bibliography roman warfare

7/25/2019 Bibliography Roman Warfare

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This is a partial list of resources for Roman warfare.

Abbreviations of periodicals generally followL'Anne philologique:http://www.annee-philologique.com/aph/files/sigles_fr.pdf

Prefixes such as van, von and de in authors names are generally ignored. An exception is La or Le, and there arecertain other exceptions where usage goes against this principle. Names starting with Mc are ordered as though they were

spelled Mac.

COMPILATIONS OF ANCIENT SOURCES

Campbell, J.B. (ed.), The Roman Army, 31 BC - AD 337: A Sourcebook, London: Routledge, 1994.

,Greek and Roman Military Writers: Selected Readings, London: Routledge, 2004.Review by J. Thorne: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2005/2005-08-13.html

Sage, M.M. (ed.), The Republican Roman Army: A Sourcebook, London: Routledge, 2008.Review by J. Armstrong: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009/07-07.html

SECONDARY SOURCES

1. General works

2. Topography

3. The archaic and Servian periods and the early Republic

4. The manipular army

4.1 General works

4.2 Roman expansion

4.3 Development of the manipular army

4.4 Arms and armour

4.5 Cavalry

4.6 Fortifications, siege warfare and artillery

4.7 Command, strategy and logistics

4.8 Naval warfare4.9 Other Italian armies

4.10 Campaigns and battles

4.11 The Punic Wars

5. The army of the late Republic

5.1 General works

5.2 Development of the cohort

5.3 The Marian reforms

5.4 Arms and armour

5.5 Cavalry


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bibliography_roman_warfare (October 2011) page 2




6. The Imperial army

6.1 General works

6.2 Auxiliary units and the army in the provinces

6.3 Praetorians and other guard units

6.4 Arms and armour6.5 Cavalry



6.8 Naval warfare


7. The late Roman army

7.1 General works

7.2 Developments in strategy, tactics and technology

7.3 Arms and armour

7.4 Fortifications, siege works and artillery

7.5 Naval warfare


1. General works

Altheim, F.,Rmische Geschichte, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1948-1958.

Austin, N.J.E. and N.B. Rankov, Exploratio:Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second PunicWar to the Battle of Adrianople,London: Routledge, 1995.

Review by F. Russell: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1996/96.03.14.html

Badian, E., Studies in Greek and Roman History, New York: Barnes and Noble, 1964.

Best, E.E., Jr., The Literate Roman Soldier, CJ62 (1966): 122-127.

Birley, E., The Roman Army: Papers, 1929-1986, Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1988.

Bringmann, K., Geschichte der Rmischen Republik, Munich: C.H. Beck, 2002.Review by C. Eplett: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-03-18.html

Burckhardt, L.,Militrgeschichte der Antike,Munich: C. H. Beck, 2008.Review by P. Baker: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-05-50.html

Burrer, F. and H. Mller (edd.), Kriegskosten und Kriegsfinanzierung in der Antike, Darmstadt: WissenschaftlicheBuchgesellschaft, 2008.

Review by D. Colling: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-07-51.html

Crawford, M.H., The Roman Republic2, London: Fontana, 1992.

Delbrck, H., Geschichte der Kriegskunst im Rahmen der politischen Geschichte, Vol. 1:Das Altertum3, Berlin: G. Stilke,1920.

(tr. W.J. Renfroe), Warfare in Antiquity: History of the Art of War, Volume 1 , Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress, 1990.

De Sanctis, G., Storia dei Romani, Florence: La nuova Italia, 1956.


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Dillon, S. and K.E. Welch (edd.),Representations of War in Ancient Rome, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Review by J. Levithan: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2006/2006-08-55.html

Dodge, T.A., Caesar: A History of the Art of War among the Romans Down to the End of the Roman Empire, with aDetailed Account of the Campaigns of Caius Julius Caesar,New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.

Domaszewski, A. von,Die Rangordnung des rmischen Heeres, Kln: Bohlau, 1967.

Erdkamp, P. (ed.), The Roman Army and the Economy, Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 2002.

,A Companion to the Roman Army, Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.Review by D.B. Campbell: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-11-07.html

Fagan, G.G. and M. Trundle (edd.),New Perspectives on Ancient Warfare, Leiden: Brill, 2010.Review by T.E. Rihl: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-12-64.html

Fink, R.O.,Roman Military Records on Papyrus, Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1971.

Gabriel, R.A., From Sumer to Rome: The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies , New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.

Gilliam, J.F.,Roman Army Papers,Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1986.

Gilliver, C.M., The Roman Art of War, Charleston, SC: Tempus, 1999.

Giuffr, V., Militum disciplinae ratio militaris,ANRWII 13 (1980) 234-277.

Goldsworthy, A., The Roman Army at War 100 BC AD 200, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.Review by R.S. Howarth: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1997/97.08.10.html

,Roman Warfare, London: Cassell, 2000.

, The Complete Roman Army, London: Thames & Hudson, 2003.

Goodman, M.D. and A.J. Holladay, Religious Scruples in Ancient Warfare, CQn.s. 36 (1986): 151-171.Hanson, V.D.,Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome, Princeton: Princeton UniversityPress, 2010.

Heurgon, J. (tr. J. Willis), The Rise of Rome, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.

Hlscher, T., Images of War in Greece and Rome: Between Military Practice, Public Memory and Cultural Symbolism,JHS93 (2003): 1-17.

Hope, V.M., Trophies and Tombstones: Commemorating the Roman Soldier, World Archaeology35 (2003): 79-97.

Jung, J.H. Die Rechtsstellung der rmischen Soldaten. Ihre Entwicklung von den Anfngen Roms bis auf Diokletian,ANRWII 14 (1982): 882-1013.

Keppie, L.J.F., The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire, London: Batsford, 1984.

Kromayer, J. and G. Veith,Heerwesen und Kriegfhrhung der Griechen und Rmer,Munich: C.H. Beck, 1928.

Lendon, J.E., The Roman Army Now, CJ99 (2004): 441-449.

Lloyd, A.B. (ed.),Battle in Antiquity, London: Duckworth, 1996.

Mackay, C.S., Ancient Rome:A Military and Political History, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.


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Review by D.A. Phillips: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2005/2005-09-45.html

McMullen, R., The Legion as a Society,Historia33 (1984): 44-456.

Maxfield, V.A., The Military Decorations of the Roman Army, London: Batsford, 1981.

Nock, A.D., The Roman Army and the Roman Religious Year,HThR45 (1952): 187-252.

Parker, H.M.D., The Roman Legions, Cambridge: Heffer, 1958.

Phang, S.E.,Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Review by J. Levithan: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-09-14.html

Raaflaub, K.A. and N. Rosenstein (edd.), War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean,Europe, and Mesoamerica, Cambridge, MA: Center for Hellenic Studies, 1999.

Review by B. Eden: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000-03-02.html

Rich, J. and G. Shipley (edd.), War and Society in the Roman World, New York: Routledge, 1993.

Richardson, J., The Language of Empire: Rome and the Idea of Empire from the Third Century BC to the Second Century

AD, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Review by N. Methy: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-09-68.html

Rostovtzeff, M.I., The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.

Roth, J.P.,Roman Warfare, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Review by D.B. Campbell: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-07-57.html

Rpke, J., Domi militiae.Die religise Konstruktion des Krieges in Rom, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1990.

Sabin, P., The Face of Roman Battle,JRS90 (2000): 1-17.

, H. van Wees and M, Whitby (edd.), The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare,Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2007.Review by P.C. Nadig: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-02-45.htmlReview by J. Levithan: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-03-46.html

Scullard, H.H., The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World, London: Thames and Hudson, 1974.

,A History of the Roman World 753-146 B.C.4, London: Routledge, 1980.

Shotter, D.,Rome and Her Empire, London: Longman, 2003.Review by J.B. McCall: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-10-08.html

Sidebottom, H.,Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Southern, P., The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Review by D.W. Madsen: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-06-35.html

Starr, C.G., Jr., Coastal Defense in the Roman World,AJPh64 (1943): 56-70.

Stoll, O.,Rmisches Heer und Gesellschaft, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 2001.Review by C. Eplett: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2001/2001-10-20.html

Suolahti, J., The Junior Officers of the Roman Army: A Study on Social Structure, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia,1955.


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Thompson, E.A., Early Germanic Warfare, P&P14 (1958): 2-29.

Toynbee, A.J.,Hannibals Legacy, London: Oxford University Press, 1965.

Watson, G.R., The Roman Soldier, London: Thames and Hudson, 1969.

, Documentation in the Roman Army,ANRWII 1 (1974): 493-507.

Wilkes, J.J. (ed.),Documenting the Roman Army: Essays in Honour of Margaret Roxan, London: Institute of ClassicalStudies, 2003.

Review by L.L. Brice: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-11-25.html

Wooliscroft, D.J.,Roman Military Signalling, Stroud: Tempus, 2001.Review by A. Di Giorgi: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-06-44.html

2. Topography

Ashby, T., Classical Topography of the Roman Camapgna I, PBSR1 (1902): 125-281.

, Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna II, PBSR3 (1905): 1-200.

, The Roman Campagna in Classical Times, London: E. Benn, 1927.

Buck, R.J., The Ancient Roads of Eastern Lucania, PBSR42 (1974): 46-67.

Fracchia, H., An Ancient Route in Southeastern Lucania,AJA90 (1986): 441-445.

Frederiksen, M.W. and J.B. Ward-Perkins, The Ancient Road Systems of the Central and Northern Ager Faliscus, PBSR25 (1957): 67-203.

French, D.H., A Study of Roman Roads in Anatolia: Principles and Methods,AS24 (1974): 143-149.

Frier, B.W., Points on the Topography of Minturnae,Historia18 (1969): 510-512.

Goodchild, R.G., Roman Milestones in Cyrenaica, PBSR18 (1950): 83-91.

Harris, W., The Via Cassia and the Via Traiana Nova between Bolensa and Chiusi, PBSR33 (1965): 113-133.

Hinrichs, F.T., Der rmische Straenbau zur Zeit der Gracchen,Historia16 (1967): 162-176.

Horsfall, N.M., The Caudine Forks: Topography and Illusion, PBSRn.s. 37 (1982): 45-52.

, Illusion and Reality in Latin Topographical Writing, G&R32 (1985): 197-208.

Johnson, J., The Hill-Forts of Latium,AJA58 (1954): 146-147.

La Regina, A., I territori sabellici e sannitici,DdA4-5 (1970-1971): 443-459.

, Centri fortificati preromani nei territori sabellici dellItalia centrale adriatica, Posebna izdanja24 (1975): 271-282.

Munro, J.A.R., Roads in Pontus, Royal and Roman,JHS21 (1901): 52-66.

Platner, S.B. and T. Ashby,A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929.

Pohl, I., Was early Ostia a Colony or a Fort?, PP38 (1983): 123-130.


