Bibliography

General

T HE STANDARD large-scale scholarly account of the Middle Ages as a whole is the Cambridge medieval history (1911-36), 8 vols. This contains a

detailed and authoritative account oi almost every conceivable pertinent subject. The best one-volume history of the period is J. W. Thompson and E. M. Johnson, An imroduction to medieval Europe ( 1937). Although often classed as a textbook, this work is beyond the ordinary textbook level in size and scope. The reader in search of works on special subjects should consult bibliographies. The standard work is L. J. Paetow, Guide to the study of medieval hinory (rev. ed., 1931). Gray C. Boyce, who played a large part in preparing the 1931 edition, is at work on a new revision of this study. John L. La Monte, in his The world of the middle ages (1949), has made a highly successful attempt to list the important books that have appeared since 1931, and his bibliography should be used until the new edition of Paetow appean. As Paetow's Guide does not deal with English history, a reader seeking books in that field should consult W. E. Lunt, History of Englmd (1945), which contains full and well-selected bibliographies. Anyone interested in reading the works of mediaeval writers in English translations should consult C. P. Farrer and A. P. Evans, Bibliography of English translations from medieval sources (1946). The best historical atlas is William R. Shepherd, Historical atlas (1911). Excellent maps may also be found in the Cambridge medieval hinory.

CHAPTER 1: Roman and Germtm

The standard works on Roman history in general are the Cambridge mcient history ( 1939), Vol. XII; M. Rostovtzetf, History of the ancient world: Rome (1931); Tenney Frank, History of Rome (1913); and A. E. R. Boak, Hinory of Rome to r6r A.D. An important part of the period covered in this chapter is dealt with in detail in J. B. }iury, History of the later Ro71Uin empire from the death of Theodosius to the death of Justinian (1913). A very useful work isS. Dill, Romm society in the lim century of the western empire (18c)8). E. R. Goodenough, The church in the Roman empire (1931), is an excellent account of the early develop-ment of the Church. The whole process of transition from ancient to mediaeval civilization is well described in H. S. B. Moss, The birth of the middle ages (1935); E. Emerton, Introduction to the middle ages ( 1888); F. Lot, The end of the mciem world md the beginning of the middle ages (1931); and R. F. Arragon, The transition from the mcient to the medieval world (1936). The best general work on the invasions is J. B. Bury, The iwasions of Europe by the barbarians (1918).

491

49 2 Bibliography T. Hodgkin, Italy and her invaders (188()-()9), 8 vols.; and R. H. Hodgkin, History of the Anglo-Sa:rons, give detailed accounts of the invasions into Italy and England.

CHAPTER n: Eastern Orthodox Civilization

The most detailed and authoritative account of the Byzantine Empire avail-able in English is A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine empire (1928-29), 2 vols. Two shorter but good treatments of the subject are C. Diehl, History of the Byzantine empire (1925), and S. Runciman, Byzantine civilization (1933). Two recent specialized studies, P. Charanis, Church and state in the later Roman empire (1939), and J. M. Hussey, Church and learning in the Byzantine empire (1937), deal with important subjects. Robert Byron, The Byzantine achievement (1929), is an excellent work on Byzantine culture. The best work on the Moslems is P. K. Hitti, History of tbe Arabs (1946). H. A. Gibbons, Foundation of the Ottoman empire (1916), is the standard work on this subject. The most recent detailed ac-counts of the early history of Russia are G. Vernadsky, Ancient Russia (1944), and Kievan Russia (1948). Kluchevsky, History of Russia (1911-12), is still useful. F. Nowak, Medieval Slavdom and the rise of Russia (1930), approaches the sub-ject f:-om a somewhat different point of view.

CHAPTER m: The Germanic Kingdoms

H. S. B. Moss, The birth of the middle ages (1935), and E. Emerton, Intro-duction to the middle ages (1888), supply good surveys of the Merovingian and Carolingian periods. The best special book on the Merovingians is S. Dill, Roman society in Gaul in the Merovmgian age (1916). There is no adequate book in English on the Carolingian empire. The standard work in French is A. Klein-clausz, L'empire carolingien (1901). T. Hodgkin, Charles the Great (1897), and H. W. C. Davis, Charlemagne (1899), are biographies of Charlemagne by distin-trJished scholars. The most recent and authoritative work on Anglo-Saxon England IS Sir Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (1947). More detailed, but covering only part of the Anglo-Saxon period, is R. H. Hodgkin, History of the Anglo-Sa:rons ( 1935), • vols. The feudal institutions of the Carolingian period are well described in C. E. Odegaard, Vassi and fideles in the Carolingian empire (1945). The Vikings and the civilization from which they came are thoroughly treated in T. D. Kendrick, A history of the Vikings (1930). A useful older work is A. Mawer, The Vikings (1913).

CHAPTER IV: Knights tmd Peasants

By far the most thorough and scholarly account of the settlement of Western Europe and the mediaevaf agrarian systems is the Cambridge economic history (1941), Vol. I, edited by J. H. Clapham and Eileen Power. It is, however, rather heavy going for the ordinary reader. E. Lipson, Economic history of England (193-7), Vol. I; M. M. Kni~ht, Economic history of Europe to the end of the mid-dle ages ( 1926); and P. B01ssonadc, Life and work in medieval Europe ( 1927), give briefer anJ more readable accounts. N. Neilson, Medieval agrarian economy ( 1936), is an excellent monograph devoted to this subject. The best description of the techniques of mediaeval agriculture is found in R. E. Prothero, English farming past and present (1912). Cecil Curwen, Plough and pasture (1946), is an extremely

Bibliograpby 493 stimulating brief discussion of the broad lines of agricultural development. Any-one who reads French with ease should consult M. Bloch, Les caracteres originaux de l'histoire rurale franfaise (1931). This is a basic work that paved the way for most modern research in the field. There are two good books on village life: H. S. Bennett, Life on the English manor (1937), and G. C. Homans, English villagers of the thirteenth century ( 1940).

The best discussion of the feudal system in English is Carl Stephenson, Mt>diae-val feudalism (1941). F. S. Ganshof, Feudalism (1951), is another valuable brief study of the subject, from a somewhat different point of view. The standard mod-ern work on feudalism isM. Bloch, La societe {Codale (1939-40), 1 vols. It is far more detailed than the books by Stephenson and Ganshof, but it is rather hard reading even for one who has a good mastery of French. Anyone interested in see-ing how feudalism worked in a particular country should read Sir Frank Stenton, The first century of English feudalism (1931). The connection between the feudal system and the agrarian economy is shown in S. Painter, Studies in the history of the English feudal barony (1943), and in Edward Miller, The abbey and bish-opric of Ely (1951). There is one book that gives an excellent picture of mediaeval rural life as a whole: W. S. Davis, Life on a mediaeval barony (1916). Unfortu-nately it was written for boys, and the tone is condescending and hence rather annoying.

CHAPTER v: The Unification of Western Christendom

J. A. Foakes-Jackson, Introduction to the history of Christianity (1911); and D. S. Schaff, History of the Christian Church (1907), Vol. V; are general church histories including this period. The best single volume on the subject is S. Baldwin, The organization of medieval Christianity (1919). Z. N. Brooke, The English church and the papacy from the Conquest to the reign of fohn (1933), shows the effects of the development of papal power on England. The standard work on the reform movement is A. Fliche, La reforme gregorienne (1914-37), 3 vols. A. J. MacDonald, Hildebrand, a life of Gregory VII (1931), and J.P. Whitney, Hilde-brandine essays ( 1931), are useful books in English on the subject. By far the best book on monasticism is Dom David Knowles, The monastic order in England (1941). An older but still useful work is Cardinal Gasquet's Monastic life in the middle ages ( 1911). Particular phases of monasticism are excellently treated in Eileen Power, Medieval English nunneries (1911), and Joan Evans, Monastic life at Cluny (1931). J. McCann, St. Benedict (I9J7), and W. Williams, St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1935), are good biographies of these two monastic leaders. G. G. Coul-ton, Five centuries of religion (1913), Vol. I, is a mine of information about mo-nasticism in this period.

CHAPTER vr: The Development of Feudal Monarchy

The development of feudal monarchy in both France and England is brilliantly discussed by a great scholar in C. Petit-Dutaillis, Feudal monarchy in France and England from the tenth to the thirteenth century ( 1936). F. Funck-Brentano, The middle ages (1913), gives a brief account of the early Capetian kings. A. Luchaire, Les premiers Capetiens, in Lavisse, Histoire de France (1911), is by far the best detailed treatment of the early Capetian period and will well repay the efforts of anyone who can read easy French. Two recent French surveys, F. Lot, La France des origines a Ia guerre de cent ans (1941), and R. Fawtier, Les Capetiens et Ia France (1941), also cover this period.

494 Bibliography For the late Anglo-Saxon period in England Sir Frank Stenton, Anglo-Sazon

England (1947), is the standard work. The Nonnan period is brilliandy covered in A. L. Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta <•9SI). There are two ex-cellent older books: G. B. Adams, England from the Normtm Conquest to tht death of John (•90s), and H. W. C. Davis, England under the NormtmS and Angevins <•90s). Sir Frank Stenton, William the Conqueror (u)Ol!), is a good biography.

The best book on the history of mediaeval Germany is G. Barraclough, Tht origins of modern Germany (1946). His Medieval Germany (1938), z vols., is a more detailed work. j. W. Thompson, Feudal Germany (1917), is still very useful especially for the controversy between popes and emperors and the eastWard ex-pansion of Germany.

CHAPTER VII: The Expansion of Europe

At present the only satisfactory detailed history of the Crusades is Rene Grous-set, Histoire dts croisades (1934-36), 3 vols. S. Runciman is writing a multivolume History of the Crusades, of which several volumes have appeared. A large-scale cooperative history of the Crusades is being written under the direction of a com-mittee of editors headed by Kenneth Setton, and two volumes should appear dur-ing •953· As this is the work of scholars from many nations, it should be the stand-ard authoritative treatment of the subject. R. A. Newhall, The crusades (19Z7), is a useful brief account. A. C. Krey, The first crusade (19zl), is the work of an expen in the field. There are a number of good biographies of leaders of the First Crusade: J. C. Andressohn, Ancestry and life of Godfrey de Bouillon (1947); Marshall Baldwin, Rilymond 111 of Tripolis ( 1936); R. B. Yewdale, Bohemond I of Antioch (1914); and R. Nicholson, Tancred (1940). On the Latin kingdom one should consult D. C. Munro, The kingdom of the crusaders (•93S), and John L. La Monte, Feudal monarchy in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem.

For Spain the best work is still R. Merriman, ruse of the Spanish empire (1918). A more recent book on pan of the region is H. J. Chaytor, History of Aragon and Catalonia (1933). A brilliant brief account of the Nonnan conquest of Sicily will be found in C. H. Haskins, The Normans in European history (•9•s). Fuller treatments are J. W. Osborne, The greatest Norman conquest (1937), and E. Cur-tis, Roger of Sicily and the Normans in lower Italy (191Z).

CHAPTER vm: The Revival of Urban Life

The standard authoritative work on commerce and industry in the Middle Ages is the Cambridge economic history, Vol. 11, which was published at the end of 1953. The general works on economic history have secnons devoted to these subjects: H. Pirenne, Economic and social history of Europe ( 1936); H. Heaton, Economic history of Europe (1936); M. M. Knight, Economic history of Europe to the tnd of the middle ages ( 19z6); E. Lipson, Economic history of England (1937), Vol. I; and P. Boissonade, Life ana work in medieval Europe (1917). H. Pirenne, Mediaeval cities (19zs), is a brilliant brief account of urban develop-ment. Although Carl Stephenson, Borough and town (1933), is chiefly concerned with England, it has a valuable chapter on continental towns. F. Schevill, History of Florence (1936), and W. F. Butler, The Lombard communes (•9Q6), are valu-able for the Italian towns. F. W. Hill, Medieval Lincoln (1948), is an excellent descriptive account of a mediaeval town. R. A. De Roover, The Medici bank, its organization, management, operations, and decline (1948), is a brilliant srudy of

Bibliography 495 early banking; and Eileen Power, The wool trade in English medieval binory (1941), is an equally effective discussion of an important phase of mediaeval com-merce.

