BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOTES TO THE TEXT

NIAS

ANDREE, R., 1890, Eine Monographie der Insel Nias. G 58: 81-83. Here Andree reviews Modigliani's book, Un viaggio a Nias. He sums up some of the data in the book; e.g. class system, physical types, village structure and mortuary rites.

ANONYMOUS, 1822, Short notices concerning the island of Pulo Nias, from observations made during a visit to the island in 1822. Malayan Miscellanies (Sumatran Mission Press, Bencoolen) 2 (no. 8): 1-18. This account is now only of historical interest because of its early date. Deals with geography, demography, race, houses, economic activities, material culture, disposal of the dead and vocabulary of 68 Nias words.

ANONYMOUS, 1853, De Batu-eilanden in 1850. TNI 15 (pt. 2): 81-97. This article is written by one who took part in the military expedi­tion of 1850 on the Batu to restore peace there. Treats of house types, varieties of dances, clothing and physical types of the people.

ANONYMOUS, 1862, Nias in 1856. Koloniale J aarboeken, jaargang 1861-1862 (Willem Thieme, Zutphen; H. M. van Dorp, Batavia) 193-219. First a few pages are devoted to giving a general picture of the culture. The rest of the article deals with a military expedition against several South Nias villages.

ANONYMOUS, 1870, Het eiland Nias. RZ 80-92. Gives general picture of Nias culture but also stresses the more spectacular side, e.g. headhunting, slavery, "bride purchase".

ANONYMOUS, 1875, Der Erstling der Niasser. BRMG 311-15, 368-69. Contains information about the procedures of a Christian funeral over against a non-Christian one. Of importance for acculturation.

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ANONYMOUS, 1878, Beitdige zur Kenntniss des Volkes der Niasser. BRMG 331-39. There is a long description of agricultural practices, including religious aspects.

ANONYMOUS, 1880-a, Unsere Mission auf Nias. BRMG 164-80. Two important topics are covered: the influence of Islam and the role of gold as a means of obtaining prestige and rank.

ANONYMOUS, 1880-b, Die Inse1 Nias. A 53: 748-51. This short article covers the following sUbjects: geography, physical types of the people, clothing, weapons, slavery, house types and short word list.

ANONYMOUS, 1885, Aus unserer Arbeit auf Nias. BRMG 135-54. Gives detailed description of a battle which took place between two villages of South Nias. Among other things covered, the rituals accompanying the battle are described.

ANONYMOUS, 1887 -a, Die Insel Nias. A 60: 945-48. The following topics are touched upon: geography, flora and fauna, climate, physical types of people, clothing, ornaments, language food, household articles and house types.

ANONYMOUS, 1887-b, Nias. BRMG 19~216. Creation myth recorded here in detail.

ANONYMOUS, 1888, Die Insel Nias. A 61 : 535-36. Deals with the geography of Nias; material is based upon Modig. liani's article of 1887 in which the latter gave a geographical descrip­tion of the island. '

ANONYMOUS, 1890, Nias. BRMG 22~. There is a short section dealing with the history of the Rhenish Mission on Nias and an analysis as to why the missionary work among the Bataks goes more smoothly. Subsequent section deals with the Nias religion, the role of ancestor worship and importance of gold in terms of religion.

ANONYMOUS, 1892, Nach dem Westen von Nias. Mb 51-54. Gives detailed description of one village (Hiliganowo) located on the Nako (Hinako) islands situated west of Nias. Although not so imposing as some of the South Nias villages, this one approaches the latter in beauty.

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ANONYMOUS, 1900-a, Die offene Thur bei den Irauno Runa auf der Westkiiste von Nias. BRMG 347-52. Gives history of the relations between the headhunting tribes and the Achinese slave traders. Describes tower where slaves were kept and process of recruiting slaves for the Achinese. Also gives infor­mation on the role of dreams in Nias culture.

ANONYMOUS, 1900-b, 1m Kampf mit den Kopfschnellern. MB 90-93. Describes headhunting party and their procedure for obtaining heads. Also mentions what happened when heads were taken by citing several recent cases.

ANONYMOUS, 1906, Land- und Volkerkunde von Niederlandisch Indien. Niassische Erzahlungen. Deutsche Wochenzeitung fur Niederlande und Belgien. Nos. 35, 36.

ANONYMOUS. 1909, Unsere Mission auf Nias. BRMG 6-17. Describes a trip through South Nias and (in footnote 3), gives fairly detailed description of stone sculpture.

ANONYMOUS, 1910, Ein Totenfest auf Sigata (Batu-Inseln im Ost­indischen Archipel). Deutsche Wochenzeitung fUr Niederlande und Belgien. No. 1.

ANONYMOUS, 1913, Sud-Nias. BRMG 252--62. Analyzes reasons why North N ias culture is different from South N ias culture.

ANONYMOUS, 1914, Die neuen Rechtsbestimmungen fur die inIandischen Christen auf Nias. BRMG 228-38. Summarizes the new law promulgated by the missionaries for the Christian community of Nias. Deals with marriage rules, inheritance, bride-price etc. Cf. Adatrechtbundels 12: 263-80 for full text and for an analysis of this law, Dijkstra 1916.

ANONYMOUS, 1915, Gegevens over Nias (1908-1911). Ab 10: 305. A few sentences on the attempt at lowering the bride-price in East Nias, and also a note on the political federation, Ori.

ANONYMOUS, 1916-a, Eine religiose Erweckung in Nias. BRMG 250--51. This is one of the earliest reports of the "great revival" or "great penance" which took place during 1916-1917. In it one already finds reported the extreme behavior of some of those seized by the movement which finally led to a messianic-nativistic movement.

2

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ANONYMOUS, 1916-b, Beschrijving van het bijzondere adatrecht der In-·landsche Christenen in de afdeeling Nias, met uitzondering van de onderafdeeling Zuid-Nias van de residentie TapanuIi, (1914). Ab 12: 263-80. Gives full text of law dealing with marriage, inheritance rights, bride-price, etc. for the Christian community. As far as can be ascertained, this is the only full text of this important law published in a journal.

ANONYMOUS, 1917-a, Sura Johane andr6, Sifofona neraka ba Gomb6lata. (Missions Druckerei, Gunung Sitoli) 14 pp. A Gospel of St. John in Nias.

ANONYMOUS, 1917-b, Die Erweckungsbewegung auf Nias. BRMG 7-10, 40-44, 117, 173-74. Traces the course of this movement and also gives information on reactions of the people to it.

ANONYMOUS, 1919, Nias. Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch Oost-Indie (Martinus Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage; Brill, Leiden) III: 22-32. This is a good introductory piece covering all aspects of the people and culture, including language.

ANONYMOUS, 1923, Adatinkomsten van dorpshoofden op Nias (1917). Ab 22: 422. Gives a list of sources of income for the village chieftains. List taken from an unpublished source.

ANONYMOUS, 1931-1932, Nias. JRMG 29-3i Gives short history of the messianic movement which began in Central Nias and is spreading out. Also tells something about the professed purpose of this movement and type of people it attracts.

ANONYMOUS, 1932, Dienst der Mission auf der Insel Nias. BRMG 280-300. Tells of the separatist movement headed by a "messiah". Leader claims to be possessed by the Holy Ghost and forgives sinners; movement also agitates for independence from the missionaries.

ANONYMOUS, 1935-1936, Nias. JRMG 49-56. Discusses following events which took place during 1935: rise in number of child marriages due to extreme poverty caused by world depression, migration of people from "urban centers" such as

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Gunung Sitoli into the interior to field huts to escape poverty, rising strength of messianic movement plus inroads made by Seventh-Day Adventists.

ANONYMOUS, 1936, Nias, stone-jumping the favorite sport. As 36: 431 with 1 illustration. A short description of Nias skill in high-hurdling stone hedges found in nearly every village (d. Blanke, 1938).

ANONYMOUS, 1937, Gottes Wort im Kampf. BRMG 10--17. Gives an account of the most recent activities of the "Sekola wa/awofo" (separatist) movement.

ANONYMOUS, 1938-1939, Nias. JRMG 24-29. Reports of the general unrest among the youths of Nias: "Die unruhige Aussenwelt ist mit Macht in die stille Inse1 eingedrungen". Also mentions work by the messianic movement.

ANONYMOUS, 1941, Nias. As 41: 175-76 with 1 illustration. Popular account dealing with land and people. Stresses the more exotic side, e.g. headhunting, megaliths, house types.

ANONYMOUS, 1950, Ein Brief aus Nias. BRMG 25-27. This brief note relates what took place during the Japanese occupa­tion of Nias and therefore is important in this respect.

BALINK, A., 1943, Nias, a little known isle off Sumatra. Knickerbocker Weekly, "The Netherlands" (New York City) Dec. 20. pp. 42--45.

BASSFELD, D., 1924, We1che Stellung hat die werdende Niassische Volkskirche zu den nationalen Sitten und Gebrauchen der Niasser einzunehmen?" BRMG 85-90, 105-13, 124-26. The author in this important article reevaluates the relationship between Christian Nias and traditional Nias with reference to such customs as the "bride-price". Bassfe1d stresses the strong attachment of the people to their traditional ways and the difficulties encoun­tered in converting the other people to Christianity. Also discusses many facets of the culture which Christianity has not been able to influence. This article is of importance for anyone interested in Nias culture change and the missionary influence.

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BERGH-MARGGRAFF, R. DE, 1939, Nias. Op de hoogte. pp. 53-57 with illustrations.

BrEGER, J. N., 1909, Een soort wodans-eik op Nias. RZ 9-12. Bieger refers to a tree which the Niasans believe to be magic-laden. Describes the various beliefs attached to this tree and special rites connected to this belief. Also tells how he chopped this tree down to dispel their belief.

BrEGER, J. N., 1916, Erlebnisse eines Missionars in 12-jahriger Arbeit auf Nias und Sumatra. (Rheinische Missionsschriften Nr. 171, Barmen) 48 pp. Half of this pamphlet is devoted to Nias. The author describes in general the everyday life of the Niasans and also gives vignettes of their religious life. This work is too general to be of value.

BIEGER, J. N., 1917, De Zendingsklok. (Oegstgeest) 48 pp. One section of this booklet is devoted to the customs of the South Niasans (pp. 28-47) giving bird's eye view of the religious aspect.

BLANKE, W., 1938, High-jumpers in Nias. Sportsmanship among head­hunters. The Netherland Mail, published monthly by the Netherland Line Royal Dutch Mail (Amsterdam) 5: 287-89 plus 4 photo­graphs. Gives excellent detailed description of famous Nias sport and pastime. Includes note on training required for high-jumping. Photo­graphs provided are also excellent (cf. Anonymous 1936).

BLEEKER, P., 1851, Afmetingen van schede1s van inboorlingen van Java, Sumatra, Nias, Borneo, Celebes, de Moluksche eilanden en Nieuw Guinea. NTNI 2 (pt. 2): 498-520 plus 10 charts. Analysis and comments on the skulls from Nias and other places in Indonesia.

BOER, D. W. N. DE, 1920, Het Niassche huis. Mededee1ingen van het Encyclopaedisch Bureau betreffende de Buitengewesten (G. Kolff & co., Batavia) 14 pp. plus 25 plates and 10 drawings. This important work is a technical analysis of the South Nias structures and gives Nias terms for each part of their house. The author provides the reader with many illustrations of the exterior and interior of South Nias houses, especially the chieftain's house or Bawomataluwo.

BOJE, W., 1934, Die Insel der 'Hunde-Menschen'. Oestergaarde Monats­hefte (Berlin) 34: 209-14.

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BONNET, R., 1931, Stervende schoonheid. KW 32: 377-78. An article by an artist condemning missionary influence on Nias. States that the simplicity and beauty of Nias culture has been lost and what has resulted is a degenerate half European- half Nias culture.

BOREL-BoHN, N., 1923, Herinneringen aan mijn jaar op Nias. EH 49: 338-39, 354-55. Describes general living conditions for Dutch people on Nias and short note on religion.

BORGERS, W. c., 1936, Nias, the island of gold. Travel (London) 67: 23-25,48 with illustrations and 1 map.

BORUTTA, L., 1912, Laatste berichten uit onze Oost: Nias. RZ 188-90. Borutta gives eye-witness account of a very important (and other­wise poorly reported) ceremony found on Nias, viz. the Boro n'adu ceremony involving the participation of the whole community in a destruction of wooden images of their totems.

BORUTTA, L., 1923-1924, Brief van L. Borutta. EVB 1-11. Devotes nearly entire article to a recent burial. Records in detail the accompanying feasts and rites.

BRENNER-FELSACH, J. F. VON, 1890, Reise durch die unabhangigen Batak-Lande und auf der Insel Nias. Mittheilungen der Kaiser­lichen und Koniglichen Geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien 33: 276-305. This is a record of a trip through Nias during 1887; the author visited not only the famous places of South Nias, but also went to the extreme North and the Hinako islands. Gives vivid descriptions of such matters as house types, clothing, dances, graveyards, etc. (pp. 292-305 deal with Nias).

BRINIO, 1931, The isle of Nias. Inter-Ocean, a Netherlands East Indian Magazine devoted to Malaysia and Australasia (We1tevreden­Batavia) 12: 123-31 with 6 illustrations. General account of Nias in popular style. Of no scientific value.

BUCHHOLZ, c., 1899, Reiseerlebnisse auf der Insel Nias. EM 5: 121-35. Gives superficial impressions of trip throughout Nias; also touches upon influence of missionaries, role of feasts and pig-raising.

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Bureau der Landinrichting, 1950, Lapuran mengenai Kabupaten: Nias (= Report concerning the district Nias). (Jakarta) 14 pp. This is a very useful report giving demographic data, statistical data on religious groups, a list of political parties active on Nias, the number of schools, and facts on the economy. Written in Indonesian.

BUTTNER, P. F., 1908, Die Arbeit der Rheinischen Mission auf Nias. EMM 214-33,251-63. Gives adequate summary of work of the Rhenish Mission on Nias plus important information on the role of the chieftain in Nias society.

BUTTNER, P. F., 1910, Der Sieg des Evangeliums auf Nakko. EMM 22-36. Despite title, gives geographical and ethnographic information of Nias culture found on the Nakko (Nako, Hinako) islands west of Nias. Believes that the inhabitants of these islands may have come from Celebes, although at the time of writing this article, the people were completely like the other Niasans of the mainland.

CAMERLING, E., 1928, Ueber Ahnenkult in Hinterindien und auf den grossen Sunda Inseln. (Nijgh & van Ditmar, Rotterdam) 326 pp. This book undertakes a comparative study of the ancestor cult in South-east Asia. One of the cultures treated is Nias. The author analyzes this phenomenon under the following chapter headings:

1. Ancestor cult and soul 2. Ancestor cult and land of the dead 3. Ancestor priest and means of contact 4. Temporary ancestor cult 5. Ancestor cult and sociology 6. Ancestor cult and economic life 7. Other special ancestor offerings 8. Ancestor cult of the Annamites 9. Types of a.c. in main areas

10. Ancestor cult on Java, Borneo and Celebes 11. The meaning of the ancestor cults for economic life 12. Conclusion. In chap. 1 for example, she summarizes the Nias ancestor cult and soul concept, in chap. 2, the cult in relation to the land of the dead and so on. The sources are the standard works on Nias. The convenience of this work is the treatment in summary fashion, of each culture in separate paragraphs, hence relieving the reader of ferreting out material on a culture which interests him.

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CERRUTI, G. B., 1931, Nel paese dei valeni e fra i cacciatori di teste; viaggi e avventure. (R. Bemporad, Firenze) 2nd ed. 291 pp.

CHATELIN, L. N. H. A., 1881, Godsdienst en bijgeloof der Niassers. BKI 26: 109-67. This is a long and important article dealing with the religion of the Niasans and covering such features as: origin of the world. origin of the people according to myths, gods and spirits, conjuring, offerings, life after death, ancestor worship, agricultural practices and beliefs attached to agriculture, beliefs concerning pregnancy. Chatelin wrote this article from unpublished materials he had received from missionary Thomas of Nias and is partly a translation of the latter's German into Dutch.

CLIFTON, V., 1927, Islands of Queen Wilhelmina. (Constable & Co., London). On Nias pp. 62-108 plus 5 plates. This travelogue gives a very superficial description of the island and some of the events witnessed; e.g. wedding ceremony, dances. Gives two creation myths but these are short and can be found in Loeb, 1935. The only valuable parts of this book are the photographs.

COLE, F. c., 1945, The peoples of Malaysia. (van Nostrand, Toronto, New York, London). On Nias pp. 284--89. Although written by an anthropologist, the article is worthless.

COLE, M. c., 1931, The island of Nias, at the edge of the world. The National Geographic Magazine (Washington) 60 (no. 2): 200-24 with 29 illustrations and 1 map. This article is a result of a trip made by the writer and her husband (Fay-Cooper Cole) to Nias. Their main goal was to visit the "city" of Bawomataluwo. Describes house types, ornaments and art work of Nias.

COLLET, O. ]. A., 1925, Terres et peuples de Sumatra. (Elsevier, Am­sterdam) xvi, 562 pp. On Nias 503-20. A general picture of Nias is drawn for the reader; such matters as the "psychology" of the people are also included. Furthermore one finds here information on the differences between North and South Nias, on the articles of trade, on class organization, religion and headhunting. This is a good introduction to Nias.

DANIELLI, I., 1891, Studio craniologico sui Nias. AAE 21: 65-136, 275-312 plus 3 plates. A study of Nias skulls brought back by Modigliani. Very detailed.

