bflorczak

12
Theoretical thermodynamic combustion properties of composite propellants ( ) t e c a e w c c e w c sp A A p p - p M RT p p 1 M T R 2 I 2 1 + + - 1 - = 1 - 2 1 + 1 - γ γ γ γ γ γ γ γ ICT

Upload: subaachandran2429

Post on 16-Jan-2016

215 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

added

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: BFlorczak

!Theoretical thermodynamic combustion properties of composite propellants

"#$%&$'()*+,'#$&-%./0*-(),)%-123'(%0,4&%4$&'($3,

%5,)%-4%3('$,4&%4$++*0'3

!"#$%&'(!)*+$,

!"#$#%#&'()' !*%"#+$,-'.+/,!$0'12&3$"#+45'6'7!!(8(-'"#+95':;<=;6'>,+"?,@,5'AB

-./0)$*01& C2$"' 8,8&+' $"' ,' D+$&)' #2&+3(*4!,3$0' 0,-0%-,#$(!' E 1C' C2&+3(*4!,3$0' 1(*&F' ()' #2&'

#2&+3(02&3$0,-'8+(8&+#$&"'()'3&#,--$?&*'"(-$*'0(38("$#&'8+(8&--,!#"'ED$!*&+5'7-',!*'7A5'7GH5'IJK5'

1B<=:5'HC.5'CH7L5'M.K<NF9' C2&' 0,-0%-,#$(!"'@&+&' 8&+)(+3&*' )(+' +(0O&#' &P%$-$D+$%3',#' N9:'JA,5'

0(!"$*&+$!/',!',*$,D,#$0'#2+(%/2','!(??-&'$!'(!&Q*$3&!"$(!,-'R(@',#'02&3$0,-'&P%$-$D+$%3',!*'@$#2',!'

&S8,!"$(!'+,#$('N:TU9'C2&'0,-0%-,#$(!"T'R,3&'#&38&+,#%+&5'3(-&0%-,+'@&$/2#'()'0(3D%"#$(!'8+(*%0#"5'

"8&0$V0'$38%-"&',!*'0(38("$#$(!'()'0(3D%"#$(!'8+(*%0#"'@&+&'8&+)(+3&*')(+'8+(8&--,!#')(+3%-,#$(!"'

(!'#2&'D,"&'D$!*&+'EICAW5'IJG ',!*'G.7F'@$#2'"(-$*'-(,*$!/',D(X&'6:Y9

67, 80'&%.2)'(%0

!"# $!"%&'(!"&)(*+# ,%',"%$)"-# '.# ,%',"++*/$-# 0","/0# '/# $!"# /*$1%"# '.# "*(!# )/2%"0)"/$# */0# *%"# 3*-"0# '/#

$!"%&'04/*&)(#(*+(1+*$)'/-#56789:

;'&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$-#('/-)-$#'.#(%4-$*++)/"#,*%$)(+"-#*/0#,+*-$)(#3)/0"%#$'#'3$*)/#!)2!<$"&,"%*$1%"#('&31-$)'/#

2*-"-# $!%'12!# $!"#(!"&)(*+# %"*($)'/-#3"$=""/#'>)0)?"%#*/0# .1"+:#@'="A"%7# $!"#&)>$1%"#'.#/)$%'B('&,'1/0-#

,*%$)(+"-#CDEF7#@GFH#*/0#'%2*/)(#3)/0"%I#JKLM7#; JK7#@ JK#.'%&-#*#/"=#$4,"#'.#-'+)0#,%',"++*/$#(*++"0#

/)$%*&)/"#('&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$#*/0#=*-#0"A"+',"0#'/#$!"#3*-)-#'.#*#-'&"=!*$#0).."%"/$#)0"*#.%'&#LJ#('&,'-)$"#

,%',"++*/$#5N<O9:# !"#-"*%(!#.'%#&'%"#"/"%2"$)(#*/0#&'%"#"/A)%'/&"/$*++4#*((",$*3+"#,%',"++*/$-#!*-#+"0#$'#$!"#

0"A"+',&"/$#'.#*0A*/("0#)/2%"0)"/$-#-1(!#*-#;PB8Q7# MLR7#STFBU7#LEM7#"$(#5UBV9:

