bio-medical science hnd unit descriptor

7/23/2019 Bio-medical science HND Unit descriptor

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Fkdhkd _}oficiaoxikd i kdm kc xjm fmohidg mzolididg odh oworhidg bkhim id xjm ]E odh

xjrk}gjk}x xjm wkrfh$ Ix idakr~kroxm off xjm q}oficiaoxikd ~rmsik}fy oworhmh }dhmr xjm

Mhmzamf odh BXMA brodh$ Wm ~rksihm o wihm rodgm kc q}oficiaoxikd idaf}hidg gmdmrof

*oaohmlia)& skaoxikdof& kaa}~oxikdof odh ~maicia ~rkgrollm ckr ml~fkymr$

Xjrk}gj o dmxwkre kc ]E odh ksmrmo kcciam& k}r amdxrm rmamism xjm }~~krx xjmy dmmh xk

jmf~ xjml hmfismr xjmir mh}aoxikd odh xroididg ~rkgrollm xk fmordmr$

Ckr c}rxjmr idckrloxikd ~fmom aoff A}xklmr Qmrsiam kd >:7> 28> 9:>>& kr siix k}r wmbixm ox

www$mhmzamf$krg$}e

Rmcmrmdam xk xjirh,~orxy loxmriof lohm id xji ~maiciaoxikd orm lohm id gkkh coixj$ Fkdhkd

_}oficiaoxikd hkm dkx mdhkrm& o~~rksm kr oaam~x rm~kdibifixy ckr xjm akdxmdx kc loxmriof&

wjiaj loy bm }b`max xk ajodgm& kr ody k~idikd mz~rmmh xjmrmid$ *Loxmriof loy idaf}hm

xmzxbkke& `k}rdof& logopidm odh kxjmr ~}bfiaoxikd odh wmbixm$)

O}xjkrimh by ^mxmr Gkcc

^}bfiaoxikd Akhm B>?11==

Off xjm loxmriof id xji ~}bfiaoxikd i ak~yrigjx

© Fkdhkd _}oficiaoxikd Filixmh 2>>1



MHMZAMF FMSMF 8 BXMA JIGJMRDOXIKDOFQ ID O^^FIMH BIKFKGY

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm id O~~fimh Bikfkgy

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo id O~~fimh Bikfkgy



Fkaoffy,hmsimh ~maiofix }dix ?:

Filixoxikd kd sorioxikd crkl xodhorh ~maiciaoxikd ?:

Oaam odh rmar}ixlmdx ?:

Rmxriaxikd kd fmordmr mdxry ?9

Fmordmr wixj ~orxia}for rmq}irmlmdx ?9

Xjm wihmr a}rria}f}l ?9

Q~irix}of& lkrof& mxjiaof& kaiof odh a}fx}rof i}m ?9

Mdsirkdlmdxof i}m 2>

M}rk~mod hmsmfk~lmdx 2>

Jmofxj odh ocmxy i}m 2>

Mq}of k~~krx}dixim i}m 2>

]mc}f ~}bfiaoxikd 2>

^rkcmikdof bkhy akdxoax hmxoif 2?

Jkw xk kbxoid Doxikdof Kaa}~oxikdof Qxodhorh 2?

^rkcmikdof hmsmfk~lmdx odh xroididg 2?

C}rxjmr idckrloxikd 22

Akrm }dix 21

]dix ?0 Amff Bikfkgy 2=

]dix 20 Bikajmlixry 29

]dix 10 ^jyikfkgy 17

]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m 81

]dix =0 Odofyi kc Qaimdxicia Idckrloxikd odh Hoxo 87

]dix 30 ^rk`max =1

Q~maiofix }dix =9

]dix 70 Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx 3?

]dix :0 Wkre,bomh Oigdlmdx 37

]dix 90 J}lod ^jyikfkgy 7?

]dix ?>0 Lkfma}for Bikfkgy odh Gmdmxia 77

]dix ??0 Gmdmxia :=

]dix ?20 ^jorloakfkgy :9

]dix ?10 Ill}dkfkgy 9=

]dix ?80 Jixkfkgy odh Jomloxkfkgy ?>?



]dix ?=0 Idcmaxik} Himom ?>9

]dix ?30 Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy ??=

]dix ?70 D}xrixikd ?2?

]dix ?:0 Afidiaof Ajmlixry ?27

]dix ?90 ^oxjkfkgy Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx ?11

]dix 2>0 Idh}xriof Liarkbikfkgy ?19

]dix 2?0 Ckkh Qaimdam ?8=

]dix 220 Mdsirkdlmdxof Odofyi ?=?

]dix 210 Makfkgy ?=7

]dix 280 Mdsirkdlmdxof Lodogmlmdx odh Akdmrsoxikd ?31

]dix 2=0 Ajmlixry ckr Bikfkgy ?39

]dix 230 Bikhismrixy ?7=

]dix 270 Qxoxixia ?:?

]dix 2:0 ^fodx ̂ jyikfkgy odh Mdsirkdlmdxof Oho~xoxikd ?:=

]dix 290 _}ofixy O}rodam odh _}ofixy Akdxrkf ?9?

]dix 1>0 r̂k`max Lodogmlmdx ?9=

]dix 1?0 Lodogidg xjm Wkre kc Idhisih}of odh Xmol 2>?

Oddmz O 2>=_}oficiaoxikd akhm 2>=

_AO akhm 2>=

Mhmzamf akhm 2>=

_AO odh Mhmzamf akhm 2>=

Oddmz B 2>7

Lo~~idg ogoidx DS_ id Fobkroxkry odh Okaioxmh Xmajdiaof Oaxisixim

‑ fmsmf 8 2>7

Oddmz A 2??

Wihmr a}rria}f}l lo~~idg 2??

Oddmz H 2?1

_}oficiaoxikd Rmq}irmlmdx 2?1

Oddmz M 2?9

Gmdmrof Rmk}ram 2?9



B>?11== ‑ G}ihodam odh }dix ‑ Mhmzamf Fmsmf 8 BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof id O~~fimh Bikfkgy

‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?

_}oficiaoxikd xixfm aksmrmh by xji ~maiciaoxikd

Mhmzamf Fmsmf 8 BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm id O~~fimh Bikfkgy

Mhmzamf Fmsmf 8 BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo id O~~fimh Bikfkgy

Xjmm q}oficiaoxikd josm bmmd oaarmhixmh xk xjm Doxikdof _}oficiaoxikd Crolmwkre *D_C)$

Xjm _}oficiaoxikd Oaarmhixoxikd D}lbmr *_OD) ckr xjmm q}oficiaoxikd orm fixmh id Oddmz O$

Xjmm q}oficiaoxikd xixfm orm o xjmy wiff o~~mor kd xjm fmordmr’ amrxiciaoxm$ Fmordmr dmmh xk bm

lohm oworm kc xji wjmd xjmy orm rmar}ixmh by xjm amdxrm odh rmgixmrmh wixj Mhmzamf$

^rksihidg xji jo~~md& amdxrm orm obfm xk hmaribm xjm ~rkgrollm kc x}hy fmohidg xk xjm

oworh kc xjm q}oficiaoxikd id hiccmrmdx woy xk }ix xjm lmhi}l odh xjm xorgmx o}himdam$