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DENNINGER, E., 1867, Beschreibung der Insel Nias. BRMG 108-16, 134-45. Covers the following topics: origin of the people, economy, polygyny, myths, factors which make North and South Nias different from each other. This is a very informative article.

DENNINGER, E., 1868-a, Der Cultus der Niasser. BRMG 141-49. This important article covers the following topics on Nias religion: the priest and priestess, the images and ceremonies for curing sick­ness (four methods used to attain this goal).

DENNINGER, E., 1868-b, Beschrijving van het eiland Nias. Ermelo'sch Zendingsblad (Zwolle) 9: 163-70. Denninger discusses the word "Nias" and its meanings; summarizes some myths of creation and origin, deals with the racial affinity of the people and devotes the rest of the article to geography.

DENNINGER, E., 1869, Bilder aus dem Leben eines Missionars auf Nias. BRMG 41-56. Gives bird's eye view of the Nias "national character". Also a short section on the influence of Islam among the coastal inhabitants of Nias and detailed description of curing ceremonies is given.

DENNINGER, E., 1874, Turia Amusoladodo Gamonita Tesua wa'luka. The Gospel according to St. Luke translated from the original Greek into Niha, the language of the island Nias, and of the neighbouring islands Nako and Batu, as well as of the Nias settlements in the port of Atjeh, in Padang a.o.; and composed with the Malay and Dayak Translations (British and Foreign Bible Society, London) 175 pp. Despite the subtitle, only a Nias version of St. Luke is printed.

DOMIS, H. J., 1836, Het eiland Nias. De oosterling, tijdschrift bij uit­sluiting toegewijd aan de verbreiding der kennis van Oost-Indie (K. van Holst, Kampen) II: 113-31. Article deals with all aspects of the culture in a general way. Most pages are devoted to the history of contacts with the westerners.

DONLEBEN, J. F., 1848, Bijdragen tot de kennis van het eiland Nias. TNI 10: 171-99. One of the earlier articles on Nias; fairly accurate ethnographical data.

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DONLEBEN, J. F. and C. J. BERGHUIS, 1854, Twee togten naar Nias en een blik op den slaven handel en den uitvoer van pandelingen aldaar. TNI 16 Cpt. 1): 1-25.

Gives detailed description of the then flourishing slave trade between South Nias and the Achinese of Sumatra; also touches upon the system of indentured labour found on Nias.

DORMANN, M., 1940, Die Jugend der Gemeinden 10 Nias. BRMG 123-24.

On the unrest and dissatisfaction of the Christian youth of Nias. Much of it due to the high "bride-price" and the general world depression. Gives good picture of the condition of this age set.

DORMANN, M., 1941, Vom Kampf mit dem Heidentum in der christ­lichen Gemeinde. BRMG 35-38.

Describes three ceremonies in detail: name-giving ceremony, funeral, marriage. Shows how each has changed under Christian influence and yet retained its traditional features; e.g. marriage ceremony among Christians includes a prayer by church elder who invokes blessing of God and also of the "malaika satua", the "angel of the ancestors" who played an important role in the traditional rite.

DORMANN, M., 1950, Gumbu Humene. BRMG 184-86.

Reports about another separatist movement found in the village of Humene. The movement is called Agama Mesehi Indonesia Nias (The Messiah religion of Indonesia in Nias) and members of the sect call themselves "amin".

DIJKSTRA, H., 1916, Rechtsbepalingen op Nias. De Macedonier (Gro­ningen) 20: 49-53.

This article is a critical examination and analysis of the special adatrecht of the Nias Christian community (d. Adatrechtbundels 1916, 20: 263---80) passed in 1914.

DUIKER, E., 1928, De Niasser in leven en sterven. WH 2: 42-45, 53--56, 64--66, 80---83, 89-91, 101-06, 117-18, 123-26.

The main value of this article lies in the fact that it is profusely illustrated and gives a bird's eye view of all aspects of the culture "from life to death".

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DURDIK, P., 1882, Genees- en verloskunde bij de Niassers. GTNI 22: 243-73. This article contains a wealth of information on the rituals of childbirth, circumcision, and curing. The writer also gives detailed description of spirits involved in the beliefs concerning sickness and death. There is moreover a list of native medicines used for various sicknesses and injuries.

FEHR, A., 1894, Das Kopfschnellen auf Nias. MGGJ 13: 32-33. Gives description of ceremonies involved in headhunting for follo­wing occasions: death of chieftain, title and rank ceremony, building assembly house.

FEHR, A., 1901, Der Niasser im Leben und Sterben. Rheinische Mis­sionsschrift nr. 115 (Barmen) 55 pp. A booklet dealing with all phases of Nias culture: mythology, child­hood and youth of the Niasans, child care and training, engagement and marriage, economy and everyday life of the Niasan, religion and beliefs, etc. Schroder often quotes from this work to illustrate a point or bring out a significant fact.

FISCHDICK, M., 1935, Yom alten Heidentum in Nias. BRMG 48-54. This useful article describes houses and village complexes of South Nias and also devotes long section to class organization as found in this region. Then describes several religious ceremonies.

FISCHER, H. W., 1905, Een houten klopper om boombast te bewerken van het eiland Nias. IAE 17: 222. On a pipe shaped hammer for bamboo rind.

FISCHER, H. W., 1908, Mitteilungeniiber die Nias-Sammlung im ethnologischen Reichsmuseum zu Leiden. IAE 18: 85-94. Fischer discusses such elements of the material culture as shield designs, carvings on sword handles, the crocodile motif, and car­vings found on the rice measuring cups. The article is supplemented by drawings and sketches.

FISCHER, H. W., 1909, Nias. CREM 4: 1-82. Pp. xxv-xx..'{viii gives an important and detailed bibliography on Nias. This work itself is a detailed description of all ethnographic objects found in the National Museum of Ethnology, Leyden, which houses this Nias collection. The compiler divides the subject matter as follows: food and drink, ornaments, clothing and accessories

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house material, hunting and fishing, agriculture, animal breeding, transportation, trade, native arts and crafts, weapons, society( cloth­ing of the chieftains etc), music, religion (religious idols, amulets, fetishes, etc.). One also finds drawings and colored pictures of various artifacts described. This work is indispensable for anyone dealing with the "material culture" of Nias. (For a supplement to this work see Fischer, 1920).

FISCHER, H. W., 1912, Weberei auf Nias. IAE 20: 250-54.

On the textiles and looms of Nias. Gives detailed description of the manufacture of Nias textiles, colors used, methods of dyeing, method of weaving, etc.

FISCHER, H. W., 1920, Nias. CREM 14: 21-4l.

This is a supplement to Fischer, 1909 and like the former work, gives a thorough bibliography (pp. ii-xiv) and describes the acquisi­tions of the National Museum of Ethnology, Leyden since the publi­cation of the first work in 1909. This work also includes pictures and sketches of many of the artifacts discussed.

FRANCIS, E. A., 1839, Korte beschrijving van het Nederlandsch grond­gebied ter Westkust van Sumatra. TNI 2 (pt. 1): 28-45, 90-111, 203-20.

Gives very short and general description of conditions found in Nias; e.g. slavery, warring factions, etc.

FRANKEN, M., n.d., Het land aan de overkant. (A. J. G. Strengholt, Amsterdam) 188 pp. On Nias pp. 112-21 plus 5 plates.

The author records a trip to Nias in connection with a film expe­dition to various islands in Indonesia. He describes the "megaliths" of South Nias and also the houses found there and gives a good description of youths jumping over the stone walls.

FRICKENSCHMIDT, C. W., 1895-a, Erinnerungen aus Pulu-Tello. Rheini­sche Missions Traktate Nr. 68 (Barmen) 23 pp.

An informative booklet dealing with Nias culture on the Batu islands. Deals with the following topics: economy, flora and fauna, demography, political organization, religion, engagement and mar­riage, festivities, Christian and traditional religion.

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FRICKENSCHMIDT, C. W., 1895-b, Turia Ni'amoni'a. Bijbelse verhalen Nifawani bali nono niha bahulo Batu, vertaald in het Niassisch dialect van de Batu eilanden. (c. Immig & Zoon, Rotterdam) 107 pp.

Pieces from the Old and New Testament in Nias.

FRICKENSCHMIDT, C. W., 1895-c, Aus Pulo Tello. Mb 26-27. Describes ceremonies dedicating gold ornaments as they take place on the Batu islands. Also touches upon the role of feasts and feast­giving in the culture, along with list of occasions for giving a feast.

FRICKENSCHMIDT, C. W., 1892, Het dialect op de Batu eilanden. Neder­landsch Zendingstijdschrift (Amsterdam) 4: 185-86.

Notes that about 1/4-1/3 of North Nias terms and vocabulary is not understood on the Batus.

FRICKENSCHMIDT, C. W., 1906, Turia Ni'amoni'o Moroi Ba 1i Lowalani ba Luo Migu Faoma Luosebua. Gewijde stukken uit Gods woord voor Zon- en Feestdagen. Nifawani ba Li nono niha ba Hulo Batu, vertaald in het Niassisch dialect van de Batu eilanden. (P. W. M. Trap, Leiden) 75 pp.

Pieces from the Bible in Nias.

FRICKENSCHMIDT, C. W., 1911, Land en volkenkunde van de Batu eilanden. EVB 115-2l.

Gives general description of geography and ethnology of the Batu islands; however an important feature is a long creation myth as recorded from a Nias youth.

FRICKENSCHMIDT, C. W., 1914, Kataruna. Mb 58-59.

Kataruna is used to designate one who has been possessed by spirits - especially among women. Such persons are then said to be clairvoyant, can speak a special language, and have supernatural powers much like the shaman-priestess.

FRICKENSCHMIDT, C. W., 1915, Zuid Nias: Land en volk. EVB 69-80, 91-99, 106-1l.

Only general description of people and customs found in this article. However Frickenschmidt does record several creation myths here.

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FRICKENSCHMIDT, C. W., 1919-1920, Batua sebua en figa satua. EVB 58--60. Batua sebua refers to stone monuments erected in commemoration of a chieftain; here the author describes such stones and where they are to be found on the Batu islands. Figa satua refers to heirlooms consisting of porcelain dishes. These dishes are considered sacred and must not be sold or given away since they are family heirlooms among the Niasans. Gives descrip­tions of dishes.

FRICKENSCHMIDT, C. W., 1925, Lijkklachten, doodenfeest en begrafenis­sen op de Batu-eilanden. W 34: nos. 34, 35, 36. The topic of this series is the mourning and mortuary rites as carried out on the Batu islands. The treatment is detailed and based partly upon observation, partly on information from an informant.

FRICKENSCHMIDT, C. W., 1929-a, Dnter den Palmen von Pulu Tello. (Grimmischen Hofbuchdruckerei, Buckerburg) 140 pp. This book is an important work dealing with all aspects of the culture. Some of it has been published in other journals. Fricken­schmidt knows his subject well, for he lived on the Batu islands for more than 25 years.

FRICKENSCHMIDT, C. W., 1929-b, Een Niassisch dorp, huis en zijne bewoners. W 30: no. 36. Here a general picture of the Nias village house and people as seen on the Batu islands is given.

FRIES, c., 1908, Das 'Koppensnellen' auf Nias. AMZ 35: 73--88. An important article dealing with the role of headhunting in Nias culture. Gives a "modern" interpretation, as the author relates it to the religious system of the Niasans and claims that headhunting can only be properly seen in such a light. (n.b. I think that there is a misprint in the name of the author, as I believe E. Fries -- and not C. Fries -- wrote this article).

FRIES, E., 1907, Niassische Gesange. AMZ 34: 420--32. Gives functional interpretation of the role of songs and singing in Nias culture. Advises other missionaries to see Nias songs and singing in their proper light rather than to condemn them as "heathen practise".

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FRIES, E., 1912, Der Kampf des Evangeliums auf den Nako-Inseln bei Nias. Beiblatt zur AMZ 39: 21-36. Discusses the role of the Buginese in settling the Nakko islands; although the evidence is not conclusive, Fries seems to think there is truth in such a theory.

FRIES, E., 1913, Gemeindeerziehung und Kirchenzucht. AMZ 40: 225---64, 358-65, 456----61, 481-99. First sections deal with the "weltanschauung" of the Nias in terms of beliefs and concepts which dominate their lives. Then goes on to discuss the relationship between Nias customs and belief and the new Christian rules governing any Niasan who becomes a Christian. Thus this article is important for anyone interested in the effect of Christianity upon Nias "adat".

FRIES, E., 1922, Geisteszucht und Kirchenzucht. AMZ 49: 15-27, 33--44, 65-73, 105-12, 142-51. Reviews the relationship of Nias "adat" and Christian law (as introduced by the mission) and cites examples of conflicts of the former with the latter; e.g. wedding ceremony, polygyny, divorce, etc.

GINKEL, A. T. VAN, 1936, Nota van den assistent-resident A. T. van Ginkel, houdende voorstellen tot reorganisatie der inlandsche be­stuursvoering op de Batu eilanden van de afdeeling Nias, (1930?). Ab 38: 419-39. An important article treating the organization and administration of the Batu islands and giving an historical account of the native political system. Rejects theory that Batu was originally settled by the Buginese. Discusses effect of Dutch administrative policy upon political structure and lists suggestions for improvement.

GONDA, J., 1952, Sanskrit in Indonesia. Sarasvati Vihara Series, vol. 28 (W. D. Ojha, Nagpur) xxxix, 456 pp. On Nias pp. 66----67. Word list of Nias words borrowed from Sanskrit. Sources used: Lafeber and Schr,oder.

HEDENUS, P. H., 1929, Psychologische Grundlagen der Bestattungs­gebrauche bei den Volkern Sumatras. Baesller Archiv (Berlin) 13: 49-115. The peoples whom the author investigates are the Bataks and Niasans. He treats of Nias on pp. 90-112. His interpretation is strongly Freudian and rather extreme at that. He divides his topic as follows:

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1. General: Historical, economic, and political-introduction 2. soul concepts 3. magic causes of death 4. ceremonies for death and mortuary rites 5. placing of coffin 6. manner of burial 7. funeral feast 8. carrying away the corpse 9. headhunting

10. return of the soul as spider. The author has used published materials for this paper and due to its compactness it is useful for an overall picture on Nias mortuary rites.

HEINE-GELDERN, R., 1925, Eine Szene aus dem Sutasoma-Jataka auf Hinterindischen und Indonesischen Schwertgriffen. Ipek Jahrbuch fUr Pdihistorische and Ethnographische Kunst (Berlin) I: 198-238. The main theme of this article is to try to show Indian (Hindu) influences on the figurines found on the sword handles of various countries throughout South-east Asia, among them Nias. Pp. 213-17 treats of Nias sword handle carvings. (For a different inter­pretation of these same carvings see A. J. de Lorm, 1941-a).

HEINE-GELDERN, R., 1928, Die Megalithen Siidostasiens und ihre Be­deutung fiir die Kliirung der Megalithenfrage in Europa und Poly­nesien. An 23: 276-315. The author points to the similarities between the megalithic cultures of Assam and that of Nias and their relationship to a general Megalithic Problem.

HEINE-GELDERN, R., 1935, The art of Nias. S: 30&-12. Gives general description of Nias art: viz. sculpture in stone and wood. Tries to place the art in a general megalithic scheme.

HELBIG, K., 1931, Nias. Deutsche Wacht; Monatschrift fUr Nationale Entwicklung (Berlin) Nos. 22, 27.

HELBIG, K., 1934-a, Studien auf Sumatra und Nias. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fUr Erdkunde zu Berlin 102-23. The author is a geographer who spent some time during 1930--1931 on Sumatra among the Bataks and a short period on Nias. Only 1Yz pages are devoted to Nias - mostly on the house types and village structures to be found there. He provides no new information.

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HELBIG, K., 1934-b, Tuan Gila, Ein 'verriickter Herr' wandert am Aquator. (F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig) 159 pp. On Nias pp. 137-46 plus 2 plates. Gives only superficial impressions of Nias which he toured during a stay of several days.

HELBIG, K., 1936-1937, Nias. Tropisch Nederland (Batavia) 9: 163-68, 179-85.

HEYST, A. F. C. A. VAN, and W. MUNSTER BERGER, 1946, Nias en Marquesas. CI 8: 93-95 with 3 figures. Van Heyst comments on Munsterberger's article of 1940 on Nias and the Marquesas; van Heyst points out that the head-dress of a certain type of Nias image has religious significance, whereas its parallel in the Marquesas has an utilitarian function.

HMK, 1931, Hoe op Nias de dooden begraven worden. Mededeelingen, vereeniging van gezaghebbers binnenlands bestuur (Batavia) 8: 32-35. This article is based upon information from an informant of a North Nias village. He gives a description of the funeral rites for the commoner, the nobility and the chieftain. As most authorities writing on mortuary rites are concerned with the nobility, this piece is important, for it sheds light on the rites of the commoner as well.

HOLLANDER, ]. J. DE, 1895, Handleiding bij de beoefening der land- en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Oost-lndie. (van Broese & co., Breda) 5th ed. 2 volumes. On Nias vol. 1: 58~. The author covers all aspects of the culture and also treats of the Batu islands in these pages. Moreover discusses geography, geology, Dutch rule, slavery and history.

HOLT, c., 1939, Theatre & danses aux lndes Neerlandaises. XIIe Ex­position des Archives lnternationales de la Danse (G. P. Maison­neuve, Paris) 86 pp. with 50 illustrations. Here one finds a photograph of a figurine representing a Nias warrior. Holt gives the nomenclature for each article of the war­rior's costume. Also on p. 78 one finds a list of films of Nias dances taken at Bawomataluwo and Hilisimaetano, South Nias.