CHAPTER IX: The Feudal Mo1lllTchies

C. Petit-Dutaillis, Feudal mo11111chy in France and England from the tenth to the thirteenth century (1936), covers this period as well as the earlier one. An out-standing work on France is A. Luchaire, Social France in the time of Philip Au-gustus (1911). This is one of the great books on mediaeval history and a model account of a king's reign. S. Painter, The scourge of the clergy, Peter of l>rt!U%, duke of Brittany (1937), gives a picture of French feudal politics. F. Funck-Brentano, The middle ages (1913), supplies a brief but excellent account of this period. In addition most of the books on England contain a good deal of infor-mation about France as well.

The general histories mentioned under Chapter VI cover this period of English history: A. L. Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta (znd ed., 1955); G. B. Adams, Hinory of England from the Norman Conquen to the death uf fohn ( 1905); and H. W. C. Davis, England under the Normans and Angevins (1905). T. F. Tout, Hinory of England from the accession of Henry Ill to the death of Edward Ill (1905), follows G. B. Adams in the same series and covers the period indicated. Sir Maurice Powicke, The thirteenth century (znd ed., I<)61), in the "Oxford Series", is the authoritative work on the reigns of Henry III and Edward I. Kate Norgate has written a series of books on this period: England under the Angwin kings (1887), 1 vols.; IUchard the Lion Heart (1914); and fohn Lack/and. Although lacking imagination and interpretation, they are useful factual accounts. The reigns of John and Henry Ill are covered by two recent works: S. Painter, The reign of King fohn ( 1949), and Sir Maurice Powicke, Henry Ill and the Lord Edward (1947). Useful biographies are L. F. Salzman, Henry 11 (1914); S. Painter, William Marshal, knight-errant, baron, and regent of England (1933); Sir Maurice Powicke, Stephen Langton (1918); and C. Bemont, Simon de Montfort, translated and revised by E. F. Jacob (1930). R. F. Treharne, The baronial plan of reform, 12;6-1263 (1931), is a valuable work on that significant subject.

For the Holy Roman Empire, G. Barraclough, The origins of modern Germany (1946), is much the best work. J. W. Thompson, Feudal Germany (1917), covers this period, but his interpretation of it is rot generally accepted today. There are two good biographies in English: A. L. Poole, Henry the Lion (1911), and E. Kantorowicz, Frederick II ( 1931).

CHAPTER x: Mediaeval Theocracy at its Height

D. S. Schaff, History of the Christian church (1907), Vol. V, covers this period as well as the earlier one. The best work on the specific period is S. Packard, Europe and the church under Innocent Ill (1917). W. E. Lunt, Papal revenues in the middle ages (1934), 1 vols~ is an extremely valuable work on papal finances and financial machinery. Sir Maurice Powicke, Stephen Langton (1918), supplies a valuable insight into ecclesiastical politics and policies. H. D. Sedgwick, ItiJJy in the thirteenth century ( 1918), is useful for Innocent III. An extremely illuminating book on the early heresies is E. S. Davison, Forerunners of St. FranciS (1917). The second volume of G. G. Coulton, Five centuries of religion (1917), tells a great deal about contemporary monasticism and the friars. A. Jessop, Tbe coming of the

Bibliography

friars (19:8), is a useful book on the early friars, as is R. F. Bennet, The early DominictmS ( 1917). Lives of the founders of the two orders of friars are B. Jarrett, Life of Saint Dominic (1914), and Paul Sabatier, Life of St. Francis of Assisi, translated by Louise S. Houghton (19zz).

CHAPTER XI: The Hundred Years' War

The only satisfactory book on the Hundred Years' War as a whole is Edouard Perroy, The Hundred Years War, translated by W. B. Wells with an introduction by David C. Douglas (1951). There are several useful works on military history. The most recent and authoritative is F. Lot, L'art militaire et les armees au moyen age ( 1946). C. Oman, A history of the art of war in the middle ages ( 1913), z vols., is still very useful, but many of Oman's ideas are no longer generally accepted. For a detailed study of the development of the English army and tactics that won so many battles in the Hundred Years' War the reader should consult John E. Morris, The Welsh wars of Edward I (Igoi). Richard A. Newhall, The English conquest of Normandy, 1416-1424 (1914), is an excellent account of that phase of the war.

CHAPTER xu: From Feudal to National Monarchy

The volumes of the "Oxford Series" covering the later Middle Ages have not yet been announced. The standard books are C. Oman, History of England from the accession of llichard II to the death of llichard Ill (Igo6), and K. H. Vickers, England in the later middle ages (1914). G. M. Trevelyan, England in the age of Wycliffe (Igog), is a brilliant summary of English society in the late fourteenth century. C. L. Kingsford, Henry V ( I<}OI), is a good biography, as is K. H. Vickers, Humphrey, duke of GlouceYter (1go7). R. B. Mowat, Wars of the Roses (1914), is a good brief account of the civil wars.

F. Funck-Brentano, The middle ages (1923), continues to be a convenient brief account. Edouard Perroy, The Hundred Years War (1951), gives a good summary of French history during the period. The years after the close of the war are ably treated in P. Champion, Louis XI, translated by Winifred S. vVhale ( 1929). A. Cartellieri, The court of Burgundy (1929), gives an excellent account of the" environment of the Burgundian dukes. A. B. Kerr, Jacques Coeur (1928), is a good biography. For all the various phases of the history of this period one should con-sult]. Huizinga, The waning of tbe middle ages (1924).

CHAPTER xm: The Decline of the Mediaeval Church

Here too, D. S. Schaff, History of the Christian church (•go?), Vol. V, gives a general account. More concentrated on this period are L. E. Binns, The decline and fall of the medieval papacy (1934), and A. Flick, The decline of the medieval church (1930), z vols. T. S. R. Boase, Boniface VIII (1933), is a good account of that papal reign. M. Spinka, fohn Hus and the Czech reform (1933), and H. B. Wockman, John Wyclif (1926), describe the careers of the two chief heretics of the age. E. F. Jacob, Essays 01l the conciliar epoch (1943), and J. H. Wylie, The Council of Constance (•goo), are valuable for the conciliar movement. W. E. Lunt, Papal revenues in the middle ages (1934), 2 vols., is particularly important for an understanding of the problems facing the A vignon popes.

Bibliography 497

CHAPTER XIV: Mediaeval Civilization

The standard book on the intellectual history of the Middle Ages is H. 0. Taylor, The medieval mind (1927), 2 vols. Frederick B. Anz, The mind of the middle ages ( 1952), is the best recent book on mediaeval ideas. Other valuable works on intellectual history are E. K. Rand, The founders of the middle ages (1928), C. H. Haskins, The Renaissance of the twelfth century (1927), G. C. Crump and E. F. Jacob, The legacy of the middle ages ( 1926); and F. J. C. Ream-shaw, Medieval contributiom to modern civilization (1921). The fullest and best treatment of mediaeval philosophy is found in M. de Wulf, History of medieval philosophy, English translation by E. C. Messenger (1925-26), 2 vols. The subject is treated more briefly in A. C. McGiffen, History of Christian thought (1932), 2 vols. E. Gilson has written two valuable books, The spirit of medieval pbilosophy (1930), and Reason and revelation in the middle ages (1938). A very useful and stimulating brief work on an important subject is Meyrick H. Carre, Realists and nominalists (1942). The basic book on mediaeval political theory is R. W. Carlyle and A. J. Carlyle, A history of medieval political theory in the west (1903-36), 8 vols. C. H. Mcilwain, Growth of politicai thought in the west (1932), has im-ponant and stimulating chapters on the Middle Ages. The best, in fact the only thorough, book on historical literature is J. W. Thompson, History of historical writing (1942), 2 vols. The standard work on mediaeval science is L. Thorndike, History of magic and experimental science (1923-40), 6 vols. C. H. Haskins, Studies in -nediaeval science (1924), is a useful collection of essays. L. C. MacKinney, Early medieval medicine (1937), is a valuable brief treatment of this subject.

The Cambridge history of English literature (H)03), vol. I, supplies the best general account of mediaeval literature in England. Gaston Paris, Medieval French literature (1903), and Urban T. Holmes, Jr., A history of old French literature from the origim to 1300 (1948), cover French literature. W. A. Craigie, The Ice-landic sagas (1913), is the standard English work on that subject. W. P. Ker, Epic and romance ( 1908), is a general summary of mediaeval romantic literature. There are two excellent books on mediaeval Latin poetry: Helen Waddell, Medieval Latin lyrics (1929), and J. A. Symonds, Wine, women, and song (1884). Chivalric literature is dealt with in C. S. Lewis, The allegory of love ( 1936); R. L. Kilgour, The decline of chivalry (1937); and S. Painter, French chivalry (1940).

The standard history of mediaeval architecture is A. K. Porter, Medieval archi-tecture: its origins and development (rev. ed., 1912), 2 vols. K. J. Conant, Early mediaeval church architecture (1942), is a stimulating brief treatment of this sub-ject. C. R. Morey has written two valuable books on art: Christian art (1935), and Medieval art (1942).

The standard history of mediaeval universities is H. Rashdall, The universities of Europe in the middle ages, rev. ed. by Sir Maurice Powicke and A. B. Emden (1936), 3 vols. C. H. Haskins, The rise of the universities (1923), is an excellent brief study.

Aachen, 459 Abbasid caliphate, 44, 49, 200, 204 Abbeville, 334 Abelard, 143, 303; suggests that church

abandon r.ropeny, 133; interest in Greek philosophers, 137, 448; writes Sic et Non, 137; on question of uni-versals, 432; at cathedral school of Paris, 470

Achaia, principality of, 51 Acre, 215-18 Adelard of Bath, 58 Adele of Blois, queen of France, 251 Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy, 201 Adrian I, pope, 46, 126 Adrianople, 52, 54 Adriatic Sea, 4, 25-6, 61, 198, 221, 252 Aeneas, story of, 453-4 Aesop's fables, 4H Aethebald, king of Mercia, 84 Aethelstan, king of Wessex, 92, 172 Aetius, 26, 29 Agincourt, battle of, 35o-3, 361, 389 Agnes of Meran, queen of France, 292 Agnes Sorel, 390 agriculture: in Byzantine Empire, 38;

methods of exploitation of the land in early Middle Ages, 95-6; agricultural technique in early Middle Ages, 97; reclamation movement, 102-<>4; Ger-man colonization in Slavic lands, 104; treatise on, 446

Aidan, 86 Aistulf, king of the Lombards, 75 Alans, 12 Alarcos, battle of, 195 Albert I of Hapsburg, king of Ger-

many and Holy Roman emperor, 397 Albert V of Hapsburg, king of Ger-

many and Holy Roman emperor, 398

Index

Albertus Magnus, 320, 434 Albi, 307-o8 Albigensian crusade, 1¢, 295, 311-13,

417,451 Albigensians, 2¢, 305-o6, 3o8, 417 Albrecht the Bear, 277 Alcuin, 81, 88 Alemans, 2o-1, 29 Alem;on, count of, 334 Aleppo, sultan of, 104, 207, 212 Alexander of Hales, 320 Alexander of Villa Dei, Doctrimle,

467-8, 473 Alexandria, patriarch of, 14 Alexius III Angelus, Byzantine em-

peror, 52 Alexius Comnenus, Byzantine emperor,

49. 200, 203-o4 Alfonso I, king of Aragon and Navarre,

195 Alfonso V, king of Aragon, 397 Alfonso VI, king of Castile and Leon,

193-4. 200 Alfonso VII, king of Castile and Leon,

195 Alfonso VIII, king of Castile, 195-6 Alfonso Henriques, count and king of

Portugal, 194 Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, 92-3,

148, 172, 444-5, 449 Algeria, 4 Alix, countess of Blois, 251, 451 Almeria, 195 Almohades, 195-6, 199 Almoravides, 194-5 Alp Arslan, 49 Alphonse, count of Poitou and Tou-

louse, 255-6, 314, 324-5 Alps mountains, 4, 3S Alsace, 93

11 Index Amalli, 39 Amaury I, king of Jerusalem, 108, 113 Amaury de Lusignan, king of Jerusa-

lem, 111, 115 Amaury de Montfort, count of Tou-

louse, 313 Ambrose, St., 15, 18 Anagni, 404 Ancona, so Andrew the Chaplain, De Amore, 451 Andronicus Comnenus, Byzantine em-

peror, 51 Angers, 90, 153, 471 Angles, 20, 3 1 Anglo-Saxon chronicles, 444-5 Anglo-Saxon states, 63; social structure,