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Richardson, L.,A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.Review by D.P. Harmon: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1993/04.04.23.html

Sflund, G., Ancient Latin Cities of the Hills and Plains, OA1 (1935): 64-85.

Sherk, R.K. Roman Geographical Exploration and Military Maps,ANRWII 1 (1974): 534-562.

Sommella, P.,Antichi campi di battaglia in Italia, Rome: De Luca, 1967.

Sonnabend, H. (ed.),Mensch und Landschaft in der Antike. Lexikon der historischen Geographie, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler,1999.

Review by R.S. Bloch: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000-11-04.html

Stanco, E.A., Richerche sulla topografia dellEtruria,MEFRA108 (1996): 83-104.

Steinby, E.M. (ed.),Lexicon topographicum urbis Romae, Rome: Edizioni Quasar, 1993-2007.Review by G.S. Bucher: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2001/2001-04-02.html

Waddelove, A.C. and E. Waddelove, Archaeology and Research into Sea-Level during the Roman Era: Towards aMethodology Based on Highest Astronomical Tide,Brittania21 (1990): 253-266.

Ward-Perkins, J.B., Veii: The Historical Topography of the Ancient City, PBSR 29 (1961): 1-123.

Wiseman, T.P., Viae Anniae, PBSR32 (1964): 21-37.

, Viae AnniaeAgain, PBSR37 (1969): 82-91.

, Roman Republican Road-Building, PBSR38 (1970): 122-152.

3. The archaic and Servian periods and the early Republic

Alfldi, A., Early Rome and the Latins, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1965.

Arnim, H. von, Ineditum Vaticanum,Hermes27 (1892): 118-130.Cornell, T.J., The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 B.C.), London:Routledge, 1995.

Review by G. Forsythe: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1997/97.03.26.html

De Sanctis, G., Le origini dellordinamento centuriato,RFIC11 (1933): 289-298.

Fraccaro, P., La storia dellantichissimo esercito Romano e let dellordinamento centuriato in G. Paluzzi (ed.), Atti del2ocongresso nazionale di studi romani, Rome: P. Cremonese, 1931, vol. 3, pp. 91-97 (= Fraccaro, P., Opuscula, Pavia:Presso la rivista Athenaeum, 1956-1957, vol. 2, pp. 287-292).

, Ancora sull'et dellordinamento centuriato,Athenaeum12 (1934): 57-71. (= Opuscula, vol. 2, pp. 293-306).

, The History of Rome in the Regal Period, JRS 47 (1957): 59-65.

Gjerstad, E., Early Rome, Lund: Gleerup, 1953-1973.

, Innenpolitische und militrische Organisation in frhrmischer Zeit,ANRWII 1 (1972): 136-188.

Last, H., The Servian Reforms,JRS35 (1945): 30-48.

Miller, M.C.J., The Principesand the So-Called Camillan Reforms,AncW23 (1992): 59-70.


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Nilsson, Martin P., The Introduction of Hoplite Tactics at Rome: Its Date and its Consequences,JRS19 (1929): 1-11.

Ridley, R.T., The Engima of Servius Tullius, Klio 57 (1975): 147-177.

Rosenberger, V., The Gallic Disaster, CW96 (2003): 365-373.

Rutter, N.K., Campanian Chronology in the Fifth Century B.C., CQn.s. 21 (1971): 55-61.

Snodgrass, A.M., The Hoplite Reform and History,JRS85 (1965): 110-122.

Schachermeyr, F., Die gallische Katastrophe, Klio23 (1929): 277-305.

Sumner, G.V., The Legion and the Centuriate Organization,JHS60 (1970): 67-78.

Vine, G., The Evolution of the Roman Legion: Part 1, Slingshot114 (1984): 42-43.

, The Evolution of the Roman Legion: Part II, Slingshot115 (1984): 13-16.

4. The manipular army

4.1 General works

Bleckmann, B.,Die rmische Nobilitt im Ersten Punischen Krieg. Untersuchungen zur aristokratischen Konkurrenz in derRepublik,Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2002.

Blois, L. de, Volk und Soldaten bei Cassius Dio,ANRWII 34.3 (1997): 2650-2676.

Cadiou, F, L'Arme et la guerre dans la Rome rpublicaine. Bibliographie.http://www-ausonius.u-bordeaux3.fr/ressources/cadiou/biblio_generale.pdf

Caire, E. and S. Pittia (edd.), Guerre et diplomatie romaines (IVe - IIIe sicles) : Pour un rexamen des sources, Aix-en-Provence: Publications de l'Universit de Provence, 2006.

Review by F. Canali de Rossi: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2007/2007-05-04.html

Eckstein, A.M., Senate and General: Individual Decision-Making and Roman Foreign Relations, 264-194 B.C., Berkeley:University of California Press, 1987.

Flower, H.I. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Review by U. Roth: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2005/2005-07-47.html

Head, D.,Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 359 BC to 146 BC, Goring-by-Sea: Wargames Research Group,1982.

Messer, W.S., Mutiny in the Roman Army. The Republic, CPh15 (1920): 158-175.

Oakley, S.P., Single combat in the Roman Republic, CQn.s. 35 (1985): 392-410.

Rosenstein, N.,Rome at War: Farms, Families, and Death in the Middle Republic, Chapel Hill: University of NorthCarolina Press, 2004.

Review by J.D. Muccigrosso: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-07-56.html

4.2 Roman expansion

Afzelius, A.,Die rmische Eroberung Italiens (340-264 v. Chr.),Copenhagen: Aarhus University Press, 1942.

Baronowski, D.W., The Status of the Greek Cities of Asia Minor after 190 B.C.,Hermes119 (1991): 175-189.


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Beloch, K.J., La conquista romana della regione Sabina,RSA9 (1904): 269-277.

Eckstein, A.M.Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War and the Rise of Rome, Berkeley: University of California Press,2006.

Review by J. Quillin: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-06-44.html

,Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230-170 BC,

Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.Review by A. Heller: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-02-13.html

Frank, T., On Romes Conquest of Sabinum, Picenum and Etruria, Klio11 (1911): 367-381.

Gabba, E., Istituzione militari e colonizzazione in Roma medio-repubblicana (IV-III sec. A.C.),RFIC103 (1975): 144-154.

Harris, W.V., War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327-70 B.C., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979.

Hleskamp, K.-J., Conquest, Competition and Consensus: Roman Expansion in Italy and the Rise of theNobilitas,Historia42 (1993): 12-39.

McDonald, A.H., Rome and the Italian Confederation (200-186 B.C.),JRS34 (1944): 11-33.

Matthaei, L.E., On the Classification of Roman Allies, CQ1 (1907): 182-204.

Oost, S.I.,Roman Policy in Epirus and Acarnania in the Age of the Roman Conquest of Greece, New York: Arno Press,1975.

Philips, E.J., Roman Politics during the Second Samnite War,Athenaeumn.s. 50 (1972): 337-356.

Rich, J.W.,Declaring War in the Roman Republic in the Period of Transmarine Expansion, Brussels: Latomus, 1976.

, Roman Aims in the First Macedonian War, PCPhS30 (1984): 126-180.

Sordi, M.,Roma e I Sanniti nel iv secolo a.C., Bologna: Cappelli, 1969.Volkmann, H., Griechische Rhetorik oder rmische Politik? Bemerkungen zum rmischen Imperialismus,Hermes82(1956): 465-476.

Walsh, J.J., The Disorders of the 170s B.C. and Roman Intervention in the Class Struggle in Greece, CQn.s. 50 (2000),300-303.

4.3 Development of the manipular army

Delbrck, H., Die rmische Manipulartaktik,HZ51 (1883): 239-264.

, Die Manipularlegion und die Schlacht bei Cannae,Hermes21 (1886): 65-90.

, Triarier und Leichtbewaffnete,HZ60 (1888): 238-254.

Dobson, B., The Significance of the Centurion and Primipilarisin the Roman Army and Administration,ANRW1 (1974):392-434.

Ehrman, R.K., Observations on the Frivolaria of Plautus,Mnemosyne, ser. 4, 45 (1992): 78-83.

Fraccaro, P., Accensi,Athenaeumn.s. 5 (1927): 133-146.


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Gatti, C., Riflessioni sullistituzione dello stipendiumper i legionary romani,Acme23 (1970): 131-135.

Gschnitzer, F., Das System der Rmischen Heeresbildung im Zweiten Punischen Krieg: Polybios, die Annalisten und dieGeschichtliche Wirklichkeit,Hermes109 (1981): 59-85.

Head, D., Orthodox Romans, Slingshot229 (2003): 16-20.

Hey, S., Non-Developments in the Roman Legion - A Heresy: Part 1, Slingshot225 (2002): 2-8.

, Non-Developments in the Roman Legion - A Heresy: Part 2, Slingshot226 (2003): 4-11.

, Non-Developments in the Roman Legion - A Heresy: Part 3, Slingshot227 (2003): 23-32.

Meyer, E., Das rmische Manipularheer, seine Entwicklung und seine Vorstufen, inAbhandlungen der preussischenAkademie der Wissenschaften: Philosophisch-historische Klasse 3 (1923).

Ohlson, O., Some Comments on Stewart Hey's Non-Developments in the Roman Legion - A Heresy, Slingshot229(2003): 20-22.

Quesada Sanz, F., El legionario romano en poca de las Guerras Pnicas: Formas de combate individual, tctica depequeas unidades e influencas hispanas, in Espacio, Tiempo y Forma Serie II, Historia Antigua 16 (2003) 163-196.

http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie2-11726F64-4061-7EBE-5C3A-56F509DD425E

, Not so different: individual fighting techniques and battle tactics of Roman and Iberian armies within theframework of warfare in the Hellenistic Age, Pallas70 (2006): 245-263.http://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/Not%20so%20different%20Quesada%20DEFINIT.pdf

, Hispania y el ejrcito romano republicano. Interaccin y adopcin de tipos metlicos / Hispania and theRepublican Roman Army. Interaction and adoption of weapon types, in C. Fernndez (ed.)Metalistera de la HispaniaRomana. Nmero monogrfico de Sautuola 13 (2007): 379-401.http://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/Quesada%20Sautuola.pdf

Rawson, E., The Literary Sources for the Pre-Marian Army, PBSR39 (1971): 13-31.

Soltau, W., Die Manipulartaktik,Hermes 20 (1885): 262-267.Steinwender, T., Die Entwicklung des Manipularwesens im rmischen Heere,ZGW12 (1878): 705-722.

, Der Polybianische Gefechtsabstand,Hermes44 (1909): 179-197.

, Zur Schlachtordnung der Manipulare,RhM65 (1910): 130-148.

Stemmler, M., Die rmische Manipularordnung und der Funktionswandel der Centurien, Klio82 (2000): 107-125.

Vine, G., The Evolution of the Roman Legion: Part 3, Slingshot116 (1984): 40-42.

Walters, C.F. and R.S. Conway, Restorations and Emendations in Livy VI-X (Continued), CQ 12 (1918): 1-14.