!"#$!"%&*+#"/"%24#('/$*)/"0#)/#-'+)0#,%',"++*/$-#)-#%",%"-"/$"0#34#$!"#-,"()W(#)&,1+-"#$!*$#)-#*#.1/($)'/#'.#$!"#

(!"&)(*+#,%',"%$)"-#'.#$!"#,%',"++*/$#*/0#$!"#">,*/-)'/#,%'("--#$!%'12!#$!"#/'??+"#*/0#(*/#3"#=%)$$"/#*-#56Q7#

669:#XY1*$)'/#C6H#-!'=-#$!*$#$!"#-,"()W(#)&,1+-"#)-#,%','%$)'/*+#$'#$!"#-Y1*%"#%''$#'.#$!"#*0)*3*$)(#(!*&3"%#

$"&,"%*$1%"# (#*/0#)/A"%-"+4#,%','%$)'/*+#$'#$!"#-Y1*%"#%''$#'.#$!"#&'+"(1+*%#=")2!$#G=:

( )

t

e

c

ae

w

c

c

e

w

csp

A

A

p

p-p

M

RT

p

p1

M

TR

2I

21+

+

1−=

1−2

1+1−

γ

γ

γ

γ γ

γ

γ

γ

## C6H

T/"#'.#$!"#,%)&*%4#=*4-#'.#)&,%'A)/2#$!"#Z-,#'.#,%',"++*/$#('&,'-)$)'/-#)-#34#)/(%"*-)/2#$!"#"/$!*+,4#%"+"*-"#

*/0#+'="%)/2#$!"#*A"%*2"#&'+"(1+*%#=")2!$#'.#$!"#">!*1-$#2*-"-#$'#*$$*)/#&'%"#='%[)/2#\1)0:#

J%*($)(*++47#$!"#&)>$1%"#%*$)'#'.#$!"#'>)0)?"%#$'#.1"+#)-#-"+"($"0#$'#-!).$#$!"#"Y1)A*+"/("#%*$)'#$'#$!"#-$')(!)'&"$%)(#

*-#(+'-"+4#*-#,'--)3+":

97, "#$&-%./0*-(),:*+)2+*'(%0

!"# $!"%&'04/*&)(# ,%',"%$)"-# '.# $!"# "Y1)+)3%)1&# &)>$1%"-# (*+(1+*$)'/-# ="%"# ,"%.'%&"0# 1-)/2# ICT

234)5!#6%$57*& 8!#4:# !"# 982:234)5!#6%$57*& 8!#4# )-# 3*-"0# '/# *# &"$!'0# 0"A"+',"0# 34# $!"# M*$)'/*+#

L"%'/*1$)(-#*/0#],*("#L0&)/)-$%*$)'/#CML]LH#56789: !"#(*+(1+*$)'/-#="%"#,"%.'%&"0#.'%#%'(["$#"Y1)+)3%)1&#

*$#U:Q#GJ*7#('/-)0"%)/2#*/#*0)*3*$)(#$!%'12!#*#/'??+"#)/#'/"<0)&"/-)'/*+#\'=#*$#(!"&)(*+#"Y1)+)3%)1&#*/0#

=)$!# */# ">,*/-)'/# %*$)'# UQI6:# !"%&'(!"&)(*+# 0*$*# '.# ,%',"++*/$# )/2%"0)"/$-#=*-# '3$*)/"0# .%'&# %"."%"/("#

56876N9:# !"#(*+(1+*$)'/#(!"&)(*+#,%',"%$)"-#'.#$!"#3)/0"%#)-#-!'=/#)/# *3+"#6:

Page 2: BFlorczak

; B. Florczak

!"#$%&'% ;!"&)(*+#,%',"%$)"-#'.#3)/0"%#1-"0#)/#,%',"++*/$-

;'&,'-)$)'/#3)/0"%^

5=$#_9;!"&)(*+#.'%&1+*

@"*$#'.#.'%&*$)'/5[`#[2B69

E"/-)$452#(&BN9

@ JKETL@GEZ

UQ:a8Q:QV:O

;#bT#bM#b@#b

OO:ccQcN:UOOd6:cONU

6QV:aUcc

B#cUN:6V Q:VO

^# @ JK#<#!40%'>4+#$"%&)/*$"0#,'+431$*0)"/"#

# ETL##<#0)'($4+#*0),*$"

# @GEZ#<#!">*&"$!4+"/"B67OB0))-'(4*/*$"

<7, =$32+'3,*0.,.(3)233(%0

L-#-!'=/#)/#S)2:#6#-,"()W(#)&,1+-"#CZ-,H#*$#U#GJ*#'.#('&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$-#*%"# $!"#!)2!"-$#=!"/#$!"#&*--#