81; government, 81; conversion, 84-6; organization of church, 86-7; raided by Vikings, 89; Danish invasion, 91-1

Anglo-Saxons, 15 An~ouleme, county of, 1SS AnJOU: count of, 113, 161, 163; county

of, 154, 16o, 150, 257, 314, 341, 395; conquered by Philip Augustus, 153

Anne, duchess of Brittany, 395 Anne Mortimer, 379 Anne of Bohemia, queen of England,

414 Anne of France, lady of Beaujeu, 395 Anselm. archbishop of Canterbury, 148,

467 Anthony, St., 17-18 Antioch, 44, 104, 2o6-o7, 212-13, 115,

111; patriarch of, 14; principality of, 107, 110; prince of, 118

appanages, 1ss-6 Apulia, duchy of: conquered by Robert

Guiscard, 197-8; seized by Roger II of Sicily, 198

Aquitaine: Frankish kingdom, 64; duchy of, ISZ, J6o, 111, 24<F-50, 156, 314, 341-1, 344, 351; dukes of, 156-7, J6J, 163

Arabs, 38; conquer Syria, Egypt, North Africa, 37; wars with Byzantine Em-pire, 44; learning, 57-8; carry Hellen-Istic learning to West, sB, 302; con-quer Spain, 70; invade France, 7o--1; wars with Charlemagne, 79; occupy islands of western Mediterranean, 92; sack Rome, 92; see also Moslems

Aragon, kingdom of, 191, 193-6, 295, 401

architecture: Byzantine, ss-6, 459; Ro-manesque, 430, 459; Gothic, 431, 436, 459-61

Aristotle, 57, 301-()], 310, 431, 434, 473 Aries, kingdom of, 150; see also Bur-

gundy, kingdom of Armagnac party, 349, 351, 38<r-90 Army: Roman, 7, 13; Byzantine, 39-41;

Onoman, 54; Merovingian, 70; Caro-lingian, 7o--1; English and French in early fourteenth century, p8-3o; es-tablishment of standing army in France, 362-3

Arnaud Amanieu, lord of Albret, 344 Arnold Amalric, archbishop of Nar-

bonne, 311 Arras, 112; treaty of, 359, 391 Arrouaise, order of, 146 art, 463-4; Byzantine, ss-6; at Burgun-

dian court, 393 Arthur, count of Richmont, 3SS. 3S9-

6o, 390 Arthur, duke of Brittany, 153, 167-8 Arthur, legendary king of Britons, 31,

454 Arthurian legends, 454-5, 464 Articles of the barons, 169 artillery, 36o--1 Artois, county of, 154-5, 343 Arundel, castle, 177 Ascalon, 107, 116 Asia Minor, 4, u, 33, 36, 44, 101-()4 Assizes of I erusalem, 117 Assizes of Romanie, 117 Asturia, kingdom of, 191-3 A thanasius, St., 18 Athens, duchy of, 52, 116 Attila, king of the Huns, 16 Augsburg, 115 Augustine, archbishop of Canterbury,

84-5 Augustine, St., 15, 18, 423, 432; rule of,

141, 318 Augustinian order, 146-7 Augustus, Roman Emperor, 3 Austin friars, 319 Austrasia, Frankish kingdom, 64, 69, 72 Austria, 78; duchy of, 166, 177, 396-8;

duke of, 252, 282 Auvergne, 141 Avars, 35-6, 78, 91 Averroes, 57, 302-()3 A vicenna, 57, 301 Avignon, seat of papacy, 405-()8 Babylonian Captivity of the papacy,

405-()8, 417 Bacon, Roger, 31o--1, 434, 448

Index w Bagdad,44,6o,111 Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem, 1o6-o8,

ZJO, ZJZ Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem, 113 Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem, 113 Baldwin, count of Flanders, Latin Em-

peror of Constantinople, 51 Balearic Islands, 90, 191 Balkans, 35, 54, 59 Balliol College, Oxford, 411, 475 Baltic Sea, 10, 59 Bamborough, 81, 86 banking, 136--8, 301 Bannockburn, battle of, 176 Barcelona, 1ll; March of, 79; county of,

193-6; count of, 194 Bari, •98 Bartolomeu Dias, 477-8 Basel, Council of, 415-16,418 Basil I, the Macedonian, Byzantine em-

peror, 41 Basil II, Bulgaroctonas, Byzantine em-

peror, 44 Basil, St., 18 Basques, 79, 191 Batu, Mongol Khan, 6o-t Bavaria, 73, 93; acknowledges over-

lordship of Pepin, 71; incorporated into Frankish state, 78; duchy of, •64, 167-8, 276-7, 280, 396

Bayazid I, Ottoman sultan, 54 Bayeux, bishop of, 177 Bayeux tapestry, 463-4 Bayonne, 161, 250 Beatrice of Burgundy, Holy Roman

empress, 177 Beaufort family, 37c;>-8o Beauvais, 233-4 Bee, monastery, 467 Becket, Thomas, archbishop of Canter-

bury, 151 Bede, the Venerable, Ecclesiastical His-

tory of the English People, 87-8, 444, 449

Beghards, 418-19 Beguines, 418-19 Beirut, 207 Belisarius, 33 Benedict XI, pope, 404-()5 Benedict XIII, pope, 411-11 Benedict Biscop, 87-8 Benedict, St., 71-3 Benedictine rule, j1-3, 87, ll8--<), 143-6 benefice, 67, 105 Beo'W!ll{, 448-9

Berengaria of Navarre, queen of Eng-land, 292

Bernard of Anhalt, 18o Bernard of Clairvaux, St., 143, 147, 110,

211, 407 Bernicia, 81 Bertran de Born, 431 Betran Duguesclin, constable of

France, 345-7, 350 Bethlehem, 117 Bethlehem Chapel, Prague, 415-6 Beziers, 3 1 1; viscounty of, 311 Billung, house of, 16c), 171, 277 Biscay, Bay of, t6o, 213, 250, 314, 381 bishop: office of, 116-7; election of,

126-7, •32-5. 16I-1, 199; his officers, 127; chapter, 117; in German king-dom, 166

Black Death, 141, 375, 419 Black Sea, 4, 2o-1, 44, so, 59 Blanche of Castille, queen of France,

117, 196, 471 Blois, 90, 153; count of, 113, 154, t6o;

house of, 16o Boccaccio, 456-7; Decameron, 457; Gen-

ealogy of the Gods, 457 Boethius, 72, 466; De Comolatione Phil-

osophia, 449 Bohemia, 20, 396-7, 411, 414-5 Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, so, 101,

103, 105-()7 Bohemond II, prince of Antioch, 198 Bologna, university of, 290, 46<;>-70, 471 Bonaventura, St., 318 Boniface VIII, pope, 300, 403~ Boniface, St., 71-5 Bordeaux, 90, 101, 161, 113, 250, 307,

338--<), 345. 36o Bosporus, 42, 44 Bosworth, battle of, 381 Boulogne, count of, 175 bourgeoisie of Paris, revolts of, 341,

38s-8 Bourges, 235, 352; viscount of, 161 Bonvines, battle of, 254, 284 Bramber, castle, 177 Brandenburg, margravate of, 396 Bremen, archbishop of, 188 Brethren of the Free Spirit, 418-10 Bn!tigny, treaty of, 341-2 Britain, 3-4, 11, 19, 30 Britons, 31 Brirtany, duthy of, 152, 16o-1, 191, 250,

256, 331-3, 338, 341, 345, 391, 395; dukes of, 156

IV Index Bruges, zn, us, 238, 421 Bruno, St., 141-z Bulgarians: attack Byzantine Empire,

38, sz; establish state in Balkans, 42; conversion of, 44; conquered by Em-peror Basil II, 44; re-create their state, s1; conquered by Ottoman Turks, S4

Burgundian party, 349, 352, 354 Burgundians: occupy Rhone valley, 29;

conquered by Franks, 30 Burgundy, duchy of, IS?. 16o, 255-6,

16o-l Burgundy, duke of, 113, uS, 143, IS4.

156, 16o-l Burgundy, Frankish kingdom, 64 Burgundy, Free County of, 287; see also

Franche-Comte Burgundy, kingdom of, 167, 277, 28o,

287, 3¢, 4on see also Aries, king-dom of

Byzantine Empise: duration, 35; place in history, 3Si agricultuse, 38; indus-try and commerce, 38-c); army and tactics, 39-•P; government, 41-2; se-lations with West, 45-6, 5o-2; great estates in, 47-8; broken up after Fourth Crusade, sz; restosed by Mi-chael VIII, 54; destroyed by Otto-man Turks, 54-5; civilization, SS-'1

Cabot, John, 478 Caedmon, 88, 449 Caen, 333 Caesar, Julius, 19 Calabria, 197 Calais, 341--4, 350, 383; siege of, 336-7,

36o; staple port, 238 Calvin, John, 423 Cambridge, university of, 469. 472; be-

ginnings of, 471 canon law, 289, 2¢; before eleventh

century, ns-6; codification in elev-enth century, 136

canons segular, 141, 146-7 Canossa, 171 Canterbury, 8s, 376 Canute, king of Denmark and England,

172-3, 298 Carcassone, 311-n, 338 Cardinals, College of, 290; foundation,

130 Carinthia, 78 Carlisle, 4 Carloman, duke of the Franks, 71-3 Carloman, king of the Franks, 75-6 Carmelite Order, 319

Carolingian state: founded by Charles Martel, 68-c); army, 7o-1; government, 7C)-Bo; raided by Vikings, 90; division among grandsons of Charlemagne, 9Q-1; economic conditions, 95

Carpathian mountains, 59 Carthage, 37 Carthusian order, 141-2 Cassiodorus, 7 2 Castiglione, Count Baldassare, 478 Castile, kingdom of, 193-6, 295, 375 casdes, 112; motte and bailey, 1o8, 114-

1 s; in England after Norman con-quest, 177-Bo; stone, 461-2

Cathari. See Albigensians, heresy Catherine of France, queen of England,

JS2, 381 Catullus, 44 7 Cauchon, Peter, bishop of Beauvais, 357 Celestine III, pope, 292 Celestine V, pope, 402 Celts, 3, 18, 82; early civilization, 19-20;

of Cornwall and Devon conquered by Saxons, 84; conflict of Celtic and Roman churches, 84-7; their folklose in mediaeval literature, 4S4-S

Cent BaUades, 455 Chalcedon, 36 Chalon, count of, 193 cbambre des comptes, 2s8 Champagne, count of, 113, IS?. 16o-1,

ZZ4, 243, 309; county of, IS?, 255, 34S cb~mso11 de gene, 4s2-3 Cb1171S011 de Roltmd. See Song of Roland Charlemagne, king of the Franks and

emperor, 4So ?So lOS, n6, ISJ, 164, 191, 281, 459; becomes king of Lorn-bards, 76; conquers Saxony, 76-8; an-nexes Bavaria, 78; defeats Avars, 78; wars against Moslems in Spain, 79; his administrative system, 79-Bo; crowned emperor, So; encouragement of learn-ing, 81, 448, 467; as a legendary hero, 453

Charles II of Anjou, king of Naples, 402 Charles IV, king of France, 316 Charles IV of Luxembourg, Holy Ro-

man emperor, 398, 419, 424 Charles V, king of France, 337, 340-8,

386-i) Charles VI, king of France, 347-8, 352,

389 Charles VII, king of France, 351-6, 358,

362-3, 389'-92 Charles VIII, kin.J of France, 39S· 477-8

Index v Charles, count of Anjou and king of

Sicily, 199, 255, 286, 397, 401 Charles, count of Valois, 326 Charles, duke of Berry, 393, 395 Charles, duke of Lower Lorraine, 1 S4 Charles, duke of Orleans, 349-51, 35.s-4,

391, 456 Charles Martel, duke of the Franks, 69"-

72, 74, 105, 164 Charles of Blois, 332, 343, 34S Charles of Spain, constable of France,

337 Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, p6,

337. 341, 343. 386-8 Charles the Bald, king of the West

Franks and emperor, 91, 104, 106, 153 Charles the Fat, king of the Franks and

emperor, 90-1 Charles the Reckless (or the Rash),

duke of Burgundy, 362, 382, 394-5, 399· 446

Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, 91

charter of liberties of Henry I, 184, 270 Chartier, Alan, 456 Chartres: county of, 154, 16o; cathedral

of, 2 29, 461; cathedral school of, 448, 467

Chaucer, Geoffrey: Camerbury Tales, 321-2, 457-8; Troilus and Crisyde, 458

Chester, 31; earldom of, 178 China, 321 Chingiz, Mongol khan, 6o Chinon, 353, 355; castle, 253, 390 chivalry, 244--6; literature of, 45o-6 Chn\tien de Troyes, 452, 454-s; Cliges,

