bio-energy from biomass. application of the by-products as
TRANSCRIPT
Bio-energy from B iomass.Application of the by-products as soil
amendments?
Project:BioEnergy Soils ImpactEuropean Community Marie Curie
Fellowship FP7-PEOPLE-2007-2-1-IEF Maria Luz Cayuela [email protected]@cebas.csic.es
Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen UniversityThe Netherlands
J. W. van GroenigenO. OenemaP. J. KuikmanR. B. BakkerK. Gell
Chair Group Soil Biology and Biological Soil Quality The soil biota are the most diverse part of terrestrial life and a key to sustainable use of
ecosystem services. We focus on three research themes:
Functioning and management of soil biota in food production systems Increased nutrient use efficiencies are essential to sustainably feed the world. A better understanding of the role of soil biota in supplying the plant with nutrients is urgently needed. Scientific challenges: • Soil biological activity, as related to soil
organic matter, soil structure, element & water cycles and nutrient & water use efficiency
• Role of plant roots and mycorrhizal associations in (micro)nutrient speciation, interactions, transport and uptake
Fertile soils Soil biodiversity conservation and utilization in agricultural landscapes Soil biodiversity is often associated with the sustained provision of ecosystem services, such as water infiltration and retention of water, carbon and nutrients in soil. Such relationships, and their interactions with abiotic factors, require better understanding at scales from the rhizosphere to the landscape. Scientific challenges: • Soil biological interactions and spatial
relationships in agricultural landscapes
• Biological indicators of soil quality
Soil Biodiversity Role of soil biota in the greenhouse gas balance of the soil Soils are essential for the balance of all three major greenhouse gases. More carbon is stored in soil than in the combined pools of atmospheric carbon dioxide, plants and animals. Soils are an important methane source, and by far the largest nitrous oxide source. Emissions are largely controlled by soil biota and plants. Scientific challenges: • Soil biota as drivers of the greenhouse
gas balance of the soil • Sustaining soil quality in a changing
climate
Soils in a Changing Climate
Why this impetus for increasing bio-Energy production? Oil Peak: reduce dependence on petroleum (enhance
energy security) Global Warming: biofuels are supposed to be C
neutral (remove the same amount of CO2 from the atmosphere as they will release as fuel)
Energy from biomass:
• GROW BIOFUELS
Biomass high in sugars (sugar cane, sweet sorghum, corn) Bioethanol
Biomass high in oil (rapeseed, oil palm, soybean, algae) Biodiesel
• BIOFUELS FROM RESIDUES
Agro-industrial residues, manures, crop residues, household waste, depending on their composition, they can be used to produce bioalcohols or biodiesel.
Henry Ford's first car ran on alcohol.
Rudolf Diesel fired his engine with peanut oil.
Are biofuels something new?
How can we produce Energy from biomass?
Biofuels: Fuels made from biological material or biomass. These include anything from straw, wood, crops, organic wastes.
Bioenergy : SOLAR ENERGY
Biomass or Residue Biofuel
Production
Rest ProductsHigh N, P, K, Metals
FuelsHigh Carbon
What are Bioenergy By-Products (BBPs)?
Biorefinery?
Animal Feed?
Waste Disposal?
Agricultural Soil Amendment?
Before:Biomass
Soil
Now:
• Less available C• More recalcitrant C• More N, nutrients• Toxic compounds?
BiomassBioenergy
BBPs
Soil
Selection of a range of by-products from the main different bioEnergy chainsMethane
(Anaerobic digestion)
1. Digestate from pig slurry 2. Digestate from cow manure3. Rapeseed meal4. DDGS5. Yeast concentrate 16. Yeast concentrate 27. Potato peeling after enzym. hydrolysis8. Wheat straw after enzym. hydrolysis9. Poultry manure Biochar10. Green waste Biochar
Bioethanol and biodiesel (First generation biofuels)Bioethanol and biodiesel
(Second generation biofuels)Pyrolysis
Bioenergy by products as soil amendments?