Zhmodikov, A., Roman Republican Heavy Infantrymen in Battle (IV-II Centuries B.C.),Historia49 (2000): 67-78.

4.4 Arms and armour

Bishop, M.C. and J.C.N. Coulston,Roman Military Equipment: From the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome, Oxford: OxbowBooks, 2006.

Burns, Michael T., The Homogenisation of Military Equipment Under the Roman Republic, inRomanization? DigressusSupplement1(2003): 60-85.


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www.digressus.org/articles/romanizationpp060-085-burns.pdf

Echols, E.C., The Ancient Slinger, CW43 (1950): 227-230.

Feugre, M., Weapons of the Romans, Stroud: Tempus, 2002.Review by D.B. Campbell: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2002/2002-11-25.html

Head, D., Duncan Head writes about Marcellus' naval spears, and Libyan weapons, Slingshot229 (2003): 53-55.

Hollenback, G.M., Polybius Description of the kestros,Mnemosyne,ser. 4, 62 (2009): 459-463.

Kooi, B.W. and C.A. Bergman, An Approach to the Study of Ancient Archery using Mathematical Modelling,Antiquity71 (1997): 124-134.http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/users/kooi/kobe97.pdf

Lang, J., Study of the Metallography of some Roman Swords,Brittania19 (1988): 199-216.

McCartney, E.S., The Genesis of Romes Military Equipment, CW6 (1912): 74-79.

Must, G., The Origin offramea,Language34 (1958): 364-366.

Reinach, A.J., Les Origines du pilum,RA4e srie 9 (1907): 236.

Stephenson, I.P.,Roman Cavalry Equipment, Stroud: Tempus, 2003.Review by D.B. Campbell: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-06-26.html

Treloar, A., The Roman Shield: Polybius vi.23.2, CRn.s. 21 (1971): 3-5.

4.5 Cavalry

Frederiksen, M.W., Campanian Cavalry: A Question of Origins,DdA2 (1968): 3-31.

McCall, Jeremiah B., The Cavalry of the Roman Republic: Cavalry Combat and Elite Reputations in the Middle and Late

Republic, London: Routledge, 2002.Nicolet, C., Les equites Campani et leurs representations figures,MEFRA74 (1962): 463-517.


Alexander, L., The Origin of Greek and Roman Artillery, CJ41 (1946): 208-212.

Benvenuti, V., The Introduction of Artillery in the Roman World: Hypothesis for a Chronological Definition based on theCosa Town Wall,MAAR47 (2002): 199-207.

Davies, G.,Roman Siege Works, Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2006.Review by D.B. Campbell: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2007/2007-05-32.html

Dobson, M.J., The Army of the Roman Republic: The Second Century BC, Polybius and the Camps at Numantia, Spain, Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2008.

Fabricius, E., Some notes on Polybius' description of Roman Camps,JRS22 (1932): 78.

Fraccaro, P., Polibio e l'accampamento romano,Athenaeumn.s. 12 (1934) 154.

Marsden, E.W., Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.


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, Greek and Roman Artillery: Technical Treatises, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

Paul, G.M., Urbs Capta: Sketch of an Ancient Literary Motif, Phoenix36 (1982): 144-155.


Baronowski, R.W., Roman Military Forces in 225 B.C. (Polybius 2.23-4),Historia42 (1993): 181-202.

Brunt, P.A.,Italian Manpower 225 B.C. A.D. 14,Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Campbell, J.B., Teach Yourself How to Be a General,JRS77 (1987): 13-29.

Crawford, M.H., War and Finance,JRS54 (1964): 29-32.

Erdkamp, P., The Corn Supply of the Roman Armies during the Third and Second Centuries B.C.,Historia44 (1995):168-191.

Hellegouarch, J., Le principat de Camille,REL48 (1970): 112-132.

Kroymann, J., Rmische Kriegfhrung im Geschichtswerk des Livius, Gymnasium56 (1949): 121-134.

Meiklejohn, K.W., Roman Strategy and Tactics from 509 to 202 B.C., G&R7 (1938): 170-178.

, Roman Strategy and Tactics from 509 to 202 B.C. (Cont.), G&R 8 (1939): 8-19.

Picard, G., Tactique hellenistique et tactique romaine: le commandement, CRAI136 (1992): 173-186.

Poznanski, L., A propos du Trait de tactique de Polybe,Athenaeumn.s. 58 (1980): 340-352.

Rich, J.W. The Supposed Roman Manpower Shortage of the later Second Century BC,Historia32 (1983): 287-331.

Roth, J.P., The Logistics of the Roman Army at War (264 BC - AD 235), Leiden: Brill, 1998.Review by A. Goldsworthy: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999-11-01.html

Rosenstein, N., Imperatores victi: The Case of C. Hostilius Mancinus, ClAnt5 (1986): 230-252.

, Imperatores victi:Military Defeat and Competition in the Middle and Late Republic, Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 1990.

Shatzman, I., The Roman Generals Authority over Booty,Historia21 (1972): 177-205.

Sohlberg, D., Militrtribunen und verwandte Probleme der frhen rmischen Republik,Historia40 (1991): 257-274.

Weigel, R.D., Roman Generals and the Vowing of Temples, 500-100 B.C., C&M49 (1998): 119-142.

Wheeler, E.L., Stratagem and the Vocabulary of Military Trickery(Mnemosynesupplement 108), Leiden: Brill, 1988.

4.8 Naval warfare

Casson, L., The Ancient Mariners: Sea Farers and Sea Fighters of Ancient Times2, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1991.

Review by F. Weiskittel: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1992/03.01.04.html

Foley, V., Ancient Oared Warships, Scientific American244:4 (April 1981): 148-183.


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Lazenby, J.F., Naval Warfare in the Ancient World: Myths and Realities,International History Review9 (1987): 438-455.

Libourel, J.M., Galley Slaves in the Second Punic War, CPh68 (1973): 116-119.

Meijer, F.,A History of Seafaring in the Classical World, London: Croom Helm, 1986.

Morrison, J.S., Greek and Roman Oared Warships, 399 30 B.C.,Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1996.

,Long Ships and Round Ships: Warfare and Trade in the Mediterranean, 3000 BC 500 AD, London: HMSO,1980.

Nelson, R., Warfleets of Antiquity, Goring-by-Sea: Wargames Research Group, 1973.

Pitassi, M., The Navies of Rome, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2009.Review by M.B. Charles: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-12-22.html

Rodgers, W.L., Greek and Roman Naval Warfare, Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press, 1937.

Roug, J. (tr. S. Frazer), Ships and Fleets of the Ancient Mediterranean, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981.

Shepard, A., Sea Power in Ancient History, Boston: Little, Brown, 1924.

Starr, C.G., The Ancient Warship, CPh32 (1940): 353-374.

, The Influence of Sea Power on Ancient History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Steinby, C., The Roman Republican Navy: From the Sixth Century to 167 B.C., Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica,2007.

Review by C.J. Dart: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-04-31.html

Tarn, W.W., The Fleets of the First Punic War,JHS27 (1907): 48-60.

Thiel, J.H., Studies on the History of Roman Sea-Power in Republican Times, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1946.

,A History of Roman Sea-Power before the Second Punic War, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1954.

Tipps, G.K., The Battle of Ecnomus,Historia34 (1985): 432-465.

Torr, C., The Ancient Ships, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1897.

4.9 Other Italian armies

Salmon, E.T., Samnium and the Samnites, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Saulnier, C.,LArme et la guerre chez les peuples samnites (VIIe-IVes.),Paris: Boccard, 1983.


Abel, A., Une interpretation non classique de laffaire des Fourches Caudines,LEC23 (1955): 404-408.

Balsdon, J.P.V.D., Rome and Macedon, 205-200 B.C.,JRS44 (1954): 30-42.

Barnes, C.L.H., Livy 33.8.13 and 35.35.18 Revisited, CJ100 (2005): 349-363.


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Baronowski, D., A Reconsideration of the Roman Approval of Peace with Macedonia in 196 B.C., Phoenix37 (1983):218-223.

Bickerman, E.J., Bellum Philippicum: Some Roman and Greek Views concerning the Causes of the Second MacedonianWar, CPh40 (1945): 137-148.

Briquel, D. and J.P. Thuillieer (edd.),Le Censeur et les Samnites : sur Tite-Live, livre IX, Paris: Editions rue dUlm, 2001.

Burger, C.P.,Der Kampf zwischen Rom und Samnium, bis zum vollstndigen Siege Roms, um 312 v. Chr., Amsterdam: J.Mller, 1898.

Cadiou, F.,Hibera in terra miles: les armes romaines et la conqute de l'Hispanie sous la rpublique (218-45 av. J.-C.),Madrid: Casa de Velzquez, 2007.

Review by B. Lowe: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-03-45.html

Camp, J.M. et al., A Trophy from the Battle of Chaironeia of 86 B.C.,AJA96 (1992): 443-455.

Carey, W.L., Nullus videtur dolo facere: The Roman Seizure of Sardinia in 237 B.C., CPh91 (1996): 203-222.

Champion, J., Pyrrhus of Epirus, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2009.

Cobbett, J.H., Rome and the Gauls 285-280 B.C.,Historia20 (1971): 656-664.

Costanzi, V., Osservazioni sulla terza Guerra sannitica,RFIC47 (1919): 161-215.

Dell, H.J., Anitgonus III and Rome, CPh62 (1967): 94-103.

, Demetrius of Pharus and the Istrian War,Historia19 (1970): 30-38.

Delplace, C., LIntervention trusque dans les dernires annes de la deuxime guerre samnite (312-308),Latomus26(1967): 454-466.

Dorey, T.A., Contributory Causes of the Second Macedonian War,AJPh80 (1959): 288-295.

Eckstein, A.M., T. Quinctius Flaminius and the Campaign against Philip in 198 B.C., Phoenix30 (1976): 119-142., Polybius, Demetrius of Pharus and the Origins of the Second Illyrian War, CPh89 (1994): 46-59.

, Greek Mediation in the First Macedonian War, 209-205 B.C.,Historia51 (2002): 268-297.

Engers, M., Die Vorgeschichte der makedonischen Kriege Roms,Mnemosyne, ser. 3, 6 (1938): 121-138.

Grainger, J.D., The Roman War of Antiochos the Great(Mnemosynesupplement 239), Leiden: Brill, 2002.Review by R. Strootman: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-03-52.html

Grossmann, L.,Roms Samnitenkriege: historische und historiographische Untersuchungen zu den Jahren 327-290 v. Chr.,Dsseldorf: Wellem Verlag, 2009.

Review by E.L. Wheeler: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-08-40.html

Gruen, E.S., The Origins of the Achaean War,JHS96 (1976): 46-69.

Hammond, N.G.L., The Two Battles of Chaeronea (338 B.C. and 86 B.C.), Klio31 (1938): 186-218.