454; Lancelot, 454; Percival, 454-5; Trismrm, 454

Christ Church, Canterbury, monastery, 143. 149. 241, 293-4

Christine de Pisan, Book of the Duke of True Lovers, 455

Christopher Columbus, 477 Church, Greek Catholic: relation to

emperor, 42; quarrels with papacy and schism, 46; iconoclastic contro-versy, 46-7; conversion of Slavs, s8; conversion of Russians, 6o; attempt to heal schism with papacy, 415

Church, Roman Catholic, 29; in Late Roman Empire, 13-18; early organiza-tion, 14; pnvileges in Roman Empire, 14-15; development of doctrine in patristic period, 1 s-16; relations with German invaders of Roman empire, 28; privileges under Merovingian

Church, Roman Catholic (continued) kings, 6s-6; despoiled of lands by Charles Martel, 71; Frankish church reformed by Pepin, 71-2; in tenth century, 124-8; involved in feudal system, 125; Cluniac reform, 128-35; development of theology and canon law, 136-40; support of feudal mon-archs, 1 54, 1 59; relations with German kings, 165--6, 169"-70; conversion of Northmcn, 189; efforts to civilize feudal caste, 244, 246; establishment of Inquisition, 314-16; reform attempted by councils, 413, 415; attempt to heal schism with Greek church, 415

Cicero, 42, 448 Cid, the. See Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar Cistercian order, 143--6 Citeaux, monastery, 143 Clairvaux, monastery, 143, 145 Clare family, 117 Clement V, pope, 405-()7 Clement VII, pope, 409 Clement VIII, pope, 412 Clement of Alexandria, St., 1 s clerical celibacy, 132 Clericis Laicos, 403-()4 Clermont, bishop of, 163 Clermont, Council of, 201 Clermont (in Auvergne), count of, 163 Clermont (in Beauvaisis), county of,

2SS Clermont-Ferrand, 163 Clovis, king of the Franks, 28-9, 63--6, 68 Cluniac order, 143; foundation, u8;

rule and organization, 129 Cluny, monastery, u8; encourages cru-

sades to Spain, 193 Cocherel, battle of, 343 Colman, 86 Cologne, 81 coloni, 9, 67, 99 Colonna family, 403 Columba, St., 86 Columbanus, St., 69 comitatus, 22, 64 commendation, 67 commerce: in Byzantine Empire, 38-9;

decline of in Merovingian state, 67; in ninth century, 22o-1; Italians revive trade with East, 221-2; routes, 221-3

Commines: county of, 311; count of, 313

Commodus, Roman emperor, 8 common law, •64-s communes, 232-4. 279-Bo

vi Index commutation of rents and services, 1

141-1 Compiegne, 357 conciliar movement, 411-17; theory be-

hind, 414 condottieri, 131-3 Conrad I, king of Germany, 165-6 Conrad II, king of Germany and Holy

Roman emperor, 169 Conrad III, king of Germany, 111-13,

149. 176-7 Conrad IV, king of Germany, 186 Constance, Council of, 411-14, 417 Constance of Sicily, Holy Roman em-

press, 198 Constantine V, Byzantine emperor, 44,

47 Constantine VI, Byzantine emperor, 45,

47 Constantine the Great, Roman emperor,

3, 6-7, 13, !!S, 116 Constantinople, 7, 9, 36-7, 39, 44, zoz-

04. 111; made capital of Roman Em-pire, 6; besieged by Avars, 36; be-sieged by Arabs, 38; massacre of Latin merchants in, 51; captured by Fourth Crusade, 51, 116; captured by Turks, ss

Constantinople, Latin empire of, sz, 116, 216

Constantinople, patriarch of, 14, 41, 45-6, 59

Constantius, Roman emperor, 11 Copernicus, 478 Cordova, 195-6; caliphs of, 193 Corsica, 191 cosmography, 435 Couey, lord of, 158 councils, church, 16-17, 41, 66, 71-3,

rz6; see also Nicaea, Hieria, Cler-mont, Lateran, Verona,' Lyons, Pisa, Pavia, Basel, Ferrara, Florence, Trent

count, office of, 64, 78, roo, rsz, 164 Courtenay, William, bishop of London,

411 courtly love, 146, 441, 45o-1, 454 courts: popular, 65, 151, 173-4; seigno-

rial, roo-or; feudal, ro8-o9, 159; eccle-siastical, 131-1, z¢; royal, 158, 163-4; chancery, 371-1

Crac des Chevaliers, castle, 111 craftsmen, 116-7, 131 Crecy, battle of, 333-6, 340 Cremona, 179 Crusades: First, so, r6o, 183, 1oo-o7, 44S;

Second, sr, '94· 111-13; Third, 114-

Crusades ( continrted) r6, 113, zp, 181, 198; Fourth, sz, 216, 19s, 44S; against Moslems in Spain. 191, 193, 19s; Tunis, 199; Peasants', 101-o3; to Damietta in 1118, 116-17, 19S; of Frederick II, 1 17; of Thibaut of Champagne, 117-18; of St. Louis, 118; importance of, 119; aid growth of trade, 111-1; Albigensian, 19s, 311-13, 417, 4sr; dreams of Philip the Good, 393-4; against Aragon, 401-o1; against H ussites, 417

Cumin, John, archbishop of Dublin, 191 curia regis, established by William the

Conqueror, r8o; under Edward I, 171; see also Great Council

Cybele, cult of, 11 Cynewulf, 88,449 Cyprus, 44, us; kingdom of, 115, 118 Cyril, St., s8

Dagobert I, king of the Franks, 66, 6IH) Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, 107 Dalriada, 86 Damascus, 36, 44, 104, 113, 111; cap-

tured by Arabs, 37 Damietta, 116-18 Danegeld, 175 Danelaw, 171 Dante, 43o-1; Divine Comedy, 43o-1,

4s6; De Mo1111Tcbia, 437 Danube river, 4, 11, 15, 33, JS, 38, 91, 166 Dauphigny, 187, 417 Dee river, 83 De Haeretico Comburendo, 414 Deira, 81, 85 Denmark, 31, 89, 91, 18cr90 Diocletian, Roman emperor, 3, 6-9, 13 Dispenser family, 367 Dnieper river, 59-6o Dniester river, 21, 59 Domesday Book, 103, 183, 165 Dominic, St., 318 Dominican Order, 310, 314; establish-

ment, 318-19; in Inquisition, 319-10; as scholars, 310; as missionaries, 3 zr

Domremy, 354 Don, river, 1o-r, 61 Donation of Constantine, 75, 116, 416 Donatus, Aelius, 467 Dorylaeum, battle of, 1o6 Dover, r7s, 177 Dreux, county of, 154 Dreux family, 117, 331 Drogo de Hauteville, 197 Druids, 19

Index Vll

Dublin, 91 du Bois, Peter, 401, 465 Dunois, count of, 354-5 Duns Scotus, 310 Dunstan, St., 119, 148 Durazzo, so, 51, 103 Durham, bishop of, 178

East Anglia, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, 84, 91

East Frankish state. See Germany Eble, count of Rouci, 193 Eckehan, 41o-1 economic ideas, 441-3 Edessa, county of, 1o6, 110, 111-13 Edmund, earl of Lancaster, 170, 186,

348, 374, n8 Edmund Ironside, king of England, 175 Edmund Mortimer, earl of March, 348,

378-<) Edmund of Langley, earl of Cambridge

and duke of York, 344, 379 Edward I, king of En~land, 317, 348,

364, 375, 378, 383; h1s reign, 171-{;, 319-30, 366-7; suppresses Templars, 405-{)7

Edward II, king of England, 176, 316, 367. 36<). ]70, 378

Edward III, king of England, 344, 36o, 376, 384; campaigns in France, 316-8, 331-8, 341; reign, 367-70, 374; rela-tions with Wyclif, 421-1

Edward IV, king of England, 379, 381-1, 394

Edward, duke of York, 351, 379 Edward, king of Wessex, 91, 171 Edward the Black Prince, prince of

Wales, H7-41, 344, 346-7, 374 Edward the Confessor, king of Eng-

land, 175, 179-80, 113 Edwin, earl of Northumbria, 176-7 Edwin, king of Northumbria, 82, 85...{; Egbert, king of Wessex, 84 Egypt, 4, 17-18, 33, 36-7, 49 Einhard, 76,80,444 Elbe river, 78, 166 Eleanor, duchess of Aquitaine, queen of

France and England, 163, 213. 149-53, 451

Eleanor of Provence, queen of England, 170

Elizabeth of York, queen of England, ]81

Eloise, 470 Emperor, Holy Roman, status as de-

fined by Frederick I, 281

England: under the heptarchy, 81-8; Cluniac reform in, 129; monasticism in after conquest, 146-7; under late Anglo-Saxon kings, 172...{;; Norman con'luest of, 176-7; organization by William I, 177-82; establishment of exchequer, 185; civil war under Ste-phen, 186; results of civil war, 261; legal innovations of Henry II, 163...{;; baronial revolt against John, 168-70; issuance of Magna Carta, 16<}-70; ba-ronial revolt against Henry III, 171; beginnings of Parliament, 273-5; com-parison of English and French gov-ernments in early fourteenth century, 287-8; King John becomes vassal of pope, 194; military resources in early fourteenth century, p8-3o; govern-ment in early fourteenth century, 366-7; social classes in fourteenth cen-tury, 372-4; attempt of Richard II to be absolute, 377-8; Wars of the Roses, 38o-3

Epicureanism, 12 Epirus, despotat of, sz, 54 Erasmus, Desiderius, 478 Erskine, John, 455 Essex, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, 84-5 Estates General, 26o, 384; reforms of

Etienne Marcel, 386-8 estates of realm, idea of, 365 Este family, 233 F.tampes, 158 Ethelbert, king of Kent, 82, 84-5 Etienne Marcel, 386-8 Eton College, 468 Euclid, 58 Eugenius IV, pope, 415-16 Evesham, battle of, 271 Evreux, county of, 155

fabliaux, 455 fairs, 224-5; of Champagne, 114, 143; of

St. Giles at Winchester, 114-5; at Bo~on, 225; at Lyons, 225

F alaise, castle, 253 family, importance of in feudal society,

II~

Fast~lf. John, 414 Fathers, Patristic, 15-16, u6, 137, 431,

433-4. 441 Fatimid caliphate of Egypt, 107 Felix V, pope, 415 Ferdinand ll, king of Leon, 195 Ferdinand III, king of Leon and Castile,

1¢

Vlll Index Ferdinand the Catholic, king of Aragon,

19(5, 477 Ferrara, 233, 397; Council of, 415; see

also Florence, Council of feudal caste: education, 118; as soldiers,

118-19; manners and morals, 119-20; religion, uo-1; status of women, rzr-2; standard of living in early Middle Ages, rz2; effects on of rise of towns and commerce, 239, 242-3; civi-lizing of in twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 244-7; French nobles in fif-teenth century, 291-2

feudal system: origins, 71, 105; develop-ment, 1o6-o7; services, 107-rz; as a system for keepin~ order, 114; distri-bution of power m, 114-15; in Eng-land, liS, 181-2; in Germany, 115-16; extent, 116-17; effects on of rise of towns and trade, 243

fidelity, 111 Fifteen ]o:ys of Marriage, 456 Firth of Forth, 83 Flagellants, 419 Flanders: county of, 159-00, 2zz, 256,

3lS, 333, 343-4; count of, 161, 163, 315 Fleury, monastery, 467 Florence, 233, 28o, 397; Council of, 415 Foix, count of, 310, 313, 391; county of,