B>?11== ‑ G}ihodam odh }dix2

Mhmzamf q}oficiaoxikd id xjm Doxikdof _}oficiaoxikd Crolm

D_C fmsmf

BXMA ^rkcmqqikdof Oworh& Amrxiciaoxm&

Hi~fklo

Emy qeiffq fmsmf =

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fkloBXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm

BXMA ^rkcmqqikdof Oworh& Amrxiciaoxm&Hi~fklo

Emy qeiffq fmsmf 8

BXMA Doxikdof Hi~fkloBXMA Doxikdof AmrxiciaoxmBXMA Doxikdof Oworh

BXMA Hi~fklo id Ck}dhoxikd Qx}himq *Orxodh Hmqigd)

BXMA Oworh& Amrxiciaoxm& Hi~fklo

Emy qeiffq fmsmf 1 GAM O FmsmfGAM OQ FmsmfSAM

OMO

BXMA Cirqx Hi~fklo


Fmsmf 2 Amrxiciaoxm id Oh}fx D}lmroayFmsmf 2 Amrxiciaoxm id

Oh}fx Fixmroay

Emy qeiffq fmsmf 2 GAQM *O ‑ A)GAQM *Hk}bfmGAQM *Qjkrx AIdxmrlmhioxm G

BXMA Idxrkh}axkry Amrxiciaoxm

BXMA Idxrkh}axkry Hi~fklo


Fmsmf ? Amrxiciaoxm id Oh}fx D}lmroayFmsmf ? Amrxiciaoxmid Oh}fx Fixmroay

Emy qeiffq fmsmf ?GAQM *H ‑ G)GAQM *Hk}bfmGAQM *Qjkrx ACk}dhoxikd GD

Mdxry Fmsmf Amrxiciaoxm id Qeiffq ckr Wkreidg

Ficm

Mdxry Fmsmf Amrxiciaoxm id ^mrqkdof Qeiffq

Mdxry Fmsmf Amrxiciaoxm id Oh}fx D}lmroay

Mdxry Fmsmf Amrxiciaoxm id Oh}fx Fixmroay

Mdxry Fmsmf Am




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

1

Idxrkh}axikd

Xji hka}lmdx akdxoid xjm }dix odh okaioxmh g}ihodam ckr xjm Doxikdof _}oficiaoxikd

Crolmwkre *D_C) Mhmzamf Fmsmf 8 BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof id O~~fimh Bikfkgy$ Moaj }dix mx

k}x xjm rmq}irmh k}xaklm odh akdxmdx odh idaf}hm ohsiam rmgorhidg o~~rk~rioxm hmfismry odh

omlmdx xroxmgim$ Xjm g}ihodam akdxoid c}rxjmr hmxoif kc xjm xmoajidg& fmordidg&omlmdx odh q}ofixy o}rodam kc xjmm q}oficiaoxikd$ Ix idaf}hm ohsiam obk}x Mhmzamf’

~kfiay rmgorhidg oaam xk ix q}oficiaoxikd& xjm hmigd kc ~rkgrollm kc x}hy odh hmfismry

lkhm$

Qxr}ax}rm kc xjm q}oficiaoxikd

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm

Xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm id O~~fimh Bikfkgy i o ?>,}dix q}oficiaoxikd kc wjiajiz orm akrm }dix$

Xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm ~rkgrollm l}x akdxoid o lidil}l kc cism }dix

hmigdoxmh ox J2 fmsmf$

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo

Xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo id O~~fimh Bikfkgy i o ?3,}dix q}oficiaoxikd kc wjiaj

msmd orm akrm }dix$

Xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo ~rkgrollm l}x akdxoid o lidil}l kc migjx }dix

hmigdoxmh ox J2 fmsmf$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

8

Qxr}ax}rm kc Mhmzamf Fmsmf 8 BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm id O~~fimh Bikfkgy

]dix Dk Akrm }dix ‑ off iz }dix l}x bm xoemd]dix fmsmf

J? kr J2

? Amff Bikfkgy J?2 Bikajmlixry J2

1 ^jyikfkgy J?

8 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m J?

= Odofyi kc Qaimdxicia Idckrloxikd odh Hoxo J?

3 ^rk`max J2

Q~maiofix }dix ‑ ajkkm ck}r }dix

7 Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx J2

: Wkre,bomh Oigdlmdx J2

9 J}lod ^jyikfkgy J2

?> Lkfma}for Bikfkgy odh Gmdmxia J2

?? Gmdmxia J2

?2 ^jorloakfkgy J2

?1 Ill}dkfkgy J2

?8 Jixkfkgy odh Jomloxkfkgy J2

?= Idcmaxik} Himom J2

?3 Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy J2

?7 D}xrixikd J2

?: Afidiaof Ajmlixry J2

?9 ^oxjkfkgy Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx J2

2> Idh}xriof Liarkbikfkgy J2

2? Ckkh Qaimdam J2

22 Mdsirkdlmdxof Odofyi J2

21 Makfkgy J228 Mdsirkdlmdxof Lodogmlmdx odh Akdmrsoxikd J2

2= Ajmlixry ckr Bikfkgy J?

23 Bikhismrixy J2

27 Qxoxixia J2

2: ^fodx ̂ jyikfkgy odh Mdsirkdlmdxof Oho~xoxikd J2

29 _}ofixy O}rodam odh _}ofixy Akdxrkf J?

Xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm ~rkgrollm l}x akdxoid o lidil}l kc cism }dixhmigdoxmh ox J2 fmsmf$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

=

Qxr}ax}rm kc Mhmzamf Fmsmf 8 BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo id O~~fimh Bikfkgy

]dix Dk Akrm }dix ‑ off msmd }dix l}x bm xoemd]dix fmsmf

J? kr J2

? Amff Bikfkgy J?

2 Bikajmlixry J2

1 ^jyikfkgy J?

8 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m J?

= Odofyi kc Qaimdxicia Idckrloxikd odh Hoxo J?

3 ^rk`max J2

7 Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx J2

Q~maiofix }dix ‑ Bfkae O$

Ajkkm didm }dix ckrl xji bfkae kr : }dix crkl xji bfkae odh kdm

}dix crkl bfkae B$

: Wkre,bomh Oigdlmdx J2

9 J}lod ^jyikfkgy J2

?> Lkfma}for Bikfkgy odh Gmdmxia J2

?? Gmdmxia J2

?2 ^jorloakfkgy J2

?1 Ill}dkfkgy J2

?8 Jixkfkgy odh Jomloxkfkgy J2

?= Idcmaxik} Himom J2

?3 Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy J2

?7 D}xrixikd J2

?: Afidiaof Ajmlixry J2

?9 ^oxjkfkgy Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx J2

2> Idh}xriof Liarkbikfkgy J2

2? Ckkh Qaimdam J2

22 Mdsirkdlmdxof Odofyi J2

21 Makfkgy J2

28 Mdsirkdlmdxof Lodogmlmdx odh Akdmrsoxikd J2

2= Ajmlixry ckr Bikfkgy J?

23 Bikhismrixy J2

27 Qxoxixia J2

2: ^fodx ̂ jyikfkgy odh Mdsirkdlmdxof Oho~xoxikd J2

Q~maiofix ]dix ‑ Bfkae B$

Ajkkm o lozil}l kc kdm }dix crkl xji bfkae

29 _}ofixy O}rodam odh _}ofixy Akdxrkf J?

1> ^rk`max Lodogmlmdx J?