HORNER, L., 1840, Batu-eilanden, ten westen van Sumatra gelegen. TNl 3 (pt. 1): 313-71. Gives a well-rounded, surprisingly accurate picture of the culture. Although this article is old, it is very useful and important, espe­cially as regards "material culture".

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HORSKY, R., 1942, Religiose Holzplastik auf Nias. Annalen des Natur­historischen Museums in Wien 53 (pt. 1): 374-98 plus 7 plates. The Nias collection in the above museum is described here along with interpretations of the objects in terms of religious use. This is a useful article for one interested in the "material culture".

KAMP, P. H. VAN DER, 1901, Raffles' betrekkingen met Nias in 1820-1821. BKI 52 (pt. 2) : 584-603. Deals with Raffles' attempt to abolish slavery on Nias; quotes many passages from documents written by Raffles on this topic. Also deals with the English trade on Nias.

KIELSTRA, E. B., 1890, Onze bemoeiingen met Nias onder generaal van Swieten. Indisch Militair Tijdschrift (Batavia) 21: 1-25, 81-103. The first part (pp. 1-25) is most useful quoting as it does, unpu­blished materials in extenso regarding all aspects of the people and culture; viz. race, language, village organization, slavery, agricultural produce, development of rice culture, trade, political administration, religion, and festivities. The second part deals exclusively with military expeditions against the South Nias headhunters.

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1911, Daktyloskopisch onderzoek bij de Niassers. NTG 7 (pt. 2) : 425-33. Results of research on fingerprints of Niasans.

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1911-1912, Het eiland Nias en zijn be­woners. Indologenblad, orgaan der Indologenvereeniging te Leiden (Leiden) 3: 112-14. General discussion of purpose of field trip to Nias and information on geography, house types, economic activities and religion.

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1912-a, De 'Pontianak' op Nias. KNAG 29: 25-35. Pontianak is the spirit of a woman who has died during pregnancy or while giving birth. On Nias, this spirit is called "M atianak" and the author describes it in detail.

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1912-b, Zwangerschap bij de Niassers. Feest­bundel opgedragen aan Hector Treub bij de feestelijke herdenking van zijn vijfentwintig-jarig professoraat (S. C. van Doesburgh, Amsterdam) pp. 116--21. Summary of Nias beliefs and rites regarding pregnancy and about the special role the crocodile plays in these beliefs.

3

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KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1913, Die Heilkunde der Niasser. Janus, Archives internationales pour l'Histoire de la Medicine et la Geo­graphie Medicale (Leiden) 18: 454-63. Gives summary of findings during research on Nias (d. Kleiweg de Zwaan 1913-1915).

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1913-1915, Die Insel Nias bei Sumatra. (Martinus Nijhoff, Den Haag). Volume I: General, 1913. vii, 289 pp. Volume II: Physical anthropology, 1914. viii, 282 pp. Volume III: Craniologic research, 1915. viii, 325 pp. For the cultural anthropologist, vol. I is most important. In a long first chapter the author deals with the Nias view of sickness and disease and relates it to their religion. In subsequent chapters he treats such topics as: pregnancy taboos, birth rites, circumcision, teeth filing and blackening, primitive medicine and cures, the role of the medicine man and priests, diseases and sicknesses prevalent among the people and sanitary and health conditions found there.

Vol. II is as follows: chapt. 1: origin myths

" 2: views held by other scholars on origin of the Niasans " 3: general description of the body " 4: investigations on bone and muscle system, skin color,

" " " " "

color of nails, tattooing 5: finger prints 6: eye color, hair, scalp etc. 7: head and face form 8: results of measurements 9: length of limbs

" 10: head measurements " 11: head measurements

" 12: division of the Niasans into groups

" 13: physical differences between North and South Niasans " 14: face masks " 15: power of hands " 16: vision " 17: pulse beat " 18: characteristics of the Niasans.

Vol. III is devoted to the description, measurement and analysis of Nias skulls. An appendix attached to vol. III is devoted to some zoological findings.

3S

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1914, Bijdrage tot de anthropologie der Niassers. NTG 7 (pt. 1): 475-82. This is a summary of findings of the author's field work on Nias dealing with physical anthropology (d. Kleiweg de Zwaan 1913-1915).

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1916, De eilanden langs de Westkust van Sumatra in De volken van N ederlandsch-Indie, J. c. van Eerde (ed.) (Elsevier, Amsterdam) 1: 215-46. The author gives general description of all phases of Nias culture. Many good illustrations included.

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1922-a, Deux singuliers fetiches de l'ile de Nias. RA 32: 342-46. Here the author has two adu ("idols") in mind; both with bisexual features. One is found in the Museum of Ethnology, Leyden; the other, in Amsterdam. He concludes that these bisexual carvings are seen by the people as containing supernatural power. (cf. Kleiweg de Zwaan 1955).

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1922-b, Twee bijzondere Niassche Adoes. Oostersch Genootschap in Nederland: Verslag van het tweede Con­gres (Brill, Leiden) pp. 39-42. Contents of this article almost identical to Kleiweg de Zwaan 1922-a.

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1926, Die Bewohner der Insel Nias bei Sumatra. Archiv fur Rassenbilden (Berlin) 13: Archivkarte 121-30. In this set of 9 cards, each card is provided with a front and profile view of 9 Nias males. Under the pictures are anthropological descriptions of the various types illustrated.

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1926--1927, Het eiland Nias en zijn be­woners. NION 11: 323-41, 355-72. Summarizes Dutch contacts with Nias and also the role of the Missionary in Nias. Summarizes religion, food and food habits of Nias, the division of labour, clothing and economy.

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1929, Enkele opmerkingen naar aanleiding van de steenen met voet-afbeeldingen op het eiland Nias. Feest­bundel uitgegeven door het Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig be­staan 1778-1928 (G. Kolff, Weltevreden) I: 313-26. This article deals with stone carvings of feet found in many parts of Nias and its similarities to stone SCUlpture work in other parts of Asia.

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KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1955, Merkwaardige fetish-beelden van het eiland Nias. Mens en Maatschappij (Amsterdam) 30: 170---74. This article is a discussion of the bisexual human statuettes found on Nias, used for religious purposes.

KODDING, W., 1866, Kodding's erster Bericht aus Nias. BRMG297-309. Treats problem of why certain regions of Nias are more developed culturally than others. Discusses methods of agriculture and types of soil. Ends article with topic of houses and house types.

KODDING, W., 1868-a, Die zweite Station auf Nias. BRMG 274-83. The information contained here is of value covering as it does the topic of political organization. Aside from this, information on the regulations for the following offences are listed: robbery, murder, adultery and insult. Moreover there is a description of a wedding and funeral rite.

KODDING, W., 1868-b, Priifungszeiten auf Nias. BRMG 359-76. Gives detailed information on war and combat, types of alliances formed and closes with a note on rice planting.

KOOI]MAN, S., 1942, Sahala, tondi. De begrippen "mana" en "hau" bij enkele Sumatraanse volken. (Utrecht) 130 pp. In this dissertation submitted to the University of Utrecht, the author treats of various concepts of North and South Nias which are synonymous with "tnana"; viz. the "eheha" of North Nias, and the "lachomi" of South Nias, as well as "sumange".

KRAMER, A., 1883, Die Hauser der Niasser. A 56: 198-99. Describes ceremony involved in choosing a new site for a house and the prescribed rites in building the house.

KRAMER, A., 1898, Aus einer niassischen Gemeinde. Mb 2-5. Describes role of children in Nias culture, also their recreational activities and education. Gives account of Christian and non-Chris­tian funerals.

KRAMER, F., 1874, Eene reis door Nias. RZ 134-39. Gives detailed description of standard Nias way of welcoming, greeting and entertaining guests.

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KRAMER, F., 1890, Der Qitzendienst der Niasser. TBG 33: 473-500. An important article concerned with the types and varieties of "idols" (adu) used on Nias for various purposes as well as stating function of each. Also relates how they are worshipped, (e.g. at marriage, for curing sickness, mortuary rites, etc.), and mentions role of the priest and priestess in Nias religion and life.

KRAMER, A., 1927, Nias, Westindonesien. (Franckh'sche Verlags­handlung, Stuttgart) 38-41. In these pages the author gives a summary of the essentials of Nias culture: viz., material culture, religion, social organization etc. Ac­companying this article are two plates with various sketches of Nias material culture. The author has succeeded in giving the reader a bird's eye view of Nias culture.

KRAUS, A., 1888, Di alcuni strumenti musicali portati dall' Isola di Nias. AAE 18: 161-68 with 8 figures.

This article deals with the various musical instruments which Mod­igliani brought back from Nias: drums, flutes, whistles etc. On one page is found an analysis of Nias music into bars and notes.

KRUYT, A. c., 1906, Het animisme in den Indischen Archipel. (Mar­tinus Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage) xiv, 541 pp. On Nias, passim.

This standard work on animism contains scattered data from Nias. Its importance for Nias is that Kruyt uses unpublished materials which he received from the missionaries. The theory is outdated, but the facts are useful.

KUNST, J., 1931, Musicologisch onderzoek, Verslag van Mr. J. Kunst. Oudheidkundig Verslag 1930. Uitgegeven door het Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Batavia) 68-74. This is a report on a musicological investigation carried out by Kunst during April, 1930. He visited North, Central and South Nias, Hinako islands, and the Batu islands. His conclusions are that North Nias, from the standpoint of musicology, is wholly under Western influence, and that Central and South Nias have still maintained much of their own characteristics. That the music of Nias is typically Malayan, is also noted (cf. Kunst, 1939).

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KUNST, J., 1939, Music in Nias. IAE 38: 1-90. This is an article based upon Kunst's visit to Nias in April, 1930, for the purpose of gathering material on Indonesian music. Chapter I is devoted to a general introduction on Nias and also on the influence of the missionary on Nias music. Chapter II is a detailed and tech­nical discussion of Nias music and musical instruments and their distribution throughout Indonesia. Due to the technical nature of this work, none but the specialized ethno-musicologist can profit wholly from it. Kunst also includes 2 sketches of Nias men, 9 plates and 8 maps; 7 of these maps are distributional charts showing the distribution of various musical instruments throughout the archi­pelago. Kunst gives a diffusionist interpretation of the culture of N ias. For the non-ethnomusicologist, the value of this article lies in the detailed description of musical instruments used on Nias as well as some of the festivities attached to the use of these instruments.

LAGEMANN, H., 1893, Das Niassische Miidchen von seiner Geburt bis zu seiner Verheiratung. TBG 36: 296-324. Describes the rites performed at time of birth, and child training, as well as the relationship between boys and girls in Nias. Engage­ment and marriage procedures also described in detail.

LAGEMANN, H., 1906, Ein Heldensang der Niasser. TBG 48: 341-407. Gives a report about different occasions when this song is sung as well as a "content analysis" of it.

LAMSTER, J. c., 1928, Steenen monumenten op Nias en Sumba. Onze Aarde (Amsterdam) Feb. pp. 1-12 with 11 illustrations. Most of the article deals with the stone carvings of Nias and gives good description of how a stone is brought into the village. The illustrations are clear and sharp.

Landraad Padang, 1932, De erfgenamen van een te Padang wonende, van de Batu-eilanden afkomstige Niassche vrouw zijn haar in of buiten huwelijk geboren zoons. ITR 135: 290-93. This item involves a legal case: an illegitimate son of a Nias woman as the plaintiff demanded his mother's inheritance (consisting of 4 houses). His mother had died and then her brother claimed that he should profit from, if not inherit her property. The decision was in favor of her son who received everything which his mother left. Reasons for the decision: since the woman had never married a

39

non-Niasan, her son, although illegitimate, and although living in Padang, was thus Niasan and thus the Nias adat concerning in­heritance was applied to him. The Nias adat rules that only sons shall inherit.

LANDWEHR, A., 1898, Brief van A. Landwehr. EVB 54-61. Main topic treated is mortuary rite; detailed description given.

LANDWEHR, A., 1902, Brief van A. Landwehr. EVB &-16. Minutely detailed description of funeral rite (d. Landwehr 1898). Very useful article.

LETT, A., 1901, 1m Dienst des Evangeliums auf der Westkiiste von N ias. (Verlag des Missionshauses, Barmen) 4 Parts: pt. 1, 99 pp.; pt. 2, 78 pp. ; pt. 3, 92 pp.; pt. 4, 105 pp. plus supplement entitled "Fetero oder Der goldene Faden vorbereitenden und berufenden Gnade Gottes". 37 pp. Lett was a missionary on Nias and was later murdered on Mentawei. This book is a gold mine of information on all aspects of the culture despite its title; e.g. life cycle, war, class structure, various ceremo­nies, clothing, housing, religion, economy etc.

LICHTVELD, L., 1939, De muziek van Nias. De Groene Amsterdammer (Amsterdam) Newspaper, edition of Dec. 9.

LINDNER-VAN VLIET, M., 1906, Op Nias, een eiland aan Sumatra's Westkust. Bintang Hindia (Amsterdam) pp. 22-23, with 7 il­lustrations. Superficial treatment of chieftain's role in the society, about slavery and headhunting and finally a sketch of a title-acquiring ceremony.

LOEB, E. M., 1928, E. E. W. G. Schroder's 'Nias'. AA 30: 146-50. This is a review of Schfloder's massive work on Nias. The author has incorporated this review article into his chapter on Nias found in his book, Sumatra (1935).

LOEB, E. M., 1935, Nias. S: 129-56. This is one of the few works on Nias written in English and dealing with all aspects of the culture. Much of what Loeb has to say is also found in his review article (see Loeb 1928) and is taken from Schroder (1917). As an introductory work, this chapter is adequate although several errors do appear.

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LORM, A. J. DE, 1939, Kantteekeningen bij eenige mesheften uit Nias. CI 1: 151-52. Points out that the sword handles of Nias swords are nearly all in the form of a snake head. Gives 5 sketches of such handles.

LoRM, A. J. DE, 1941-a, Zwaardgrepen en mesheften van Nias. CI 3: 1-6. This is a discussion on the sword handle with snake figures which one encounters very often in Nias. The author provides many sketches of such handles to give the reader a better knowledge of the subject.

LORM, A. J. DE, 1941-b, Een merkwaardigheid van zwaardamuletten van Zuid-Nias. CI 3: 145--49. Discusses the "amulet" found on many Nias swords. The author divides these into two types, those of wood and those of teeth. Comes to the conclusion that the latter represents the lasara (the dragon figure) and the snake. Provides detailed close-ups of these figures.

LUCK, A., 1932, Das Mundtrommelchen oder: Der Affe und die Land­schildkrote. Der Fisch und das Haus. Zwei Marchen aus Nias. (Ver­lag des Missionshauses, Barmen) 24 pp. Two Nias fables in German.

Luthersche Zending, 1937, Mateo. (Luthersche Zending, Batu eilan­den) 64 pp. Mimeographed. The Gospel of St. Matthew in Nias.

LUYKS, W. A. L., 1939, Het dooden van buiten echt geboren kinderen op Nias. TBG 79: 262-67.

This article treats of several cases of Niasans who had killed their illigitimate children and then describes how such cases were treated by the Dutch authorities. Also gives an important description of present-day political organization among the Niasans (e.g. the ori confederation) .

MAASLAND, J. H., 1938-a, De bloedgroepen der Niassers. GTNI 78: 1066--71.

Nias blood-types.

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MAASLAND, J. H., 1938-b, Bloedgroepenonderzoek bij de Bechua's op de Batu-eilanden. GTNI 78: 1253-56. Research on blood types among the Bechua people of the Batu islands. Legend has it that these are the original inhabitants of the Batu islands, but research on blood types shows no difference at all between them and the N iasans.

MAASLAND, J. H., 1939, Bloodgrouping in Nias. MDVNI 28: 373-75. One important conclusion from this research: The inhabitants of South Nias show the "purest" type.

MARSDEN, W., 1811, The history of Sumatra, containing an account of the government, laws, customs and manners of the native inhabitants. (J. M'Creery, London) 3rd ed. On Nias pp. 468-74. Deals with the political division of Nias and the slave trade. The 1st and 2nd editions (1783, 1784 respectively) do not include this piece on Nias.

MEIJER RANNEFT, W., 1901, Met de gouvernementsstoomer 'Zwaluw' naar Zuid-Nias en de Nako-eilanden. EH 27: 568-73, 580--84, 598-600, 613-18 plus 15 photographs. Gives good descriptions of villages visited, sculpture work and wed­ding ceremony witnessed.

MEYNER D'EsTREY, H., 1889, Contes de Nias. Annales de L'Extreme Orient et de l' Afrique (Paris) 10: 291-99. Six stories fall under this article; all of these stories were previously published by Sundermann (Sundermann 1887). However Meyner d'Estrey does not credit Sundermann for them. M. d'Estrey prefaces these stories with a short introduction on Nias religion and con­cludes this article with comments on the nature of these stories (allegories, similes).

MODIGLIANI, E., 1886, Escursione nell' isola Nias (a Ovest di Sumatra). BSGI 23: 781-87, 854-62. Article deals with geography, position of the chieftain and slaves, house types, human sacrifices and custom.

MODIGLIANI, E., 1887-a, 11 cota ragia e l' isola di Nias. BSGI 24: 24-33. Deals with trip from Sumatra to Nias and people of East Nias: agri­culture (copra), war and Nias "idols".