.%*($)'/# '.#LJ# )-# cO_# */0# )/# (*-"# '.#LEM# )-# VQ_# */0# Z-,# )/(%"*-"-# *-# /)$%'# ('&,'1/0-# CSTFBU7#;PB8Q7#

@GF7#M T7# MLRH#)/(%"*-":#G)/)&1&#('&,'-"0#'>)0)?"%-#*/0#/)$%'B('&,'1/0-#)/#,%',"++*/$-#="%"#O8_7#

&*>)&1&#<#Vc_:

ADN

AP

FOX-7

CL-20

HMX

NTO

TNAZ

OXIDIZER OR NITRO-COMPOUNDS CONCENTRATION, %

SP

EC

IFIC

IM

PU

LS

E,

I sp [

Ns/k

g]

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

60 70 80 90 100

()*'%&'% ],"()W(#)&,1+-"#'.#3)/0"%#B#'>)0)?"%#'%#/)$%'B('&,'1/0-#C-'+)0#+'*0)/2#)/#$!"#%*/2"#O8#e#Vc_H#

!"# ('&,'-)$"# ,%',"++*/$-# C *3+"#8H# ('&,'-"0#/)$%'B('&,'1/0-#'.#STFBU7# MLR7#;PB8Q7#M T#'%#@GF#

,*%$)(+"-#'.."%#$!"#*0A*/$*2"-#'.#+'=#\*&"#$"&,"%*$1%"#*/0#+'=#&'+"(1+*%#&*--#('&31-$)'/#,%'01($-7#*-#="++#

*-#%"01("-#)/.%*%"0#"&)--)'/-#C$!"#"+)&)/*$)'/#'.#;T8#*/0#@8T#)/#('&31-$)'/#,%'01($-#(!*&3"%#*/0#/'??+"H#*-#

-!'=/#)/#S)2:#8B66#*/0#S)2:#6aB8N:#G'%"'A"%#)/(%"*-"#('&,'-)$)'/#/)$%'B('&,'1/0-#)/#,%',"++*/$-#".."($#$!*$#

$!"#&'+"#.%*($)'/#)/#%"*($)'/#,%'01($-#'.#@;+#)-#%"01("0:

!"#$%+'% ;!"&)(*+#('&,'-)$)'/-#*+1&)/)?"0#LJ#'%#LEM#('&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$-

Z/2%"0)"/$ 5_9

K)/0"%# 6d

L+ 6Q

LJ#'%#LEM UQ Od OQ dd dQ ad aQ Nd NQ 8d 8Q 6d 6Q d

M)$%'#('&,'1/0- d 6Q 6d 8Q 8d NQ Nd aQ ad dQ dd OQ Od UQ

Page 3: BFlorczak

>Theoretical thermodynamic combustion properties of composite propellants

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Reaction Products Chamberof aluminized AP composite propellants composed of FOX-7

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) HCl (g) Al2O3 (l) C (s) Al2O3 (s)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

()*'%+'% D"*($)'/#J%'01($-#;!*&3"%#'.#*+1&)/)?"0#LJ#('&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$-#('/$*)/2#'.#STFBU

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Reaction Products Nozzleof aluminized AP composite propellants composed of FOX-7

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) HCl (g) Al2O3 (s) C (s)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

()*'%,'% D"*($)'/#J%'01($-#M'??+"#'.#*+1&)/)?"0#LJ#('&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$-#('/$*)/2#'.#STFBU

0

10

20

30

40

50

Reaction Products (Chamber Temperature)of aluminized AP composite propellants composed of TNAZ

Weig

ht

%

H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) AlCl (g) HCl (g) Al2O3 (l) CO2 (g)