1. What is the potential of these by-products as soil amendments or fertilisers? Evaluation of C remaining and available N in soil
2. What is their comparative global warming potential when applied to soil: N2O and CO2 emissions
3. Are they phytotoxic?
Soil Incubation experimentSOIL
• Droevendaal soil (Typic Endoaquoll)
• 75% sand, 23% silt, 2% clay
• Maintained at 80% WFPS
• pH 5.1, TOC 1.5%
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
•20 ºC constant temperature
•Application rate 150 kg N/Ha
PARAMETERS ANALYSED
•N2O and CO2 emissions
•Extractable C and N in soil
•Mineral N (NO3- and NH4
+) in soil
SOIL
• Droevendaal soil (Typic Endoaquoll)
• 75% sand, 23% silt, 2% clay
• Maintained at 80% WFPS
• pH 5.1, TOC 1.5%
Potential to sequester C in soil?
time (days)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Per
cent
age
of C
rem
aini
ng in
soi
l (re
spec
t to
tota
l C a
dded
)
0
20
40
60
80
100 GBC
PBC
WS
CMDCM
PSD
PS
NFWS
NFPP
YC2
DDGS
RSMYC1
FIRST GENERATIONBIOFUELS
SECOND GENERATIONBIOFUELS
MANURES &DIGESTATES
BIOCHARS
[from Cayuela et al., 2010]Accepted for publication in Global Change Biology Bioenergy
Available N (mineral N) in soil?
[Cayuela et al., 2010]Accepted for publication in Global Change Biology Bioenergy
g eq
uiv
CO
2 g-1 N
add
ed
0
20
40
60
80
100
N2OCO2
CMD PSD
NFWS
NFPPDDGS
RSM
YC1
YC2
GBC PBC
MANUREDIGESTATES
SECOND GENERATION
BIOFUELS
FIRSTGENERATION
BIOFUELS BIOCHARS
Greenhouse gas emissions after application to soil?
From a GHG emission perspective:
1st generation BBPs < 2nd generation BBPs< manure digestates < biochars
DETRIMENTAL BENEFICIAL
• Standard OECD phytotoxicity test
• Biochars at 10 Mg ha-1, others at 150 kg N ha-1
25m
m25
mm
25m
m25
mm
• Wheat, Minaret, Triticum aestivum L.
• Lettuce, Hilde II, Lactuca sativa L.
• Radish, Bel Image, Raphanus sativus L.
Seeds
Phytotoxicity of BBPs?
• Wheat, Minaret, Triticum aestivum L.
• Lettuce, Hilde II, Lactuca sativa L.
• Radish, Bel Image, Raphanus sativus L.
Seeds
Shoots Wheat
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Shoots Radish
Gre
enw
aste
Bio
char
Pou
ltry
Bio
char
UA
SB
Dig
esta
te
Pig
Dig
esta
te
Cow
Dig
esta
te
Whe
at E
than
ol D
DG
S
Bio
dies
el R
apes
eed
Mea
l0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
ab
aab ab
Shoots Lettuce
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
abab
abab
ab
b
a
a aab
abab
c bc
ab abab
b* b*
a a
Roots Wheat
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Roots RadishG
reen
was
te B
ioch
ar
Pou
ltry
Bio
char
UA
SB
Dig
esta
te
Pig
Dig
esta
te
Cow
Dig
esta
te
Whe
at E
than
ol D
DG
S
Bio
dies
el R
apes
eed
Mea
l
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
ab
aab ab
Roots Lettuce
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
aa
abab
ab
b*
c*
aa
aa a
b* b*
a*ab
abc abccd
d*d*
Shoots Wheat
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Shoots Radish
Gre
enw
aste
Bio
char
Pou
ltry
Bio
char
UA
SB
Dig
esta
te
Pig
Dig
esta
te
Cow
Dig
esta
te
Whe
at E
than
ol D
DG
S
Bio
dies
el R
apes
eed
Mea
l0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
ab
aab ab
Shoots Lettuce
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
abab
abab
ab
b
a
a aab
abab
c bc
ab abab
b* b*
a a
Roots Wheat
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Roots Radish
Gre
enw
aste
Bio
char
Pou
ltry
Bio
char
UA
SB
Dig
esta
te
Pig
Dig
esta
te
Cow
Dig
esta
te
Whe
at E
than
ol D
DG
S
Bio
dies
el R
apes
eed
Mea
l
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
ab
aab ab
Roots Lettuce
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
aa
abab
ab
b*
c*
aa
aa a
b* b*
a*ab
abc abccd
d*d*
Immediate exposure to BBPs
Phytotoxicity of BBPs?