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MODIGLIANI, E., 1887-b, L'isola di Nias. BSGI 24: 595~, 694-717 plus 1 map of South Nias.

On geography, cartography (first maps of Nias), flora and fauna, records of earthquakes, long list of villages classified according to district.

MODIGLIANI, E., 1889-a, Les boucliers de Nias. IAE 2: 214-17.

The author describes various shields from Nias and comes to the conclusion that their forms and designs resemble the banana leaf. (For a different view d. Fischer, 1908).

MODIGLIANI, E., 1889-b, Da un 'opera sull' isola di Nias: Antiche rela­zioni fra l'Oriente e l'Occidente in Ordine alle prime notizie su Nias. BSGI 26: 763-72.

Gives data from the earliest accounts dealing with Nias, in chrono­logical order. Begins with Sulaiman, 815 A.D.

MODIGLIANI, E., 1889-c, La donna nias nella famiglia e nella societa. N uova Antologia (Roma) 23: 63 ff.

MODIGLIANI, E., 1890, Un viaggio a Nias. (Treves, Milano) xvi, 724 pp. with 195 illustrations, 26 tables and 4 maps.

Part I deals with the history of the island and the author begins with the earliest written sources about the island and ends up with a treatment of the Dutch period. Then from pp. 79-427 he describes his trip through the island, village by village. The most important part comes in the remaining 8 chapters. They cover, as follows:

1. physical features, intelligence and morals (author's choice of words) 2. social aspects 3. the woman in the family and society 4. arts and crafts 5. agriculture and commerce 6. myths, beliefs and superstitions 7. language (with Nias-Italian vocabulary) 8. research on the origin of the Nias folk.

This work is very important in that it gives detailed information concerning the material culture and nearly all other aspects of the culture. For those not at home with Italian the many illustrations compensate for the text.

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MPLLER, A., 1934, Beitrag zur Be1euchtung des Religiosen Lebens der Niasser. IAE 32: 121-66. The author was a Danish doctor in service with the colonial govern­ment on Nias for more than five years. In this very important article, he gives a detailed description of the religious life based on observation and information from informants. Presents a very sophisticated interpretation of the religious system and gives keen­insights to various enigmatic problems of Nias mythology.

MPLLER, A., 1939, Fod-figurer pa Nias. Geografisk Tidsskrift (Kpben­havn) 42: 31-34. Mpller deals with the little stone blocks with carvings of two feet on them, found in Nias. Kleiweg de Zwaan (1928) also made a study of these same blocks.

MULLER, T., 1931, Die 'grosse Reue' auf Nias. Geschichte und Gestalt einer Erweckung auf dem Missionsfelde. (c. Bertelsmann, Giiter­sloh) 191 pp. The 'grosse Reue' refers to the revival movement which took place in Nias under Christian influence starting from 1917 and continuing on (by smaller revival movements) until 1930. As the author states in his preface, his purpose has not been to analyze the movement so much but rather to set it down as an historical fact. Hence most of this book consists of quotations from original and secondary sources on the movement. What little analysis there is, consists mostly of psychological and theological explanations, to the neglect of the sociological. However, this is an important work for anyone interested in the topic of Christian influence on Nias and messianic movements.

MULLER-KRUGER, T., 1950, Neue Erweckungsbewegungen in der Nias­und Batakkirche. EMZ 161-70. This article is a result of a study trip in the area for the main purpose of gathering material concerning the revival movements which have been taking place in the region during the last 10 years. It is an important article dealing with cults and messianic movements in which the old native beliefs have blended with the Christian.

MULLER, W. J., 1935-1936, Bestuursmemorie van overgave en over­name van assistent-resident van Nias W.]. Muller loopende over het tijdvak 28 jan. 1935 tot 3 juni 1935. 55 pp. plus "jaarverslag van de dienst der volksgezondheid over het jaar 1935". 10 pp. plus 1 map. Typescript.

44

This unpublished report (copies deposited in the Tropical Institute, Amsterdam and Ministry of Overseas Affairs, The Hague) gives detailed information on course of events during Muller's 6 months residence as administrator: on political developments, role of chief­tains, trend of marriages, role of messianic movement.

MUNSTERBERGER, W., 1939, Ethnologische Studien an Indonesischen Schopfungsmythen, ein Beitrag zur Kultur-Analyse Siidostasiens. (Martinus Nijhoff, Den Haag) xii, 244 pp.

M iinsterberger has divided the myths from Indonesia into two main types: myths of origin and myths on creation. According to the first type, the coming into being of the world and man is brought about without the work of the gods. According to the second type, there is a higher being involved, but this higher being does not bear the characteristics of a "High God". Chapter I is devoted to a summary of the myths found on Nias and the Batu islands, based upon already published materials. One of his conclusions is that there is a close relationship between the cultures of North Nias and Central Borneo, and also between South Nias and North Borneo.

MUNSTERBERGER, W., 1940, Nias en Marquesas, proeve van een ethno­logisch onderzoek over het cultuur-contact. KNAG 57: ns.-:-39. Tries to show that the culture of Nias is not unlike that of the Marquesas by pointing to mythology, megaliths, headhunting, class structure, mortuary rites. Miinsterberger is not the first author who has seen Nias culture as comparable to the Polynesian culture, but the only one who has devoted an article to the topic.

N(AERSSEN), F. H. V(AN), 1939, Dr. J. H. Maasland over oude bijzet­tingsplaatsen op de Batu-eilanden. CI 1: 148-51.

Maasland points out that the coffins of the Batu islands are in the shape of a snake-dragon and also gives detailed description of such coffins, as well as providing the reader with 5 photographs of such coffins.

N., H., 1918-1919, 1919-1920, De bevolking van Nias. Ind. 2: 483-84; 3: 387-88 with 2 illustrations.

Short discussion of religion and economic activities.

45

N., H., 1923-1924, 1924-1925, Nias. Ind. 7: 759-67, 801~3, 816-19; 8: 78-79, 123-28, 141-45 with 6 illustrations. An account by one who took part in a military expedition sent by the Dutch against Nias warriors and headhunters. Aside from relating experiences with the expedition, goes into detail about "the Nias character".

NIEUWENHUISEN} J. T. and H. C. B. VON ROSENBERG} 1863, Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias en deszelfs bewoners. VBG 30: 1-155. These two men were commissioned to make an ethnographic and geographical study of Nias. The greater part of the work (125 pp.) deals with ethnography and ethnology. Early as it is, this work is still useful and despite some inaccuracies has stood the test of time. Work covers all phases of the culture; included is a long vocabulary. Fortunately, theory has been kept to a minimum.

NOLL, J., 1930, Die ersten Heidentaufen an der ehemalige Statte der Entstehung des niassischen GOtzendienst. BRMG 299-304. Gives version of a creation myth and also detailed information con­cerning the wooden "idols" (adu).

OERLEMANS} L. J., 1935, Bestuursmemorie van overgave en overname van assistent-resident van de Batu-eilanden L. J. Oerlemans. 71 pp. plus appendix containing maps. Typescript. This unpublished report (copies deposited in the Tropical Institute, Amsterdam and Ministry of Overseas Affairs, The Hague) contains very important and detailed data dealing with gold weights and measures, the customs and regulations pertaining to inheritance, crime, and distribution of marriage gifts.

PIEPER, A., 1928, Gewinnung und Ausbildung der Fiihrer. EMM 100-07, 131-37. Analyzes the structure of leadership on Nias and the effect of the Rhenish Mission upon this phenomenon.

PLEYTE, C. M., 1900-1901, Herinneringen uit Oost Indie. KNAG 17: 1-48, 205-25; 18: 34-66, 232-59, 584-627, 909-31. . Despite the length of this article one finds only a few pages treating of Nias, and the treatment is superficial.

PONSEL, A., 1926, Unter Kopfjagern. Uhu, das neue Ullstein Magazin (Berlin) 2: 69-76 with 1 illustration.

46

RAAP, H., 1903, Reisen auf der Insel Nias bei Sumatra. G 83: 149-54, 171-78. Only material culture is discussed here. The author points out some differences in such things as dress and weapons between North and South Nias. Many illustrations accompany this article. The first part deals with his trip to North Nias and the second part, with South Nias. He made his trip during the summer months of 1897. This is a very good article on material culture.

RADERMACHER, J. c. M., 1781, Beschrijving van het eiland Sumatra. VBG 3: 1-90. On Nias pp. 74-75. This old article devotes only a few pages to Nias and the information found in it is not noteworthy.

RAPPARD, T. c., 1906, Verslag eener reis naar de Zuid-Oost en Zuid­kust van Nias. KNAG 23: 713-24. Gives description of villages visited and seen in South Nias (d. Rap­pard 1909).

RAP PARD, T. c., 1909, Het eiland Nias en zijne Bewoners. BKI 62: 477-648 plus 4 plates and 1 map.

This long treatise covers all phases of Nias culture. Since the writer was on Nias as civil administrator, much of the material found here is first hand. First section is devoted to geography and geology; the second section to ethnography and ethnology; the third section, to history. This is an indispensable work.

RASSERS, W. H., 1927, Religionen der Naturvolker Indonesiens. AR 25: 130-93.

Gives short summary of Nias religion using Schr,oder (1917). Rejects Schroder's view of importance of moon in Nias religion and dif­fusionist interpretations put forward by Schroder.

REES, W. A. VAN, 1866, De pioniers der beschaving in Nederlandsch Indie, verhaal van eenige krijgstogten op de buitenbezittingen. (D. A. Thieme, Arnhem) 232 pp. plus 2 maps.

Deals with military expeditions against native peoples in Indonesia, among them the people of South Nias. The pages devoted to Nias (pp. 1-84) also give ethnographic information of a general nature.

47

REICHE, L. H. L., 1901, Een bezoek aan de Batu-eilanden. EVB 4-14, 24-42, 64-71, 117-28, 148-58, 173-81. Tour of the Batu islands for the Lutheran mission. Article covers: demography, geography, village and house types, class organization, education.

RIPLEY, S. D., 1940, The mysterious island of Nias. Natural History (New York) 56: 90-95, 106. As can be seen from the title this article stresses the "exotic" of Nias culture; i.e. stone sculptures, houses and village construction. Little new is to be found in this article.

ROSENBERG, H. VON, 1856, De afstamming der bewoners van Nias. TBG 5: 316-18. Discounts Batak origin of Niasans based upon one rather widespread myth found in Nias.

ROSENBERG, H. VON, 1878, Die Insel Nias. MA: 123-76. The author spent little more than a year on Nias (cf. Nieuwenhuisen and von Rosenberg 1863) and summarizes all aspects of the culture. This is an old important source of data.

SAMSON, A. L., 1936, Ontleend aan een nota van den assistent-resident A. L. Samson van ongeveer 1926 over de staatkundige organisatie van de ori (dorpsbond) Moro' 0 op Nias. Ab 38: 439-52. This important article describes in detail, the mechanics and function of the socio-political organization in Nias known as the Ori. This organization had not been adequately described either by Schroder or any other student of Nias culture. In brief, the organiz­ation is as follows: from mythological times there were 5 M ado (broadly translated as '5 households' or '5 clans'). These 5 M ado made an agreement sealed with a ritual feast, concerning such mat­ters as territorial borders, weights and measures, laws of delict and types of punishment. The head of the Mado is called sanuhe mado or balugu and he rules the M ado aided by the tuhenori bawi and the salawas: the t. bawi is the sanuhe, as it were, of the federation of kampongs (federatie van kampongs) consisting of the mother settle­ment and the daughter settlements. The salawa is the chieftain of a settlement. Then Samson gives a diagram to show how the structure of this organization is. The structure, according to Samson, is patri­lineally organized. He then describes the various legal functions of the M ado and its sub-organization, the Ori, and the relationship between M ado and Ori (in terms of administrative power and rule,

48

the latter is completely dependent upon the former). The Mado and (jri are sub-divided into 5 political organizations. Samson notes that "In principle thus, we encounter the Koto-Piliang organization of Sumatra with the tuhenori as the putjuk". After a thorough dis­cussion of this phenomenon, the author then goes on to discuss the role of the salawa and closes his paper by dealing with the present day conditions of the salawa in Nias.

SCHMELTZ, J. D. E., 1888, Superstition des indigenes de rile de Nias. IAE 1: 198. On the custom of using a slave for tapping body fluids from a corpse. The slave is supposed to drink the fluids.

SCHNEIDER, A., 1938, Spaltungen. BRMG 72-78. Various factors have caused a split in the Christian community and foremost is the Sekola waJawosa movement. Author presents more information on this messianic-nativistic movement.

SCHNEIDER, A., 1941, Sekola wa'awosa, Die Selbstandigenbewegung auf Nias. EMZ 2: 301-1I. This article traces the history and role of a messianic-nativistic move­ment on Nias called Sekola waJawosa (The school of the comm­unity). Its leader, Ama Wohachi, a former Christian, claimed to have been possessed by the Holy Ghost and began converting others -Christian and non-Christian - and forgave them for any sins comm­itted. Also many of their prayer meetings and services were based upon revelations and dreams. During the '30's, this movement be­came more nationalistic and began denouncing the Rhenish (German) Missionary as false. This movement spread very rapidly, had a very big following among the Niasans and became efficiently organized, setting up 11 meeting stations, hiring a Chinese lawyer to fight for legal recognition from the Dutch (refused), performed baptisms, marriages, confirmations, etc. The movement reached its high point in 1936, but when Ama Wohachi died in 1938, the movement slowed down and Schneider wrote (in 1941) that it was almost dead. (How­ever, cf. Muller-Kruger, T., 1950). This article is indispensable for anyone interested in the topic of Christian influence upon Nias culture.

SCHNITGER, F. M., 1939-a, Diervormige doodkisten op Nias. CI 1: 189-90. Describes several coffins from South Nias and the Nakko (Hinako) islands which have animal shaped figure"-heads; also provides 2 pic­tures of such a coffin. Points out that this sort of coffin is also found among the Bataks and Dayaks.

49

SCHNITGER, F. M., 1939-b, De symbolische verslinding. CI 1: 302-03. A short note on carved figures found on Nias and the Batus; viz., of a crocodile devouring a human figure and another crocodile devouring a dog. Sees this complex as symbolic of the totem animal eating up the initiate.

SCHNITGER, F. M., 1939-c, Les monuments megalithiques de Nias. Revue des Arts Asiatiques, Annales du Musee Guimet (Paris) 13: 78-84 plus 5 plates. This is an important article; should be read along with the other article of 1941-1942, as many of the references to the megaliths in the latter article are found in the plates of this article. The author gives a detailed description of the stone sculptures of Nias. His research was not limited to existing villages but also took in those which were abandoned.

SCHNITGER, F. M., 1939-d, Forgotten kingdoms of Sumatra. (Brill, Leiden) xi, 228 pp. plus 40 plates. On Nias pp. 145-64, pI. 22-35. Although this book is more on the popular level it none the less contains very detailed information on archaeological sites of former villages in Nias. Moreover gives information dealing with the art and architecture of Nias. The illustrations are excellent. This is an important piece.

SCHNITGER, F. M., 1939-e, Diervormige graven op Borneo, Sumatra en Nias. Tropisch Nederland (Amsterdam) 12: 215-19 with 6 il­lustrations. Article deals with coffins in the form of animals such as the tiger and deer. These coffins used for the nobility only, especially of South Nias.

SCHNITGER, F. M., 1939-f, Stone ships of the dead and their figure-heads. Illustrated London News (London) No. 5206, Jan. 28. On the coffins with carvings of snake-heads from South Nias.

SCHNITGER, F. M., 1941-1942, Megalithen vom Batakland und Nias. Ipek, Jahrbuch fur prahistorische and ethnographische Kunst (Ber­lin) 16: 220-52 plus 14 plates. Gives a (Vienna) diffusionist explanation for the "megaliths" found in the Batakland and Nias. However, this is a very useful article as Schnitger covered many villages which were abandoned and hence has much to say on the remains to be found in such villages. He describes many types of stone remains and monuments. This is done

4

50

very expertly. One also finds very clear sketches of many artifacts and designs connected to the Nias stone culture. All in all, an excellent article.

SCHNITGER, F. M., 1942, Lieder von Nias. ZE 73: 34--39. Schnitger has published 19 short songs from Nias here; these songs are sung for various occasions, e.g., wedding, dancing, war, children's song, etc. Alongside the original Nias text, is the German translation.

SCHNITGER, F. M. and G. L. TICHELMAN, 1939, Ret stamland der Nias­sers. De Natuur p. 73 ff.

SCHREIBER, A., 1878, Die Insel Nias. Petermann's Mittheilungen (Gotha) 24: 47-50. The following topics are covered in this article: early sources on Nias and contacts with the West; climate, geography, physical types found on Nias, "nature" of the people, language (with a short voca­bulary of Batak, Nias and Malayan words), village construction, mortuary rites, headhunting and pregnancy taboos.

SCHREIBER, A., 1902, Missionsvandalismus auf Nias. G 82: 179-80. Schreiber protests against the Rhenish Missionary Society's policy of destroying Nias "idols" (adu).

SCHRIEKE, B. J. 0., 1921-1922, Allerlei over de besnijdenis in den Indischen Archipe1. BKI 60: 373-578; 61: 1-94. One page is given to Nias on this article dealing with circumcision and incision in Indonesia. The one page is by a Dutch administrator who made a report to Schrieke on this topic.