1? Lodogidg xjm Wkre kc Idhisih}of odh Xmol J2




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

3

Emy cmox}rm

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof orm hmigdmh xk ~rksihm o ~maiofix skaoxikdof ~rkgrollm& fidemh xk

~rkcmikdof bkhy rmq}irmlmdx odh Doxikdof Kaa}~oxikdof Qxodhorh wjmrm o~~rk~rioxm& wixj o

xrkdg wkre rmfoxmh ml~joi$ Xjm q}oficiaoxikd ~rksihm o xjkrk}gj grk}dhidg id xjm emy

akdam~x odh ~roaxiaof eiff rmq}irmh id xjmir maxkr odh xjmir doxikdof rmakgdixikd by ml~fkymroffkw ~rkgrmikd hirmax idxk ml~fkylmdx$ BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof kccmr o xrkdg ml~joi kd

~roaxiaof eiff hmsmfk~lmdx ofkdgihm xjm hmsmfk~lmdx kc rmq}iixm edkwfmhgm odh

}dhmrxodhidg id xjmir maxkr$ Fmordmr orm oxxroaxmh xk xji xrkdg skaoxikdof ~rkgrollm kc

x}hy xjox lmmx xjmir idhisih}of ~rkgrmikd dmmh wjmxjmr xji i idxk ml~fkylmdx kr xk

c}rxjmr x}hy kd hmgrmm kr ~rkcmikdof ak}rm$

O emy ~rkgrmikd ~oxj ckr BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm odh Hi~fklo fmordmr i xk xjm

makdh kr xjirh ymor kc o hmgrmm kr jkdk}r hmgrmm ~rkgrollm& hm~mdhidg kd xjm loxaj kc xjm

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof }dix xk xjm hmgrmm ~rkgrollm id q}mxikd$

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof id O~~fimh Bikfkgy josm bmmd hmsmfk~mh xk cka} kd0

· mq}i~~idg idhisih}of wixj edkwfmhgm& }dhmrxodhidg odh eiff ckr }aam id ml~fkylmdxid bikfkgiaoffy,bomh idh}xrim

· mdobfidg ~rkgrmikd xk od }dhmrgroh}oxm hmgrmm kr c}rxjmr ~rkcmikdof q}oficiaoxikd id

o~~fimh bikfkgy kr rmfoxmh ormo

· ~rksihidg ~maiofix x}him rmfmsodx xk idhisih}of skaoxikd odh ~rkcmikd id wjiaj

fmordmr orm wkreidg kr idxmdh xk mme ml~fkylmdx id xjm bikfkgiaof aimdam odh xjmir

rmfoxmh idh}xrim

· hmsmfk~idg xjm fmordmr’ obifixy id xjm bikfkgiaof aimdam mdsirkdlmdx xjrk}gj mccmaxism }m

odh aklbidoxikd kc xjm edkwfmhgm odh eiff goidmh id hiccmrmdx ~orx kc xjm ~rkgrollm

· hmsmfk~idg o rodgm kc eiff odh xmajdiq}m& ~mrkdof q}ofixim odh oxxrib}xm mmdxiof ckr

}aamc}f ~mrckrlodam id wkreidg ficm& xjmrmby mdobfidg fmordmr xk loem od illmhioxm

akdxrib}xikd xk ml~fkylmdx

· ~rksihidg cfmzibifixy& edkwfmhgm& eiff odh lkxisoxikd o o boi ckr c}x}rm x}him odh

aormmr hmsmfk~lmdx ‑ od mh}aoxikdof ck}dhoxikd ckr o rodgm kc aormmr id bikfkgiaof

aimdam odh xjmir rmfoxmh idh}xrim

· ~rksihidg k~~krx}dixim ckr fmordmr xk cka} kd xjm hmsmfk~lmdx kc xjm jigjmr fmsmf eiff id

o aimdam odh xmajdkfkgiaof akdxmzx

· ~rksihidg k~~krx}dixim ckr fmordmr xk hmsmfk~ o rodgm kc eiff& xmajdiq}m odh oxxrib}xm

mmdxiof ckr }aamc}f ~mrckrlodam id wkreidg ficm$

^rkcmikdof bkhy rmakgdixikd

Xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof id O~~fimh Bikfkgy josm bmmd hmsmfk~mh wixj aormmr ~rkgrmikd

odh rmakgdixikd by ~rkcmikdof bkhim id lidh$ Ix i mmdxiof xjox fmordmr goid xjm lozil}l

bmdmcix crkl xjmir ~rkgrollm kc x}hy$

Akdmq}mdxfy wm josm ohhmh sof}m xk xjm q}oficiaoxikd by ma}ridg rmakgdixikd crkl xjm

Idxix}xm kc Bikfkgy k xjox }aamc}f BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof O~~fimh Bikfkgy fmordmr aod

o~~fy ckr Okaioxm Lmlbmrji~ kc xjm Idxix}xm kc Bikfkgy$ Xji i o xm~ xkworh Ajorxmrmh

Qxox}$ Oajimsmr wjk josm rmfmsodx wkre mz~mrimdam id bikfkgiaof aimdam kr ix o~~fiaoxikd kc

ox fmox xwk ymor }bmq}mdx kr 8 ymor ~rikr xk xjm oworh aod o~~fy ckr Groh}oxm Lmlbmrji~$

Oajimsmr loy xjmd o~~fy ckr c}ff lmlbmrji~ xox} ocxmr o c}rxjmr xjrmm ymor$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

7

Bmdmcix kc x}hmdx lmlbmrji~ idaf}hm0

· Bikfkgix & o fismfy `k}rdof xjox bridg aimdam xk ficm wixj xil}foxidg odh o}xjkrixoxism

rmsimw orxiafm

· hiak}dx kd mmdxiof ak}rm bkke ‑ crkl bkkefmx fiem Bikfkgiaof Dklmdafox}rm xk xjm

Qx}him id Bikfkgy bkke mrim

· aormmr g}ihodam wjmd yk} bmgid yk}r aormmr5 wm’ff jmf~ yk} xk gmx kcc xk o grmox jmoh xorx

· codxoxia dmxwkreidg k~~krx}dixim xjrk}gj xofe odh msmdx id yk}r fkaof ormo$

C}rxjmr hmxoif kc ~rkcmikdof bkhy rmakgdixikd odh mzml~xikd kc BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof orm

akdxoidmh id xjm ~}bfiaoxikd BXMA ^rkcmikdof Rmakgdixikd wjiaj i osoifobfm kd Mhmzamf’

wmbixm *www$mhmzamf$krg$}e)$

Doxikdof Kaa}~oxikdof Qxodhorh

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof id O~~fimh Bikfkgy orm hmigdmh xk rmfoxm xk xjm Doxikdof Kaa}~oxikdof

Qxodhorh id xjm Qaimdam maxkr ox Fmsmf 8& wjiaj id x}rd ckrl xjm boi kc xjm Doxikdof

Skaoxikdof _}oficiaoxikd *DS_)$ BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof hk dkx ~}r~krx xk hmfismr kaa}~oxikdof akl~mxmdam id xjm maxkr& wjiaj jk}fh bm hmlkdxroxmh id o wkre akdxmzx$

Jkwmsmr& xjm q}oficiaoxikd ~rksihm }dhmr~iddidg edkwfmhgm ckr xjm Doxikdof Kaa}~oxikdof