, The Opening Campaigns and the Battle of the Aoi Stena in the Second Macedonian War, JRS56 (1966): 39-54.

, The Battle of Pydna, JHS 104 (1984): 31-47.


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, The Campaign and Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC,JHS108 (1988): 60-82.

Klotz, A., Livius Darstellung des zweiten Samniterkriegs,Mnemosyne, ser. 3, 6 (1938): 83-102.

Kromayer, J.,Drei Schlachten aus dem griechisch-rmischen Altertum, Leipzig: Teubner, 1921.

La Regina, A., Linvasione del Sannio nel 311 a.C., PP44 (1989): 20-25.

Lefkowitz, M.R., Pyrrhus Negotiations with the Romans, 280-278 B.C.,HSPh64 (1959): 147-177.

Lvque, P., Pyrrhos, Paris: Boccard, 1957.

Lvy-Bruhl, H., La sponsio des Fourches Caudines,RHD17 (1938): 533-547.

Libourel, J.M., A Battle of Uncertain Outcome in the Second Samnite War,AJPh94 (1973): 71-78.

Linderski, J., Roman Officers in the Year of Pydna,AJPh111 (1990): 53-71.

Meadows, A.R., Greek and Roman Diplomacy on the Eve of the Second Macedonian War,Historia42 (1993): 40-60.

Morgan, M.G., The Roman Conquest of the Balearic Isles, CSCA2 (1969): 217-231.

, The Defeat of L. Metellus Denter at Arretium, CQn.s. 22 (1972): 309-325.

, Cornelius and the Pannonians: Appian,Illyrica14,41 and Roman History, 143-138 B.C., Historia23 (1974):183-216.

Niese, B., Zur Geschichte des Pyrrhischen Krieges,Hermes31 (1896): 481-507.

Nissen, H., Der caudinische Friede,RhMn.s. 25 (1870): 1-65.

Pfiffig, A.J., Das Verhalten Etruriens im Samniterkrieg und nachher bis zum 1. punischen Krieg,Historia17 (1968): 307-350.

Pritchett, W.K., The Battle of Kynoskephalai in 197 B.C. in Studies in Ancient Greek Topography, Part II (Battlefields), Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969, pp. 133-144.

, The Battle of Pydna in 168 B.C. in Studies in Ancient Greek Topography, Part II (Battlefields), Berkeley:University of California Press, 1969, pp. 145-176.

Reiter, W.,Aemilius Paulus, Conqueror of Greece, London: Croom Helm, 1988.

Richardson, J.H., Dorsuo and the Gauls, Phoenix 58 (2004): 284-297.

Salmon, E.T., Thepax Caudina,JRS19 (1929): 12-18.

, The Resumption of Hostilities after the Caudine Forks, TAPhA87 (1956): 98-108.

Schwarze, K.-H., Zum Ausbruch des zweiten Samnitenkrieges (326-304 v.Chr.),Historia 20 (1971): 368-376.

Sherwin-White, A.N., Roman Involvement in Anatolia, 167-88 B.C.,JRS67 (1977): 62-75.

Sklen, R.J., Sources and Individuality in Two Passages of Livy,Historia53 (2004): 302-310.

Warrior, V.M., The Chronology of the Movements of M. Fulvius Nobilior (cos. 189) in 189/188 BC, Chiron18 (1988):325-356.

, The Initiation of the Second Macedonian War: An Explication of Livy Book 31 , Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1996.


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Review by T.D. McClain: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1997/97.04.11.html

4.11 The Punic Wars

Acimovic, A., Scipio Africanus, New York: iUniverse, 2007.Review by J. Jacobs: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-01-20.html

Bagnall, N., The Punic Wars, London: Hutchinson, 1990.

Barcel, P., Rom und Hispanien vor Ausbruch des 2. Punischen Krieges,Hermes 124 (1996): 45-57.

Bickerman, E.J., Hannibals Covenant,AJPh73 (1952): 1-23.

Brisson, J.-P., Carthage ou Rome?Paris: Fayard, 1973.

Canter, H.V., The Character of Hannibal, CJ24 (1929): 564-577.

Caspari, M.O.B., The Battle of Lake Trasimene, EHR25 (1910): 417-429.

Caven, B., The Punic Wars, New York: St. Martins Press, 1980.

Christ, K. (ed.),Hannibal, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1974.

Cornell, T., B. Rankov and P. Sabin (edd.), The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal, London: Institute of Classical Studies,University of London, 1996.

Review by D. Potter: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1997/97.03.01.html

Cottrell, L., Enemy of Rome, London: Evans, 1960.

Daly, G., Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War, London: Routledge, 2002.

Davis, E.W. Hannibals Roman Campaign of 211 B.C., Phoenix13 (1959): 113-120.

Dawson, A., Hannibal and Chemical Warfare, CJ63 (1967): 117-125.De Beer, G.,Alps and Elephants: Hannibals March, London: G. Bles, 1955.

,Hannibal: Challenging Romes Supremacy, New York: Viking Press, 1969.

Delbrck, H., Die Manipularlegion und die Schlacht bei Cannae,Hermes21 (1886): 65-90.

Donaldson, G.H., Modern Idiom in an Ancient Context: Another Look at the Strategy of the Second Punic War, G&R2ndser. 9 (1962): 134-141.

Dorey, T.A., Macedonian Troops at the Battle of Zama,AJPh78 (1957): 185-187.

Fitton Brown, A.D., After Cannae,Historia8 (1959): 365-371.

Fry, E., The Field of Cannae, EHR 12 (1897): 748-752.

Gabriel, R.A., Scipio Africanus: Romes Greatest General, Washington DC, Potomac Books, 2008.

Garland, R.,Hannibal,London: Bristol Classical Press, 2010.Review by F.K. Drogula: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-09-48.html

Goldsworthy, A., The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars, 265-146 BC, London: Cassell, 2003.


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Grimal, P.,Le sicle des Scipions : Rome et lhellnisme au temps des guerres puniques, Paris: Aubier, 1975.

Haywood, R.M., Studies on Scipio Africanus, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973.

Heu, A., Der erste Punische Krieg und das Problem des rmischen Imperialismus (zur politischen Beurteilung desKrieges),HZ169 (1949): 457-513.

Hoyos, B.D., Hannibal: What Kind of Genius?, G&R2ndser. 30 (1983): 171-180.

, The Roman-Punic Pact of 279 B.C.: Its Problems and its Purpose,Historia33 (1984): 402-439.

, Unplanned Wars: The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1998.

, Maharbals Bon Mot: Authenticity and Survival, CQ n.s. 50 (2000): 610-614.

,Hannibals Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247-183 BC, London: Routledge, 2003.Review by P. Burton: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2005/2005-07-65.html

,Hannibal: Romes Greatest Enemy, Exeter: Bristol Phoenix, 2008.

Judeich, W., Cannae,HZ136 (1927): 1-24.

Kahrstedt, U., Geschichte der Karthager von 218-146, Berlin: Weidmann, 1913.

Lamb, H.,Hannibal: One Man against Rome, London: R. Hale, 1959.

Lancel, S. (tr. A. Nevill),Hannibal, Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.

Lazenby, J.F.,Hannibals War: A Military History of the Second Punic War, Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1978.

, The First Punic War: A Military History, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995.Review by H. Elton: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1996/96.09.11.html

Lehmann, K., Das Trebia-Schlachtfeld,HZ 116 (1916): 101-112.

Liddell Hart, B.H.,A Greater than Napoleon: Scipio Africanus, New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1971.

Mitchell, R.E., Romano-Carthaginian Treaties: 306 and 279/8 B.C.,Historia20 (1971): 633-655.

Morris, W.O.,Hannibal: Soldier, Statesman, Patriot and the Crisis of the Struggle between Carthage and Rome,NewYork: Putnam, 1927.

Osiander, W.,Der Hannibalweg, Berlin: Weidmann, 1900.

Patterson, M.L., Romes Choice of Magistrates during the Hannibalic War, TAPhA73 (1942): 319-340.

Peddie, J.,Hannibals War, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1997.

Pomeroy, A.J., Hannibal at Nuceria,Historia 38 (1989): 162-176.

Poteat, H.M., Hannibal Trismegistus, CJ 22 (1926): 189-201.

Proctor, D.,Hannibals March in History, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

Rance, P., Hannibal, Elephants and Turrets in Suda438 [Polybius Fr. 162B] an Unidentified Fragment of Diodorus,CQ n.s. 59 (2009): 91-111.

Reid, J.S., Problems of the Second Punic War,JRS3 (1913): 175-196.


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, Problems of the Second Punic War: III. Rome and her Italian Allies,JRS5 (1915): 87-124.

Rosenstein, N., Marriage and Manpower in the Hannibalic War:Assidui, Proletariiand Livy 24.18.7-8,Historia51(2002): 163-191.

Sabin, P., The Mechanics of Battle in the Second Punic War, Slingshot176 (1994): 1-15.

, The Mechanics of Battle in the Second Punic War in T. Cornell, B. Rankov and P. Sabin (edd.), The SecondPunic War: A Reappraisal, London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London, 1996, pp. 59-79.

Salmon, E.T., Hannibals March on Rome, Phoenix11 (1957): 153-163.

, The Strategy of the Second Punic War, G&R2ndser. 7 (1960): 131-142.

Scullard, H.H., A Note on the Battle of Ilipa,JRS26 (1936): 19-23.

, Cannae: Battle-field and Burial Ground,Historia4 (1955): 474-475.

, Scipio Africanus: Soldier and Politician, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970.

Shean, J.F., Hannibals Mules: The Logistical Limitations of Hannibals Army and the Battle of Cannae, 216 B.C.,Historia 45 (1996): 159-187.

Smith, P.J., Scipio Africanus and Romes Invasion of Africa: A Historical Commentary on Titus Livius, Book xxix, Amsterdam: Gieben, 1993.

Smith, R.B.,Rome and Carthage, the Punic Wars, London: Longmans, Green, 1912.

Son, D.W.L. van, The Disturbances in Etruria during the Second Punic War,Mnemosyne, ser. 4, 16 (1963): 267-274.

Sumner, G.V., Roman Policy in Spain before the Hannibalic War,HSCPh72 (1968): 205-246.

Susini, G.,Richerche sulla Battaglia di Trasimeno, Cortona: Accademia Etrusca di Cortona, 1960.

Tipps, G.K., The Defeat of Regulus, CW96 (2003): 375-385.

Walbank, F.W., Polybius, Philinus and the First Punic War, CQ39 (1945): 1-18.

, Some Reflections on Hannibals Pass,JRS46 (1956): 37-45.

Wilkinson, S.,Hannibals March through the Alps, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1911.

5. The army of the late Republic

5.1 General works

Astin, A.E., Scipio Aemilianus, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.

Badian, E.,Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1968.

Barker, P.,Armies and Enemies of Imperial Rome, 150 B.C. to 600 A.D.: Organisation, Tactics, Dress and Weapons,Goring-by-Sea: Wargames Research Group, 1972.