SCHRODER, E. E. W. Gs., 1917, Nias, ethnographische, geographische en historische aanteekeningen en studien. (Brill, Leiden). Volume I: Text. xii, xxxvi, 866 pp. Volume II: Plates and maps. 29 pp. plus 147 plates and 4 maps. This is the most complete work on Nias and remains the standard work. Vol. I is divided as follows: 1. Introduction, pp. v ff.

a. linguistic notes b. bibliography c. list of maps on Nias.

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2. Book I Ethnography: chapt. 1: food

" 2: clothing " 3: settlements, houses, household goods " 4: hunting and fishing " 5: animal breeding " 6: chronology, the reckoning of time " 7: agriculture " 8: shipping " 9: trade, communication " 10: industry " 11: weapons " 12: customs " 13: political institutions " 14: religion.

3. Book II Geography. 4. Book III History:

a. Introduction b. Period prior to the East India Co. c. The English on Nias d. Nias after the transference from the English.

5. Appendix. 6. Indices:

a. Subjects index (ethnography) b. Index of place names (ethnography) c. Index of personal names d. General index of Nias words.

The maps found in vol. II are as follows: 1. General orientation map, scale 1: 150,000. 2. Political divisions, scale 1 : 400,000. 3. Geological map, scale 1 : 400,000. 4. Historical map, scale 1 : 400,000. The photographs found in vol. II are excellent and are arranged according to the contents of vol. I. Due to the weight and size of these two volumes, one cannot use this work with ease. Schroder was an administrator on Nias for a period of five years and had traversed most of the island and was able to speak the language. Although not a trained anthropologist, his eye for eth­nological data was excellent. One finds much to criticize in his long section on religion. He was strongly influenced by Schmidt's 'Grundlinien' and consequently

52

was obsessed by the moon-figure in Nias religion. Not only this, but he also was an extreme diffusionist, viewing many features of Nias culture as direct from the Holy Land. However he was very cir­cumspect as regards the unilineal theory of evolution. For a detailed review article of this work see Loeb 1928.

SCHRODER, W. F., 1919-1920-a, Uit mijn dagboek. EVB 73-76. The interesting part of this "diary" is a good description of a mutual-aid system (sulo-sulo) at work on the Batu islands.

SCHRODER, W. F., I 919-1920-b, Brief van W. F. Schroder. EVB 69-73. Entire article devoted to marriage customs. Important piece.

SCHRODER, W. F., 1921-1922, Een begrafenis op Hajo. EVB 55-60. Schroder records burial ceremony as it took place on Hajo, one of the Batu islands. Description is detailed.

SCHRODER, W. F., 1923-1924, Een en ander over de Batu eilanden. EVB 73-78. Article contains only general data on the ethnography of the people. However does devote full page describing typical Nias house.

SCHRODER, W. F., 1927, De zending op de Batu-eilanden. (H. C. Thom­sen, Amsterdam) 111 pp. This booklet covers all aspects of the culture. The most useful sec­tions are those describing religion, mortuary rites, marriage proce­dures and economy.

SCHRODER, W. F., 1931-a, Verschillende begrafenissen. EVB 68-75. Gives description of three funerals which took place on the Batu islands. It reveals the influence of Christianity upon the ceremonies involved and also the role of the traditional ways under the impact.

SCHRODER, W. F., 1931-b, Een goudfeest. EVB 65-68. Gives interesting account of Christian influence upon the Nias custom of making gold ornaments for prestige purposes. Cites an example of a Christian Niasan who sponsored a special feast to dedicate the gold ornaments made.

SCHRODER, W. F., 1933, lets over Niassche kunst. WH 6: 85-91. Useful article for description on stone-erecting procedures and also on various artistic works in stone. Provided with many fine illustrations.

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SCHRODER, W. F., 1936, Sociale verhoudingen op het zendingsterrein. Maarten Luther, orgaan van den Nederlandschen Lutherschen bond voor christelijke-sociale actie (Amsterdam) 13: 89-93. Schroder has written an important article in this mimeographed newsletter dealing with social classes (nobility, commoner, slave) and analyzing the impact of Christianity upon this phenomenon on the Batu islands.

SCHRODER, W. F., 1940, Jaarverslag betreffende het zendingswerk op de Batu-eilanden gedurende het jaar 1939. EVB 29-61. Although most of the article is taken up by the subject of Christian influence on the Batu island Niasans during 1939, a good treatment of the mutual aid system (sulo-sulO) is given here (d. Schroder, 1919-1920-a: 76).

SELL, J. H., 1955, Der schlimme Tod bei den Volkern Indonesiens. (Mouton, The Hague) viii, 337 pp. On Nias pp. 114-30. The author attempts to collate all the material dealing with unnatural ways and beliefs of death in Indonesia found in the literature. In these pages, he deals with evil spirits, priesthood, black magic etc. He selects his material uncritically.

Singapore Chronicle, The, April 24, 1828, Slave trade at the island of Nias, in Notices of the Indian Archipelago and adjacent countries, being a collection of papers relating to South-east Asia, by J. H. Moor (Singapore) pp. 185--88. This article from a Singapore newspaper describes the treatment and conditions of the slaves from Nias captured by the Achinese and Chinese slave traders and tells of a man who killed his whole family and himself rather than submit to slavery.

SN., 1926, Niassers: vrouwtjes of mannetjes? KW 26 (no. 47): 4-5. A short racial history of the Niasans based upon Kleiweg de Zwaan (1926).

SNELLEMAN, J. F., 1912, Huizen en dorpen op Nias. Elsevier's Geillus­treerd Maandschrift (Amsterdam) 7 pp. with 8 illustrations. Gives popular account of Nias houses and villages.

STEINHART, W. L., 1929, De Christianiseering van het Niassche begrip 'heilig'. 0 74: 47-58. Here Steinhart discusses the Nias term for "holy" or "sacred" and finds that the missionaries have been using it in the wrong sense. He feels that the most important concept in the traditional religion is "Amanita" = "taboo". He further investigates the relationship sacred/profane in Nias religious beliefs and experiences.

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STEINHART, W. L., 1930, Karakteristiek geloof. 0 75: 365-74. Here the writer discusses the concept of "So'aja" (Jesus Christ). Aside from a linguistic analysis, he goes on to analyze this concept in the light of other religious beliefs which Niasans hold.

STEINHART, W. L., 1931, Tolken van Christus? 0 76: 115-23. In translating Nias material into Dutch and vice-versa, Steinhart has run into several difficulties and one of them is discussed here. Viz. the Niasans' concept of "hot" and "cold". As they attach differ­ent cultural meanings to these terms than found in the western world, the writer delves into the "world-view" of the Niasan, with these two terms as a starting point.

STEINHART, W. L., 1933-a, lets over de zending en haar arbeiders ten opzichte van het inheemsche huwe1ijk. 0 78: 390--402. The influence of Christianity upon Nias marriage customs is analyzed here. Cites examples of change and relationship between Christian and customary ways. This is an important article.

STEINHART, W. L., 1933-b, Missionaris Dr. Keyzer over de opwekking op Nias. 0 78: 115-26. Steinhart criticizes Dr. Keyzer who wrote unfavourable things about the Rhenish Mission on Nias. This article is of interest for anyone interested in missionary influence on Nias.

STEINHART, W. L., 1934, Niassche teksten, met Nederlandsche ver­taling en aanteekeningen I & II. TBG 74: 326-75, 391-440. This is the first of a series of texts which Steinhart published, up to 1954. Text I (pp. 329-38), translation (pp. 338-49) and notes (pp. 349-75). The notes form an important source of information; e.g., on p. 359 states that "whenever a young man does not marry the daughter of his sibaja (mother's brother), he is obliged to pay the sibaja a kind of fine called anaC iwa do la dojo ... " On p. 427 gives detailed breakdown of the "bride-price".

STEINHART, W. L., 1936, De evangelie-prediker en zijn houding ten opzichte van de inheemsche cultuur. Mededeelingen vanwege het Nederlandsche Zendeling-genootschap (Rotterdam) 80: 417-32. This article concerns values in Nias culture: More specifically, it deals with the changing culture as revealed in the songs and poems. Niasans look back to a "golden age" but also are optimistic about

55

the future. This article is of interest for it covers changing values and also such changes as the waning power and function of the nobility, the declining importance of traditional rituals, and para­phernalia in their culture.

STEINHART, W. L., 1937-a, Niassche teksten. VBG 73: vii, 316 pp. (text nos. 3-24). In an important introduction, Steinhart explains and describes the various types of songs and dances which were performed at such occasions as war preparation, the full moon, etc. Also touches upon the changing nature of the songs and singers; i.e. that one no longer finds performers who can recite completely such and such a song or that one no longer finds female performers, whereas such per­formers existed "formerly". Gives detailed discussion of marriage procedures in his notes to Text III. Other important data are found in the following notes: Notes to Text IV on totem animal.

" " "V on changes in the class structure of the

" " "

" " " " " "

" " " " " "

" " " " " "

VI

VII VIII

IX XII

XIII XVII:

Niasans on Batu. on pregnancy taboos, the differences be­tween the so-called Buginese inhabitants and the Niasans. on village structure. on western elements (e.g. Dutch steamer) which have "crept into" Nias songs. on children's age grade. on childbirth ceremonies (pp. 133-38) and funerals (pp. 138-61). on funeral rites (pp. 177-85). on adat concerning adultery.

STEINHART, W. L., 1937-b, Magie en geloof bij het behandelen van zieken. 0 82: 421-33. Besides data on the role of the medicine man, one also finds in this article some descriptions of curing ceremonies and the relationship of priest to patient.

STEINHART, W. L., 1937-c, De evangelie-prediker en zijn houding ten opzichte van de inheemsche cultuur. 0 82: 147-60.

Cf. Steinhart 1936.

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STEINHART, W. L., 1938, Niassche priesterlitanieen. VBG 74: x, 63 pp. Introduction (pp. v-x) gives detailed discussion of types of litanies and priests. Of the two litanies presented here, the first one is used to initiate a candidate for the priesthood (male or female) and also treats the mythology of the Nias world. The second litany tells of the necessary prescriptions which must be followed at pregnancy and birth, the erecting of a priest's temple, the behavior and character of the priestly class, the treatment of malaria, the work of priests during an epidemic, death, and honoring other priests. In the Notes to Litany I, one finds reference to material concerning how persons are selected for the priesthood and rites connected with it. There is also a note on the legal rights of the Bechu people (i.e. the original inhabitants - perhaps Buginese - of the Batus) con­cerning land, marriage, etc.

STEINHART, W. L., 1940, De kerstboom op het zendingsveld als sym­bool van den Levensboom. W 41 : no. 51. Revealing article on role of Christmas tree as a symbol of the "Cosmic Tree" among the Christian Niasans.

STEINHART, W. L., 1950, Niasse teksten. TBG 84: 33-110. (Texts 25 and 26). These two texts are a continuation of the other texts published by Steinhart.

STEINHART, W. L., 1954, Niasse teksten, vertaald en van aantekeningen voorzien. (Martinus Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage) 264 pp. (Texts nos. 27-40) This publication ends the series of texts which Rev. Steinhart col­lected and translated before the war. Aside from the interesting contents of the texts themselves, much important information is contained in comments which Steinhart has added: e.g. on circum­cision, village organization, curing ceremonies etc.

SUNDERMANN, H., 1883-a, Turia zomuso dodo nisura Mataiio n'ali H. Sundermann ba Ii niha; Evange1ium Matthai. (R. L. Friderichs u. Co .• Elberfeld) 37 pp. The Gospel of St. Matthew in Nias.

SUNDERMANN, H., 1883-b, Turia zomus dodo nisura J ohane ni'ali H. Sundermann ba Ii niha; Evangelium Johannis. (R. L. Friderichs u. Co., Elberfeld) 31 pp. The Gospel of St. John in Nias.

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SUNDERMANN, H., 1884, Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst. AMZ 11: 345-54,408-31, 442--Q(). Sundermann does not limit himself to the work of the mission on Nias but also gives a general account of the culture. This article is incorporated into his later work (1905-a) under the same title.

SUNDERMANN, H., 1886, Niassische Erzahlungen. TBG 31: 315-26. Article contains 6 stories called "amaedola" or similes and are told for specific reasons; e.g. Story I told when children are not obedient to their parents, Story V told when a legal dispute has to be settled. There is also a short note on the meaning of proper names used in the story.

SUNDERMANN, H., 1887-a, Die Psychologie des Niassers. AMZ 14: 289-302. The title of this article is misleading, as it deals more with "anatomy" than psychology, i.e. the various beliefs found on Nias concerning: 1. the body (boto) 2. the soul (noso) 3. the heart (todo) 4. heart-soul (moko moko) 5. the "breath" (eheha) 6. the immortal spirit or soul (bechu).

SUNDERMANN, H., 1887-b, Niassische Traditionen und Gleichnisse. A60: 92-95, 108-1l. 12 stories: several of them published earlier (d. Sundermann, 1886).

SUNDERMANN, H., 1888, The island of Nias and its people. Popular Science Monthly (N . York) 33: 233--43. This gives a general summary of the culture of (North) Nias.

SUNDERMANN, H., 1889, Eine Reise nach dem Sliden von Nias. MGGJ 7: 38--47. This is a report of a trip taken throughout South Nias during the early part of 1885. Gives detailed description of villages visited and about the chieftainship.

SUNDERMANN, H., 1891-a, Der Kultus der Niasser. G 39: 369--74. Here the author gives several versions of creation and origin myths.

SUNDERMANN, H., 1891-b, Niassische Lailo. A 64: 640--46. The Nias Lailo is a type of song, and here the entire song is given.

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SUNDERMANN, H., 1892-a, Kleine Niassische Chrestomathie mit worter­verzeichniss. BKI 41 : 335-446. The work includes a short section on grammar of the Nias language. There is also a section giving various "age grades", from childhood to maturity, for boys and girls. Finally there is a section dealing with the reckoning of months, days, hours, etc. plus songs and poems.

S UNDER MANN, H., 1892-b, Neue Beitdige zur Ethnographie von Nias. A 65: 577-81, 616-20. First section contains 2 versions of the creation of the earth and the genealogy of the mythical gods of Nias. In the second section are found: a set of 33 riddles collected among the Niasans, a set of 3 tales, section dealing with naming a child and associated ceremonies.

SUNDERMANN, H., 1898, Verderbliche Volksitten auf Nias. AMZ 25: 172-81. Sundermann considers following three customs among the Niasans as evil: 1) "wife purchase" and the "bride-price", 2) funeral feasts, 3) and the smithing and forging of gold. In discussing the first point, Sundermann goes into detail about the marriage procedures and the costs involved in getting married. Also goes into deep discussion about the funeral rites and the finan­cial difficulties which one falls into for such an occasion. Gold plays an important role in Nias as it is a means of attaining rank and position; however each time that one has a gold ornament made, a feast or banquet must accompany it, hence driving many of the "middle class" to debt in order to finance such feasts.

SUNDERMANN, H., 1902, Der Name Gottes (Lowalangi) im Niassischen. NBG 40: 79-80. Sundermann attempts to give linguistic interpretation to Nias term "Lowalangi" which missionaries use as "God". However admits his attempt here is not successful.

SUNDERMANN, H., 1905, Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst. (Ver­lag des Missionshauses, Barmen) 259 pp. The first 88 pp. cover all aspects of the culture and is an important source of information. The appendix (pp. 191-259) contains texts of songs, poems, riddles and sayings translated into German. Sundermann was one of the most fruitful of the missionaries and all his writings are of scientific value.

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SUNDERMANN, R., (n.d.), Ret boek der psalmen in het Niassisch ver­taald; Sura Zinuno ni'ali ba niha. (P. W. M. Trap, Leiden) 133 pp. The Book of Psalms in Nias.

SUSlLO, R., 1929, Uittrekse1 uit het rapport omtrent het onderzoek naar de verspreiding van de Malaria op een eiland Nias. MDVNI 18: 1-18 plus 2 maps and 12 tables. This extract of a report on malaria in Nias contains varied infor­mation: on geography, climate, settlements, demography and types of sicknesses. Shows how malaria has spread throughout the island and makes a case study from one district of the island.

TE WECHEL, P., 1919-1920, Bij de Niassers in het Padang'sche. Ind 3: 229-32, 268-71 with 1 illustration. Important article dealing with Nias migrants in Padang, discussing culture change.

THOMAS, J. W., 1881-a, De jacht op het eiland Nias. TBG 26: 274-82. Article covers methods of hunting, traps drives, etc. Also discusses ceremonies attached to hunting. One also finds detailed material on the various taboos which the hunter must honor for a successful catch.

THOMAS, J. W., 1881-b, Sitten und Aberglauben auf Nias. G 9: 13-14. Dreams play an important role in Nias culture as each individual acts according to what he has dreamed the night before. This topic is given extensive treatment. Thomas divides the topic into good and bad dreams and how dreams are used in laying a new field, at birth, purchasing pigs, building a new house etc.

THOMAS, J. W. and A. FEHR, 1882, Thomas' und Fehrs Reise im siid­lichen Nias. MGGJ 1: 89-97. The first few pages deal with the authors' travels throughout the South; then they describe house and village types, the chieftainship, something on Nias clothing and finally on the dialects of North and South Nias language.

THOMAS, J. W., 1892, Drei Jahre in Siidnias, Erlebnisse. (Verlag des Missionshauses, Barmen) 52 pp. The first 15 pages of this booklet are the most important for they cover the general features of the culture; viz. religion, marriage, burial customs, war, economy. The rest is devoted to the missionary work on the island.

