Bio 200 Review Packet for Mid-term

To be completed in class with your Bio 200 teacher. You are responsible for all the information in this packet for your Mid-term. Your mid-term is on _________________Unit 1: Introduction to Biology

Biology- study of life (living and once living organisms)

Characteristics of Life:

1. ______GROWTH__________________________2. ______DEVELOPMENT__________________________3. ______REPRODUCTION__________________________4. ______OBTAIN & USE ENERGY_________________________5. _______RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENT (homeostasis- maintain steady state)6. _______MADE UP OF CELLS_________________7. ______ ADAPTATIONS- TRAITS THAT AID IN SURVIVAL__

Autotroph – PRODUCER “OWN ENERGY”/ “SELF FEEDING”

Photosynthesis- CONVERT ENERGY FROM SUN TO PRODUCE FOOD

Cellular Respiration- BREAKING DOWN OF GLUCOSE/FOOD INTO USABLE ENERGY

Heterotroph –CONSUMER “DIFFERENT ENERGY”/ “OTHER FEEDING”

Only Cellular Respiration

Decomposer – BREAK DOWN ORGANIC MATTER AND RETURN IT TO BIOSPHERE (ESSENTIAL TO EVERY ECOSYSTEM)

Food chain – A SERIES OF STEPS IN WHICH ORGANISMS TRANSFER ENERGY IN THE FORM OF FOOD FROM PRODUCERS THROUGH A SERIES OF CONSUMERS

Food web – A BUNCH OF FOOD CHAINS IN AN ECOSYSTEM

Energy Pyramid – ONLY 10% OF ENERGY CAN BE PASSED ONLevels of Organization (from smallest to largest)

1. __CELL__________2. __TISSUE__________

3. __ORGAN__________4. __ORGAN SYSTEM__________5. __ORGANISM__________6. __POPULATION__________7. __COMMUNITY__________8. __ECOSYSTEM__________

Unit 2: Experiments and Microscope

Scientific Method: Steps of the scientific method-

1. Define/state the problem2. Form hypothesis3. Design and carry out controlled experiment4. Analyze the data5. Conclusion

Independent Variable – variable being tested, what “I” change

Dependent Variable – variable being measured, ex. time

Controlled Variables – all the other factors not being tested for and are kept constant

Experimental Group – group testing for

Control Group – comparison group

Theories- a well accepted hypothesis in the scientific community

Microscopes used to magnify and increase resolving power

Light Microscope vs. Electron Microscope Use in class, lower magnification but can see live

specimens in color.

Parts of Microscope-

EYEPIECE (10X)

COARSE ADJUSTMENT

BODY TUBE

NOSEPIECE FINE ADJUSTMENT

HI POWER OBJECTIVE STAGE CLIPS

LOW POWER OBJECTIVE ARM

STAGE

DIAPHRAGM

LIGHT SOURCE/MIRROR

BASE

Unit 3: Chemistry

Element- pure chemical substance made up of only one type of atom

The 8 most important elements for living things:_C___ _H____ _N____ __O___ __P___ __S____ ___Ca___ __K_

Atomic Structure: (location, charge, size)Protons- nucleus, positive, bigNeutrons- nucleus, neutral, bigElectron- outside nucleus, negative, small

Atomic Number- # of protons (# of electrons)- 1

Atomic Mass/ Mass Number- # of protons +#of neutrons- 1.00197 (0 neutrons)

Sample Problem- Determine number of protons, neutrons and electrons the following element has.

Two Main Types of Bonds-Covalent – share electrons – sharing is caringIonic - stealing/removing electrons

Compounds- substance consisting of two or more elements chemically bonded together

Four Main Groups of Organic Compounds

1.___Carbohydrates- quick energy__________________

2.___Lipids/Fat- energy reserves______________________

3.___Protein- build and rebuild body__________________

4.___Nucleic Acid- codes for organisms appearance and behavior

Unit 4: Cell Membrane

Cell Theory:

1. All living things are composed of cells2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function

of living things.3. New cells are produced from existing cells.