Qxodhorh& o wmff o hmsmfk~idg ~roaxiaof eiff id ~rm~oroxikd ckr wkre odh ~kibfm

oajimsmlmdx kc DS_ id h}m ak}rm$

Fide xk Doxikdof Kaa}~oxikdof Qxodhorh orm idhiaoxmh id Oddmz B$

Xjrk}gj xjm x}hy kc akrm odh rmfmsodx ~maiofix }dix fmordmr wiff aksmr l}aj kc xjm

}dhmr~iddidg edkwfmhgm& eiff odh }dhmrxodhidg ckr xjm DS_ fmsmf 8 }dix id Fobkroxkry odh

Okaioxmh Xmajdiaof Oaxisixim

_}oficiaoxikd Rmq}irmlmdx

Mhmzamf jo ~}bfijmh _}oficiaoxikd Rmq}irmlmdx o ~orx kc xjm rmsiikd kc BXMA Jigjmr

Doxikdof$ _}oficiaoxikd Rmq}irmlmdx mx k}x xjm oil odh roxikdofm kc xjm q}oficiaoxikd odh

~rksihm xjm crolmwkre kc a}rria}f}l akdxmdx$ Xjmy ofk ihmdxicy xjm jigjmr,fmsmf eiff

okaioxmh wixj xjm q}oficiaoxikd odh ody rmakgdixikd by rmfmsodx ~rkcmikdof bkhim$ Xjm

_}oficiaoxikd Rmq}irmlmdx ckr BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof O~~fimh Bikfkgy i gismd id Oddmz H$

Mhmzamf xodhorh ~maiciaoxikd xixfm orm hmsmfk~mh crkl xjm _}oficiaoxikd Rmq}irmlmdx$

Fiamdmh amdxrm akl~fy wixj _}oficiaoxikd Rmq}irmlmdx wjmd hmsmfk~idg BXMA Jigjmr

Doxikdof }dhmr xjmm xodhorh xixfm$

_}oficiaoxikd Rmq}irmlmdx ~rksihm akdixmdx xodhorh wixjid xjm olm skaoxikdof ormo odh

afmorfy ihmdxicy xjm eiff odh edkwfmhgm xjox aod bm mz~maxmh kc ody jkfhmr kc od ihmdxiaof

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof$ Xji wiff offkw jigjmr mh}aoxikd idxix}xikd& ml~fkymr odh

~rkcmikdof bkhim xk akdcihmdxfy ~rksihm ~rkgrmikd k~~krx}dixim xk }aamc}f fmordmr$

Jigjmr,fmsmf eiff

Fmordmr x}hyidg ckr BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof id O~~fimh Bikfkgy wiff bm mz~maxmh xk hmsmfk~

xjm ckffkwidg eiff h}ridg xjm ~rkgrollm kc x}hy0

· wkre o od idhisih}of odh id xmol ckr }aamc}f ~mrckrlodam id o bikfkgiaoffy,bomh

idh}xriof mdsirkdlmdx

· akll}diaoxm mccmaxismfy odh o~~rk~rioxmfy

· oaam~x }~mrsikry lodogmlmdx rm~kdibifixim id od o~~rk~rioxm akdxmzx




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

:

· hmsmfk~ ~mrkdof q}ofixim odh oxxrib}xm mmdxiof ckr }aamc}f ~mrckrlodam id wkreidg

ficm

· xjide idhm~mdhmdxfy& xoem rm~kdibifixy ckr xjmir kwd fmordidg odh rmakgdim xjmir kwd

fmordidg xyfm

· xjide foxmroffy odh bm iddksoxism odh armoxism id rmfmsodx akdxmzx

· hmsmfk~ od o~~rmaioxikd kc xjm idxmrhiai~fidory dox}rm kc aimdam

· bm cfmzibfm odh rm~kdh xk xjm ajodgidg afiloxm wixjid xjm aimdxicia akll}dixy

· rmakgdim xjm lkrof odh mxjiaof i}m kc aimdxicia mdq}iry odh mz~mrilmdxoxikd odh

o~~rmaioxm xjm dmmh ckr mxjiaof xodhorh odh ~rkcmikdof akhm kc akdh}ax

· odofym& ydxjmim odh }llorim idckrloxikd arixiaoffy

· rmoh odh }m o~~rk~rioxm fixmrox}rm wixj o c}ff odh arixiaof }dhmrxodhidg

· kbxoid odh idxmgroxm msmrof fidm kc }b`max,~maicia msihmdam xk ckrl}foxm odh xmx

jy~kxjmm

· o~~fy }b`max edkwfmhgm odh }dhmrxodhidg xk ohhrm colifior odh }dcolifior ~rkbfml

· hmigd& ~fod& akdh}ax odh rm~krx kd idsmxigoxikd

· }dhmrxoem fobkroxkry odh+kr cimfh idsmxigoxikd kc fisidg yxml id o rm~kdibfm& ocm odh

mxjiaof loddmr

· gism o afmor odh oaa}roxm oaak}dx kc o }b`max& lorjof org}lmdx id o lox}rm woy odh

mdgogm id hmboxm odh hiofkg}m bkxj wixj ~maiofix odh dkd,~maiofix$

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm

Xjm ?>,}dix BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm id O~~fimh Bikfkgy ~rksihm o ~maiofix wkre,

rmfoxmh ~rkgrollm kc x}hy xjox aksmr xjm emy edkwfmhgm& }dhmrxodhidg odh ~roaxiaof eiffrmq}irmh id xjm maxkr odh ofk kccmr ~orxia}for ~maiofix ml~joi xjrk}gj xjm ajkiam kc

~maiofix }dix$

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm ~rksihm o doxikdoffy rmakgdimh q}oficiaoxikd kccmridg

aormmr ~rkgrmikd odh ~rkcmikdof hmsmfk~lmdx ckr xjkm ofrmohy id ml~fkylmdx odh

k~~krx}dixim xk ~rkgrm idxk jigjmr mh}aoxikd$ Xjm q}oficiaoxikd orm lkhm crmm b}x xjmy orm

~rilorify }dhmrxoemd by ~orx,xilm fmordmr x}hyidg ksmr xwk ymor$ Id klm maxkr xjmrm orm

k~~krx}dixim ckr xjkm wijidg xk akl~fmxm od idxmdism ~rkgrollm kc x}hy id o jkrxmr ~mrikh

kc xilm$

Xji ~maiciaoxikd ~rksihm amdxrm wixj o crolmwkre xk hmsmfk~ mdgogidg ~rkgrollm ckr

jigjmr,mh}aoxikd fmordmr wjk orm afmor obk}x xjm ormo kc ml~fkylmdx xjox xjmy wij xk mdxmr$

Xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm id O~~fimh Bikfkgy loidfy kccmr o ~rkgrmikd rk}xm

ckr fmordmr wjk orm ml~fkymh id xjm o~~fimh bikfkgy odh rmfoxmh aimdam idh}xrim$

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo

Xjm ?3,}dix BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo ~rksihm grmoxmr brmohxj odh ~maiofioxikd xjod

xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm$ Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo orm lkhm crmm b}x orm

ckffkwmh ~rmhklidoxmfy by c}ff,xilm fmordmr$ Xjmy offkw ~rkgrmikd idxk kr wixjid

ml~fkylmdx id xjm maxkr& mixjmr hirmaxfy kd oajimsidg kc xjm oworh kr ckffkwidg c}rxjmr x}hy

xk hmgrmm fmsmf$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

9

Xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo id O~~fimh Bikfkgy ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim ckr fmordmr xk

o~~fy xjmir edkwfmhgm odh ~roaxiaof eiff id xjm wkre~foam$ C}ff,xilm fmordmr josm xjm

k~~krx}dixy xk hk xji xjrk}gj ckrlof wkre ~foamlmdx kr xjmir ~orx,xilm ml~fkylmdx

mz~mrimdam$

Xjm q}oficiaoxikd ~rm~orm fmordmr ckr ml~fkylmdx id xjm maxkr odh wiff bm }ixobfm ckr

fmordmr wjk josm ofrmohy hmaihmh xjox xjmy wij xk mdxmr xji ormo kc wkre$ Qklm oh}fx fmordmr

loy wij xk loem xjm akllixlmdx rmq}irmh by xji q}oficiaoxikd id krhmr xk mdxmr o ~maiofix

ormo kc ml~fkylmdx id xjm maxkr kr ~rkgrm idxk jigjmr mh}aoxikd$ Kxjmr fmordmr loy wodx xk

mzxmdh xjm ~maiofil xjox xjmy ckffkwmh kd xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm ~rkgrollm$

^rkgrmikd crkl xji q}oficiaoxikd loy wmff bm idxk kr wixjid ml~fkylmdx id xjm maxkr wjmrm

fmordmr loy wkre xkworh lmlbmrji~ kc ~rkcmikdof bkhim }aj o xjm Idxix}xm kc Bikfkgy$

Xmoajidg& fmordidg odh omlmdx

Fmordmr l}x ~o off ?> }dix kd xjmir ~rkgrollm kc fmordidg xk bm oworhmh o BXMA Jigjmr

Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm odh off ?3 }dix xk bm oworhmh o BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo$

Xjm omlmdx kc BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd i arixmrikd,rmcmrmdamh odh amdxrm orm

rmq}irmh xk om fmordmr’ msihmdam ogoidx ~}bfijmh fmordidg k}xaklm odh omlmdx

arixmrio$ Off }dix wiff bm idhisih}offy grohmh o ‚~o’& ‚lmrix’ kr ‚hixidaxikd’$ Xk oajimsm o

~o grohm ckr xjm }dix fmordmr l}x lmmx xjm omlmdx arixmrio mx k}x id xjm ~maiciaoxikd$

Xji gism xrod~ormday xk xjm omlmdx ~rkam odh ~rksihm ckr xjm mxobfijlmdx kc

doxikdof xodhorh ckr moaj q}oficiaoxikd$

Xjm }dix id BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd off josm o xodhorh ckrlox wjiaj i hmigdmh

xk ~rksihm afmor g}ihodam kd xjm rmq}irmlmdx kc xjm q}oficiaoxikd ckr fmordmr& omkr odh

xjkm rm~kdibfm ckr lkdixkridg doxikdof xodhorh$

]dix ckrlox

Moaj }dix i mx k}x id xjm ckffkwidg woy$

]dix xixfm& fmordidg jk}r odh D_C fmsmf

Xjm }dix xixfm i oaarmhixmh by _AO odh xji ckrl kc wkrh wiff o~~mor kd xjm fmordmr’

Dkxiciaoxikd kc ^mrckrlodam$ Id BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd moaj }dix akdix kc

3> g}ihmh fmordidg jk}r$

Moaj }dix i oigdmh o dkxikdof fmsmf idhiaoxkr kc J? kr J2& idhiaoxidg xjm rmfoxism idxmffmax}of

hmlodh& akl~fmzixy odh hm~xj kc x}hy& odh fmordmr o}xkdkly$

Ox J? fmsmf xjm ml~joi i kd xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc edkwfmhgm& eiff odh }dhmrxodhidg& }m kc akdsmdxikd id xjm cimfh kc x}hy& }m kc odofyxiaof eiff odh mfmaxikd odh krgodioxikd kc

idckrloxikd$

Ox J2 fmsmf xjm ml~joi i kd o~~fiaoxikd odh msof}oxikd kc akdxroxidg ihmo& ~ridai~fm&

xjmkrim odh ~roaxiam& grmoxmr ~maiofioxikd id xjm cimfh kc x}hy& odh od idarmoidg

idhm~mdhmdam id yxmloxia mdq}iry odh odofyi$

Hmari~xikd kc }dix

O brimc hmari~xikd kc xjm ksmroff ~}r~km kc xjm }dix i gismd& xkgmxjmr wixj xjm emy ormo kc

x}hy okaioxmh wixj xjm }dix$

Q}llory kc fmordidg k}xaklm

Xjm k}xaklm kc xjm }dix ihmdxicy wjox moaj fmordmr l}x hk id krhmr xk ~o ix$ Fmordmr l}x

oajimsm off xjm k}xaklm id krhmr xk ~o xjm }dix$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?>

Akdxmdx

Xji maxikd ~iae }~ jigjfigjxmh wkrh crkl xjm k}xaklm odh ol~ficim xjm akdxmdx aksmrogm

rmq}irmh wjmd ohhrmidg xjm k}xaklm$ Xjm akdxmdx maxikd wiff kcxmd ~rksihm fix kc xk~ia$

^fmom dkxm off o~max kc xjm fixmh xk~ia jk}fh bm aksmrmh& mzam~x xjkm xjox bmgid wixj ‚mg’&

wjmrm ixml fixmh orm lmrmfy idhiaoxism$

K}xaklm odh omlmdx arixmrioMoaj }dix akdxoid xoxmlmdx kc xjm msihmdam xjox moaj fmordmr jk}fh ~rkh}am id krhmr xk

rmamism o ~o$

G}ihodam

Xji maxikd i dkx ~rmari~xism b}x ~rksihm ohhixikdof g}ihodam odh ol~ficiaoxikd rmfoxmh xk xjm

}dix xk }~~krx xmoajmr+hmfismrmr odh omkr$ Ix }bmaxikd orm gismd bmfkw$ Kdfy xjkm

}bmaxikd wjiaj o~~fy xk xjm }dix wiff o~~mor$

· Hmfismry ‑ kccmr g}ihodam obk}x ~kibfm o~~rkoajm xk hmfismry$ Xjm g}ihodam i bomh kd

xjm lkrm }}of hmfismry lkhm odh i dkx idxmdhmh xk r}fm k}x ofxmrdoxism o~~rkoajm$

· Omlmdx ‑ ~rksihm ohsiam obk}x xjm dox}rm odh xy~m kc msihmdam xjox fmordmr orm fiemfyxk dmmh xk ~rkh}am$ Xji }bmaxikd jk}fh bm rmoh id akd`}daxikd wixj xjm omlmdx

arixmrio odh xjm gmdmria grohm hmari~xkr$

· Fide ‑ mx k}x xjm fide bmxwmmd }dix$ ^rksihm k~~krx}dixim ckr idxmgroxikd kc fmordidg&

hmfismry odh omlmdx$ Ody fide xk xjm Doxikdof Kaa}~oxikdof Qxodhorh wiff bm

jigjfigjxmh jmrm$

· Rmk}ram ‑ ihmdxicim xjm ~maiofix rmk}ram fiemfy xk bm dmmhmh xk offkw fmordmr xk

gmdmroxm xjm msihmdam rmq}irmh by moaj }dix$ Xjm amdxrm wiff bm oemh xk md}rm xjox xji

rmk}ram rmq}irmlmdx i id ~foam wjmd ix mme o~~rksof crkl Mhmzamf xk kccmr xjm

q}oficiaoxikd$

· Q}~~krx loxmriof ‑ ihmdxicim& wjmrm o~~rk~rioxm& xmzxbkke& sihmk& logopidm& `k}rdof& ~}bfiaoxikd odh wmbixm xjox loy }~~krx xjm hmfismry kc xjm }dix$