70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 45% 40%

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5%

()*'%-'% D"*($)'/#J%'01($-#;!*&3"%#'.#*+1&)/)?"0#LJ#('&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$-#('/$*)/2#'.# MLR

Page 4: BFlorczak

? B. Florczak

0

10

20

30

40

50

Reaction Products Nozzleof aluminized AP composite propellants composed of TNAZ

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) CH4 (g) HCN (g) HCl (g) C (s) Al2O3 (s)

70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 45% 40%

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5%

()*'%.'% D"*($)'/#J%'01($-#M'??+"#'.#*+1&)/)?"0#LJ#('&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$-#('/$*)/2#'.# MLR

0

10

20

30

40

50

Reaction Products Chamberof aluminized AP composite propellants composed of CL-20

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) AlCl (g) HCl (g) Al2O3 (l)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

()*'%/'% D"*($)'/#J%'01($-#;!*&3"%#'.#*+1&)/)?"0#LJ#('&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$-#('/$*)/2#'.#;PB8Q

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Reaction Products Nozzleof aluminized AP composite propellants composed of CL-20

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) HCl (g) Al2O3 (s) C (s)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

()*'%0'% D"*($)'/#J%'01($-#M'??+"#'.#*+1&)/)?"0#LJ#('&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$-#('/$*)/2#'.#;PB8Q

Page 5: BFlorczak

Theoretical thermodynamic combustion properties of composite propellants

0

10

20

30

40

Reaction Products Chamberof aluminized AP composite propellants composed of NTO

Weig

ht

%

CO

2 (g

)

H2O

(g)

N2 (g

)

CO

(g)

H2 (g

)

AlC

l (g)

AlC

l2 (g

)

AlC

l3 (g

)

HCl (g

)

Al2

O3 (l)

HCN

(g)

Al2

O3 (s

)

C (s

)5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

()*'%1'% D"*($)'/#J%'01($-#;!*&3"%#'.#*+1&)/)?"0#LJ#('&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$-#('/$*)/2#'.#M T

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Reaction Products Nozzleof aluminized AP composite propellants composed of NTO

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) HCl (g) Al2O3 (s) C (s)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

()*'%2'% D"*($)'/#J%'01($-#M'??+"#'.#*+1&)/)?"0#LJ#('&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$-#('/$*)/2#'.#M T

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Reaction Products (Chamber Temperature)of aluminized AP composite propellants composed of HMX

Weig

ht

%

H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) AlCl (g) HCl (g) Al2O3 (l) CO2 (g)

70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 45% 40%

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5%

()*'%&3'%D"*($)'/#J%'01($-#M'??+"#'.#*+1&)/)?"0#LJ#('&,'-)$"#,%',"++*/$-#('/$*)/2#'.#@GF

Page 6: BFlorczak

6@@ B. Florczak

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Reaction Products Nozzleof aluminized AP composite propellants composed of HMX

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) HCl (g) C (s) Al2O3 (s)

70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 45% 40%

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5%

!"#$%%#$ !"#$%&'()*&+,#$-(.&//0!(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3)(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(#&'$"%'5(&1(678

3-(-9&:'(;%5<(=>(%'(#"-!(&1(%'#*!"-!(#&'$!'$-(;?8@A(&*(.B?(%'("0,2%'%/!+(3)(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(+!#*!"-!(

-4!#%C#( %24,0-!( D!#",-!( +!#*!"-!( #&2D,-$%&'( $!24!*"$,*!( E!F<( E=GG<( H'( #"-!( &1(B.3I( "'+(JK@>L( -4!#%C#(

%24,0-!(%-("02&-$(#&'-$"'$<(M!'-%$N(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3)(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(1&*(4*&4!00"'$-(%'#0,+!+(JK@>L(

%'#*!"-!(E;%5<(=OG<

2100

2200

2300

2400

2500

2600

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

% nitro-compounds

I sp [

Ns/k

g]