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TrCHELMAN} G. L.} 1939} Dr. F. M. Schnitger over megalith-cultuur op Nias. CI 1; 20-21. Gives summary of the articles which Schnitger wrote in the Deli Courant of July 23 and 30 and Aug. 5, 1939 on Nias. Schnitger sees this "megalithic culture" as having ist origin in central Burma, since Nias culture shows resemblances to the Naga culture of As­sam. Also finds resemblances to Polynesia, to Fiji (especially the language) and to the Dayaks of Borneo.

TrLLEMA, H. F., 1927, Nias en het bevolkingsvraagstuk. KW 27 (no. 6) ; 3. Criticism of Dutch policy in moving Niasans from healthier moun­tain regions to the lowlands. Sees this as main cause of high morta­lity rate.

W., B., 1920-1921, De Nako-eilanden. Ind 4; 190-91 with 1 illus­tration. On the Nias house type of the Nakko islands.

WARNECK, J" 1933-1934, Die Niasmission im Jahre 1933. JRMG 213-22. Summarizes effects of the world depression on the "bride-price", the youth of Nias and the general disorganization caused by the depression.

WEGNER, R, 1915-a, Die Mission auf Nias, Land, Volk und Geschichte der Missionsarbeit. Rheinische Missionsschriften Nr. 169 (Mis­sionshaus, Barmen) 78 pp. Only a few pages are devoted to the people of Nias and their culture as the rest is given over to geography and the history of the Rhenish Mission. Adds nothing new to what has already been written on the people and culture of Nias.

WEGNER, R, 1915-b, Fiinfzig Jahre Missionsarbeit auf Nias. AMZ 42; 465---81. As can be seen from the title this article summarizes the work done by the Rhenish Mission on Nias; a short section on Nias religion is to be found and also a section covering the changes which the missionaries have brought about in Nias.

WEGNER, R, 1916, Siidnias. EM 22; 193-203,222:-28. Wegner describes in detail the South Nias villages visited and of course' speaks at length about the village structure and stone monu­ments. Besides this, treats of social classes, economy and role of missionaries.

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WILKEN, G. A., 1912, Het erfrecht op Nias. Verspreide Geschriften (G. C. T. van Dorp & Co., Semarang, Surabaja, 's-Gravenhage) I: 407-10. This piece is actually a footnote to his larger work on kinship in Indonesia. In this piece on inheritance, Wilken merely asserts that inheritance is patrilineal in principle.

WIRZ, 0., 1929, Nias die Insel der Gotzen, Bilder aus dem Westlichen Insulinde. (Schaubiicher 29, Orell Fiissli Verlag, Zurich-Leipzig) 15 pp. plus 67 photos. This handy-seized booklet is useful for its clear and sharp pictures. 38 of the pictures show various features of Nias, and the rest of the pictures are those from the Mentawei Islands.

WIRZ, P., 1928, Nias, die 'Insel der Gotzen'. Die Koralle: Magazin fUr aIle Freunde von Natur und Technik (Berlin) 4: 204-09 with 9 illustrations.

WIRZ, P., 1928-1929, Het oude Nias. NION 13: 163-74. This article is a detailed discussion about the carved statuettes which are used for religious purposes on Nias. Wirz notes that with the rising importance of Christianity, the Niasans now feel ashamed to make these adus or make use of them. One of the first demands of the missionaries is that these adus be thrown out of the house (or village) and be burned publicly. A second section of this paper describes the most beautiful and famous village of Nias, Bawomataluwo.

WIRZ, P., 1930, Die Inseln Nias und Mentawei: Fuhrer durch das Museum fiir Volkerkunde, Basel. 16 pp. with 9 illustrations. A guide to the Nias collection in the museum of ethnology, Bille.

WIRZ, P., n.d., Die Insel der GOtzen. Die Garbe (Basel) 12: 458-65, with 6 illustrations.

ZUCKERHANDL, E., 1894, Zur Craniologie der Nias-Insulaner. Mitthei­lungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 24: 254-64. The author describes and analyzes 28 Nias skulls.

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MENTAWEI

ANONYMOUS, 1901, Die Untersuchungsreise der Missionare Lett und Kramer nach den Mentawei-Inseln vom 15-26 Juni 1901. BRMG 329-43. Contains more than just superficial information on the following topics: house and village structure, trade and economy, demography and also relates one creation myth.

ANONYMOUS, 1913, Mentawei. BRMG 65-67. Entire piece devoted to the chieftain (rimata) and his role and function.

ANONYMOUS, 1918, Mentawei. Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch Oost­Indie (Martinus Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage; Brill, Leiden) 2: 706---12. This article from the encyclopaedia covers all aspects of Mentawei; viz., geography and geology, demography, physical anthropology, religion, arts and crafts, a long section on language, housing and village organization, social organization, Dutch administration, lan­guage plus bibliography.

ANONYMOUS, 1921, De 'Sikerei' op de Mentawei-eilanden. De aarde en haar volken (Haarlem) 57: 232. This short article summarizes the functions of the "sikerei" ("medi­cine man").

ANONYMOUS, 1928, Berechting van familie- en erfrechtzaken op de Mentawei-eilanden. Ab 29: 246--48. This is a summary of the legal aspects of Mentawei society; on Siberut (the northernmost of the Mentawei islands) Dutch influence upon the adat is not noticeable. In Siberut and the Pagai islands, one differentiates 3 types of cases: 1. involving minor disputes and misdemeanors 2. involving minor disputes where 3rd party called to help arbitrate 3. major disputes wherein adat chieftain and shaman called or elder

of communal house called to help settle case. Other points of importance noted: 1. divorce for following reasons:

a. adultery on part of wife b. adultery on part of husband c. serious illness or weak condition of wife d. childless marriage

2. adoption methods and reasons 3. inheritance law.

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BEUKERING, ]. A. VAN, 1939, Bloedgroepenonderzoek bij de Menta­weiers. GTNI 79: 1579--81. Results of research on blood types.

BEUKERING, J. A. VAN, 1941, Een en ander over het tatoueeren bij de Mentaweiers. TBG 81: 319-32. On the ceremonies involved for tattooing, as well as on styles and patterns of tattooing; article accompanied by several sketches.

BEUKERING, ]. A. VAN, 1947, Bijdrage tot de anthropologie der Menta­weiers. (Utrecht) vi, 189 pp. This is a dissertation submitted to Utrecht University. Van Beuke­ring did field work for this dissertation. The first chapters are devoted to the more general aspects of the culture; viz., mythical origins, economy, food, nutrition plus detailed section on tattoo pat­terns used on the body. The chapters which follow are strictly of physical anthropological nature: skull measurements, fingerprint patterns, blood type, bodily type etc. Some of the conclusions touch upon the migration of the peoples within the islands, racial affini­ties to other Indonesians, etc. This is an up-to-date and indispensable work on the physical anthro­pology of the people. There is also an English summary.

BORGER, F., 1920, Wie man sicht freuet in der Ernte. Mb 71-73. The topic of this paper is the economy (horticulture) of Mentawei, and the Christian influence on it. Notes that the punen (taboo) periods were detrimental to the establishment of a rice-culture.

BORGER, F., 1932, Yom Punen der Mentaweier and Wie ein Punen bei der Mentaweiers verUiuft. BRMG 18--28, 44-54. Missionary Borger has written a long and detailed article on the taboo periods which occur so frequently. He gives the general back­ground material on the punen, typology of punen, principal persons involved, and materials involved. Also relates what actually takes place during a typical 20-day punen period, describing main events of each of the 20 days.

BUUREN, J. E. VAN, 1937, Huwelijks- en erfrecht op de Mentawei-eilan­den (1932) Ab 39: 530-33. This is an article dealing with marriage and inheritance rules; notes that pre-marital relations are strictly forbidden on island of Siberut, whereas on the other islands, "marriage" usually doesn't take place

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until after the couple has had several children. Describes process of arranging marriages, duties and obligations before marriage, divorce and consequences of divorce on property and children, and general rules of inheritance.

CLIFTON, V., 1927, Islands of Queen Wilhelmina. (Constable, London) 287 pp. plus 1 map. On Mentawei pp. 106-24. Gives superficial account about Mentawei life; e.g. on punen, priest, medicine man and house types. Includes 3 pictures taken on Men­tawei.

COLLET, O. J. A., 1925, Terres et peuples de Sumatra. (Elsevier, Am­sterdam) xvi, 562 pp. On Mentawei pp. 521-32. This section on Mentawei is very general and tries to cover every­thing, i.e. all aspects of ,the culture. The more "exotic" aspects are stressed (e.g. tattooing, teethfiling, taboos, etc.)

CRISP, ]., 1799, An account of the inhabitants of the Poggy Islands lying off Sumatra. Asiatick Researches: or, Transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal for enquiry into the History and Anti­quities, The Arts, Sciences and Literature of Asia. (Printed ver­batim from the Calcutta edition, London) 6: 77-91 with 1 illustration. This account by an Englishman is of importance and interest because it was written so long ago. Gives information on all facets of the people and culture along with geographical data. Some topics covered: description of the Pagai islands, flora, fauna, relations with the people, physical anthropology, food and clothing, weapons, religion, disposal of dead, rules of inheritance, legal concepts, marriage rules (patrilocal) on tattooing and gives vocabulary listing 85 Mentawei words. Author arrived on North Pagai on Aug. 14, 1792 and remained a month.

DANNERT, T., 1903, Besuch in einem Mentawei-dorf. Mb 82-84. Gives description of village which this missionary visited on North Pagai. Also includes some information on the medicine man and priest.

DUYVENDAK, J. P., 1935, Inleiding tot de ethnologie van de Indische Archipel. (Wolters, Groningen) 201 pp. On Mentawei pp. 30--69. This introduction to the ethnology of Indonesia devotes a long and detailed section to the culture of Mentawei (North and South Pagai) as the author analyzes previously published materials and synthesizes them. He gives a well rounded picture of the culture showing the

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relationship between religion, economy and social organization. He does not limit himself to giving a coherent picture of the culture, as he also shows the impact of the modern world upon the culture (d. the last chapter of this book). This is an important study of Mentawei.

FISCHER} H. W., 1908, lets over de wapens uit de Mentawei-verzame­ling van's Rijks Ethnographisch Museum te Leiden. lAE 18: 132-36. On the daggers, bows, arrows and shields found on Mentawei, with illustrations. (Notes that the blades for the daggers are imported).

FISCHER} H. W., 1909, Mentawei-eilanden. CREM 4: 82-98. This is a catalogue describing all items of the Mentawei collection in the National Museum of Ethnology, Leyden. The compiler divides his material as follows: ornaments, clothing, hunting and fishing, boats and means of transportation, industry, weapons, art and music, games, religion.

FISCHER} H. W., 1920, Mentawei-eilanden. CREM 14: 45-48. Fischer describes the items of the Mentawei collection in the National Museum of Ethnology, Leyden acquired since 1909 (d. Fischer 1909).

FRANCIS, E. A., 1839, Korte beschrijving van het Nederlandsch grolld­gebied ter Westkust van Sumatra. TNl 2 (pt. 1) : 203-20. Only a few pages treat of Mentawei (Pagai islands). Notes there is trade between the people of Mentawei and the Chinese and Malayans of Sumatra. Also states that marriage gifts most com­monly used are machetes.

FRANKEN, M., n.d., Het land aan de overkant. (A. J. G. Strengholt, Amsterdam) 188 pp. On Mentawei pp. 121-41 plus 2 plates. Gives impressions of trip to the Pagai islands to film native cere­monies. Superficial treatment.

GEER, T. VAN, 1919-1920, Een praatje over en kiekjes van de Menta­wei-eilanden. Het lndische Leven, een algemeen weekblad (Welte­vreden) 1 (pt. 1): 216-18 with 6 illustrations. Too short and general to be of scientific worth.

GIGLIO, E. H., 1894, Elio Modigliani aIle isole Mentawei. BSGI 31: 387-90. States purpose of Modigliani's field trip to Mentawei; summarizes duties of the priest and medicine man in Mentawei.

5

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H., J. S. DE, 1904, lets over Mentawei. Het Nederlandsche Zeewezen (Den Haag) 3: 257-60, 273-76, 289-92, 305-08. This is a report of a journey taken to these islands in 1894, visiting Siberut and Sipora as well. The information recorded here is of a very general nature, viz., on house types, weapons, food, adorn­ments, fishing, boating.

HAAN, C. B., DE, 1939, De Mentawei-eilanden. Rotary Indie (Batavia) 10: 196-97.

HANSEN, B., 1917, De eerste kerstening der Mentaweiers. TBB 52: 19-31. Introductory section gives reader social and economic background of Mentawei culture; rest of article relates how first converts to Christianity made their decisions and the ceremonies involved in converting them. Hansen also predicts economic consequences of conversion: with the doing away of the punen (taboos) such time­consuming uneconomic activities can be replaced by agricultural pursuits.

HANSEN, J. F. K., 1915, De groep Noord- en Zuid-Pageh van de Mentawei-eilanden. BKI 70: 113-220. Hansen spent almost a year (1911-1912) on the Pagais as com­mander of a detachment of soldiers. He covers the following topics: 1. geography, climate, flora, fauna 2. administrative divisions 3. population: taxation, history, language, literature, clothing, tattoo,

weapons, war, tools, housing, animals 4. religion: punen, death, health, national character 6. clan life: marriage, birth, divorce, law 7. education and the missionary.

HALUsA, K., 1938, Inse1n des Friedens, eine Reise durch Mentawei. (Lux, Batavia) ii, 25 pp. The purpose of this writer's trip to Mentawei was to gather musico­logical information and this booklet is merely an account of his trip and impressions. The content is general in nature and the book contains nothing new.

HINLOPEN, P. A. M., and P. SEVERLI]N, 1855, Verslag van een onder­zoek der Poggi-eilanden. TBG 3: 319-37. Aside from covering all aspects of the culture, the authors give a detailed list of villages and numbers of communal houses (uma) in each, plus population figures.

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HOLLANDER, J. J. DE, 1895, Handleiding bij de beoefening der land- en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Oost-Indie. (Broese & Co., Breda) 5th ed. 2 volumes. On Mentawei vol. I: 608--17. Gives general picture of the culture and history of contacts with Dutch.

JOHANNSEN, P., 1938, Orienteerend bloedgroepenonderzoek bij Menta­weiers. GTNI 78: 1138-39. This research on the blood-types of the Mentaweians was carried out in Feb., 1938 and shows by means of a chart, the difference between Sipora's inhabitants and those of Siberut.

K., 1918-1919, De Mentawei-eilanden. Ind 2: 731-35, 741-43, 761-62 with 9 illustrations. Good article covering all aspects of the people and culture, and also on the history of contacts with the West.

KATE, H. F. C. TEN, 1918, Eenige opmerkingen betreffende de anthro­pologie der Mentaweiers. KNAG 35: 813-18. The author criticizes Kleiweg de Zwaan's article (1917) as he thinks the latter used too few specimens for his statistical data.

KARNY, S. S., 1925, Auf den Gliicksinseln. Natur, Illustrierte Halb­monatsschrift fur Naturfreunde (Leipzig) 17: 9-16,28-39, 59-67, 80-89, 102-08 with 60 illustrations. Karny has written a very thorough article on Mentawei, although in popular style. He covers all aspects of the culture and gives special attention to the punen system. Most of his travels were done in the Pagais. This is an important article.

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1916, De eilanden langs de Westkust van Sumatra in De volken van N ederlandsch-Indie, J. c. van Eerde (ed.) (Elsevier, Amsterdam) 1: 215-46. The author gives a short general description of the people and culture; most of the article is devoted to Nias.

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1917, Bijdrage tot de anthropologie der Mentaweiers. KNAG 34: 877-901. In the first section of this paper, the author reviews all previously published theories on the origin and affinity of the Mentawei peoples in relation to the other peoples of Indonesia. He then gives a detailed description and measurements of the lower-jaws of Men­taweians.

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KRAMER, A., 1927, Mentawei. Westindonesien. (Franckh'sche Verlags­handlung, Stuttgart) pp. 42-43. In one page, Kramer summarizes Mentawei culture and in the other page presents sketches showing the material culture; e.g. ornaments, house types, weapons, boats. This is an adequate summary and bird's eye view.

KRAMER, A. F., 1907, Zur Tatauierung der Mentawei-Insulaner. AfA 34: 36-41. This article on tattooing deals with the specific instruments used, the patterns and colors used and also the differences between the men's and women's tattoo patterns.

KRAMER, F., 1903, Reise nach Mentawei. MGGJ 21 : 81-88. This journal of a trip made to various villages in the four islands of Mentawei, describes in short, the village structures, role of priests and medicine men and a note on religion. Each village visited is described as regards location and surrounding.

KRUYT, A. C, 1923, De Mentawaiers. TBG 62: 1-188. Kruyt spent just two months (in 1921) on the Mentawei islands -North Pagai and Siberut (Sabirut), but within that short time was able to gather this large amount of information. The following topics are covered: bibliography, family relationship (kinship terms, marriage rules etc.), rules of inheritance, name giving ceremonies, body mutilation (teeth sharpening etc.), house construction, types of animals found and used here, plus myths related to them, headhunting, agriculture, myths, religion in all its aspects. One important source for this work has been an unpublished article on Mentawei culture, written in Malay, which Kruyt found on Pagai.

KRUYT, A. C, 1924, Een bezoek aan de Mentawei-eilanden. KNAG 41: 19-49. Although this article appears in a geographical journal, it contains everything besides geographical data. Most of it treats of the mate­rial culture of the people; e.g. houses, baskets, flutes, clothing, ornaments. This article should be read as a supplement to Kruyt's earlier work where the stress was on "non-material culture".