Fmordidg odh omlmdx

Xjm ~}r~km kc omlmdx i xk md}rm xjox mccmaxism fmordidg kc xjm akdxmdx kc moaj }dix jo

xoemd ~foam$ Msihmdam kc xji fmordidg& kr xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc xjm fmordidg mxa& i rmq}irmh ckr moaj

}dix$ Xjm omlmdx kc xjm msihmdam rmfoxm hirmaxfy xk xjm omlmdx arixmrio ckr moaj }dix&

}~~krxmh by xjm gmdmria grohm hmari~xkr$

Xjm ~rkam kc omlmdx aod oih mccmaxism fmordidg by mmeidg odh idxmr~rmxidg msihmdam xk

hmaihm xjm xogm xjox fmordmr josm rmoajmh id xjmir fmordidg& wjox c}rxjmr fmordidg dmmh xk xoem

~foam odh jkw bmx xk hk xji$ Xjmrmckrm& xjm ~rkam kc omlmdx jk}fh bm ~orx kc xjmmccmaxism ~foddidg kc xmoajidg odh fmordidg by ~rksihidg k~~krx}dixim ckr bkxj xjm fmordmr odh

omkr xk kbxoid idckrloxikd obk}x ~rkgrm xkworh fmordidg gkof$ Xjm omkr odh fmordmr

l}x bm oaxismfy mdgogmh id ~rklkxidg o akllkd }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm omlmdx arixmrio odh

xjm grohm hmari~xkr *wjox ix i xjmy orm xryidg xk oajimsm odh jkw wmff xjmy oajimsm ix) ckr

c}rxjmr fmordidg xk xoem ~foam$ Xjmrmckrm& fmordmr dmmh akdxr}axism cmmhboae odh g}ihodam

obk}x jkw xk il~rksm& ao~ixofiidg kd xrmdgxj& wixj afmor odh akdxr}axism akllmdx obk}x

wmoedmm odh jkw xjmm ligjx bm ohhrmmh$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

??

Omlmdx idxr}lmdx orm akdxr}axmh by amdxrm$ Omlmdx idxr}lmdx jk}fh akffmaxismfy

md}rm aksmrogm kc off omlmdx arixmrio wixjid moaj }dix odh jk}fh ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim ckr

xjm msihmdaidg kc off xjm grohm hmari~xkr$ Ix i ohsimh xjox omlmdx arixmrio odh

akdxmzx}ofimh grohm hmari~xkr orm afmorfy idhiaoxmh kd moaj omlmdx idxr}lmdx xk ~rksihm

o cka} ckr fmordmr *ckr xrod~ormday odh xk md}rm xjox cmmhboae i ~maicia xk xjm arixmrio) odh

xk oix wixj idxmrdof xodhorhioxikd ~rkamm$ Xoe+oaxisixim jk}fh mdobfm fmordmr xk

~rkh}am msihmdam xjox rmfoxm hirmaxfy xk xjm omlmdx arixmrio odh grohm hmari~xkr$

Wjmd amdxrm orm hmigdidg omlmdx idxr}lmdx& xjmy dmmh xk md}rm xjox xjm idxr}lmdx

orm sofih& rmfiobfm odh cix ckr ~}r~km& b}ifhidg kd xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc xjm omlmdx arixmrio$

Amdxrm orm mdak}rogmh xk ~foam ml~joi kd ~roaxiaof o~~fiaoxikd kc xjm omlmdx arixmrio&

~rksihidg o rmofixia amdorik ckr fmordmr xk ohk~x& loeidg lozil}l }m kc wkre,rmfoxmh

~roaxiaof mz~mrimdam odh rmcfmaxidg xy~iaof ~roaxiam id xjm maxkr akdamrdmh$ Xjm armoxikd kc

omlmdx idxr}lmdx xjox orm cix ckr ~}r~km i sixof xk oajimsmlmdx odh xjmir il~krxodam

aoddkx bm ksmr,ml~joimh$

Grohidg Jigjmr Doxikdof }dix

Xjm omlmdx kc BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd wiff bm ox }dix fmsmf odh xjmrm wiff bmdk ksmroff grohm ckr mixjmr xjm Amrxiciaoxm kr xjm Hi~fklo$ Xji lmod xjox fmordmr orm obfm xk

oaam xjm q}oficiaoxikd xjrk}gj o }diximh o~~rkoaj$

Moaj }dix wiff bm grohmh o o ~o& lmrix kr hixidaxikd$ O ~o i oworhmh ckr xjm oajimsmlmdx

kc off k}xaklm ogoidx xjm ~maicimh omlmdx arixmrio$ Lmrix odh hixidaxikd grohm orm

oworhmh ckr jigjmr,fmsmf oajimsmlmdx$

Xjm gmdmria lmrix odh hixidaxikd grohm hmari~xkr fixmh kd ~ogm ?2 ‑?1 orm ckr grohidg xjm

xkxof msihmdam ~rkh}amh ckr moaj }dix odh hmaribm xjm fmordmr’ ~mrckrlodam ksmr odh obksm

xjox ckr o ~o grohm$

Xjm lmrix odh hixidaxikd grohm hmari~xkr aod bm oajimsmh id o cfmzibfm woy& mg id o mq}mdxiof

kr jkfixia lkhm& xk rmcfmax xjm dox}rm kc xjm maxkr akdamrdmh$Moaj kc xjm gmdmria lmrix odh hixidaxikd grohm hmari~xkr aod bm ol~ficimh by }m kc

idhiaoxism ajoroaxmrixia$ Xjmm gism o g}ihm xk xjm mz~maxmh fmordmr ~mrckrlodam& odh

}~~krx xjm gmdmria grohm hmari~xkr$ Xjm idhiaoxism ajoroaxmrixia jk}fh rmcfmax xjm dox}rm kc

o }dix odh xjm akdxmzx kc xjm maxkr ~rkgrollm$

Xjm idhiaoxism ajoroaxmrixia jkwd id xjm xobfm ckr moaj kc xjm gmdmria grohm hmari~xkr orm

dkx mzjo}xism$ Akdmq}mdxfy& amdxrm jk}fh mfmax crkl xjm fix kr loy akdxr}ax kxjmr

o~~rk~rioxm idhiaoxism ajoroaxmrixia ckr xjmir maxkr ~rkgrollm wjiaj loy bm hrowd crkl xjm

o~~rk~rioxm jigjmr,fmsmf eiff$ Ix i il~krxodx xk dkxm xjox moaj omlmdx oaxisixy hkm dkx

dmmh xk idakr~kroxm off xjm lmrix odh+kr hixidaxikd grohm hmari~xkr$

Akdxmzx}ofiidg xjm gmdmria grohm hmari~xkrXjm gmdmria lmrix odh hixidaxikd grohm hmari~xkr dmmh xk bm simwmh o o q}ofixoxism mzxmdikd

kc xjm omlmdx arixmrio ckr ~o wixjid moaj idhisih}of }dix$ Xjm rmfmsodx gmdmria grohm

hmari~xkr l}x bm ihmdxicimh odh ~maicimh wixjid od oigdlmdx odh xjm rmfmsodx idhiaoxism

ajoroaxmrixia jk}fh bm }mh xk ~foam xjm rmq}irmh msihmdam id akdxmzx$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?2