FOX-7 TNAZ CL-20 NTO HMX

!"#$%&#$P4!#%C#(%24,0-!(&1(#&24&-!+(&1('%$*&@#&24&,'+-Q(D%'+!*@=RST(30@=LST(3)@(ALURS<

1,60

1,65

1,70

1,75

FOX-7 TNAZ CL-20 HMX NTO

nitro-compounds

density g

/cm

3

5% 35% 70%

!"#$%'#$M!'-%$N(&1(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(ED%'+!*(E=RSG@30(E=LSG@3)(EALT(OR("'+(RSGG(#&24&-!+(&1(RT(OR("'+(

ALS('%$*&@#&24&,'+-(

Page 7: BFlorczak

! Theoretical thermodynamic combustion properties of composite propellants

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Reaction Products Chamberof aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of FOX-7

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) Al2O3 (l) HCN (g) C (s)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

!"#$%(#$$ !"#$%&'()*&+,#$-(J9"2D!*(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(#&'$"%'5(&1(;?8@A

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Reaction Products Nozzleof aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of FOX-7

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) Al2O3 (s) C (s)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

!"#$%)#$ !"#$%&'()*&+,#$-(.&//0!(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(#&'$"%'5(&1(;?8@A

0

10

20

30

40

50

Reaction Products Chamberof aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of TNAZ

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) Al2O3 (l) HCN (g) Al2O (g)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

!"#$%*#$ !"#$%&'()*&+,#$-(J9"2D!*(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(#&'$"%'5(&1(B.3I

Page 8: BFlorczak

!" B. Florczak

0

10

20

30

40

50

Reaction Products Nozzleof aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of TNAZ

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) Al2O3 (s) C (s)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

!"#$%+#$ !"#$%&'()*&+,#$-(.&//0!(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(#&'$"%'5(&1(B.3I

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Reaction Products (Chamber Temperature)of aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of CL-20

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) Al2O3 (l) Al2O (g)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

!"#$%,#$ !"#$%&'()*&+,#$-(J9"2D!*(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(#&'$"%'5(&1(JK@>L

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Reaction Products Nozzleof aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of CL-20

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) Al2O3 (s) C (s)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

!"#$%-#$ !"#$%&'()*&+,#$-(.&//0!(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(#&'$"%'5(&1(JK@>L

Page 9: BFlorczak

!#Theoretical thermodynamic combustion properties of composite propellants

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Reaction Products Chamberof aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of NTO

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) Al2O3 (l) HCN (g) C (s)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

!"#$&.#$ !"#$%&'()*&+,#$-(J9"2D!*(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(#&'$"%'5(&1(.B?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Reaction Products Nozzleof aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of NTO

We

igh

t %

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) Al2O3 (s) C (s)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

!"#$&%#$ !"#$%&'()*&+,#$-(.&//0!(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(#&'$"%'5(&1(.B?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Reaction Products (Chamber Temperature)of aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of HMX

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) Al2O3 (l) HCN (g)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

!"#$&&#$ !"#$%&'()*&+,#$-(J9"2D!*(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(#&'$"%'5(&1(678

Page 10: BFlorczak

!$ B. Florczak

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Reaction Products Nozzleof aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of HMX

Weig

ht

%

CO2 (g) H2O (g) N2 (g) CO (g) H2 (g) Al2O3 (s) C (s)

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%

!"#$&'#$ !"#$%&'()*&+,#$-(.&//0!(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(#&'$"%'5(&1(678

3-(-9&:'(;%5<(>V( %'(#"-!(&1( %'#*!"-!(#&'$!'$-('%$*&(#&24&,'+-( %'("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(

+!#*!"-!(-4!#%C#(%24,0-!(D!#",-!(+!#*!"-!(#&2D,-$%&'($!24!*"$,*!(E!F,"$%&'(E=GG<(H'(#"-!(&1(B.3I("'+(JK@

>L(+!#*!"-!(-4!#%C#(%24,0-!(0!"-$<(M!'-%$N(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(1&*(4*&4!00"'$-(%'#0,+!+(

'%$*&@#&24&,'+-(%'#*!"-!(E;%5<(>RG(2&-$(1&*(JK@>L<

2100

2200

2300

2400

2500

2600

2700

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

% nitro-compounds

I sp [

Ns/k

g]