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LATIF, S. M., 1930, lets over den handel en den landbouw bij de Mentawaiers. Algemeen Landbouwweekblad voor Nederlandsch­Indie (Batavia) 14 (pt. 1): 1031-32. On trade with Chinese and Sumatrans and description of slash (but not burning) type agriculture.

LE FEBVRE, J. L., 1917, De Mentawei-eilanden. TBB 51: 79-80. Covers role of missionaries on islands and the importance of coco­nuts for the people. Also reports of two murder cases in recent times.

LETT, A., 1903, Erste Aussaat auf einem noch unbebauten Missions­acker. Mb 10--15. First two pages deal with the structure of the language and the manners of expression in Mentawei.

LOCHER, G. W., 1934, Huwe1ijk en taboe op de Zuid Mentawei-eilanden. Oost en West, maandblad der Koninklijke Vereeniging 'Oost en West' (Den Haag) 34: 140-41. Analysis of the punen system as negative rites.

LOEB, E. M., 1928, Mentawei social organization. AA 30: 408--33. This is a lengthy and detailed article which covers demographic data, religion, economy, a long section on the taboo peri~ (punen), pregnancy and childbirth, marriage, and naming of new child, kin­ship terms. The author begins his article with the following: "Culturally, compared to other Malayan peoples, the Mentawei islanders belong at the bottom of the ladder". Loeb believes that punen (taboo system) originated from the family and spread on up through to the community level (the uma). Then it permeated the whole culture. For an analysis of the social structure of Mentawei d. Wallace, 1951, wherein he tries to bring some order into the material gathered by Loeb and Kruyt (1923).

LOEB, E. M., 1929-a, Mentawei religious cult. University of California Publications in American archaeology and ethnology (Berkeley). 25; 185-247. This monograph covers the following subjects; founding of a vil­lage, making a new house, punen (taboos) for a new village, village of a seer, the division of the communal house (uma) and types of taboos and omens. Important source based on field-work.

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LOEB, E. M., 1929-b, Mentawei myths. BKI 85: 66-244. Loeb renders from the Mentawei language into English, 16 stories which he took down while doing field-work on the islands. The Mentawei version precedes each English translation.

LOEB, E. M., 1929-c, Shaman and seer. AA 31 : 60--84. Here Loeb differentiates between the seer and the shaman; the former is divided further into inspirational and non-inspirational types. Seers are the oldest forms of the Indonesian medicine man and the Indonesian medicine man seer resembles seers of all other primitive cultures while the true shaman is a product of higher cultures. The inspirational type in Indonesia is similar to the one found in Siberut. Two most important features of inspirational types are prophesying and exorcism. Indonesia alone has both inspired and non-inspired type of shaman. Essentials of seer: to obtain vision and with vision, guardian spirits; seer is then able to communicate with these spirits who aid him in curing. In true shaman, spirits speak through shaman, while in case of seer, spirits speak to shaman. On Mentawei, sikerei is seer type. Loeb gives long discussion on how one becomes sikerei. Also gives section on Mentawei witchcraft.

LoEB, E. M., 1935, Mentawei Islands. S: 158-207. This chapter treats of all aspects of the culture and is based upon field work. It is a good introductory work. One conclusion Loeb draws is that the taboo system developed from a more simple sacrificial level.

LoGAN, J. R., 1855, The Chagaleegat, or Mantawe Islanders. Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (Singapore) 9: 273-305. This article was composed from library sources - i.e. the old English sources (d. Veth, 1849) and summarizes what the author found of interest in these sources.

MAASS, A., 1902, Bei liebenswiirdigen Wilden. (Wilhelm Siisserott, Berlin) 256 pp. This is an account of a trip taken to Mentawei in 1897 for the Berlin Museum of Ethnology. The following topics are covered: religion, house types, daily life, artistic expressions, weapons, hunt­ing and fishing, horticulture and animal husbandry, trade, and physical anthropology.

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MAASS, A, 1905, Ta Ka-Kai-Kai Tabu. ZE 37: 153-62. Ta kii-kiii-kiii is a term meaning "it is forbidden" and Maass sees it as the Mentawei parallel to Polynesian taboo. Also gives section on the "punen" taboo periods; duration of such feasts for various occasions, the specific reasons for its institution (e.g. building new family house, tilling new garden, building new boat, preparation of sago, marriage, serious illness, etc.).

MAASS, A., 1906, Die primitive Kunst der Mentawei. ZE 38: 433-55. General description of the art, colors which Mentaweians prefer to use, methods of obtaining dyes, designs found most frequently in art, with illustrations.

MARSDEN, W., 1811, The history of Sumatra, containing an account of the government, laws, customs and manners of the native inhabi­tants. (J. M'Creery, London) 3rd ed. On Mentawei pp. 475-78. Gives summary of English contacts with the people of Mentawei as a result of trade. Lists articles of trade. The 1st and 2nd editions (1783, 1784) do not carry this account on Mentawei.

MAYER, L. T., 1905-1906, Van de Mentawei-Eilanden. Het Daghet, een blad van kunst en leven (Bandung) 1: 129-34, 229-34, 263-67 with 18 illustrations. Although written in popular style, gives good bird's eye view of the people and culture. Begins with geography, flora and fauna. Then on to house styles, village organization, physical anthropology, clothing, religion, customs, preparation of food and salt, horticulture, weapons and fishing. Excellent set of photographs included.

MESS, H. A, 1870, Bijdrage tot de kennis der Mentawei-eilanden. TNI 4 (pt. 1): 339-63. Covers following items: geography, myths of origin, agriculture, tattooing, sicknesses prevalent on the islands, weapons, marriage, biFth, death, war, headhunting, legal principles.

MESS, H. A, 1881, De Mentawei-eilanden. TBG 26: 63-101. This article, to all extents and purposes, is the same as the one previously written by the same author (cf. 1870).

MEYNER n'ESTREY, H., 1895, Les iles Mentawei. Revue de Geographie (Paris) 36: 247-51. This is a summary of Mess (1870).

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MODIGLIANI, E., 1894, AIle !sole Mentawei. BSGI 31 : 543-48. States purpose of trip; then touches upon punen, the priest and medicine man, and upon the fetishes made of bamboo. The coverage is not detailed.

MODIGLIANI, E., 1898, Materiale per 10 studio dell'isola Sipbra (Menta­wei). BSGI 35: 256--99 with 13 figures. Important article stating ethnological objects collected. Also states that author took 232 photographs while on Sipora. Gives vocabulary of 725 Mentawei words with Italian equivalents and also gives analysis of "drum language" used.

MODIGLIANI, E., 1910, II tatuaggio degli Indigeni dell'isola Sipora (Arcipe1ago Mentawei). AAE 40: 450-54 with 3 figures. On types of designs and methods of tattooing.

MODIGLIANI, E., 1930-1931, Appunti etnologici su Sipbra (Arcipelago Mentawei). AAE 60-61: 25-75 plus 15 photographs and 7 sketches. This important article summarizes ail aspects of the people and culture. Also gives data on flora and fauna and history of contacts. Major portion devoted to religion: medicine man and priest, role of punen, tattooing and teeth-filing, birth rites, marriage.

MUNSTERBERGER, W., 1939, Ethnologische Studien an Indonesischen SchQpfungsmythen, ein Beitrag zur Kultur-analyse Siidostasiens. (Martinus Nijhoff, Den Haag) xii, 244 pp. On Mentawei pp. 51--60. Divides Mentawei myths into two types: creation myths and myths on the origin of man. Concludes myths on origin of man and earth­mother types to be pre-austronesian. Utilizes published sources.

MUNSTER BERGER, W., 1940, The importance of Mentawei research. CI 2: 104-12. This is an introductory piece for the article by Pfotenhauer, 1940, on the film expedition to the Mentawei islands. Miinsterberger merely points out the interesting features of Mentawei society and the significance of filming some of it.

MUENSTERBERGER, W., 1948, Oral trauma and taboo. A psychoanalytic study of an Indonesian tribe. Psychoanalysis and the social sciences (New York) 2: 129-72. Muensterberger gives a Freudian interpretation of Mentawei cul­ture; he begins first with some myths of origin, then goes on to the

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structure of the society, frustration in infancy, taboo and social organization, funeral rites, taboo, and guilt feelings. Some points from his conclusion are as follows: 1. unsatisfactory maternal care of child eventually leads to conflicts

and this series of reactions to early deprivations is a "key to an understanding of the mechanisms in Mentawei culture"

2. animal sacrifice is an expression of the child's struggle with mother's lover to be fed by mother

3. m~titude of punens is proof of the ambivalence of the Menta­wetans

4. the basic traumatic event of the Mentaweian originates in an excessive frustration already as early as in the oral phase. It is rooted in the experience of the child who is deprived of mother's breast.

NAPENG, H., 1924, Van weinig-bezochte stranden. De Aarde en haar volken (Haarlem) 60: 65-69. Gives general description of people and culture of Mentawei and Simalur.

NEUMANN, J. B., 1909, De Mentawei-eilanden. KNAG 26: 181-213 plus 1 map. After a general description of the islands from a geographical and geological point of view, the author deals with each of the islands separately in detail. He devotes most of the attention to rivers and bays found on these islands.

PATZE, E., 1902, MissionsanHinge auf den Mentawei-Inse1n. Mb 50-55. In popular style relates something of the religion of the people and gives a summary of some myths found among them. Also gives some information on the natives' reactions towards their first con­tact with Christian missionaries.

PFOTENHAUER, F., 1940, A film expedition to the Mentawei islands. CI 2: 96-112. Contains the purpose of the film expedition and also what features of Mentawei were filmed. Includes some shots taken (d. Miinster­berger, 1940).

PLEYTE, C. M., 1901, Die Mentawei-Inse1n und ihre Bewohner. G 79: 1-7,24-32 plus 11 photos and 1 map. The author uses written sources exclusively for this article. He covers the following SUbjects:

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geography, physical anthropology, naming, language, food, clothing and ornaments, housing, horticulture, war, birth, teeth-filing, mar­riage, mortuary rites, religion, law, music and dance, games, astro­nomy, short bibliography.

RASSERS, W. H., 1927, Re1igionen der Naturvolker Indonesiens. AR 25: 130-93. Rassers summarizes the topic of religion among the Mentaweians on pp. 145---49, using Hansen (1915) and Kruyt (1923).

RASSERS, W. H., 1931, Over den oorsprong van het Javaansche toonee1 BKI 88: 317-450 plus 6 plates. On Mentawei pp. 436---41. Although this article deals mainly with the Javanese theater and the sociological significance thereof, Rassers draws in Mentawei material as a comparative feature. He analyzes in a keen way the relationship between the Mentawei communal house (uma) and the type of social order found among the people.

ROSENBERG, H. VON, 1853, De Mentawei-eilanden en hunne bewoners. TBG 1: 403---40. Following topics discussed: topography, flora and fauna, race, adornments, clothing, weapons, hunting and fishing, boat making, house types, food, religion, marriage, recreation, preparation of sago, trade and Mentawei calendar.

ROSENBERG, H. VON, 1888, Een en ander over de bewoners der Menta­wei-eilanden. IAE I: 218-19. This piece describes following sUbjects: war boats, houses and tattoos.

RUINEN, W., 1921-1924, Poenen op de Mentawei-eilanden. Verslag, Ethnologen bijeenkomst te Amsterdam p. 11 ff.

S., C. TH., 1903, De Mentawei-eilanden. W 4: nos. 22, 23, 24, 25. This series of articles gives the reader detailed information on the ethnology and geography of Mentawei.

SANTESSON, C. G., 1939, Pfeilgifte und ethnographische Notizen von dem Mentawei Archipe1 (Ostindien). Ethnos (Stockholm) 4: 129-46. On the poisoned blow darts.

SCHELTEMA DE HEER, J., 1919, Aan de westkust van Sumatra, De Mentawei-eilanden. De Kroniek, geillustreerd maandblad voor Ne­derland en Belgie (Utrecht) 5: 125-27 with 5 illustrations. Too short and general to be of scientific value.

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SCHRIEKE, B. ]. 0., 1921-1922, Allerlei over de besnijdenis in den In­dischen Archipel. TBG 60: 373-578; 61: 1-94. Schrieke gathered data from the civil administrators, missionaries, military leaders etc. to compile this article; a detailed description of circumcision among the Mentaweians is found on pp. 13-14 (vol. 61).

SELL, J. H., 1955, Der schlimme Tod bei den Volkern Indonesiens. (Mouton, The Hague) viii, 337 pp. On Mentawei pp. 130---33. Touches upon the work of the priest, medicine man and pun en in regards to death and dying.

TILLEMA, H. F., 1925, Indrukken van de Mentawei-eilanden. Oedaya, Opgang, geillustreerd maandblad voor Indonesie (Den Haag) pp. 55-58, 67---68, 80-83. General picture of island and people. Stresses religious aspect, viz. punen, sikerei, sacrifices.

VETH, P. J., 1849, De Mentawei-eilanden ten westen van Sumatra. TNI 11 (pt. 1): 201-13. Veth reports on what Marsden wrote about these islands - the latter in turn wrote on the early reports of Englishmen who had been in Mentawei, either as traders or explorers. Among these were: Randolph Marriot, 1749; John Saul, 1750 and 1751; Thomas Forrest, 1757.

VOLZ, W., 1906, Zur Kenntnis der Mentawei-Inseln. AfA 32: 93-109. Deals mainly with the physical anthropology of the people, viz. racial type, body measurements. Also something about tattooing found here.

WESTENBERG, G. W., 1858, De Mentaweh-archipel en zijne bewoners. Album der natuur (Amsterdam) 129-43. Although old, this article contains many important facts on all aspects of the culture as well as information on the flora, fauna, geography and race.

WALLACE, A. F. c., 1951, Mentaweian social organization. AA 53: 370-75. This important article uses Loeb and Kruyt as basis for clearing up confusing data on the social organization. Instead of being matrilineal, (as Murdock claims) Wallace shows that the uma is patrilineal. Residence rule proper is patrilocal. (The uma is a patri-

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lineal, patrilocal clan barrio). When there are 2 or more umas in one village, marriage is usually endogamous as to village; in intra­village marriage, residence is patrilocal and intervillage marriages are matrilocal. Most marriages are intra-village.

WIRZ, 0., 1929, Nias, Die Insel der GOtzen, Bilder aus dem West­lichen Insulinde. (Schaubiicher 29, Orell Fiissli Verlag, Zurich­Leipzig) 15 pp. with 67 illustrations. Although the title indicates that this work deals with Nias, Men­tawei is also discussed. 29 photographs of Mentawei life are in­cluded here.

WIRZ, P., 1927, Auf den 'Gliickinseln'. Die Koralle: Magazin fur aIle Freunde von Natur und Technik (Berlin) 3: 481-86 with 9 illustrations.

WIRZ, P., 1929, Was die Mentaweier iiber die Plejaden und den Orion erzahlen (malaiischen Marchen). Atlantis, Under, Volker, Reisen (Berlin) 8: 489-93. Two Mentawei stories dealing with these stars (these fables also included in Wirz's article of 1929-1930).

WIRZ, P., 1929-1930, Het eiland Sabirut en zijn bewoners. NION 14: 131-39, 187-92, 209---15, 241-48, 337-48, 377-97. This is a long and important article on the least known island of the Mentaweis. Wirz's visit to this island was in the fall of 1926. Wirz is of the opinion that Nias has a great influence and believes Nias, Dayak and Mentawei form one entity. He discusses the fol­lowing subjects:

1. racial type and origin 2. clothing 3. marriage and divorce 4. pregnancy, birth, name giving ceremonies 5. agriculture, food, domestic and wild animals 6. hunting and fishing 7. headhunting 8. pun en (taboo periods) 9. religious concepts

10. medicine man and curing of sickness ceremonies ( especially detailed description)

11. bodily mutilations (tattoo, teethfiling) 12. mortuary rites 13. weapons

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14. villages and settlement patterns 15. on the communal house (uma) 16. the fetishes (katsaila) 17. drum signals and drum "language" 18. mythology, astronomy, other knowledge. It should be noted that each topic is dealt with in detail and many illustrations accompany this article.

WIRZ, P., 1930, Die Inseln Nias und Mentawei: Fuhrer durch das Museum fUr Volkerkunde, Basel. 16 pp with 9 illustrations. Guide to the Mentawei collection in the museum of ethnology, Bale: most of the pieces are from Siberut.

WIRZ, P., 1950, Der Ersatz fUr die Kopferjagerei und die Trophaen­imitation. Dnter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der vom Verfasser auf Neuguinea und Sabirut (Mentawei) gesammelten Objecte. Beitrage zur Gesellungs- und Volkerwissenschaft, R. Thurnwald gewidmet (Berlin) 411-34. This is a discussion of the substitutes used for human skulls in certain ceremonies, now that headhunting has been abolished among the peoples of Siberut. One such substitute is the skull of a monkey.

ENGGANO

ANCONA, H. G. J. D', 1935, Adathoofden te Enggano. Koloniaal Tijd­schrift (Den Haag) 24: 489-96. The author quotes pertinent passages from previous writers on Enggano dealing with the adat-chieftains and then concludes this article with a long passage from his unpublished report concerning the role of the chieftain in socio-political life.

ANONYMOUS, 1870, Verslag van eene reis van den assistent-resident van Benkulen naar het eiland Engano. TBG 19: 165-200. This report contains superficial notes on such features of the Engga­nese as their weapons, villages, houses, domestic animals, horti­culture, clothing, physical anthropology, flora, naming ceremonies, and relatively detailed section on "legal" principles of the people.