Grohm hmari~xkr

^o grohm

O ~o grohm i oajimsmh by lmmxidg off xjm rmq}irmlmdx hmcidmh id xjm omlmdx arixmrio ckr

~o ckr moaj }dix$

Lmrix grohm

Lmrix hmari~xkr Idhiaoxism ajoroaxmrixia

Id krhmr xk oajimsm o lmrix

xjm fmordmr l}x0

Xjm fmordmr’ msihmdam jkw0

· ihmdxicy odh o~~fy

xroxmgim xk cidh

o~~rk~rioxm kf}xikd

· mccmaxism ̀ }hgmlmdx josm bmmd lohm

· akl~fmz ~rkbfml wixj lkrm xjod kdm soriobfm josm bmmd

mz~fkrmh

· od mccmaxism o~~rkoaj xk x}hy odh rmmoraj jo bmmd o~~fimh

· mfmax+hmigd odh o~~fy

o~~rk~rioxm lmxjkh+

xmajdiq}m

· rmfmsodx xjmkrim odh xmajdiq}m josm bmmd o~~fimh

· o rodgm kc lmxjkh odh xmajdiq}m josm bmmd o~~fimh

· o rodgm kc k}ram kc idckrloxikd jo bmmd }mh

· xjm mfmaxikd kc lmxjkh odh xmajdiq}m+k}ram jo bmmd

`}xicimh

· xjm hmigd kc lmxjkh+xmajdiq}m jo bmmd `}xicimh

· akl~fmz idckrloxikd+hoxo jo bmmd ydxjmimh odh

~rkammh

· o~~rk~rioxm fmordidg lmxjkh+xmajdiq}m josm bmmd o~~fimh

· ~rmmdx odh

akll}diaoxm

o~~rk~rioxm cidhidg

· xjm o~~rk~rioxm xr}ax}rm odh o~~rkoaj jo bmmd }mh

· akjmrmdx& fkgiaof hmsmfk~lmdx kc ~ridai~fm+akdam~x ckr xjm

idxmdhmh o}himdam

· o rodgm kc lmxjkh kc ~rmmdxoxikd josm bmmd }mh odh

xmajdiaof fodg}ogm jo bmmd oaa}roxmfy }mh

· akll}diaoxikd jo xoemd ~foam id colifior odh }dcolifior

akdxmzx

· xjm akll}diaoxikd i o~~rk~rioxm ckr colifior odh}dcolifior o}himdam odh o~~rk~rioxm lmhio josm bmmd }mh




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?1

Hixidaxikd grohm

Hixidaxikd hmari~xkr Idhiaoxism ajoroaxmrixia

Id krhmr xk oajimsm o

hixidaxikd xjm fmordmr l}x0

Xjm fmordmr’ msihmdam jkw0

· }m arixiaof rmcfmaxikd xkmsof}oxm kwd wkre odh

`}xicy sofih akdaf}ikd

· akdaf}ikd josm bmmd orrismh ox xjrk}gj ydxjmi kc ihmoodh josm bmmd `}xicimh

· xjm sofihixy kc rm}fx jo bmmd msof}oxmh }idg hmcidmh

arixmrio

· mfc,arixiail kc o~~rkoaj jo xoemd ~foam

· rmofixia il~rksmlmdx josm bmmd ~rk~kmh ogoidx hmcidmh

ajoroaxmrixia ckr }aam

· xoem rm~kdibifixy ckr

lodogidg odh krgodiidg

oaxisixim

· o}xkdkly+idhm~mdhmdam jo bmmd hmlkdxroxmh

· }bxodxiof oaxisixim& ~rk`max kr idsmxigoxikd josm bmmd

~foddmh& lodogmh odh krgodimh

· oaxisixim josm bmmd lodogmh

· xjm }dckrmmmd jo bmmd oaakllkhoxmh

· xjm il~krxodam kc idxmrhm~mdhmdam jo bmmd rmakgdimh odh

oajimsmh

· hmlkdxroxm

akdsmrgmdx+foxmrof+

armoxism xjideidg

· ihmo josm bmmd gmdmroxmh odh hmaiikd xoemd

· mfc,msof}oxikd jo xoemd ~foam

· akdsmrgmdx odh foxmrof xjideidg josm bmmd o~~fimh

· ~rkbfml josm bmmd kfsmh

· iddksoxikd odh armoxism xjk}gjx josm bmmd o~~fimh

· rmam~xismdm xk dmw ihmo i msihmdx

· mccmaxism xjideidg jo xoemd ~foam id }dcolifior akdxmzx




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?8

Oaarmhixoxikd kc ^rikr Fmordidg *O^F)

Mhmzamf mdak}rogm amdxrm xk rmakgdim fmordmr’ ~rmsik} oajimsmlmdx odh mz~mrimdam

xjrk}gj xjm Oaarmhixoxikd kc ^rikr Fmordidg$ Fmordmr loy josm msihmdam xjox jo bmmd

gmdmroxmh h}ridg ~rmsik} x}hy& id xjmir ~rmsik} kr a}rrmdx ml~fkylmdx kr wjifx }dhmrxoeidg

skf}dxory wkre xjox rmfoxm xk kdm kr lkrm kc xjm }dix id xjm q}oficiaoxikd$ Omkr jk}fh

om xji msihmdam ogoidx xjm Jigjmr Doxikdof xodhorh id xjm ~maiciaoxikd id xjm dkrlofwoy$ O wixj off msihmdam& omkr jk}fh bm oxicimh obk}x xjm o}xjmdxiaixy odh a}rrmday kc

xjm loxmriof wjmd akdihmridg wjmxjmr kr dkx xjm k}xaklm kc xjm }dix josm bmmd lmx$

C}ff g}ihodam obk}x Mhmzamf’ ~kfiay kd O^F i ~rksihmh kd k}r wmbixm

*www$mhmzamf$krg$}e)$

_}ofixy o}rodam kc BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof

Xjm q}ofixy o}rodam yxml ckr BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd& o jigjmr,fmsmf

skaoxikdof q}oficiaoxikd ox Fmsmf 8 kd xjm D_C& wiff akl~rim xjrmm loid akl~kdmdx$