312 Fontainbleau, forest of, 161 Fontevrault, nunnery, 142-3 Formigny, battle of, 359""61 F ortunatus, 68 France: Cluniac reform in, 129; under

the late Carolingian kings, 1s2-4; Hugh Capet elected king, 154; feudal princes of in tenth century, 157, 159"" 61; nature of early feudal monarchy, 156-9; struggle with the Plantagenets, 249-54; establishment of baillis, 2S4; attempts to curb nobles, 2 57; charters of liberties given nobles, 257-8; devel-opment of royal administration, 258-6o; comparison of English and French governments in early fourteenth cen-tury, 287-8; dispute over succession to throne, p6-8; military resources in early fourteenth century, 328-9; rav-alfed by Free Companies, 347; confu-Sion under Charles VI, 348""9, 389; end of English power in, 36o; government under Phihp VI, 384-s; royal reve-nues, 384-5; attempts by Etienne Mar-cel to reform government, 386-8; peasant revolt, 387-8; Cabochian re-

France (continued) volt and reform plan, 389-90; struggle of monarchy with princes, 391-s; strength of monarchy at death of Louis XI, 3¢

Franche-Comte, 344, 3¢; see also Bur-gundy, Free County of

Francis of Assisi, St., 316-19 Franciscan Order, 310, 314, 317-zz, 420,

434 Fran~ois Villon, 456 Franconia, duchy of, 115, 164, 166, 169,

171 Frankish state. See Merovingian and

Carolingian Franks, 2o-2, 25, 439; occupy northern

Gaul, z s; establish state in Gaul, 30 Frederick I, Bar'uarossa, king of Ger-

many and Holy Roman emperor, so, 214-15, 249, 277-81

Frederick II, King of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 270, 291, 298, 364, 401, 472; as crusader and k:ng of Jerusalem, 199, 213, 217-18; reign, 283-6

Frederick In, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 394-5, 398, 477

Frederick of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia, 171, 276

Frederick of Hohenzollem, margrave of Brandenburg, 398

Free Archers, 363 Free Companies, 347, 362 Friars. See Austin friars, Carmelite Or-

der, Dominican Order, Franciscan Order

Friends of God, 420 Frisia, 71 Fulda, monastery, 81, 467

Galen, s8, 436 Galilee, barony of, 2o8 Galilee, Sea of, 113 Garonne river, 90 Gascony, 161, 257, 324, 326-8, 333, 337,

344. 393· 395 Gatinais, 162 Gaul, 4, 1o-11, 13, 18-19, zs-6, zB-9 Gaveston, Peter, 367 Genoa, 191, 195, 397; given privileges in

Byzantine Empire, 51; fteet attacks Moslems in Corsica, zoo, zz1; support given Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, 211-12; develops trade with East, 221-2

gentry, 372-4

Index IX

Geoffrey, count of Anjou, r8s~. 150 Geoffrey de Mandeville, r86 Geoffrey de Villehardouin, lord of

Achaia, 116 Geoffrey de Villehardouin, marshal of

Champagne, 44S Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the

Kings of Britain, 454, 4S7 Geoffrey Plantagenet, archbishop of

York, 191 Geoffrey Plantagenet, duke of Brittany,

153 George, duke of La Tremoille, 353 Gepidae, 10 Gerald, St., ros Gerard of Cremona, s8 Gerard de Furnival, 119 Germans, 3, 438; in Roman army, 7, r8;

distribution in fourth century, 1o-1; early civilization, 11-4

Germany, 151; Cluniac reform in, 119; stem dukes, r64-s; Conrad of Fran-conia elected king, r6s; relations be-tween kings and church, r6s~. r6c;-70; attempt of Henry III and Henry IV to build centralized mon-archy, 16c;-71; investiture contro-versy, 17o-1; anarchy after death of Henry V, 171-1; becomes feudal monarchy under Frederick I, 177, 181; Frederick II yields privileges. to princes, 184-5; triumph of princes at Frederick's death, 186; in late Middle Ages, 397-8; establishment of Elec-tors, 398; heresy in fourteenth cen-tury, 417-18

Ghent, 111 Ghibellines, 133 Gibraltar, Straits of, 113 Gilles de Rais, 3H Giraldus Cambrensis, 471 Godfrey de Bouillon, sr, wr, 1o3-o8 Godwin, earl of Wessex, 175 Golden Bull, 398 Golden Fleece, order of, 394 Golden Horde, conquers Russian states,

6o-l Goliardic poetry, 447-8 Goslar, t7o-1, 177, 18o-1 Gothic architecture, 431, 436, 45~1 Goths, 1o-1; conversion, u Gower, John, Confessio A1111111tis, 457 Granada, 196 Grandmont, monastery, 141 Gratian, 138, 168, 301; Decretals, 301 Great Council, 367, 36c;-7o

Greece, 35, 47, 54, s8, r\)8-9 Greek language, ro, 34, 69, 81 Greenland, 91, r88, 190 Gregory I, the Great, pope, 84-5; Pas-

toral Care, 93, 449 Gregory VII, pope, 141, 148, 176, 100,

179; investiture controversy, rn-6, 161-1, 17<>--1

Gregory IX, pope. 314; Decretals, 189 Gregory XI, pope, 4o8, 411 Gregory XII, pope, 411-11 Gregory of Tours, History of the

Franks, 68, 444 Grenoble, 141 Guelfs, 133 Guienne, 161 Gui-Geoffrey, duke of Aquitaine, 193 guilds, 118-31; merchant, 118-9; craft,

111)-31 Guy de Lusignan, king of Jerusalem

and Cyprus, ur, 113-15

Hadrian's wall, 3"'4 Hanseatic League, 115 Harding, Stephen, abbot of Citeaux, 143 Harfleur, 350 Harold Bluetooth, king of Denmark,

r88 Harold, earl of Wessex and king of

England, 175-7 Harold Fairhair, king of Norway, 188 Harold, king of Norway, 176 Hastings, battle of, 176-7 Hastings, castle, 177 Hebrew, study of, 310 Hebrides islands, 91, 188, 190 Hellenistic civilization, ro, 57-8 Henry I, king of England, 117, 163, 181,

161-1, 164, 171, 175; reign, 184-5 Henry I, king of France, 155 Henry I, the Fowler, king of Germany,

165, 167 Henry II, king of Cyprus and Jerusa-

lem, 113 Henry II, king of England, 111, 111,

113, 171-3, 177, 18o, 198, 305, 309, 431, 471; plans crusade, 114-15; struggle with kings of France, 149-51; reign, 161-?

Henry II, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 168-70

Henry III, king of England, 118, 157, 173, 175, 1¢, 314, 319, 369; reign, 17o-1; aid to pope, 185-6

Henry III, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 130, 169

X Index Henry IV, king of England, 348-9,

377-9. 413-4 Henry IV, king of Germany and Holy

Roman emperor, 176; dispute with Gregory VII, 134-5, r6z, zoo-or, 179; reign, 17~1

Henry V, king of En~land, 358, 379, 381, 41%, 414; campargns in France, 349-52

Henry V, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 171, r8s, 276

Henry VI, king of England, 351-3, 359-6o, 374, ncrSr

Henry VI, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, rgB--9, 252, z8o, 182-3, 290, 2g8

Henry VII, king of England, 381-3 Henry VII of Luxembourg, king of

Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 397

Henry Beaufon, bishop of Winchester, 413

Henry, count of Paris, 154 Henry, duke of Lancaster, 338 Henry of Burgundy, count of Porrugal,

194 Henry of Lausanne, 3o6-o7 Henry Percy, earl of Nonhumberland,

378 Henry, son of Emperor Frederick II,

285 Henry the Liberal, count of Cham-

pagne, 151 Henry the Lion, duke of Bavaria and

Saxony, 277, 27cr8o, 181-3 Henry the Proud, duke of Bavaria, 176 Henry, the young king, eldest son of

Henry II of England, 111, 166, 431 Heraclius, Byzantine emperor, 36, 38, 41 Hereford, earldom of, 178 heresy, 18g, 304-16; in late Roman Em-

pire, r6; in Byzantine Empire, 37; Manichaeans, 304-<lS; Cathari or Albi-gensians, 296, 305-o6, 308, 417; Wal-densians, 305, 307-<l8, 417-18; Brethren of the Free Spirit, 418-20; Flagellants, 419; Wyclif and the Lollards, 411-4; Hus and the Hussites, 4:4-8

hermits, in early church, 17; in eleventh century, 140

Herod, king of Judea, 13 Hieria, Council of, 47 Hildeben of Lavardin, bishop of Le

Mans, 447-8, 467 Hildebrand, 133; see also Gregory VII,

pope

Hildebrandslied, 449 Hippocrates, 436 historians, mediaeval, 441-7 homage, rr 2; liege, 113 Honorius IV, pope, 402 Horace, 468 Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem,

knights of, 11~11, 114, 218, 236, 407 House of Commons, 370, 377 House of Lords, 368-70, 377, 424; as su-

preme coun, 371 houses, 462 Ruben Walter, archbishop of Canter-

bury, 293 Hugh III, king of Cyprus and Jerusa-

lem, 113 Hugh IX de Lusignan, count of La

Marche, 112, 253, 259 Hugh X de Lusignan, count of La

Marche, 270 Hugh Capet, king of France, 154-9. 161,

172, 255 Hugh, count of Vermandois, 201, 203-

04, 255 Hugh de Payen, zro Hugh de Puiset, 163 Hugh of Aries, king of Italy, r67 Hugh of Avallon, St., bishop of Lin-

coln, 148 Humber river, 84 Humbert II, dauphin of Viennois, 396 Humphrey de Hauteville, 197 Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, 352,

358-9, 379 Hungary, 2o, 35, ss. scr6o. 78, 92, 396,

398; king of, 101 Huns, 22, 14-5; rout Alans, 22; rout Os-

trogoths, 24; attack Visigoths, 24; in-vasion of Gaul, 26, 19

Hus, John, 411, 411, 425-7, 478 Hussites, 361, 411-u, 415, 416-8

Iceland, 92, r88, 190 lconium, so; sultanate of, p, 215; see

also Roum iconoclastic controversy, 46-7 Idylls of the King, 147 lie de France, 97, 155 illumination, 463-4 Illyria, 4 immunity, 6s, roo impeachment, 368, 371 indulgences, 139-40, 3oo-o1 lngeborg of Denmark, queen of France,

291-1, 195

Index XI

Innocent III, pope, launches two cru-sades, 216; intervenes in imperial elec-tion, z8J-4; his reign as pope, 290-9; measures against heresy, JIG-II, JIJ-14, 317-18

Inquisition, JI4-I6, 417-18 Investiture Controversy, 132-5, I6I-z,

17()-1 Iona, monastery, 86 Ireland, 19, 267; sixth-century refuge of

scholars, 69; Scots from Ireland in-vade west Scotland, 86; attacked by Vikings, 92; conquered by English, '90

Irene, Byzantine empress, 44-5, 47 lrnerius, 469 Isaac Angelus, Byzantine emperor, 51 Isaac Comnenus, emperor of Cyprus, 51 Isabella, queen of Castille, 477 Isabelle, daughter of Charles VI of

France, queen of England, 347 Isabelle of Angouleme, queen of Eng-

land, 270 Isabelle of France, queen of England,

326-7, 367 Isabelle, queen of Jerusalem, 217 Isis, cult of, 11 Italy, 4, 18, z6, z8, 47, 116, IJ4, 166, zJz,

z8o; invaded by Visigoths, zs, Osrro-gothic kingdom in, zs-6; recovered by Justinian, z6, J4; invaded by Lorn-bards, z6, J4; Byzantine power in, J8; conquered by Charlemagne, 45, 76; conquered by Otto I, 45, 166-8; Nor-mans in Apulia and Calabria, 197-8; revival of commerce in, z z 1-2; rise of Italian communes, lJl-J; struggle of Lombard League with emperors, 279-So, z8s; in the fifteenth cenrury, J96-7

Ivan III, grand prince of Moscow, 61, 477

Jacques Coeur, 135, J90, 461 Jaffa, barony of, 108 James I, king of Aragon, 1¢ }arrow, monastery, 87, 89 Jean de Meung, Roman de Ia Rose, 456 Jean Froissart, 446 Jean Petit, 41J Jeanne d'Arc, 354-7, J90, 456 Jeanne, queen of Navarre, 326 Jerome of Prague, 424-5, 427 Jerome, St., 15, 18 Jerusalem, J6, 197, zoo, 116-17; patriarch

of, 14; caprured by Arabs, J7; king of,

Jerusalem (continued) so; captured by First Crusade, 207; taken by Saladin, 214

Jerusalem, Latin kingdom of, 116, 4J8; founded, zo7-o8; institutions, zo8-1o

Jews, t2-13, zoz, 221; massacres of, zoz, 419; as moneylenders, ZJ7

Joachim of Flora, 420 Joanna II, queen of Naples, J97 John I, count of Montfort and duke of