FOX-7 TNAZ CL-20 NTO HMX

!"#$&(#$P4!#%C#(%24,0-!(&1(#&24&-!+(&1('%$*&@#&24&,'+-Q(D%'+!*@=RST(30@=LST(3M.@(ALURS<

Page 11: BFlorczak

!%Theoretical thermodynamic combustion properties of composite propellants

1,6

1,62

1,64

1,66

1,68

1,7

1,72

1,74

1,76

FOX-7 TNAZ CL-20 HMX NTO

nitro-compounds

density,

g/c

m3

5% 35% 70%

!"#$&)#$M!'-%$N(&1(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(ED%'+!*(E=RSG@30(E=LSG@3M.(EALTOR(&*(RSGG(#&24&-!+(&1(RT(OR(&*(

ALS('%$*&@#&24&,'+-(

$&' ()*+,-./)*.

.%$*&@#&24&,'+-(-,#9("-(JK@>LT(B.3I("'+(678(9"W!(4&-%$%W!(9!"$-(&1( 1&*2"$%&'("'+("0-&(#&'$*%D,$!( $&(

"(*!0"$%W!0N(0&:(2&0!#,0"*(:!%59$<(3-("(4*&4!00"'$(%'5*!+%!'$T(JK@>LT("'+(B.3I(ED"-!+(&'($9!%*(9%59(+!'-%$N(

"'+(9%59(4&-%$%W!(9!"$(1&*2"$%&'G(#"'(-%5'%C#"'$0N(!'9"'#!($9!(4!*1&*2"'#!(&1(*&#X!$(4*&4!00"'$-<

P&0%+( *&#X!$( 4*&4!00"'$-( #&'$"%'%'5( "22&'%,2( 4!*#90&*"$!( 2"N( 4*&+,#!( 0"*5!( F,"'$%$%!-( &1( "#%+-T( !<5<(

9N+*&#90&*%#("#%+T(:9%#9("44!"*-(%'($9!(!Y9",-$(40,2!<(B9!("#%+(%-("(-!*%&,-(9"/"*+($&($9!(9!"0$9(&1(4!*-&'-(

%'($9!(%22!+%"$!(W%#%'%$N("'+(+&:':%'+(1*&2($9!(0",'#9(-%$!<(H'("++%$%&'T($9!("#%+(%-(!Y$*!2!0N(#&**&-%W!("'+(

4*&+,#!-(*"4%+(+!$!*%&*"$%&'(&1($9!(0",'#9(1"#%0%$%!-("'+(&$9!*(-$*,#$,*!-($9"$("*!(+&:':%'+<$ !+,#!+Z-2&X!(

4*&4!00"'$(4!*1&*2"'#!(#"'("0-&(D!(!'9"'#!+(DN($9!("++%$%&'(&1(3M.("'+('%$*&@#&24&,'+-(-,#9("-(;?8@AT(

678T(JK@>LT(.B?(&*(B.3I(E*!+,#!-(%'1*"*!+(!2%--%&'-(@( $9!(!0%2%'"$%&'(&1(J?>("'+(6>?(%'(#&2D,-$%&'(

4*&+,#$-("'+($9!(2&0!(1*"#$%&'(%'(*!"#$%&'(4*&+,#$-(&1(6J0(%-(*!+,#!+G<

6%59Z!'!*5NT(2%'%2,2Z-2&X!(4*&4!00"'$-(#"'(D!(2"+!(:%$9(3.MT(678T(JK@>L(&*(B.3I<

.!:(&Y%+%/!*-("-(3M.T(!$#("*!(2&*!(!'!*5!$%#($9"'(3)(D!#",-!(&1(%$-(9%59('!5"$%W!(9!"$(&1(1&*2"$%&'(E@>[\(

X]^2&0( G<(300( &1( $9!2( "*!( !Y4!#$!+( $&( D!(2&*!( !'W%*&'2!'$"00N( 1*%!'+0N( $9"'(3)( E$9!N( "*!( '&$( #90&*%'"$!+(

#&24&,'+-G<(B9!N(#"'(D!(,-!+("-(4*&4!00"'$(%'5*!+%!'$-<

J&24&-%$%&'-(#&'$"%'%'5(30(&*(JK@>LT("'+(3)("*!(!11!#$%W!(D!#",-!(9"W!(9%59(_(H-4<

/01234567"68629

B9%-( *!-!"*#9(:"-( -,44&*$!+( DN( $9!( P$"$!(J&22%$$!!( &1( P#%!'$%C#( !-!"*#9( $9*&,59( H'-$%$,$!( &1( H'+,-$*%"0(

?*5"'%#(J9!2%-$*NT(5*"'$(O(BL[`(L>=(>A<

012131*+1.

