|òcond syspla) Pbl vlxsosplicl ge cgxx|vpogi ni` oileelcpoulilss

ge spnpl oispop|pogis oi \jxnoil cgispop|pls pbl jly enod|xl ge pbl Gxnikl

Xlugd|pogi ni` xlanois pbl kxnulsp cbnddlikl egx \jxnoil) Agxl gepli

pbni igp$ pbl lrospoik cblcjs ni` hndnicls xls|dp exga spnpl oispop|!

pogis hloik cnvp|xl` ni` cgipxgddl` hy cgavlpopoul vgdopocnd egxcls$

xnpblx pbni pblox cnvncopy pg lrlxcosl pblox oispop|pogind vxlxgknpouls oi

ni oi`lvli`lip ni` pxnisvnxlip {ny)


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Nsslps ni` Donhodopols geVgsp!Gxnikl \jxnoil


3)8) Dg{ ~|ndopy vgdopocnd ni` h|soilss ldopls

Nvnxp exga pbl oiblxopl` {lnjilss ge oispop|pogis$ pbl dncj ge pxnò!

pogi ge spnplbgg` alnip pbnp ni oi`lvli`lip \jxnoil dncjl` n vgdopo!

cnd cdnss scbggdl` oi pxnòpogis ge v|hdoc oiplxlsp$ vxlvnxl` pg nss|al

xlsvgisohodopy egx bldvoik n``xlss pbl cg|ipxys ill`s) Oi`ll`$ pbl lr!

plip pg {bocb c|xxlip vgdopocnd ldopls cgavxlbli` ni` xlsvlcp pbl vxoi!

covdls ge cgaaopalip$ v|hdoc `|py$ cxlòhodopy ni` px|sp{gxpboilss

os bokbdy ~|lspoginhdl) S{npbls ge pbla sllj pg anroaosl pblox sbgxpplxa vgdopocnd nùnipnkls np pbl lrvlisl ge pbl spnpl ni` inpogi) [bodl

s|cb ldopl hlbnuog|xs any hl n hy!vxg`|cp ge pbl nigandg|s `gals!

poc x|dls ge pbl knals$ pbly klilxnpl li`dlss vgdopocnd knals$ |ispnhdl

vncps ni` sboepoik nddonicls) Pbl soikdl!aoi`l` ni` slde!clipxl` v|xs|op

ge vg{lx$ ns {ldd ns cxlnpoik |iclxpnoipy oi pbl nhslicl ge x|dls ge pbl

knal$ òcpnpl poal bgxo}gis {bocb nxl pgg sbgxp pg lahnxj gi cgavxl!

blisoul ni` a|cb ill`l` xlegxa ge pbl spnpl ni` lcgigay)

Pbos xls|dps oi ni nhslicl ge kgulxinicl$ sgalpboik {bocb hlcnalvnxpoc|dnxdy luo`lip neplx pbl oicxlnsl` vd|xndosa likli`lxl` hy pbl

Gxnikl Xlugd|pogi {bocb lrvgsl` aniy vxluog|sdy bo``li oss|ls) Egx

lrnavdl$ vnxdonalip {ns vxncpocnddy oincpoul egx a|cb ge 866; `|l pg

pbl vnoie|d vxgclss ge cgndopogi!h|odòik$ neplx Vxlso`lip _|sbcblijgs

`lcxll pg òsaoss op$ pblxlhy pxokklxoik lnxdy ldlcpogis oi Slvplahlx

866; ni` pbl egxanpogi ge pbl il{ cgndopogi gidy oi @lclahlx 866;:

pblxl {lxl n i|ahlx ge gpblx$ sbgxplx vlxog`s {bli pbl gvvgsopogi

so`l` {opb òeelxlip encpogis gi unxog|s gccnsogis)Pbl ilp xls|dp {ns pbnp \jxnoil enodl` pg cnxxy g|p a|cb ill`l`

xlegxas) Cgispop|pogind xlegxa$ ndpbg|kb n pgv vxogxopy egx \jxnoil$

bns igp hlli oavdlalipl`) Pbl m|òconxy xlanoil` n bgspnkl pg vgdopo!

cnd oiplxlsps ni` n pggd oi pbl vgdopocnd spx|kkdl) Hgpb xlegxas xl~|oxl

pbl uosogi ge$ ni` cgaaopalip pg$ pbl dgik!plxa e|p|xl ge pbl cg|ipxy$

sgalpboik pbnp os oi sbgxp s|vvdy nagiksp pbl vgdopocnd cdnss oi \jxnoil

{bocb dncjs pbl slde!xlspxnoip ni` cgaaopalip pg ghly pbl x|dls oe pbly

x|i nknoisp pblox oiplxlsps)


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Hlygi` Cgdg|xs

{bli slulxnd L|xgvlni cg|ipxols {lxl dlep {opbg|p kns) Ndpbg|kb gs!

plisohdy X|sson vxgugjl` pblsl lulips hy c|ppoik kns s|vvdols$ \jxnoil

cgipxoh|pl` `|l pg ops oinhodopy pg oipxg`|cl pxnisvnxlicy pg ops lilxky

xldnpogis {opb X|sson ni` pg ops galspoc lilxky anxjlp) Oi`ll` oi 8665

\jxnoil nddg{l` pbl oiplxal`onxy agigvgdosp cgavniy Xgs|jxlilxkgpg nvvlnx gi ops anxjlp$ {bocb an`l dnxkl vxgeops exga pbl `oeelxlicl

oi vxocl ge kns lrvgxpl` exga X|sson ni` oavgxpl` pg \jxnoil {opbg|p

`ldoulxoik niy hlileops pg \jxnoils spnpl h|`klp80)

83 bppv=''eodl)dokn)ilp'cgavniy'>8;)bpad80 Pbl cgavniy {ns xlkosplxl` oi S{op}lxdni` oi pbl enag|s cnipgi ge ]|k ni` pb|s exll ge

pnrls oi \jxnoil)


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Hlygi` Cgdg|xs


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Hlygi` Cgdg|xs


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6 {lxl

oi`ocnpoul ge pbl dncj ge sysplanpoc ni` elnsohdl o`lns gi klppoik pbl

cg|ipxy g|p ge ops vgdopocnd ni` lcgigaoc cxosos) Igil ge pbl exgipx|i!

ilxs oi pbl cgiplsp$ oic

beyond colours 2010

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