ANONYMOUS, 1888, Der Engano Archipel. A 61 : 899-900. On geography, flora, fauna, house type, weapons and religion.

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ANONYMOUS, 1894, Die Inse1 Engano. Deutsche Rundschau fur Geo­graphie und Statistik (Wien, Pest, Leipzig), 16: 414-15, plus 1 map. Gives detailed geographic description of the island. Also touches upon physical anthropology and demography.

ANONYMOUS, 1905, Eine Inspektionsreise nach Engano. BRMG 97-101 plus 1 map. Gives geographical data, information on the structure of one village and rest of article devoted to missionary work.

ANONYMOUS, 1908, Enggano. BRMG 286-88. Article deals with demographic aspects, viz. birth-mortality rates, population figures, and causes of depopulation.

ANONYMOUS, 1910, Enggano. BRMG 189-90. On water supply as a possible factor for the depopulation of Eng­gano, i.e. inhabitants drink stagnant rain water instead of fresh water from wells.

ANONYMOUS, 1918, Engano, Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch Oost­Indie (Martinus Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage; Brill, Leiden) 2: 670-71. This article gives information of a general nature on the topics of geography, population, myths, social organization, religion and religious ceremonies, history of contacts and bibliography .

. ' . '.;)J'1'TlW] ANONYMOUS, 1923, Dorpsgeschil op Enggano (1883). Ab 22: 41&-21.

This article is from a government report of 1883, hitherto un­published; it deals with a minor skirmish between two factions (,dukuns') over fishing grounds. This article tells why the differences between the two factions arose and how it was mediated.

ANONYMOUS, 1930, Gegevens over Enggano (-+- 1920). Ab 32: 440---47 plus 1 large map. This article summarizes the data on the socio-political organization of Enggano, beginning with data on the mythology of such political units. There also are data on inheritance rules, general legal problems and the role of Dutch administration.

DANIELLI, J., 1893, Crani ed ossa lunghe di abitanti dell'isola d'Engano. AAE 23: 401-33 plus 3 plates. An analysis of skulls and bones brought back by Modigliani from Enggano.

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DANNERT, T., 1904, Een verblijf van drie maanden te Engano. Berich­ten uit de Zendingswereld (Amsterdam) 3: 1-18. Summarizes essential features of the culture, gives description of people and settlements and ends with note on Christianity In

Enggano.

DANNERT, T., 1913, Enggano. RZ 65-73. Dannert notes the contacts made between whites and the inhabitants from the earliest period. Also gives detailed description of the work of a priest in curing sickness.

DJURAGAN BUWANG, 1854, Verslag omtrent het eiland Engano. TBG 2 : 379-93. The author was a Malayan trader who made frequent trips to Enggano for purposes of commerce while living in Padang. This report, originally written in Malay, relates his experiences and im­pressions of the people of Enggano. The major part of the article however, deals with his transactions with the people. The other parts gives some information on such things as recreation, fishing, clothing, etc. of the people, plus a short vocabulary.

DRIEST, P. VAN, ]889, Beschrijving van eenige ethnographische voor­werpen uit Engano. NBG 26: 165-66. This is a list of museum pieces from Enggano giving short descrip­tion of each and native term.

FISCHER, H. W., 1909, Enggano. CREM 4: 98-120. Fischer describes all the museum pieces from Enggano in the National Museum of Ethnology, Leyden. He divides the objects as follows: food and stimulants, ornaments and clothing, housing and household goods, hunting and fishing, agriculture and animal breeding, industry, weapons, society and religion.

FISCHER, H. W., 1920, Engano. CREM 14: 48-52. Here the items in the National Museum of Ethnology, Leyden acquired from Enggano since 1909 are described (d. Fischer 1909).

GIGLIOLLI, J., 1893, Notes on the ethnographic collections formed by Dr. Elio Modigliani during his recent explorations in Central Sumatra and Engano. rAE 6: 109-31. Tells what sort of objects Modigliani gathered from Enggano, the purpose of his trip to the island and also tells something about the houses, clothing, personal ornaments, food and stimulants, weapons and implements, boats and religious beliefs of the people.

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GoELAM, J., 1929, Een orienteerend onderzoek naar de volksgezondheid op het eiland Enggano. MDVNI 18: 68-78 plus 2 plates, 1 map and 8 tables. Report of a research project dealing with the physical anthropology of the Engganese. Begins with general description of the island, including geography and geology and on the general level of the people's health. Real research topic deals with spleen and blood typing. One conclusion: malaria takes the heaviest toll among the people.

GUILLEMARD, F. H. H., 1894, The island of Engano. Geographical Journal (London) 2: 153-54. Summarizes geographic data on Enggano derived from Modigliani's book.

HAEFTEN, F. W. VAN, 1910, Verslag betreffende het onderzoek naar de volksgezondheid enz. op de eilandengroep Engano (Juli-Augustus 1909). TBG 52: 1-59 plus 10 charts and 1 map. This is a medical report, but also gives information on houses, village organization, "national character" of the people, and general descrip­tion of physical types. The main part of this report deals with types of diseases and sicknesses prevalent here, on pregnancy and births and suggested measures to fight depopulation.

HELFRICH, O. L., 1888, De eilandgroep Engano. KNAG 5 (pt. 2): 272-314, 565. This is a detailed article which covers all facets of the culture as well as the island itself. The author begins with a geographical description then a section on communication, types of natural products (in native terms, with translations in Dutch), population figures and on the economy. About the people themselves, he covers the following: social and political organization, law, land ownership, legal problems, arts and crafts, domestic life (house types, clothing, marriage, other crises rites). Important work.

HELFRICH, O. L., 1890, Aanteekeningen betreffende voorwerpen van de eilandengroep Enggano afkomstig. NBG 27: v-vii. A list of objects collected on the island are described and their native terms given. Also includes description of weaving techniques used in making nets and baskets.

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HOLLANDER, J. J. DE, 1895, Handleiding bij de beoefening der land- en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Oost-Indie. (Broese & Co., Breda) 5th ed. 2 volumes. On Enggano vol. 1: 617-19. Gives short description of geology and geography and thumb-nail sketch of the culture.

JONG, J. K. DE, 1938, Een en ander over Enggano. NTNI 48: 3-46. Gives geographical description of the islands constituting Enggano and a non-technical report on the flora and fauna. This study is of value, especially for the ethno-botanist. Includes long bibliography dealing mainly with technical articles on flora and fauna of Enggano.

KAHLER, H., 1938, Sitten und Gebrauche auf der Insel Enggano. Deutsche Wacht; Monatschrift fur Nationale Entwicklung (Berlin).

KARUTZ, R., 1903, Engano-Popolo. G 83: 26--30. This is a study comparing spearheads from Enggano and the South Seas. The writer posits a diffusion of this particular spearhead from Enggano.

KEUNING, J., 1955, Enggano, de geschiedenis van een verdwenen cul­tuur. Indonesie (,s-Gravenhage) 8: 177-213. Keuning sets down the course of events which led to the depopulation of this island. He uses unpublished materials and also materials recording the earliest contact. This article is not only important to historians but also to others interested in culture-contact for it gives a well rounded picture of the culture in full force and also touches upon the processes which lead to its end.

KEUNING, J., 1958, Holzschnitzereien von der Insel Enggano, Bemer­kenswerte iiberreste einer fast ausgestorbenen Kultur in Indonesia. Nachrichten der Gesellschaft fiir Natur- und Volkerkunde Ostasiens (Hamburg-Wiesbaden) 83: 10--17. On several wood carvings found in the Leyden Museum of Ethno­logy. Also gives short history of Enggano's contact with the West.

KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1916, De eilanden langs de Westkust van Sumatra in De volken van Nederlandsch-Indie, J. c. van Eerde (ed.) (Elsevier, Amsterdam) 1: 215-46. Gives general picture of the people and culture.

6

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KRAMER, A., 1927, West-Indonesien, Sumatra/Java/Borneo. (Franck­h'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart). Of the two pages which cover Enggano in this book (pp. 44--45), one page gives a general description of the culture; economy, religion, social organization, physical anthropology, etc. plus short bibliography. The second page contains 17 drawings of various ob­jects and peoples from the island.

LETT, A., 1903, Eine Missionsreise zu einem aussterbenden Volke (den 'Taka' auf der Insel Engano, siidlich von Sumatra). EM 9: 63-4i7. Lett records a creation myth, discusses the reasons for the extermin­ation of the native population, describes the "new" houses in which the inhabitants now live (after their "beehive" houses were done away with) and gives a note on religion. One also finds some excellent photos here.

LEUPE, P. A., 1855, Beschrijvinge van de eijlanden Banda, van de Molucse eijlanden en van de Westcust van Sumatra. BKI 3: 73-141. This is a compilation of early reports on various islands in Indonesia. There are two sections dealing with Enggano: 1) "Bevindinge aen't eijlant Engano", pp. 136-37 and 2) "Beschrijvingh van 'teijlant Engano door Corn· Claessen, A 0 1629", pp. 137-41.

LINK, A., 1912, Enggano. RZ 155-56. On the depopulation of Enggano.

LOEB, E. M., 1935, Engano. S: 208-18. Gives short summary of the culture preceded by an historical summary.

MARSDEN, W., 1811, The history of Sumatra, containing an account of the Government Laws, Customs and Manners of the Native in­habitants. (J. M'Creery, London) 3rd ed. On Enggano pp. 464-4i8. An historical treatment of English contacts, mainly for trade, with Enggano. The 1st and 2nd editions (1783, 1784) do not carry this account on Enggano.

MEERWALDT, J. H., 1904, Ervaringen op Engano. RZ 60-70. The author discusses reasons why the natives are so economically backward, relating them to their religion and beliefs, and touches upon the western-type houses. Includes a song with Engganese words and Dutch translation.

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MODIGLIANI, E., 1894, L'isola delle donne. Viaggio ad Engano. (Ulrico Hoepli, Milano) xii, 312 pp., 50 fig. and 1 large map. Modigliani visited Enggano from April 25 - July 13, 1891, but by then the culture was well on its way towards extinction. However he was able to gather much information - e.g. on the role of women in social life (he believed that their role was so important that it bordered on a "matriarchal" society - and hence the title: 'The island of women'), house types, methods of war, general material culture, religion, etc. Aside from the text, this book contains many good drawings of the people and their material goods. This is an important work on Enggano. (cf. Giglioli, 1893).

MULLER, W. c., 1910, Verslag betreffende het onderzoek naar de volks­gezondheid enz., op de eilandengroep Engano. TEG 1: 199. This article is a summary of Winkler 1908.

MULLER, W. c., 1913, Het uitstervende Enggano. TEG 4: 447-48. This article is a summary of Dannert 1913.

OUDEMANS, A. c., 1889, Engano. KNAG 6 (pt. 2): 109-64. This long article covers all facets of the people, culture, and island. The article begins with tracing the course of contacts between the Europeans and the people of Enggano, then gives a section on the term "Enggano (Engano)". Furthermore the following subjects are covered: geography and hydrology, census, racial type, language, diseases prevalent among the people, social organization, food, hou­sing, arts and crafts, flora, fauna and short vocabulary.

RADERMACHER, J. c. M., 1781, Beschrijving van het eiland Sumatra, in zoo verre het zelve tot nog toe bekend is. VBG 3: 3-144. On Enggano pp. 76-78. This old report gives information on the description of the island, one of the weapons used by the people, their skin color and also something about their clothing (i.e. very little is worn).

ROSENBERG, H. VON, 1855, Beschrijving van Engano en van deszelfs bewoners. TBG 3: 370---86. Von Rosenberg made a short trip to Enggano in 1852 and here describes the following features which he saw and noted: geo­graphy, landscape, flora and fauna, village divisions, ethnography (clothing, weapons, food, tobacco and stimulants, religion, house types, feasts, articles used for trade) and a 4 page vocabulary.

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ROSENBERG, B. VON, 1878, Die Inse1 Engano. MA: 205-18. The author visited Enggano for two weeks in 1852. In this chapter, he gives information on the following: geography, flora and fauna, physical anthropology, clothing, weapons, economy, recreation, di­seases, social relations and demography.

SCHARTEN, K., 1881, Engano. Getuigenissen en berichten, Nederlandsch Luthersch Genootschap voor in- en uitwendige zending (Amster­dam) 89-102. Detailed study of the culture and people; stresses physical anthro­pology, customs, food and shelter, clothing, social organization.

SCHMELTZ, J. D. E., 1893, Eine Keule als Waffe der Frauen von Engano. IAE 6: 61-62. On the war club used by the women of Enggano who also fight alongside the males. The author includes several drawings of such weapons.

SPIECKER, J., 1913, Die Rheinische Missionen auf Sumatra, Nias und den andern westlich von Sumatra gelegenen Inseln. (Barmen) On Enggano pp. 40---45. In these few pages the writer describes the islands, gives demogra­phic data and comments on the prospects for the future. Be discusses the future role of the missionary on Enggano in connection with the rapid extinction of the population.

STRAATEN, J. VAN DER, and P. SEVERIJN, 1855, Verslag van een in 1854 bewerkstelligd onderzoek op het eiland Engano. TBG 3: 338----69. Not much ethnographic information is found in this article, as it tells mainly about what villages were visited and how the people reacted to the visit. There is a note on articles of trade and about clothing.

TICHELMAN, G. L., 1942, Een Enganeesch ethnograficum. CI 4: 58--59. The subject of this article is the doorway of the Engganese house (beehive house). The article is supplemented by pictures of the door and the typical house.

WALLAND, J., 1865, Bet eiland Engano. TBG 14: 93-124, 330-39. This general article touches upon all aspects of the culture in a summary manner. These topics are: geography, clothing, myths, marriage rules, house styles, arts and crafts, horticulture, vocabulary, the clan names, articles of value for trade.

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WEGNER, R., 1910, Mentawei und Enggano. BRMG 31-37. Deals mainly with Enggano. Deals with topic of Christianization of Engganese.

WEGNER, R., 1914, Mentawei und Enggano. BRMG 87-90. On causes of the depopulation of Enggano.

WINKLER, J., 1903, Bericht tiber die Untersuchungsreise nach der Insel Engano. TBG 46: 558-Q7. Winkler, a doctor in medicine, spent a week on Enggano. Here he gives demographic data, discusses the sterility of Engganese women and suggests measures to fight depopulation. (see Winkler 1908).

WINKLER, J., 1908, Bericht tiber die zweite Untersuchungsreise nach der Insel Engano, 4 October bis 19 November 1904. TBG 50: 147-85. Gives detailed data on demography, cites types of diseases prevalent here along with other causes for the depopulation. Suggests reme­dies. (see Winkler 1903).

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86

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Das Ausland, Augsburg-Stuttgart American Anthropologist, Menasha Archivio per l' Anthropologia e la Ethnologia, Firenze Adatrechtbundels, 's-Gravenhage Archiv fur Anthropologie, Braunschweig Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift, Bllrlin-Gutersloh Anthropos, Wien-Salzburg-Freiburg Archiv fur Religionswissenschaft, Leipzig Asia: Journal of the American Asiatic Association, New York City Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en VolkenIrunde, Den Haag Berichte der Rheinischen Missions-Gesellschaft, Barmen-Wuppertal Bollettino della Societa geografica Italiana, Roma Culturee1 Indie. Leiden Catalogus van '5 Rijks Ethnographisch Museum, Leiden Eigen Haard, geillustreerd volkstijdschrift, Amsterdam Die Evangelischen Missionen, Gutersloh-Berlin Evangelische Missions-Magazin. Basel Evangelische Missions Zeitschrift, Stuttgart Een Vaste Burg is onze God, Amsterdam Globus; Illustrillrte Zeitschrift fur Uinder- und Volkerkunde, Braunschweig Geneeskundig Tijdschrift van Nederlandsch-Indie, Batavia Internationales Archiv fur Ethnographie, Leiden Indie geillustreerd weekblad voor Nederland en Kolonien, Haarlem Indisch Tijdschrift van het Recht. Batavia Jahresberichte der Rheinischen Missionsgesellschaft, Barmen­Wuppertal Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Ge­nootschap, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Leiden Het Koloniaal Weekblad, orgaan der Vereeniging 'Oost en West', Den Haag Der Malayische Archipel: Land und Leute in Schilderungen ge­sammelt wahrend eines dreissigj.ahrigen Aufenthaltes in den Kolo­nien, by H. von Rosenberg (J. H. de Bussy, Amsterdam; von Gustav Weigel, Leipzig and Truebner & Co, London) 615 pp. Das Missionsblatt, Barmen Mededeelingen van de Dienst van Volksgezondheid van N ede.rlandsch­lndie, Batavia Mitteilungen de.r Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena, Jena

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87

Notulen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Weten­schappen, Batavia Nederlandsch-Indie Oud en Nieuw, Amsterdam-Den Haag Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, Amsterdam Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, Batavia

De Opwekker. Bandung Revue d' Anthropologie, Paris Rijnsche Zending. Amsterdam Sumatra its history and people, by E. M. Loeb and R. Heine-Geldern (Institut fur Volkerkunde. Wien) ix. 350 pp. with 80 illustrations. Tijdschrift voor Binnenlandsch Bestuur, Batavia Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, u.itgegeven dOQr het Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Batavia Tijdschrift voor Economische Geographie, Den Haag Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, Zalt-Bommel, Nijmegen, Bus­sum, Den Haag, Amsterdam Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Batavia De Wartburg. Amsterdam W olanda Hindia, Amsterdam Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, Berlin

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