( a=b( c&*+&'( P<T( 7#`*%+!( `<( ]<T( !"#$%&'( )'!*'+"( ,!'( +-.$-+%/!0( !,( !"#-&1( 2&"/.+-( 34$/-/5'/$"(

!"#!6/%/!06(+07(8##-/.+%/!069 !"#" $%&%'%()% *+,-.)/0.1(2 32 "(/-45.5 67668 9)01,%' 6::;2

<=> ?1'@1( #28 A)B'.@% B2 C28 !"#$%&'( )'!*'+"( ,!'( +-.$-+%/!0( !,( !"#-&1( 2&"/.+-( 34$/-/5'/$"(

!"#!6/%/!06(+07(8##-/.+%/!069 !"#" $%&%'%()% *+,-.)/0.1(2 332 D5%'5 A/(+/- /(@ *'1E'/F G%5)'.H0.1(

67668 C+(% 6::I2

<7> D',/J5K. L28 2&"/6%':(+07(;&.20!-!*:(!,(31#-!6/<&69 M1-2 ;8 *%'E/F1( *'%558 9N&1'@ 6:O;2

<;> P()4)-1H%@./ 1& PNH-15.Q%58 M1-2 O8 H2 *;R=8 "$$"GS9A8 G1Q%'8 !%T C%'5%48 6:UO2

Page 12: BFlorczak

!" B. Florczak

<V> W'.5X(/F #28 SX/K'/Q/'0X4 #2 $28 "0X.0X/( #2 W28 )'!#&--+0%(+07(31#-!6/<&6(;&.20!-!*:9 "--.%@ *+,-.5X%'5

Y.F.0%@8 !%T G%-X.8 6::O2

<I> G/Q%(/5 "28 =!-/7()'!#$-6/!0(;&.20!-!*:9 *%'E/F1( *'%558 9N&1'@8 6::72

<U> Z/(E M28 B'.-- L2 B28 [+\]X%( $%(8 =!-/7( )'!#&--+0%( 2&"/6%':>( !"5$6%/!0>( +07( ?!%!'( @0%&'/!'(

A+--/6%/.69 *'1E'%55 .( "50'1(/+0.)5 /(@ "%'1(/+0.)58 M1-2 6OV8 "3""8 $%501(8 M.'E.(./8 =RRR2

<O> W+,10/ !28 )'!#&--+0%6(+07(31#-!6/<&62 LX%'F1)X%F.)/- "5H%)05 1& S1F,+50.1(8 [3YPZ MS_ ?F,_8

[%.(X%.F8 =RR=2

<:> L%.H%- D28 30&'*&%/.(?+%&'/+-69()+'%/.-&()'!.&66/0*(+07( 2+'+.%&'/B+%/!09 [3YPZ MS_ M%'-/E ?F,_

` S12 W?/"8 [%.(X%.F8 =RRV2

<6R> W+1 W2 W28 C$07+"&0%+-6(!,(=!-/7()'!#&--+0%( !"5$6%/!02 *'1E'%55 .( "50'1(/+0.)5 /(@ "%'1(/+0.)58

M1-2 :R8 "3""8 !%T Z1'K8 6:O;2

<66> SXK'/Q/'0X4 #2 $28 W'.5X(/( #28 ?!7&--/0*(+07()&',!'"+0.&()'&7/.%/!0( /0(D!.E&%6(+07(F$069 "--.%@

*+,-.5X%'5 Y.F.0%@8 !%T G%-X.8 6::O2

<6=> 3SL LX%'F1)X%F.)/- G/0/ B/5%8 W/'-5'+X%8 ?%'F/(48 C+(% 6V8 6::;2

<67> A/4%' $28 WaX-%' C28 _1F,+'E "28 31#-!6/<&69 [.-%4^MS_ M%'-/E ?F,_ ` S12 W?/"8 =RR=2