Brunt, P.A., The Army and the Land in the Roman Revolution,JRS52 (1962): 69-86.

Dodge, T.A., Caesar, New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.


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Fuller, J.F.C., Caesar: Man, Soldier and Tyrant,New York: Da Capo Press, 1991.

Gabba, E., Esercito e societ nella tarda Repubblica romana, Florence: La nuova Italia, 1973.

(tr. P.J. Cuff),Republican Rome, the Army and the Allies, Oxford: Blackwell, 1976.

Hildinger, E., Swords against the Senate: The Rise of the Roman Army and the Fall of the Republic, Cambridge, MA: Da

Capo Press, 2002.

Keaveney, A., The Army in the Roman Revolution, London: Routledge, 2007.Review by P. Probst: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-07-52.html

Sanders, H.A., The Origin of the Third Cyrenaic Legion,AJPh62 (1941): 84-87.

Smith, R.E., Service in the Post-Marian Roman Army, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958.

5.2 Development of the cohort

Bell, M.J.V., Tactical Reform in the Roman Republican Army,Historia14 (1965): 404-422.

Cadiou, Franois, Les Guerres en Hispania et l'mergence de la cohorte lgionnaire dans l'arme romaine sous laRpublique: une rvision critique, Gladius21 (2001): 167-182.http://gladius.revistas.csic.es/index.php/gladius/article/download/84/84

Davies, R.W., Cohortes equitatae,Historia 20 (1971): 751-763.

Hastings, J., Comments on Stewart Hey: Non-developments in the Roman Legion, Slingshot229 (2003): 22-23.

Head, D., The Maniple and the Cohort, Slingshot120 (1985): 10-11.

, Orthodox Romans, Slingshot229 (2003): 16-20.

Hey, S., Non-Developments in the Roman Legion - A Heresy: Part 3, Slingshot227 (2003): 23-32.Kertsz, I., The Roman Cohort Tactics: Problems of Development, Oikumene 1 (1976): 89-97.

McCartney, E.S., On the Tactical Towers of the Romans, CJ23 (1927): 214-216.

Ohlson, O., Some Comments on Stewart Hey's Non-Developments in the Roman Legion - A Heresy, Slingshot229(2003): 20-22.

Steinwender, T., Zur Kohortentaktik,RhM 70 (1915): 416-440.

Veith, G. Die Taktik der Kohortenlegion, Klio7 (1907): 303-334.

Vine, G., The Evolution of the Roman Legion 4, Slingshot114 (1985): 16.

5.3 The Marian reforms

Schulten, A., Zur Heeresreform des Marius,Hermes63 (1928): 240.

Tansey, P., M. Titius, Menas and the insignia scutorum, Klio90 (2008): 62-75.

5.4 Arms and armour


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DAmato, R., and G. Sumner,Arms and Armour of the Imperial Roman Soldier: From Marius to Commodus, 112 BC-AD192, London: Frontline, 2009.



Gmirkin, R., The War Scroll and Roman Weaponry Reconsidered,Dead Sea Discoveries3 (1996): 89-129.

Stephenson, I.P.,Roman Cavalry Equipment, Stroud: Tempus, 2003.Review by D.B. Campbell: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-06-26.html

5.5 Cavalry

Cagniart, P.F., Studies on Caesars Use of Cavalry during the Gallic War,AncW23 (1992): 71-85.



Eychart, P., Chanturgue, Camp de Csar devant Gergovie, Clermont-Ferrand, Editions Volcans, 1975.

Fischer, W.,Das rmische Lager inbesondere nach Livius, Leipzig: Teubner, 1914.

Redd, M., Le sige dAlsia : Rcit littraire et ralit du terrain in P. Barral et al. (edd.),Alsia : Fouilles et recherchesfranco-allemandes sur les travaux militaires romains autour du Mont-Auxois (1991-1997),Paris: Acadmie des Inscriptionset Belles-Lettres, 2001, vol. 1, pp. 489-506.

Schnurbein, S. von, Camps et castella in P. Barral et al. (edd.), Alsia : Fouilles et recherches franco-allemandes sur lestravaux militaires romains autour du Mont-Auxois (1991-1997),Paris: Acadmie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2001,vol. 1, pp. 507-513.


Alston, R., Roman Military Pay from Caesar to Diocletian,JRS84 (1994): 113-123.

Armstrong, D., Caesars Art of War, Classical Weekly32 (1939): 291-293.

Cuff, P.J., Caesar the Soldier, G&R2ndser. 4 (1957): 29-35.

Keppie, L.J.F., Vexilla Veteranorum, PBSR41 (1973): 8-17.

Le Bohec, Y., Csar chef de guerre : Csar stratge et tacticien, Paris: Editions du Rocher, 2001.

Millar, F., The Mediterranean and the Roman Revolution: Politics, War and the Economy, P&P102 (1984): 3-24.

Parker, H.M.D., A Note on the Promotion of the Centurions,JRS16 (1926): 45-52.

Radin, M., The Promotion of Centurions in Caesars Army, CJ10 (1915): 300-311.


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Seaver, J.E., Publius Ventidius, Neglected Roman Military Hero, CJ47 (1952): 275-280, 300.


Anderson, J.G.C., Pompeys Campaign against Mithradates,JRS12 (1922): 99-105.

Brure, R.T., Palaepharsalus, Pharsalus, Pharsalia, CPh46 (1951): 111-115.

Brunt, P.A., Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War,JRS55 (1965): 90-109.

Bucher, G.S., Fictive Elements in Appians Pharsalus Narrative, Phoenix59 (2005): 50-76.

Burns, A., Pompeys Strategy and Domitius Stand at Corfinium,Historia15 (1966): 74-95.

Busset, M., La Question de Gergovia,Revue dAuvergne263 (1935): 57-68.

Carney, T.F., Pila at the Battle of Pharsalia, CRn.s. 8 (1958): 11-13.

Desforges, E. and P.-F. Fournier, La Battaille de Gergovie 52 av. J.-C.,Mmoires de lAcadmie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Clermont-Ferrand33 (1933): 5-77.

Dubs, H.H., An Ancient Military Contact between Romans and Chinese,AJPh62 (1941): 322-330.

Duval, P.-M., La Campagne de Csar Alsia,Annales24 (1969): 444-447.

Ellis, P.B., Caesars Invasion of Britain, London: Orbis Books, 1978.

Eychart, P.,La Battaille de Gergovie (printemps 52 av. J.-C.) : Les Faits archologiques, les sites, le faux historique,Nonette: Editions Crer, 1987.

Fallue, L., Etudes archologiques sur lhistoire de Csar par lEmpereur Napoleon III et sur la carte officielle des Gaules,Paris: A. Durand & Pedone-Lauriel, 1867.

Gilliver, C.M., Caesars Gallic Wars, 58-50 BC, London: Routledge, 2003.

Goldsworthy, A., Caesars Civil War, 49-44 BC, London: Routledge, 2003.

, Caesar, Life of a Colossus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.Review by J. Levithan: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2007/2007-05-35.html

Gorce, M.-M., Csar devant Gergovie, Tunis: Editions de Minaret, 1940.

Gurval, R.,Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995.Review by J. Clauss: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1996/96.09.07.html

Gwatkin, W.E., Jr., Some Reflections on the Battle of Pharsalus, TAPhA87 (1956): 109-124.

Hahn, I., Appianus Tacticus,AAntHung18 (1970): 293-306.

Harmand, J., Une Campagne csarienne, Alesia, Paris: Picard, 1967.

Hillman, T.P., Strategic Reality and the Movements of Caesar, January 49 BC,Historia37 (1988): 248-252.


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Hinard, F., Sullana varia: Aux sources de la premire guerre civile romaine. De l'archologie l'histoire, Paris: Boccard,2008.

Review by F. Santangelo: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-03-25.html

Holmes, T.R., Caesars Conquest of Gaul2, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1911.

, Octogesa, Anquillaria, The Bagradas, Aggar, CQ9 (1915): 167-178.

Holroyd, M., The Jurguthine War: Was Marius or Metellus the Real Victor?,JRS18 (1928): 1-20.

Jimnez, R.L., Caesar against Rome: The Great Roman Civil War, Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000.

Katz, B.R., The Siege of Rome in 87 B.C., CPh71 (1976): 328-336.

Le Gall, J., Les Conditions dun sige : Alsia, REL47 (1969): 72-84.

,La Battaille dAlsia, Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1999.

Lendon, J.E., The Rhetoric of Combat: Greek Military Theory and Roman Culture in Julius Caesars Battle Descriptions,ClAnt18 (1999): 273-329.

Levick, B.M., Sullas march on Rome in 88 B.C., Historia31 (1982): 503-508.

Lewis, R.G., Catulus and the Cimbri, 102 B.C.,Hermes102 (1974): 90-109.

McDermott, W.C., Caesars Projected Dacian-Parthian Expedition,AncSoc13-14 (1982-1983): 223-231.

MacVeagh, L., Caesar,De bello Gallico7.45-52: The Attack at Gergovia: A Case of the Limited Objective, CW21(1928): 177-181.

Maier, U., Caesars Feldzge in Gallien (58-51 v. Chr.) in ihrem Zusammenhang mit der stadtrmischen Politik, Bonn:Habelt, 1978.

Malitz, J., Caesars Partherkrieg,Historia33 (1984): 21-59.

Mrime, P., tudes sur lhistoire romaine : guerre sociale, conjuration de Catalina, Paris: Lvy, 1853.

Morgan, J.D., Palaepharsalus The Battle and the Town,AJA87 (1983): 23-54.

Nagle, D.B., An Allied View of the Social War,AJA77 (1973): 367-378.

Noch, A., Gergovie :Vieux problmes et solutions nouvelles, Leiden: Brill, 1974.

Osgood, J., Caesars Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2006.

Review by J.A. Lobur: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2006/2006-10-30.html

Parker, E.M., Caesars Battlefields in 1908, CJ4 (1909): 195-204.

Paschoud, F., La battaile de Pharsale : Quelques problmes de dtail,Historia30 (1981): 178-188.

Peaks, M.B., Caesars Movements, January 21 to February 14, 49 B.C., CR18 (1904): 346-349.

Pelling, C.B.R., Pharsalus,Historia22 (1973): 249-259.

Renzi, A.,La Guerre de Spartacus, en trois campagnes, Paris: privately published, 1832.

Richardson, G.W., Actium,JRS27 (1937): 153-164.


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Riggsby, A.M., Caesar in Gaul and Rome: War in Words,Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006.Review by A. Melchior: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2006/2006-09-32.html

Salmon, E.T., Notes on the Social War, TAPhA89 (1958): 159-184.

, The Cause of the Social War, Phoenix16 (1962): 107-119.