Brittany, 33 z John I, duke of Bourbon, JSG-1, 391 John I of Armagnac, J44 John II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor,

50 John II, duke of Alen~on, 355 John II of Montfort, duke of Brittany,

J32, 34J John II, the Good, king of France, 332,

337-4J, J8s-6 John XXIII, pope, 411-12, 426 John Balliol, 475 John Balliol, king of Scotland, 175 John de Brienne, king of Jerusalem,

116-17 John de Grailly, captal de Buch, J41,

J88 John de Grey, bishop of Norwich,

29J-4 John, duke of Bedford, 352--4, J57-<J, J79 John Giffard of Brimpsfield, JJO John Gualbett, St., 140 John, king of England, 117, ''9• 1J6,

273, 184, JIG-II, JZ9; quarrel with Hugh de Lusignan, 112, 253, 259; wars with Philip Augustus, zsz-s; reign, 166-70; quarrels with Innocent III, 191-6

John, lord of Joinville, History of St. Louis, 445

John of Clermont, marshal of France, 340

John of Dreux, duke of Brittany, 331 John of Ghent, duke of Lancaster, J44,

J48, J74-7. J80, 421 John of Jardun, 410 John of Luxembourg, J56-8 John of Luxembourg, king of Bohemia,

335. J98 John of Monte Corvino, archbishop of

Pekin, JZI John of Salisbury, 303, 447-8, 465, 467 John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy,

349-52, 359. 389-90 judges delegate, 131, 1¢ judges itinerant, 184, 163-5

Index jury of presentment, 163 lury,petty, 165-6 JUstices of the peace, 3 71 Justinian, Roman emperor, 33--4, 38,

136; orders codification of Roman law, 8; reconquers Italy, North Af-rica, and southern Spain, 16, 33-4

J utes, 10, 31 Jutland, 10

Karak, barony of, 1o8 Kent, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, 81, 84-5 Khazars, s9-6o Kiev, 6o, 89; principality of, 6o-1 King's College, Cambridge, 468 Knaresborough, 103 knight: under Carolingians, 1os-o6; ed-

ucation, u8; as soldiers, 118-19; man-ners and morals, 119-10; religion, UD-1

La Ferte, monastery, 143, 145 Lagny-sur-Mame, 114-5 La Grande Chartreuse, monastery, 141 La Hogue, 333 Lancelot, story of, 431; see also Chre-

tien de Troyes Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury,

1)5, 148. 467 Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Can-

terbury, 168, 193-5, 301 Laon, 153, 133; cathedral school of, 467 La Reale, 347 Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 196 Lateran: Third Council of the, 3o8;

Fourth Council of the, 165, 313, 318, 311

Latin: language, 1o-11, 30, 34, 69, 81; literature, 447-8

La Tour-Landry, knight of, no, 147 bw: Roman, 7-8, 6s, 136, 16o, 181,

437-8; Gettnanic, 6s; feudal, 107, 1o8-oc}; canon, us-6, 136, 189, 196; English common, 164-5; customary, 437-8; teaching of, 469

Layamon, Brut, 457 learning: Byzantine, s6; Arab, 57-8, 434;

in Ireland, 69; in Carolingian empire, 81; in Anglo-Saxon England, 87-8; see also economic ideas, historians, law, philosophy, political thought, schools, social ideas, theology, uni-versities

Lechfeld, battle of the, 165 legates, papal, 1 3o-1, 1¢-7 Legnano, battle of, 179--Bo

Leicester, earldom of, 312 Le Mans, 191 Leo Ill, the !saurian, Byzantine em-

peror, 38, 41, 45-7 Leo V, Byzantine emperor, 47 Leo VI, Byzantine emperor, 40 Leon, kingdom of, 193-6 Leonardo da Vinci, 478 Leopold II, duke of Austria, 399 Le Petit ]ehan de Saintre, 456 Lerida, 194-5 Les Cent Nouvelles, 456 Lewes, castle, 177 Liege, bishop of, 394 Lille, 221 Limoges, 141 Limousin, 314, 338 Lindisfame, monastery, 86, 89 Lionel, duke of Clarence, 348, 378 Lisbon, 194 literature: Latin, 447-8; Anglo-Saxon,

448-9; German, 449; Scandinavian, 449; French, 45o-6; Italian, 45(>...7; English, 457-8

livery and maintenance, 371-3 Loches, castle, 153 Loire river, 89-90, ¢, 153, 16o, 113,

338-9. 353 Lollards, 42}-4 Lombard League, 179-Bo, 185-6 Lombards, 10, 28, 63, 71-z; enter Italy,

16, 34; threaten papacy, 74-5; de-feated by Pepin, 75; conquered by Charlemagne, 76

Lombardy, 134, 167-8, 132-3, 179-Bo, 186, 305, 309

London, 113, 115, 168, 341, 343, 376, 421; Tower of, 186, 135, 381; White Tower in, 461

longbow, 329 Lords Appellant, 377 Lords Ordainers, 367, 377 Lorraine, duchy of, 115, 164, 167, 394-S Lot, Ferdinand, 335 Lothaire, king of Italy and emperor, 91,

104, 167 Lothaire, king of Lorraine and Bur-

gundy, 91 Lothaire, king of the West Franks, 154 Lothaire of Supplinburg, king of Ger-

many and Holy Roman emperor, 171-1, 149, 17(>...7

Louis I, duke of Anjou, 341-3, 345, 348 Louis III, count of Flanders, 343--4 Louis Ill, duke of Anjou, 353--4, 397

Index xili Louis Ill, of Wittelsbach, king of Ger-

many and Holy Roman emperor, 331, 397-8, 410

Louis V, king of the West Franks, 154 Louis VI, king of France, 161-3, 184,

149. zss Louis VII, king of France, ztZ-13, z4or

so, zss, z6z, z66, 451, 471 Louis VIII, king of France, 255, 313,445 Louis IX, St. Louis, king of France, 136,

z6o, z86, z¢, 314, 311, 314, 364, 401, 403; as a crusader, 199, z t8; reign, zss-8

Louis X, king of France, 316, 337 Louis XI, king of France, 363, 380, 382,

391-6, 416, 446, 477 Louis XII, duke of Orleans and king of

France, 392 Louis, duke of Bourbon, 346-8, 389 Louis, duke of Orleans, 34~, 351, 354,

389, 413 Louis the Child, king of the East

Franks, 165 Louis the German, king of the East

Franks, 9'· 104 Louis the Pious, king of the Franks and

emperor, 90-1, 104 Lund, archbishopric of, 189 Luther, Martin, 411, 423, 427, 478 Lutterworth, 421, 423 Luxeuil, monastery, 69 Lyons, 225, 307, 3¢, 405, 417; Council

of, 319

Macedonia, s8 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 478 Magdeburg, archbishopric of, t66 Magna Carta, 158, 26<r-7o, 173 Magnus Billung, 166, t68 Magyars, 35, 44, sor6o. 92-3, 164-6 Maine, county of, 154, t6o, 157, 314,

341-2; conquered by Philip Augustus, 153

Majorca, t¢ Malory, Sir Thomas, Morte d' Arthur,

455 Malta, 119 Mamelukes, 6t Man, Isle of, 91, 190 Manfred, king of Sicily, 199, z86 Mantua, 397 Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine em-

peror, so-t Manzikert, battle of, 49 Map, Walter, archdeacon of Oxford,

146,447

Marcommani, zo Margaret Beaufort, 381 Margaret of Anjou, queen of England,

38o-t Margaret of Flanders, duchess of Bur-

gundy, 343-4 Margaret of York, duchess of Bur-

gundy, 394 Margaret, queen of Scotland, 175 Marie, countess of Champagne, 151,

451-1, 454 Marie de France, 455; Lais, 455 Marmora, Sea of, 36, 38 marriage, too, 111, 441; in Merovingian

state, 6s; in feudal caste, 146 Marseilles, 111-3 Marsh, Adam, 310 Marshal, William, 111, 111, 225, 145-6,

1¢,440,445 Marsilio of Padua, 4oorto, 414; De-

fensor Pacis, 4oorto Martin IV, pope, 401 Martin V, pope, 413 Mary Magdalene, cult of, 141, 144 Mary of Burgundy, 395, 398 Matilda, Holy Roman empress and

countess of Anjou, 185-6, 149, z61 Maurice, Byzantine emperor, 34, 40 Maximilian of Hapsburg, 395, 398 Meaux, 388; county of, t6o Mecca, 36 Medici family, 133, 137-8, 301, 397 medicine, 436; medical school at Sa-

lerno, 469 Medina, 36 Meran, duke of, 191 merchants, z 3o-z Mercia, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, 83-4,

91-1 Merovingian state, 63; government,

64-6; relations with Church, 6s-6; so-cial structur~. 67; culture, 68; monas-ticism in, ~; decline of, 69; army, 70

Merton College, Oxford, 474 Messina, us Methodius, St., s8 Michael III, Byzantine emperor, 48 Michael VII, Byzantine emperor, zoo Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine

emperor, 54 Michelangelo, 478 Milan, 179, 397, 461 ministeriales, 116, t6or7o Minnesingers, 451

xiv Index Minorca, r¢ minstrels, 119 Mirabeau, castle, 153 missi dominici, 79-80, 153 Mithras, cult of, 11 Modena, 397 Mohammed, 36-7 Mohammed II, Ottoman sultan, 55 monarchy: Hellenistic, 13, 41, 437; Ger-

manic, 13, 63; feudal, 155--9; mediaeval theory of, 437

monarchy, absolute, attempt of Rich-ard II to establish it, 3 77-8

monastic annals, 148, 443 monasticism: beginnings of, 17-18; in

Byzantine Empire, 46-8; in Merovin-gian state, 68--9; the Benedictine rule, 71-3; in tenth centurv, 114, n8; the Cluniac refonn, rz8--<}; new orders in eleventh and twelfth centuries, 14<>-7; services to church and society, 147--9

money, 135--6 Mongols, 42, 6<>-r, 118, 321 monophysite heresy, 37 Montauban, 312 Monte Cassino, monastery;71 Montfort-l'Amaury, barony of, 311 Montmorency, lord of, I 58, 163 Montpellier, 312, 343 Mont-St.-Michel, 16o Morcar, earl of Northumbria, 176-7 More, Thomas, 466, 478 Morimond, monastery, I43, 145 Morocco, 4, go · Mortain, county of, 155 Moscow, princes of, 61 Moselle river, 123 Moslems: possessions in \Vest in A.D.

rooo, I91; fall of caliphate of Cor-dova, 193; wars with Christians in Spain, I94--6; see also Arabs

Murad I, Ottoman sultan, 54 Muret, battle of, 312 mystery religions, 11-11 mysticism, 41<)-11

Nancy, 395 Nantes, go, 16o Naples, kingdom of, 397; university of,

471 Narbonne, zu, 234, 338; duchy of, 3I1 Narses, B nationalism, 365--6 Navarre, kingdom of, 191, 193--6, 337 Nazareth, 1 I7

Neoplatonism, 6, 11, 15, 17, 303, 41<)-lO, 431-2

Nestorian heresy, 37 Neustria, Frankish kingdom, 64, 6g, 71 Nevers, county of, 343 Newcastle upon Tyne, 4 New College, Oxford, 468, 473 Nibelungenlied, 449 Nicaea, so, 204; Council of, I6; empire

of, 51, 54 Nicholas IV, pope, 402 Nicholas V, pope, 4I5-16 Nidaros, archbishopric of, IS9 Nineveh, battle of, 36 Noinnoutier, island, 8g-go nominalists, 43 I-1 Norbert, founder of Premonstratensian

order, 147 Norfolk, earls of, 162 Normandy: founded by Rollo, 9I;

duchy of, 102, I6o, 257, 266, 3 I 2, 324, 338, 34I-z, 393; dukes of, 156-7, 161; conquest by Philip Augustus, 253

N orthmen: territories held at height of power, I88; conversion, I88--<); insti-tutions, I 8g-go

North Sea, 4 Norrhumbria, 82, 84, 86, 9' Norway, 89, rSg-go, 198 Nottingham, judges at, 377 Novgorod, 59, 89 Noyon, 233