Cell Membrane drawing: Lipids and Proteins

Selectively Permeable - regulates what enters and exits cell

Passive Transport – movement of molecules without cell using energy

Diffusion – movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

Osmosis - diffusion of water

Active Transport - movement of molecules from low concentration to a high concentration using energy

Sample Problem: What will happen to a blood cell in pure water? (Salt is too large to enter or leave cell)

What will happen to a blood cell in extremely salty water? (Salt is too large to enter or leave cell)

Unit 5: Parts of Cell

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryotep- no nucleus (pro means no) bacteriae- has nucleus (eu are eukaryote) plant, animal, fungi, protist

Unicellular vs. Multicellularu- carryout all life functions in one cellm- specialized cells to do certain functions

Be able to identify on a diagram, and know the functions:

Nucleus - control center of cell, contains DNA

Ribosome – make proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum – transports proteins

Golgi Bodies – sorts and packages the proteins

Mitochondria – “mighty” cellular respiration, makes energy from food

Chloroplast – plants, photosynthesis

Cytoplasm – fluid within cell where chemical reactions take place

Vacuole – stores water, very large in plant cells “pool”

Cell Wall – not animal cells, surrounds cell for structure and protectionUnit 6: Cell Division

Spontaneous Generation – living things can come from nonliving

Biogenesis - living things can only come from living things. accepted

Why do cells divide?

_grow_________ and __repair/replace___________

What do cells need to do in order to divide?_grow_________ and ___replicate DNA__________

There are two types of cell division:

__Mitosis___________ and ______Meiosis__________

How do they differ?Mitosis – my toes and body cells, daughter cells

have same number of chromosomes as parent cell.

Meiosis – my o’s (ovaries) and testes, daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as parent cell. Makes gametes (sex cells- sperm and egg)

Mitotic Cell DivisionThe six stages of mitotic cell division: (recognize

what each stage looks like)

1.__Interphase________________

2.___Prophase_______________

3.___Metaphase_______________

4.___Anaphase_______________

5.____Telophase______________

6.____Cytokinesis______________

Fertilization- sperm + egg (restores chromosome number)

Zygote- fertilized egg

Unit 7: DNA and Protein Synthesis

NucleusChromosome Gene DNA

To make a protein: _Transcription_ __Translation___________

___DNA_____ ___RNA______ ___Protein___

Takes place in Takes place in___nucleus____ ___Ribosomes____

Nucleotide Structure (nitrogen base, phosphate, sugar)

4 types of nitrogen bases(nucleotides) in DNA:__A_________________T_________________G_________________C_______________

Base Pair Rules :

_A____ with ___T___, __G___ with __C___Hydrogen bond holds them together

4 types of nitrogen bases (nucleotides) in RNA:__A_________________U_________________G_______________

__C_______________

DNA vs. RNA (location, strand (double, single), function)DNA- only nucleus; double stranded; instructions for making proteins

RNA- nucleus, ribosomes, and cytoplasm; single strand; interprets DNA to make the protein

Steps of DNA Replication:1. Helicase untwists and unzips the DNA2. Each strand serves as a template3. Free nucleotides match up to the

complementary strands4. DNA polymerase connects nucleotides and

proofreads the DNA molecule

UNIT 8: Genetics

Genetics - study of heredity- how traits are passed to offspring

Gregor Mendel- Father of Genetics

Allele - form of a gene

Genotype – genetic makeup (Dd)

Phenotype – physical makeup (Dimples)- due to genes + environment

Heterozygous – hybrid (Dd)- show dominant trait

Homozygous – purebred (DD or dd)

Punnett Square – diagram used to show probability of having offspring with a certain genotype

Dominant – allele that can mask the expression of another

Recessive - allele that can only be seen if two are present.

Crosses involving one trait-Mickey Mouse is homozygous recessive long tailed and Minnie is heterozygous for her short tail. What will their offspring look like? What is the probability of having offspring of each phenotype.

Multiple Alleles- Blood Type:

There are _3____ alleles for blood type.

These alleles are: IA , IB , i

There are __4___ blood types.

Phenotype- Blood Types Possible Genotypes A IA IA or IAi

BIB IB or IBi

AB IA IB

O ii

Sample Problem:

Can a woman with A blood have a child with O blood? If so, what genotype(s) would her husband be?

Can a woman with AB blood have a child with O blood? If so, what genotype(s) would her husband be?