Sampson, G.C., The Defeat of Rome: Crassus, Carrhae, and the Invasion of the East, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2008.Review by J.M. Schlude: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-03-24.html

Saulcy, F. de,Les campagnes de Jules Csar dans les Gaules : Etudes darchologie militaire, Paris: Didier, 1862.

Searle, A., Note on the Battle of Pharsalus,HSPh18 (1907): 213-218.

Shaw, B.D., Spartacus and the Slave Wars: A Brief History with Documents, London: St. Martins, 2001.

Smith, F., Die Schlacht bei Carrh,HZ115 (1916): 237-262.

Spann, P.O., Saguntum vs. Segontia: A Note on the Topography of the Sertorian War,Historia33 (1984): 116-119.

Tarn, W.W., The Battle of Actium,JRS21 (1931): 173-199.

, Antonys Legions, CQ26 (1932): 75-81.

, Actium: A Note,JRS28 (1938): 165-168.

Thielscher, P., Die Schlacht am Muthul nach Sallust,Jurgutha48,2 54,4, Klio29 (1936): 173-201.

Trow, M.J., Spartacus:The Myth and the Man, Stroud: Sutton Pub., 2006.

Veith, G., Geschichte der Feldzge C. Julius Caesars, Vienna: Seidel, 1906.

Verbrugghe, G.P., Siciliy, 201-70 B.C.: Livy, Cicero and Diodorus, TAPhA103 (1972): 535-559.

Walser, G., Bellum helveticum. Studien zum Beginn der caesarischen Eroberung von Gallien, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1998.

Wiemer, H.-U., Der Beginn des 3. Makedonischen Krieges. berlegungen zur Chronologie,Historia53 (2004): 22-37.

6. The Imperial army

6.1 General works

Barker, P.,Armies and Enemies of Imperial Rome, 150 B.C. to 600 A.D.: Organisation, Tactics, Dress and Weapons,Goring-by-Sea: Wargames Research Group, 1972.

Breeze, D.J., The Organization of the Legion: The First Cohort and the Equites Legionis,JRS59 (1969): 50-55.

, The Career Structure below the Centurionate during the Principate,ANRWII 1 (1974): 435-451.

, A Note on the Use of the Titles OptioandMagisterbelow the Centurionate during the Principate,Brittania7(1976): 127-133.

Campbell, J.B., The Emperor and the Roman Army, 31 BC AD 235, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.

, War and Society in Imperial Rome, 31 BC AD 234 , London: Routledge, 2002.


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Charles, M.B., Trajans Guard at Adamklissi: Infantry or Cavalry?,Historia53 (2004): 476-489.

Davies, R.W., The Daily Life of the Roman Soldier under the Principate, ANRW II 1 (1974): 299-338.

Fink, R.O., Centuria Rufi, Centuria Rufianaand the Ranking of Centuries, TAPhA84 (1953): 210-215.

Forni, G.,Il reciutamento delle legioni da Augusto a Diocleziano, Milan: Fratelli Bocca, 1953.

, Estrazione etnica e sociale dei soldati delle legioni nei primi tre secoli dell impero,ANRWII 1 (1974): 339-391.

Frere, S.S., Hyginus and the First Cohort,Brittania11 (1980): 51-60.

Gilliam, J.F., The Veterans and Praefectus Castrorumof the II Traiana in A.D. 157,AJPh77 (1956): 359-375.

Hanson, W.S. (ed.), The Army and Frontiers of Rome: Papers Offered to David J. Breeze, Portsmouth RI: Journal ofRoman Archaeology, 2008.

Harmand, J., Les origins de larme impriale. Un tmoignage sur la ralit du pseudo-principat et sur lvolution militairede lOccident,ANRWII 1 (1974): 263-298.

Junkelmann, M.,Die Legionen des Augustus. Der rmische Soldat im archologischen Experiment, Mainz: P. v. Zabern,1986.

Keppie, L.J.F., The Changing Face of the Roman Legions (49 BC AD 69), PBSR65 (1997): 89-102.

Le Bohec, Y., The Imperial Roman Army,New York: Hippocrene Books, 1994.

(ed.),Les Lgions de Rome sous le haut-empire : actes du congrs de Lyon (17-19 septembre 1998),Paris:Boccard, 2000.

Le Roux, P.,LArme romaine et lorganisation des provinces ibriques dAuguste linvasion de 409, Paris: Boccard,1982.

Malone, S.J.,Legio XX Valeria Victrix: Prosopography, Archaeology and History. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2006.Miller, H.F., Legio I Adjutrix, G&R2ndser. 28 (1981): 73-80.

Parker, H.M.D. ,TheAntiqua Legioof Vegetius, CQ26 (1932): 137-149.

Richmond, I.A., Trajans Army on Trajans Column, PBSR13 (1935): 1-40.

Roth, J. The Size and Organization of the Roman Imperial Legion,Historia43 (1994): 346-362.

Saddingon, D.B., Tacitus and the Roman Army,ANRWII 33.5 (1991): 3484-3555.

, Roman Military and Administrative Personnel in the New Testament,ANRWII 26.3 (1996): 2409-2435.

Speidel, M.A., Centurial Signs and the Battle Order of the Legions,ZPE154 (2005), 286-292.

,Heer und Herrschaft im Rmischen Reich der hohen Kaiserzeit,Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 2009.Review by M. Weiskopf: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-05-34.html

Stout, S.E., Training Soldiers for the Roman Legion, CJ16 (1921): 423-431.

Syme, R., Some Notes on the Legions under Augustus,JRS23 (1933): 14-33.

Thomas, C., Claudius and the Roman Army Reforms,Historia53 (2004): 424-452.


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Webster, G., The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D.3,Norman, OK: University of OklahomaPress, 1998.

Review by A.A. Barrett: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999-06-03.html

6.2 Auxiliary units and the army in the provinces

Alston, R., Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt: A Social History,London: Routledge, 1995.Review by S. Stephens: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1996/96.10.05.html

Bagnall, Roger S., Army and Police in Roman Upper Egypt,JARCE14 (1977): 67-86.

Birley, E., Pannonians in Roman Britain,ZPE73 (1988): 151-155.

Bloomaert, D.C., Tribunus equitum singularium? Two Fragmentary Inscriptions concerning Egyptian Legionary Prefects,ZPE78 (1989): 185-195.

Brewer, R.J. (ed.),Roman Fortresses and their Legions: Papers in honour of George C. Boon, London: Society ofAntiquaries of London, 2000.

Review by D.B. Campbell: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2001/2001-01-19.html

Cheesman, G.L., The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army, Chicago: Ares Publishers, 1975.

Cuvigny, H., Ostraca de Krokodil. La correspondence militaire et sa circulation (O. Krok. 1-151). Cairo: Institut franaisd'archologie orientale, 2005.

Review by T. Kruse: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2007/2007-01-29.html

Daris, S., Documenti minori dell esercito romano in Egitto,ANRWII 10.1 (1988): 724-742.

, Le truppe ausiliarie romane in Egitto,ANRWII 10.1 (1988): 743-766.

Davies, J.L., Roman Arrowheads from Dinorben and the Sagitarii of the Roman Army,Brittania8 (1977): 257-270.

Devijver, H., The Roman Army in Egypt (with Special Reference to theMilitiae Equestres),ANRWII 1 (1974): 452-492., A New Roman Auxiliary Cohort in Egypt? P. Egypt. Mus. Inv. S.R. 3055,ZPE104 (1994): 69-72.

Dise, R.L., Jr., The Recruitment and Assignment ofBeneficiarii Consularisin the Danube Provinces,AncW28 (1997):149-166.

Dobson, B. and J.C. Mann, The Roman Army in Britain and Britons in the Roman Army,Brittania4 (1973): 191-205.

Fink, R.O., The Cohors XX Palmyrenorum, a Cohors Equitata Miliaria, TAPhA78 (1947): 159-170.

Gilliam, J.F., The Ordinariiand Ordinatiof the Roman Army, TAPhA71 (1940): 127-148.

Gilliver, C.M., Mons Graupius and the Role of Auxiliaries in Battle, G&R43 (1996): 54-67.

Hassall, M.W.C., Batavians and the Roman Conquest of Britain,Brittania1 (1970): 131-136.

Henderson, B.W., The Roman Legions in Britain, A.D. 43-72, EHR18 (1903): 1-23.

Holder, P.A., The Roman Army in Britain, New York: St. Martins Press, 1982.

, Auxiliary Units Entitled Aelia,ZPE122 (1998): 253-262.

Jarrett, M.G., Non-Legionary Troops in Roman Britain: Part One, the Units,Brittania25 (1994): 35-77.


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Jones, R.F.J., The Roman Military Occupation of North-West Spain,JRS66 (1976): 45-66.

Kennedy, D.L., Miliary Cohorts: The Evidence of Josephus, BJ III.4.2(67) and of Epigraphy,ZPE50 (1983): 253-263.

, The Composition of a Military Work Party in Roman Egypt (ILS 2483: Coptos),JEA 71 (1985): 156-160.

, The Construction of a Vexillation from the Army of Syria and the Origin of AlaeMilliariae,ZPE61 (1985):

181-184.

(ed.), The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor, MI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1996.Review by A.D. Lee: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999-02-03.html

, Ala Phrygum and Ala VII Phrygum, ZPE 118 (1997): 300-304.

Kirwan, L.P., Rome beyond the Southern Egyptian Frontier, GJ123 (1957): 13-19.

Knight, D.J., The Movements of the Auxila from Augustus to Trajan,ZPE85 (1991): 189-208.

Kos, M.S., The 15thLegion at Emona: Some Thoughts,ZPE109 (1995): 227-244.

MElderry, R.K., The Second Legionary Camp in Palestine, CQ2 (1908): 110-113.

Mann, J.C., A Note on theNumeri,Hermes82 (1954): 501-506.

, The Settlement of Veterans Discharged from Auxiliary Units Stationed in Britain,Brittania33 (2002): 183-188.

Millar, F., The Roman Near East, 31 B.C. - A.D. 337, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.Review by A.G. Keen: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1994/94.05.17.html

Mitchell, S., Legio VII and the Garrison of Augustan Galatia, CQ n.s. 26 (1976): 298-308.

Pavkovi, M.F., Singulares Legati Legionis: Guards of a Legionary Legate or a Provincial Governor?,ZPE103 (1994):

223-228.

Peters, F.E., Romans and Bedouin in Southern Syria,JNES37 (1978): 315-326.

Pollard, N., Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.Review by G. Forsythe: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2001/2001-07-08.html

Pryce, F.N., The Army List of Roman Britain,British Museum Quarterly5 (1930): 12-13.

Ramsay, W.M. and A.M. Ramsay, Roman Garrisons and Soldiers in Asia Minor,JRS18 (1928): 181-190.

, Roman Garrisons and Soldiers in Asia Minor, Part II,JRS19 (1929): 155-160.

Rsch, A., Arae Flaviae. Die Militrlager und die Zivilseidlung in Rottweil am Neckar,ANRWII 5.1 (1976): 560-600.