Oder, river, 20, 166 Odo, duke of Burgundy, 211 Odo, king of the West Franks, 153 Otfa, king of Mercia, 84 Otfa's Dyke, 84 Olaf the Tax-gatherer, king of Sweden,

r88 Olaf Trygvesson, king of Norway, 188 Oldcastle, John, Lord Cobham, 424 Oler6n, island, 324 Oman, Sir Charles, 3 35 Omayyad caliphate. 44 Oporto, I94 ordeal, I 74, 263--6 Orderic Vitalis, 1/istoria Ecclesiastic-a,

148, 443-4 Origen, 15 Orkhan, Ottoman sultan, 54 Orkney Islands, 92, r88, I go Orleans, go, IS3-4; siege of, 354--6 Orosi us, 445, 449 Osman, Turkish chieftain, 54

Index XV

Ostrogoths, 11--4, 63, 438; conversion, 21; establish state in Italy, 25-6; con-quered by Justinian, 26, 34

Oswald, king of Northumbria, 83-6 Oswy. king of Northumbria, 83--4, 86 Orto I, the Great, king of Germany and

Holy Roman emperor, 45, 93, 165-9, 281; crowned emperor, 167

Orto II, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 45, 168

Otto III, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 45, 168

Otto IV, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 253--4, 267, 283--4, 291-3

Otto of \Vittelsbach, duke of Bavaria, 280

Ottoman Turks, 35, 318; establish them-selves in Byzantine Empire, 54; con-quer Byzantine Empire, 55

Ovid, 468; Ars Amor1s, 451, 464 Owen Glendower, 378 Owen Tudor, 381 Oxford, 273; university of, 320, 422-3,

469, 472~ beginnings of, 471, 473

Pachomius, St., 17-18 Padua, university of, 472 painting, mural, 464 Palermo, 198 Palestine, 4, n. 37, ss. 191, 204, 2o8, 252 pallium, 131 Pampeluna, 191 papacy: in tenth century, 124; reform

of, 130; development of curia, z¢-302; papal chancery, 297; revenues, 297-302; financial administration, 301-o2; at Avignon, 405-{)8, 417; Great Schism, 408-15, 417

Paris, 90, 153-4, 158, 223, zz6, 342, 349, 385, 387; lie de Ia cite, zz6, 2 3 1, 2 34, 470; Bastille, 235; Louvre, 235; uni-versity of, 268, 290, 357, 409, 435, 448, 469, 47<>-1, 472; Treaty of, 324; cathe-dral school of, 467, 4 70

Paris, Matthew, 444 parish clergy, 125 parlement of Paris, 258-9, 287, 324, 328,

344. 384 Parliament, 366, 368, 372, 375, 378, 3So,

383; beginnings of, 273-5; develop-ment of under Edward III, 368-71; franchise for elections, 374; gains un-der house of Lancaster, 378-9

Parliament, Model, 274 Pascal II, pope, 133

Patrimony of St. Peter, 124, 4o8; founded by Pepin's gift, 75; part seized by Frederick I, 280, 290; re-gained by Innocent III, 297-8

Paul, St., 17 Paul the Deacon, 81 Paulinus, 8s Pavia, 76; Council of, 415 Peace of God, 193, 244 peasants: economic position in early

Middle Ages, 98-9, 101-{)2; legal sta-tus in early Middle Ages, JOO-{)I; po-sition improved by reclamation move-ment, 104; in Norman England, 181-2 ; effect on of rise of towns and trade, 24o-2

peasant revolts: in France, 341, 387-8; in England, 348, 375-6

peerage, hereditary, 369 Penda, king of Mercia, 84-6 Pepin, duke and king of the Franks,

71-8, 105, 164 Pepin of Heristal, duke of the Franks,

6c} Pepin of Landen, duke of the Franks, 6c} Pepin, son of Charlemagne, 76, 78 Pepo, 469 Perigeux, 307 Perigord, 324, 338 Peronne, 394 Persia, 11, 3 7, 304 Persians, n. 36-7 Petchenegs, 44, so, 6o Peter II, king of Aragon, 1¢, 312-13 Peter III, king of Aragon and Sicily,

199,401 Peter Damian, St., 14o-1 Peter de Castelnau, 310, 314 Peter des Roches, bishop of Winches-

ter, 293 Peter Lombard, 138, 268, 289, 302-{)};

Sentences, 302, 474 Peter, lord of Beaujeu, 395 Peter of Bruys, 3~ Peter of Dreux, duke of Brittany, 217-

18, 2¢,471 Peter of Pisa, 8 1 Peter, son of King Louis VI of France,

255 Peter the Hermit, :o2-o3 Peterborough, monastery, 181 Peter's Pence, 298 Petrarch, Francesco, 45~7 Pevensea, castle, 177 Philip I, king of France, 134, 159, 161-2,

255

XVI Index Philip II, Augustus, king of France, 149,

277, 184, 471; on Third Crusade, 114-16, 11)8; reign, 251-6, 258-6o; contest with john of England, 252-4, 266-7, 294-5; quarrel with Innocent Ill, 191-1; relations with Albigensian Cru-sade, 31o-13

Philip III, king of France, 255, 157, 401-02

Philip IV, the Handsome, king of France, 326, 364, 386; reign, 257, 16o-1, 383-4; quarrel with papacy, 402-<17

Philip V, king of France, 326 Philip VI, count of Valois and king of

France, 326-7, 332-5, 337, 384-5 Philip, count of Evreux, 326 Philip, duke of Orleans, 340, 385 Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders,

251-1, 254 Philip of Hohenstaufen, king of Ger-

many, 183-4. 291 Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy,

34o-l, 343-4. 348-<), 389 Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy,

352-3, ]56, 358-9. 362, 391-4, 455-6 Philippe de Comines, 446 Philippe de Novarre, 465 philosophy, 3o2-o3, 320, 43o-3 Phocas, Byzantine emperor, 36 Pico della Mirandola, 478 Pipe Roll, 185 Pisa, 51, 191, 195, 200, 221-2; leaning

tower of, 233; Council of, 411, 426 Plato, 15, 303, 431 poetry: Anglo-Saxon, 88; troubadour,

45o-1; narrative, 452-5; lyric in fif-teenth-century France, 456

pogroms, 202 Poissy, 333 Poitiers, 90, 161, 150; battle of, nc;r-44,

350, 385-6 Poitou, county of, 255-7, 314, 324 Poland, 20, 198 political thought, 4oc;r-1o, 436-7, 447 Ponthieu, county of, 333, 341 Pontigny, monastery, 143, 145 pope, 45, 59, 75, 270; threatened by

Lombards, 74; recognizes Robert Guiscard as duke of Apulia, 197; con-test with Philip IV, 26o, 402-o5; with Frederick I, nc;r8o; with Henry VI, 182-3; with Frederick II, 185-6, 401; with councils, 411-17

Poniuncula, church of, 317

Ponugal, 193, 1¢, 295; county, 194; kingdom, 194

poveny, a vinue, 303-<14, 317 Pragmatic Sanction: of Bourges, 416; of

Mainz, 416 Prague, 426; university of, 424-5 Premonstratensian order, 147 price, just, 136-7, 441 princes, of Germany, 168-<), 176-7,

284-5 Priscian, 467 Provence, county of, 213, 312, 395-6,417 Provins, 214; county of, 16o Prussia, 118-19 Pseudo-lsidorean Decretals, 126, 137 Ptolemy, 58 Public \Veal, League of, 393 Puiset, lord of, 158 punishments, 438 Pvle, Howard, 455 P)·renees mountains, 25, 70, 79, 16o, 191,

250, 324

quadrivium, 466-7 quia emptores, statute of, 272

Ravenna, 26, 34, 39, 74-5; exarch of, 18, 74

Raymond VI, count of Toulouse, 3oc;r II, 313

Raymond, VII, count of Toulouse, 255, 313-14

Raymond-Berenger III, count of Barce-lona, 195

Raymond-Berenger IV, count of Barce-lona and king of Aragon, 195

Raymond, count of Tripoli, 214 Raymond de Penafon, 311 Raymond of Aquitaine, prince of Anti-

och, 213, 150 Raymond of St. Gilles, count of Tou-

louse, 193, 201, 103, 205, 107 Raymond Roger, viscount of Beziers,

31o-12 Realists, 431-z Reims, 81, 93, 141, 307, 356; archbishop

of, 154, 156 Remi, archbishop of Reims, z8-9, 66 Renaissance of the twelfth centurv, 448 Rene the Good, duke of Anjou', 380,

39'· 393. 395-7 Rennes, forest of, 103 Rhine river, •c;r-11, 19, 64, 93, 153, 213 Rhodes, island of, 118 Rhone river, 29, 64, 90, 91, 16o, 113, 394

Index xvii Richard I, the Lionhearted, king of Eng-

land, 272, 327; on Third Crusade, 115-16, 113, 11}6; reign, 1~7; support to Henry the Lion and Otto, 182-3, 191-2; as a poet, 451

Richard II, duke of Nonnandy, 175 Richard II, king of England, 347-8, 374-

8, 422-4 Richard III, king of England, 381-2, 477 Richard, duke of York, 379-81 Richard, earl of Cambridge, 379 Richard, earl of Cornwall, 118, 436 Richard fitz Neal, 446 Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, 381 Richmond, castle, 178 Rievaulx, monastery, 143 Rigord, 445 Ripon, monastery, 87 Robert II, king of France, 255 Robert, abbot of Molesme, founder of

Citeaux, 143 Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, 275-6 Robert, count of Artois, 255 Robert, count of Dreux, 255 Robert, count of Flanders, 201, 203 Robert de Arbrissel, 141 Robert de Baudricourt, captain of Vau-

couleurs, 353-5 Robert de Sorbon, 474 Robert, duke of Nonnandy, 120, 182-4,

201-{)3, 205-{)7 Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln,

225, 32o-l, 448 Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia, so-1,

197-8, 200, 203 Robert the Strong, ancestor of the

Ca petians, 1 53 Robin Hood, 440 Rochester castle, 376 Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, the Cid, 194-5 Roger I de Hauteville, count of Sicily,

197-8. 200-{)1, 279 Roger II de Hauteville, king of Sicily,

I \)8-<}, 2 12 Roger de Clifford, 120 Roger de Tony, 193 Roger, duke of Apulia, 198, 201 Roger Mortimer, 326-7, 367 Roger of Montgomery, earl of Shrews-

bury, 178 Roger of Poitou, lord of Lancaster, 178 Roger of Wendover, 444 Rollo, Viking leader, 91, 100 Romagna, 168 Roman Empire: reorganized bv Diocle-

tian, 3; extent of in fourth' century,

Roman Empire (continued) 3-4; organization, 4; government, 4-6; anny, 7; law, 7-8; economic condi-tion, 8--<); social structure, 9-10; cul-ture, 1 o-1 1 ; religion, 11-18; destruc-tion of western part, 26--<)

Romanesque architecture, 430, 459 Romanus II, Byzantine emperor, 45 Romanus IV, Byzantine emperor, 49,

100 Rome, 6, 9, 45, 74, 124, 197, 4o8; sacked

by Visigoths, 25; sacked by Vandals, 28; burned by Moslems, 91

Rome, bishop of, 28; see also pope Rome, patriarch of, 14; see also pope Romuald, St., 140 Romulus Augustus, Roman emperor, 33 Roscelin of Compiegne, 431 Rouen, 91, 113, 226, 337; Tower of, 226 Roum, sultan, of, 104, 215; see also

Iconium Rudolf I, king of Burgundy, 167 Rudolf II, king of Burgundy, 167 Rudolph of Hapsburg, king of Ger-

many and Holy Roman emperor, 286, 397

Runnymede, 268 Russia, 35; occupied by Vikings, 59, oo;

relations with Byzantine Empire, 6o-l; conquered by Mongols, 6o-1

sacraments, n6, 138-40 Saffaria, 214 Sagas, 449 St. Albans, monastery, 444 St. Alexis, story of, 307 St. Benoit-sur-Loire, monastery, 124 St. Denis, monastery, 162, 226 St. Genevieve, monastery, 116, 234, 470 St. Germain des Pres, monastery, 162,

226, 234 St. Martin of Tours, monastery, 81, 467 St. Ouen, monastery, 226 St. Quentin, 2 33 St. Victor of Paris, order of, 146 Saladin, 213-14, 116 Salerno, medical school of, 469 Salic Law, 326-8 Salisbury, earl of, 335 Sancerre, county of, 100 Sancho Ramirez, king of Aragon and