Roots Wheat
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Roots Radish
Bam
boo
500
Bam
boo
400
Pig
Man
ure
400
Pou
ltry
Man
ure
Pig
Man
ure
300
Pig
Dig
esta
te
Cow
Man
ure
Pig
Co-
Dig
esta
te
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
ab
aab ab
Roots Lettuce
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
l0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
a aab
ab
abc
c*
bc
ab
ns nsns
nsns ns
ns ns
ns ns
ns nsns ns ns
ns
Shoots Wheat
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Shoots Radish
Bam
boo
500
Bam
boo
400
Pig
Man
ure
400
Pou
ltry
Man
ure
Pig
Man
ure
300
Pig
Dig
esta
te
Cow
Man
ure
Pig
Co-
Dig
esta
te
0
20
40
60
80
100
ab
aab ab
Shoots Lettuce
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
b*
abab
a
aa
aa
a*
aaa
aa
aa
ns nsns
ns
ns
ns ns
ns
Roots Wheat
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Roots Radish
Bam
boo
500
Bam
boo
400
Pig
Man
ure
400
Pou
ltry
Man
ure
Pig
Man
ure
300
Pig
Dig
esta
te
Cow
Man
ure
Pig
Co-
Dig
esta
te
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
ab
aab ab
Roots Lettuce
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
a aab
ab
abc
c*
bc
ab
ns nsns
nsns ns
ns ns
ns ns
ns nsns ns ns
ns
Shoots Wheat
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Shoots Radish
Bam
boo
500
Bam
boo
400
Pig
Man
ure
400
Pou
ltry
Man
ure
Pig
Man
ure
300
Pig
Dig
esta
te
Cow
Man
ure
Pig
Co-
Dig
esta
te
0
20
40
60
80
100
ab
aab ab
Shoots Lettuce
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
b*
abab
a
aa
aa
a*
aaa
aa
aa
ns nsns
ns
ns
ns ns
ns
[from Gell et al., 2010]Submitted to Chemosphere
0 10 20 300
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Days of incubation in soil
0 10 20 30
Per
cent
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140 0 10 20 30
Per
cent
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 10 20 300
20
40
60
80
100
120 0 10 20 300
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 10 20 30
Per
cent
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Wheat Roots
Lettuce Roots
Radish Roots
b*b*
a
a
a
aaa
d*
d*
c
bc aba
a a
c*
c*bc
abc
ab
a
ab
ab
Wheat Shoots
Lettuce Shoots
Radish Shoots
a
ab
a
aa
a
bc*
c*
abc
abc
a
bc
ab
ab
bc
c*
a
aa
abc
a
ab
bcc*
Biodiesel Rapeseed Meal
Wheat Ethanol DDGS
Biodiesel Rapeseed Meal
Wheat Ethanol DDGS
0 10 20 300
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Days of incubation in soil
0 10 20 30
Per
cent
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140 0 10 20 30
Per
cent
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 10 20 300
20
40
60
80
100
120 0 10 20 300
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 10 20 30
Per
cent
of C
ontro
l
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Wheat Roots
Lettuce Roots
Radish Roots
b*b*
a
a
a
aaa
d*
d*
c
bc aba
a a
c*
c*bc
abc
ab
a
ab
ab
Wheat Shoots
Lettuce Shoots
Radish Shoots
a
ab
a
aa
a
bc*
c*
abc
abc
a
bc
ab
ab
bc
c*
a
aa
abc
a
ab
bcc*
Biodiesel Rapeseed Meal
Wheat Ethanol DDGS
Biodiesel Rapeseed Meal
Wheat Ethanol DDGS
Per
cent
age
of C
ontro
lP
erce
ntag
e of
Con
trol
Days incubation
Do phytotoxic compounds of BBPs degrade in soil?
[from Gell et al., 2010]Submitted to Chemosphere
1. To sequester C in soil to mitigate climate change. The by-products should contain highly stable C, not vulnerable to microbial decomposition in soil. They should not promote N2O formation and emission. For this purpose, our study suggests that biochars could be the ideal by-products.
2. To maintain soil organic carbon for soil quality and functioning. The by-products should be able to degrade to an extent to maintain biological activity and nutrient cycling but still show some persistence in soil. For this purpose, crop residues, second-generation BBPs, manures and digestates showed the best potential.
3. As fertilizers in agricultural soils. The value of the by-products depends on their ability to release nutrients in soil. Manures and digestates showed the highest potential. First generation BBPs could be suitable for this aim. However, the high amount of easily decomposable C in these residues leads to short-term N immobilization in soil, limiting their potential as short-term fertilizers.
Final remarks
Soil amendment with by-products from bioenergy production could have different functions:
Thanks!
Comments and suggestions are welcome!