Saddington, D.B., The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Augustus to Trajan,ANRWII 3 (1975): 176-201.

, The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Caesar to Vespasian: 49 B.C. A.D. 79, Harare:University of Zimbabwe, 1982.

Scorpan, C., Cohors I Cilicum at Sacidava and Scythia Minor,JRS 71 (1981): 98-102.

Sherk, R.K., Roman Imperial Troops in Macedonia and Achaea,AJPh78 (1957): 52-62.


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Simpson, G.,Britons and the Roman Army: A Study of Wales and the Southern Pennines in the 1st-3rdCenturies, London:Gregg, 1964.

Southern, P., TheNumeriof the Roman Imperial Army,Brittania20 (1989): 81-140.

Speidel, M., The Pedites Singulares Pannonicianiin Mauretania,AJPh93 (1972): 299-305.

, The Rise of Ethnic Units in the Roman Imperial Army,ANRWII 3 (1975): 202-231.

, Citizen Cohorts in the Roman Imperial Army: New Data on the Cohorts Apula, Campana and III Campestris,TAPhA 106 (1976): 339-348.

, The Roman Army in Arabia,ANRWII 8 (1977): 687-730.

, Legionaries from Asia Minor,ANRWII 7.2 (1980): 730-746.

, Legionary Cohorts in Mauretania: The Role of Legionary Cohorts in the Structure of Expeditionary Armies,ANRWII 10.2 (1982): 850-860.

, Nubias Roman Garrison,ANRWII 10.1 (1988): 767-798.

Swan, V., Ethnicity, Conquest and Recruitment: Two Case Studies from the Northern Military Provinces(Journal of RomanArchaeologySupplement 72), Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2009.

Syme, R., The Lower Danube under Trajan,JRS49 (1959): 26-33.

Woolliscroft, D.J. and B. Hoffmann,Romes First Frontier: the Flavian Occupation of Northern Scotland, Stroud: Tempus,2006.

Review by B. Eden: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2006/2006-11-17.html

Worp, K.A., Observations on Some Military Camps and Place Names in Lower Egypt,ZPE87 (1991): 291-295.

Zahariade, M., The Thracians in the Roman Imperial Army: From the First to the Third Century A.D. I. Auxilia, Cluj-

Napoca: Mega Publishing House, 2009.Review by C. Davenport: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-07-09.html

6.3 Praetorians and other guard units

Charles, M.B., Trajans Guard at Adamklissi: Infantry or Cavalry?,Historia53 (2004): 476-489.

Durry, M.,Les Cohortes prtoriennes, Paris: Boccard, 1938.

Speidel, M.,Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors Horse Guards, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.

6.4 Arms and armour

Bishop, M.C.,Lorica Segmentata, Vol. I: A Handbook of Articulated Roman Plate Armour, Duns: Armatura, 2002.


Charlesworth, D. and J.H. Thornton, Leather Found in Mediobogdum, the Roman Fort of Hardknott,Brittania4 (1973):141-152.


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DAmato, R., and G. Sumner,Arms and Armour of the Imperial Roman Soldier: From Marius to Commodus, 112 BC-AD192, London: Frontline, 2009.


Deschler-Erb, E.,Ad Arma! Rmisches Militr des 1. Jahrhunderts n.Chr. in Augusta Raurica, Augst: RmermuseumAugst, 1999.

Review by J.P. Holoka: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2002/2002-01-15.html


Greep, S.J., Lead Sling-Shot from Windridge Farm, St. Albans and the Use of the Sling by the Roman Army in Britain,Brittania18 (1987): 183-200.

Lang, J., Study of the Metallography of some Roman Swords,Brittania19 (1988): 199-216.

MacMullen, R., Inscriptions on Armor and the Supply of Arms in the Roman Empire,AJA64 (1960): 23-40.

Meucci, R., Roman Military Instruments and theLituus, Galpin Society Journal42 (1989): 85-97.

Stephenson, I.P.,Roman Cavalry Equipment, Stroud: Tempus, 2003.

Review by D.B. Campbell: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-06-26.html

Thomas, M.D.,Lorica Segmentata. Vol. II: A Catalogue of Finds, Duns: Armatura, 2003.Review by R.H. Cowan: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-02-49.html

6.5 Cavalry

Dixon, K.R. and P. Southern, The Roman Cavalry: From the First to the Third Century AD, London: Routledge, 1997.


Alan, V.R. et al., The Roman Fort at Cramond, Edinburgh: Excavations 1954-1966,Brittania5 (1974): 163-224.Birley, R., The Roman Legionary Fortress at Carpow, Perthshire, Scottish Historical Review42 (1963): 126-134.

Breeze, D.J. et al., The Roman Fortlet at Barburgh Mill, Dumfiresshire,Brittania5 (1974): 130-162.

Breeze, D.J.,J. Collingwood Bruces Handbook to the Roman Wall, 14th edition, Newcastle upon Tyne: Society ofAntiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2006.

Review by T.C. Rust: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2007/2007-08-36.html

, Edge of Empire: Romes Scottish Frontier, the Antonine Wall , Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2008.Review by B. Eden: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-02-05.html

Campbell, D.B., The Roman Siege of Burnswark,Brittania34 (2003): 19-33.

Crummy, P., Colchester: The Roman Fortress and the Development of the Colonia,Brittania8 (1977): 65-105.


Fox, A. et al., The Roman Fort at Nanstallon, Cornwall,Brittania3 (1972): 56-111.

Haverfield, F., Notes on the Roman Coast Defences of Britain, Especially in Yorkshire,JRS2 (1912): 201-214.


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Hopewell, D. et al., Roman Fort Environs in North-West Wales,Brittania36 (2005): 225-269.

Hopkins, C., The Siege of Dura, CJ42 (1947): 251-259.

Johnson, S. et al., Excavations at Hayton Roman Fort, 1975,Brittania9 (1978): 57-114.

Jones, G.D.B. and D.J. Woolliscroft,Hadrians Wall from the Air, Stroud: Tempus, 2001.Review by K. Brodersen: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-03-37.html

Keppie, L.J.F. and J.J. Walker, Auchendavy Roman Fort and Settlement,Brittania16 (1985): 29-35.

Richmond, I.A., The Roman Siege-Works of Masada, Israel,JRS52 (1962): 142-155.

Riley, D.N., Two New Roman Military Stations in Mid-Nottinghamshire,Brittania11 (1980): 330-335.


Adams, C.E.P., Supplying the Roman Army: Q. Petr. 245,ZPE109 (1995): 119-124.

Alston, R., Roman Military Pay from Caesar to Diocletian,JRS84 (1994): 113-123.

Beebe, H.K., Caesaria Maritima: Its Strategic and Political Significance to Rome,JNES42 (1983): 195-207.

Bennett, J., The Origins and Early History of the Pontic-Cappadocian Frontier,AS56 (2006): 77-93.

Brogan, O., The Camel in Roman Tripolitania, PBSR 22 (1954): 126-131.

Brunt, P.A., Pay and Superannuation in the Roman Army, PBSR18 (1950): 50-71.

, Did Imperial Rome Disarm her Subjects?, Phoenix 29 (1975): 260-270.

Burns, T.S.,Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C. A.D. 400, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.Review by M. Kulikowski: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-07-25.html

Conole, P. and R.D. Milns, Neronian Frontier Policy in the Balkans: The Career of Ti. Plautius Silvanus,Historia32(1983): 183-200.

Davies, R.W., The Roman Military Diet,Brittania2 (1971): 122-142.

Devine, A.M., Arrians Tactica,ANRWII 34.1 (1993): 312-337.

Dodgeon, M.H. and N.C. Lieu (edd.), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, London: Routledge, 1991-2002.

Donaldson, G.H., Signalling Communications and the Roman Imperial Army,Brittania19 (1988): 349-356.

Drummond, S.K. and L.H. Nelson, The Western Frontiers of Imperial Rome, London: M.E. Sharpe, 1994.

Edwell, P.M.,Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra under Roman Control,London: Routledge, 2008.

Review by L. Gregoratti: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-08-29.html

Farnum, J.H., The Positioning of the Roman Imperial Legions, Oxford, Archaeopress, 2005.Review by P. Probst: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2007/2007-09-52.html

Ferrill, A.,Roman Imperial Grand Strategy, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1991.

Heichelheim, F.M., Supply Bases for Caracallas Parthian Campaign, CPh39 (1944): 113-115.


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Jarrett, M.G., An Unnecessary War,Brittania7 (1976): 145-151.

Luttwak, E., The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century A.D. to the Third, Baltimore: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, 1976.

Martin, C., The Legionary Hospital at Inchuthil,Brittania26 (1995): 309-312.

Mattern, S.P.,Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.Review by M. Peachin: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000-06-03.html

Morgan, M.G., The Opening Stages in the Battle for Cremona, or the Devil in the Details (Tacitus,Histories3,15-18),Historia 54 (2005): 198-209.

Oates, D., The Roman Frontier in Northern Iraq, Geographical Journal122 (1956): 190-199.

Pitts, L.F., Relations between Rome and the German Kings on the Middle Danube in the First to Fourth Centuries A.D.,JRS79 (1989): 45-58.

Richmond, I.A., Palmyra under the Aegis of Rome,JRS53 (1963): 43-54.


Speidel, M.A., Roman Army Pay Scales,JRS82 (1992): 87-106.

Stadter, P.A., TheArs Tacticaof Arrian: Tradition and Originality, CPh73 (1978): 117-128.

Vishnia, R.F., The Shadow Army: TheLixaeand the Roman Legions,ZPE139 (2002): 265-272.

Watson, G.R. The Pay of the Roman Army: Suetonius, Dio and the quartum stipendium,Historia5 (1956): 332-340.

, The Pay of the Roman Army: The Auxiliary Forces,Historia8 (1959): 372-378.

Wells, C.M., The German Policy of Augustus: An Examination of the Archaeological Evidence, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1972.

Wheeler, E.L, The Occasion of Arrians Tactica, GRBS19 (1978): 351-365.

, Stratagem and the Vocabulary of Military Trickery(Mnemosynesupplement 108), Leiden: Brill, 1988.

, Methodological Limits and the Mirage of Roman Strategy,JMH57 (1993): 7-41, 215-240.

6.8 Naval warfare

Belfigio, Valentine J.,A Study of Ancient Roman Amphibious and Offensive Sea-Ground Task Force Operations, Lewiston,NY: E. Mellen Press, 2001.

Bounegru, O. and M. Zahariade,Les Forces navales du Bas Danube et de la Mer Noire aux Ier Vesicles, Oxford: OxbowBooks, 1996.

Gilliam, J.F., A Roman Naval Roster: P Rylands 79, CPh48 (1953): 97-99.

Pitassi, M., The Navies of Rome, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2009.Review by M.B. Charles: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-12-22.html

Saddington, D.B., The Origin and Nature of the German and British Fleets,Brittania21 (1990): 223-232.