Navarre, 193-4 Santa Sophia, church of, 34 Sa one river, 64, 2 2 3 Saragossa, 195 Sarai, 61

xviii Index Sardinia, 45, 92, 191 Saxons, 10, 31 Saxony, 73, 93; panly conquered by

Charles Mane!, 71-1; conquered by Charlemagne, 76-8; duchy of, 101, 11\4, 166, 168-9, 171, 176, 180, 396

Schism, the Great, 408-15, 417 schools: Roman, 68, 466; Carolingian,

81, 467; Italian lay schools, 466; ca-thedral and monastic, 466-8; grammar, 468

Sciara colonna, 404 science, po, 433~ Scotland, 177, 190, 16z, 167; king of,

190, 166; conquered by Edward I, 275, 329; freed by Roben Bruce, 275~

sculpture, 459, 463 scutage, 161 seignorial system, 11\4; origins, 98-9; na-

ture in early Middle Ages, 1)9-IOI; ex-tent, 102; in Norman England, 18e>-1

Seine river, 91, 223, 333 Seljuq ibn Takah, 49 Seljuq Turks, sz; conquer Abbasid cali-

phate, 49, zoo; defeat Byzantine em-peror at Manzikert, 49, zoo

Serbia, 5 ', 58 serfs: origin, 100; legal status, 100; eco-

nomic position, IOI-oz; emancipation of, 241>-1

Severn river, 31 Seville, 90, •96 sexual ethics, 441-1 Sforza family, 397 Shakespeare, William, 414 Shaw, Bernard, 358 Shetland Islands, 92, 188, 190 Shrewsbury: earldom of, 178; earl of,

36o Sicilian Vespers, 199 Sicily, z6, 34, 45, 58, 92, u6, 252, 27o;

conquered by Moslems, 92, 197 Sicily, Norman kingdom of: conquered

by Roger I, 197-8; height under Roger II, 198-9; institutions, 198-9; ruled by Hohenstaufens, 199, 282-3, 291; conquered by Charles of Anjou, 199; conquered by James III of Am-gon, 199

Sidon, barony of, zo8 Siena, 397 Sigismund, king of Germany and Holy

Roman emperor, 361, 398, 411-11, 427-8

silver mines, 171

Simon IV de Montfon, count of Tou-louse, 1¢, 311-13

Simon V de Montfon, earl of Leicester, 271, 173

Simon Caboche, 389-90 Simon the Stylite, St., 17 simony, 132 Sir Gawayne tmd the Grene Knight, 457 Slavs, u, 35; enter Byzantine Empire,

36; conversion of, 58; state of in ninth century, 58-9; Slavs of Russia con-quered by Varangians, 6o; attacked by Charlemagne, 78; pressed back by Germans in twelfth century, 104; con9uered by Otto I, 166

social 1deas, 439-42 Solway Finh, 83 Somme river, 333-34 Song of Roland, 79, 452-3 Sorbonne College, 474 Southampton, 225 Spain, 4, 10, 58; conquered by Visigoths,

25; conquered by Moslems, 70, 191; in eleventh century, 191-3; institutions, 1¢

Stamford bridge, battle of, 176 Spanish March, 191; see also Barcelona,

March of Stanley, Lord, 382 Staple, Company of the, 238 Statute of Laborers, 375 Statute of Praemunire, 408 Statute of Provisoes, 4o8 statutes, 265, 379 stem dukes, 11\4 Stephen, count of Blois, 201, 203, 211 Stephen, king of England, 185~, 249,

261, z66 Stephen of Bourbon, 447 Stephen, St., 141 Stilicho, 2 5-6 Stirling castle, 276 Stoicism, 11 Strathclyde, kingdom of, 31 Suevi, 20 Suger, abbot of St. Denis, 143, 162 Sulayman, sultan of Nicaea, 49 Sulayman the Magnificent, Ottoman

sultan, 218 sumptuary laws, 239 Sussex, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, 84 Swabia, duchy of, 164, 167, 169, 276-7,

z8o Sweden, 89, 189-90, 298 Swcin, king of Denmark, 172

Index XIX

Swiss: defeat of Charles the Reckless, 361, 394-5; establishment of Confed-eration, 399

Switzerland, 361 Sylvester, pope, 126 syntheses, of mediaeval civilization,

43o-1 Syria, 4, 33-4, 3C>-7, 55, 191, :o8, 317

tallage, roo, u8 Tamworth, 83 Tancred, king of Sicily, z8z Tancred, prince of Antioch, 103, 207 tapestries, 463-4 Tauler, Johannes, 41o-1 taxation: in England, 267, 173-4, 375;

papal, 298-3oo; in France, 384-5, 390 technology, 436 Temple, Knights of, zro-11, 114, 218,

136, 158, 301; suppression, 40{>-o7 Temple of Solomon, 207, zr6 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 455 Teutonic knights, 6r, 210, zr8-r9, 341 Thames river, 84, 90, :68 Thanet, isle of, 90 Theodore Lascaris, 51 Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of

Canterbury, 87 Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, :6,

30, 71 Theodosius I, Roman emperor, 25 Theodosius II, Roman emperor, 8 theology: development of in patristic

period, 15-17; systematization in twelfth century, 136--8

Theophano, Holy Roman empress, 45 Thessalonica, 38, 44; kingdom of, 52, 54 Thcuderich IV, king of the Franks, 74 Thibaut IV, count of Blois, r63, r85-6 Thibaut IV, count of Champagne and

king of Navarre, 117-18, 451 Thibaut V, count of Blois, 251 Thomas Aquinas, 320, 432, 434, 442, 478;

Summa Theologica, 189, 320, 430, 478 Thomas de Marly, r63 Thomas, earl of Lancaster, 367 Thuringia, 71-3, 93, r66 Tiberias, battle of, 213-14 Timur the Lame, Mongol khan, 54 Toledo, 194 Tostig, elder brother of King Harold of

England, 176 Toulouse, 311-13; counts of, 157, r6r;

county of, r6o, zp, 156, 312-14, 338; university of, 471

Touraine, 113, 154, r6o, 250, 341; con-quered by Philip Augustus, 153

tournaments, 245-6 Tournay, 19 Tours, 90, 153, 307 Towns: lack of in early Middle Ages,

u6; rise of Italian towns, ur, 232-3; rise of Flemish towns, 122; develop-ment of in northern Europe, 226; privileges of, 127-8; communes, 132-4; physical appearance of, 134-5; Italian communes struggle with emperor, 279-80; of Germany, 284

Toynbce, Arnold, 124, 133 Trebizond, empire of, 51-1, 54 Trent, Council of, 416 Tripoli, 4; county of, 207--i>B, zro-11 trivium, 46C>-7 · troubadour movement, 141, 450 trouveres, 453-5 Troyes, 224, 451; county of, r6o; treaty

of, 351-3, 366 Truce of God, 193, 244 Tunis, 4, 317 Tuscany, r68, u:, 233, :So, 305, 309,

397 Tyler, Wat, 376 T)·re, 207--i>S

Ukraine, zo Ulfila, St., 11 Ulm, 225 Untmt Sancttmt, 404 universities, 468-76; beginnings of, 46<)-

72; privileges, 472-~; requirements, 473-4; graces, 474; colleges, 474-5; students, 4 7 5

Upsala, archbishopric of, 189 Urban II, pope, 200-i>2 Urban VI, pope, 408-i>9 usury, 23C>-7. 442

Valencia, 194-6 Valens, Roman emperor, 14-5 Valla, Lorenzo, 416 Valois, county of, 255 Vandals, zo, 25, 29, 63; in Spain, 15;

establish kingdom in North Africa, 2 5; conquered by Justinian, 26, 33

Varangians: establish state in Russia, 6o; relations with Byzantine Empire, 6o; converted, 6o

Vasco da Gama, 477-8 vassi dominici, 71, 78--<;1, roo, 105, 164 Venetian galleys, 223, 225

XX Index Venice, 26, 39, 45, 51, 1«)8, 222, 233, 237,

397; obtains commercial privileges in Byzantine empire, so; diverts Fourth Crusade to Constantinople, sz; trade with Constantinople in ninth century, 221

Vergil, 468 Verona, Council of, 3 14 Vezelay, monastery, 142 Vikings, 153, 164; occupy Russia, S9""

6o, 89; raid England, 89; raid France, 90; conquer eastern England, 91-2; invade Ireland, 92; occupy isles, 92; visit North America, 92; their posses-sions at height of power, I88

villages: among early Germans, 23-4; in Merovingian state, 67; geographical distribution, 96; economic and social organization, 97-8

Visconti family, 397 Visigoths, 19, 34, 63, 438; conversion of,

2 I; enter Roman Empire, 14; invade Italy and Gaul, 2s; establish kingdom in Spain and southern Gaul, 2s; driven from Gaul, 29; conquered by Arabs, 70

Vladimir, prince of Kiev, 6o Vortigern, 30 Vulgate, the, 434

Wakefield, battle of, 38o Waldo, Peter, 307--i>S, 3 I 7 Wales, 3I, 84, I77, I9Q, 261, 167; con-

quest by Edward I, 27s, 329; rises under Owen Glendower, 378; folk-lore of, 4S4-S

Wallace, William, 17s, 330 Walter of Henley, 446 Walter of Merton, bishop of Rochester,

474 Walter Sansavoir, zoz Wars of the Roses, 38o-3 Wash, The, 82 Waterford, 92 Wearmouth, monastery, 87 weavers, Flemish, in England, 376 Welf VI, lord of Tuscany and Spoleto,

271}-8o Wenceslas, king of Germany and Holy

Roman emperor, 3«)8, 411, 424. 426-7 Weser river, 76, 78 West Frankish state. See France

Westphalia, z8o West Saxons, kingdom of, 84 Wexford, 92 Whitby, synod of, 86-7 Wilfred, abbot of Ripon, 86-7 Wiiliam I, the Conqueror, king of Eng-

land, I34, I47, I6I, 17s-84, 161 William I, king of Sicily, 279-80 William II, king of Sicily, 28o, :82 William II, Rufus, king of England, I 20,

I82-4 William IX, duke of Aquitaine, I42,

112, 2SO, 4Siri William, archbishop of Tyre, 44S William de Hauteville, 197 William de Nogaret, 404-o6 William de Villehardouin, lord of

Achaia, 2I6 William, duke of Apulia, IC)S William, duke of Aquitaine, 128 William of Blois, archbishop of Reims,

lSI William of Champeaux, 432, 470 William of Ockham, 310, 410, 431 William of Wykeham, bishop of Win-

chester, 468, 473 William, son of Henry I of England,

I8S Winchester: castle, I84-s, 235; bishop

of, 114 Winchester College, 468,473 wine trade, 223 Witangemot, I7J, I75-6, I8o women, status of: in feudal society,

12I-z; improvement in eleventh cen-tury, I4l, 146-7

wool: growing, 212-3; trade in, 222, us, 238, J2S

woolens: manufacture of, 222, 138; trade in, 2 38

Wulfere, king of Mercia, 84 Wyclif, John, 4o8, 421-3, 42s-7

yeomen, 374 Yolande of Aragon, duchess of Anjou,

353 York, 8z Ypres, uz

Zeno, Roman emperor, 33 Zoroastrianism, 304

A Note ON THE TYPE IN WHICH THIS BOOK IS SET

This book was set on the Linotype in }ANSON, a recutting made direct from the type cast from matrices (now in possession of the Stempel foundry, Frankfurt am Main) made by Anton Janson some time between 166o and 1687.

Of ]anson's origin nothing is known. He may have been a relative of justus ]anson, a printer of Danish birth who prac-tised in Leipzig from 1614 to 16]). Some time between 16)7 and 1668 Anton ]anson, a punch-cutter and type-founder, bought from the Leipzig printer johann Erich Hahn the type-foundry which had formerly been a part of the printing house of M. Friedrich Lankisch. ]anson's types were first shown in a specimen sheet issued at Leipzig about 167). Janson's suc-cessor, and perhaps his son-in-law, Johann Karl Edling, issued a specimen sheet of Janson types in 1689. His heirs sold the ]anson matrices in Holland to Wolffgang Dietrich Erhardt.

The book was first composed, printed, and bound by KINGSPORT PRESS, INC., Kingsport, Tennessee, and has been reprinted in Great Britain by photolithography by LOWE AND BRYDONE (PRINTERS) LTD, London.