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Starr, C.G., Jr., The Roman Imperial Navy, 31 B.C. A.D. 324, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1941.


Ash, R., An Exemplary Conflict: Tacitus Parthian Battle Narrative (Annals6.34-35), Phoenix53 (1999): 114-135.

Barrett, A.A., The Military Situation in Britain in A.D. 47,AJPh100 (1979): 538-540.

Broughton, T.R.S., Some Notes on the War with the Homonadeis,AJPh54 (1933): 134-144.

Bruun, C., The Spurious Expeditio Iudaeaeunder Trajan,ZPE93 (1992): 99-106.

Bosworth, A.B., Arrian and the Alani,HSPh81 (1977): 217-255.

Davies, R.W., The Abortive Invasion of Britain by Gaius,Historia15 (1966): 124-128.

Downey, G., Aurelians Victory over Zenobia at Immae, A.D. 272, TAPhA81 (1950): 57-68.

Fuks, A., Aspects of the Jewish Revolt in A.D. 115-117,JRS51 (1961): 98-104.

Gilmartin, K., Corbulos Campaigns in the East: An Analysis of Tacitus Account,Historia22 (1973): 583-626.

Hanson, W.S. and D.B. Campbell, The Brigantes: From Clientage to Conquest,Brittania17 (1986): 73-89.

Jameson, S., Chronology of the Campaigns of Aelius Gallus and C. Petronius,JRS58 (1968): 71-84.

Jones, B.W. The Dating of Domitians War against the Chatti,Historia22 (1973): 79-90.

Keppie, L.J.F., Legio VIII Augusta and the Claudian Invasion,Brittania2 (1971): 149-155.

Lepper, F.A., Trajans Parthian War, London: Oxford University Press, 1948.

Lightfoot, C.S., Trajans Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective,JRS80 (1990): 115-126.Longden, R.P., Notes on the Parthian Campaigns of Trajan,JRS21 (1931): 1-35.

Minorsky, V., Roman and Byzantine Campaigns in Atropatene,BSOAS11 (1944): 243-265.

Murdoch, A.,Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 2006.Review by J. Lendering: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2006/2006-06-30.html

Oldfather, W.A., The Defeat of Varus and the German Frontier Policy of Augustus,New York: Johnson Reprint, 1967.

Philips, E.J., The Emperor Gaius Abortive Invasion of Britain,Historia19 (1970): 369-374.

Platnauer, M., On the Date of the Defeat of C. Pescennius Niger at Issus,JRS8 (1918): 146-153.

Rossi, L., Trajans Column and the Dacian Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1971.

Salmon, E.T., Trajans Conquest of Dacia, TAPhA67 (1936): 83-105.

Speidel, M.P., Valerius Valerianus in Charge of Septimus Severus Mesopotamian Campaign, CPh80 (1985): 321-326.

Starr, R.J., Did Alfenus Varus Campaign in Germany?,Historia43 (1994): 249-252.

Tausend, K., Bemerkungen zum Wandaleneinfall des Jahres 271,Historia48 (1999): 119-127.


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Webster, G., The Military Situations in Britain between A.D. 43 and 71,Brittania1 (1970): 179-187.

Wolters, R.,Die Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald. Arminius, Varus und das rmische Germanien, Munich: C.H. Beck, 2008.Review by D.B. Cuff: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-07-74.html

7. The late Roman army

7.1 General works

Crump, G.A., Ammianus and the Late Roman Army,Historia22 (1973): 91-103.

Dignas, B. and E. Winter,Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals, Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2007.

Review by A. Farahani: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-03-51.html

Drinkwater, J.F. The Alamanni and Rome 213-496 (Caracalla to Clovis),Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Elton, H., Warfare in Roman Europe, A.D. 350-425, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.

Gibbon, E. (ed. J.B. Bury), The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , London: Methuen, 1896-1900.

Grosse, R.E.,Rmische Militrgeschichte von Gallenius bis zum Beginn der byzantinischen Themenverfassung,New York:Arno Press, 1975.

Helgeland, J., Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173-337, ChHist43 (1974): 149-163, 200.

Isaac, B., The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.Review by D.S. Potter: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1990/01.01.12.html

, The Army in the Late Roman East: The Persian Wars and the Defense of the Byzantine Provinces in A.Cameron (ed.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near EastIII:States, Resources and Armies,Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1995, pp. 132-137.

Jones, A.H.M., The Later Roman Empire, 284-602, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

Le Bohec, Y.,Larme romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris: Picard, 2006.

,Das rmische Heer in der Spten Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 2010.Review by M. Weiskopf: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-10-77.html

Lee, A.D., War in Late Antiquity: A Social History, Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.Review by J. Levithan: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-03-02.html

Nicasie, M.J., Twilight of Empire: The Roman Army from the Reign of Diocletian until the Battle of Adrianople ,Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1998.

Potter, D.S., The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395, London: Routledge, 2004.Review by D. Engels: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2005/2005-08-01.html

Southern, P. and K.R. Dixon, The Late Roman Army, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.Review by H. Elton: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1997/97.02.16.html

7.2 Developments in strategy, tactics and technology

Bivar, A.D.H., Cavalry Equipment and Tactics on the Euphrates Frontier,DOP26 (1972): 271-291.


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Born, L.K., Tanks and Roman Warfare, CJ 23 (1928): 564-572.

Burns, T.S.,Barbarians within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, ca. 375-425 A.D.,Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.

,Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C. A.D. 400, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.Review by M. Kulikowski: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-07-25.html

Charles, M.B., The Rise of the Sassanian Elephant Corps: Elephants and the Later Roman Empire,IA42 (2007): 301-346.

Dorjahn, A.P. and L.K. Born, Vegetius on the Decay of the Roman Army, CJ30 (1934): 148-158.

Eadie, J.W., The Development of Roman Mailed Cavalry,JRS57 (1967): 161-173.

Kaegi, W., Constantines and Julians Strategies of Strategic Surprise against the Persians,Athenaeumn.s. 59 (1981):209-213.

Menndez Arn, A.R., Evolucin del armamento del legionario romano durante el s. III d.C. y su reflejo en las tcitcas,Habis31 (2000): 327-344.

Parker, H.M.D., The Legions of Diocletian and Constantine,JRS23 (1933): 175-189.

Rance, P., Elephants in Warfare in Late Antiquity,AAntHung43 (2003): 355-384.

, Drungus, and : A Gallicism and Continuity in late Roman Cavalry Tactics, Phoenix 58(2004): 96-130.

, The Fulcum, the Late Roman and Byzantine Testudo: The Germanization of Roman Infantry Tactics?, GRBS44 (2004): 362-326.

, The Etymologicum Magnumand the Fragment of Urbicius, GRBS47 (2007) 193-224.

Speidel, M.P., Raising New Units for the Late Roman Army:Auxilia Palatina,DOP50 (1996): 163-170.

Tomlin, R., Seniores-Iunioresin the Late-Roman Field Army,AJPh93 (1972): 253-278.

Wheeler, E.L., The Legion as Phalanx, Chiron9 (1979): 303-318.

, The Legion as Phalanx in the Late Empire [I] in Y. Le Bohec and C. Wolff (edd.),LArme romaine deDiocltien Valentinien 1er, Actes du Congres de Lyon (12-14 septembre 2002),Paris: Boccard, 2004, pp. 309-358.

, The Legion as Phalanx in the Late Empire [II],Revue des tudes militaires anciennes1 (2004): 147-175.

7.3 Arms and armour


James, S., Evidence from Dura Europos for the Origins of Late Roman Helmets, Syria63 (1986): 107-134.

7.4 Fortifications, siege works and artillery

Davies, G., Cremna in Pisidia: A Re-Appraisal of the Siege Works,AS50 (2000): 151-158.


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Gregory, T.E., The Late Roman Wall at Corinth,Hesperia48 (1979): 264-280.

Lightfoot, C.S., Facts and Fiction: The Third Siege of Nisibis (A.D. 350), Historia 37 (1988): 105-125.

Petrikovits, H. von, Fortifications in the North-Western Roman Empire from the Third to the Fifth Centuries A.D.,JRS61 (1971): 178-218.

7.5 Naval warfare

Dolley, R.H., The Warships of the Later Roman Empire, JRS 38 (1948): 47-53.


Austin, N.J.E., Ammianus Account of the Adrianople Campaign: Some Strategic Observations,AClass15 (1972): 77-83.

, Julian at Ctesiphon: A Fresh Look at Ammianus Account,Athenaeumn.s. 49 (1971): 301-309.

Blockley, R.C., The Division of Armenia between the Romans and the Persians at the End of the Fourth Century A.D.,Historia36 (1987): 222-234.

Browning, R., Where was Attilas Camp?,JHS73 (1953): 143-145.

Bruun, P., The Battle of the Milvian Bridge: The Date Reconsidered,Hermes88 (1960): 361-370.

Bullough, V.L., The Roman Empire vs. Persia, 363-502: A Study of Successful Deterrence,Journal of ConflictResolution 7 (1963): 55-68.

Burns, T.S., The Battle of Adrianople: A Reconsideration,Historia22 (1973) 336-345.

Burrell, E., A Re-Examination of why Stilicho Abandoned his Pursuit of Alaric in 397,Historia53 (2004): 251-256.

Chalmers, W.R., Eunapius, Ammianus Marcellinus and Zosimus on Julians Persian Expedition, CQn.s. 10 (1960): 152-

160.Downey, G., The Persian Campaign in Syria in A.D. 540, Speculum28 (1953): 340-348.

Ehrhardt, C., Monumental Evidence for the Date of Constantines First War against Licinius,AncW23 (1992): 87-94.

Greatrex, G.,Rome and Persia at War, 502-532, Leeds: Cairns, 1998.Review by P. Riedelberger: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1998/1998-11-23.html

Hatt, J.-J. and J. Schwartz, Le Champ de battaille de Oberhausbergen (357-1262),Bulletin de la Facult des Lettres deStrasbourg42 (1964): 427-436.

Hughes, I.,Belisarius: The Last Roman General, Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2009.Review by N. Popov-Reynolds: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-10-08.html

Kettenhofen, E.,Die Rmisch-persischen Kriege des 3. Jahrhunderts n. Chr., Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1982.

Pazdernik, C.F., Procopius and Thucydides on the Labors of War: Belisarius and Brasidas in the Field, TAPhA130(2000): 149-187.

Rance, P., Narses and the Battle of Taginae (Busta Gallorum) 552: Procopius and Sixth-Century Warfare,Historia54(2005): 424-472.

Ridley, R.T., Notes on Julians Persian Expedition 363,Historia22 (1973): 317-330.


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Speidel, M.P., Maxentius and his Equites Singularesin the Battle at the Milvian Bridge, ClAnt5 (1986): 253-262.

Woods, D., Ammianus versus Libanius on Barbatios Alleged Bridge across the Rhine,Mnemosyne, ser. 4, 63 (2010):110-116.