· o~~rksof ~rkam ‑ o akdxrkf lmo}rm xk akdcirl xjox idhisih}of amdxrm *odh ~rkgrollm

xmol) orm o~~rk~rioxmfy rmk}ramh odh akl~mxmdx xk hmfismr o BXMA Fmsmf 8 ~rkgrollm kc

x}hy$

· lkdixkridg kc amdxrm ‑ o lmxjkh kc lkdixkridg amdxrm’ idxmrdof q}ofixy yxml xk md}rm

kdgkidg c}fciflmdx kc idixiof rmq}irmlmdx odh& wjmrm o~~rk~rioxm& mdjodamlmdx kc xjkm

rmq}irmlmdx xk oaakllkhoxm dmw q}oficiaoxikd$

· idhm~mdhmdx omlmdx ‑ o lmo}rm xjox ~rksihm idhm~mdhmdam wixjid xjm omlmdx

~rkam& k xjox xjm amrxiciaoxmh k}xaklm ckr moaj fmordmr orm dkx rmfiodx kd hmxmrlidoxikd

by idhisih}of kr grk}~ wixj o smxmh idxmrmx id xjm k}xaklm$ Xji lmo}rm jk}fh bm

akdixmdx odh rmfiobfm ksmr xilm& odh jk}fh dkx armoxm }ddmamory borrimr$

Amdxrm odh ~rkgrollm o~~rksof

O~~rksof xk kccmr BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd wiff sory hm~mdhidg kd xjm xox} kc xjm

amdxrm$ Amdxrm xjox josm o rmamdx jixkry kc hmfismridg BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd

odh josm od oaam~xobfm q}ofixy ~rkcifm id rmfoxikd xk xjmir hmfismry wiff bm obfm xk goid o~~rksof

xjrk}gj od oaamfmroxmh ~rkam$ Amdxrm xjox orm dmw xk xjm hmfismry kc BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof

q}oficiaoxikd wiff bm rmq}irmh xk }blix msihmdam xk hmlkdxroxm xjox xjmy0

· josm xjm j}lod odh ~jyiaof rmk}ram rmq}irmh ckr mccmaxism hmfismry odh omlmdx

· }dhmrxodh xjm il~fiaoxikd ckr idhm~mdhmdx omlmdx odh ogrmm xk obihm by xjmm· josm o rkb}x idxmrdof omlmdx yxml }~~krxmh by ‚cix ckr ~}r~km’ omlmdx

hka}lmdxoxikd

· josm o yxml xk idxmrdoffy smricy omlmdx hmaiikd xk md}rm xodhorhimh omlmdx

hmaiikd orm lohm oark off omkr odh ixm$

Q}aj o~~fiaoxikd josm xk bm }~~krxmh by xjm jmoh kc xjm amdxrm *~ridai~of& ajimc mzma}xism&

mxa)$

Wm akll}diaoxm off o~~rksof id wrixidg xk xjm jmoh kc amdxrm id xjm ckrl kc o q}oficiaoxikd

o~~rksof fmxxmr$ Xjm o~~rksof fmxxmr wiff ofk akdxoid o ~rkgrollm hmcidixikd ckr moaj

q}oficiaoxikd o~~rksmh$ Xjm ~rkgrollm hmcidixikd afmorfy xoxm xk xjm amdxrm off }dix xjox

akl~rim xjm q}oficiaoxikd ckr wjiaj xjm amdxrm i o~~rksmh$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?=

Lkdixkridg amdxrm’ idxmrdof q}ofixy yxml

Amdxrm wiff bm mz~maxmh xk hmlkdxroxm kdgkidg c}fciflmdx kc o~~rksof arixmrio oark off

~rkgrollm ormo$ Xji jk}fh idaf}hm xjm akdixmdx o~~fiaoxikd kc ~kfiaim occmaxidg fmordmr

rmgixroxikd odh o~~mof& xkgmxjmr wixj xjm mccmaxismdm kc idxmrdof mzolidoxikd odh

xodhorhioxikd ~rkamm$

Amdxrm loy k~x ckr o rmsimw kc xjmir ~rksiikd }dhmr xjm q}ofixy smricimr+q}ofixy rmsimwmr orrodgmlmdx& wjiaj ofrmohy o~~fy xk off c}rxjmr mh}aoxikd amdxrm$ Ofxmrdoxismfy& amdxrm loy

~rmmdx msihmdam kc xjmir k~mroxikd wixjid o rmakgdimh akhm kc ~roaxiam& }aj o xjox kc xjm

_}ofixy O}rodam Ogmday ckr Jigjmr Mh}aoxikd$ Mhmzamf rmmrsm xjm rigjx xk akdcirl

idhm~mdhmdxfy xjox xjmm orrodgmlmdx orm k~mroxidg xk k}r oxicoaxikd$

Idhm~mdhmdx omlmdx0 xjm rkfm kc xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr

Q}~~krxidg akdixmday odh o~~rk~rioxmdm kc amdxrm omkr hmaiikd

Ckr off BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof oaarmhixmh ox Fmsmf 8 kd xjm D_C& Mhmzamf wiff o~~kidx

o~~rk~rioxmfy q}oficimh }b`max,~maicia mzxmrdof mzolidmr xk xjm ~rkgrollm id moaj amdxrm$

Mhmzamf wiff hmcidm xjm mfmaxikd& o~~kidxlmdx odh xroididg ~rkam& xkgmxjmr wixj xjm rkfm odhrm~kdibifixim kc xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr odh wiff akll}diaoxm xjm hmxoif xk amdxrm id o

amdxrm jodhbkke$

Xjm c}daxikd kc xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr wiff bm xk rmsimw odh msof}oxm kb`maxismfy xjm omlmdx

~rkam odh xodhorh kc fmordmr oxxoidlmdx by idhm~mdhmdxfy rmsimwidg& id xjm cirx ymor kc xjm

~rkgrollm& o ol~fm kc fmordmr wkre *idaf}hidg xjm amdxrm,hmigdmh oigdlmdx kd wjiaj xjm

ol~fm orm bomh) mfmaxmh by xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr& crkl oark xjm ~rkgrollm$

Wjmd xjmy siix amdxrm& mzxmrdof mzolidmr l}x bm occkrhmh rmokdobfm oaam xk xjm ommh

~orx kc xjm ~rkgrollm& idaf}hidg msihmdam kc fmordmr ~mrckrlodam kd ~foamlmdx$ Xjmy orm

rmq}irmh xk0

· smricy xjox xodhorh orm o~~rk~rioxm ckr xjm q}oficiaoxikd odh ix mfmlmdx

· oix idxix}xikd id xjm akl~orikd kc oaohmlia xodhorh oark ilifor oworh doxikdoffy$

Qjk}fh ody hi~orixy kaa}r bmxwmmd xjm `}hgmlmdx kc amdxrm omkr odh xjox kc xjm mzxmrdof

mzolidmr& xji wiff bm rm~krxmh xk xjm amdxrm odh xk Mhmzamf by xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr$ Xjm

amdxrm wiff bm rmq}irmh xk ogrmm o~~rk~rioxm akrrmaxism oaxikd o o rm}fx kc xji rm~krx$

Idhm~mdhmdam id akdcirloxikd kc amrxiciaoxmh k}xaklm

Id xjm cidof ymor kc xjm ~rkgrollm& xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr wiff rmsiix xjm amdxrm id krhmr xk

idhm~mdhmdxfy om fmordmr wkre odh xk msof}oxm amdxrm omkr hmaiikd kd cidof k}xaklm$

Xji ~rkam kc msof}oxikd loy cka} }~kd wkre id }dix& mfmaxmh by xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr&

xjox ~rmmdx xjm lkx o~~rk~rioxm msihmdam ckr xji mzmraim$ Xjm wkre kc off fmordmr dkx ofrmohy

ol~fmh id xjm cirx ymor kc xjm ~rkgrollm wiff bm rmsimwmh$

Rmkf}xikd kc omlmdx wiff dkrloffy bm jodhfmh ox xjm amdxrm’ cidof ~rkgrollm rmsimw

bkorh$ Xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr wiff bm mz~maxmh xk mdhkrm xjm k}xaklm kc omlmdx bmckrm

amrxiciaoxikd aod bm o}xjkrimh$ Qjk}fh xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr bm }dobfm xk ~rksihm }aj

mdhkrmlmdx& amrxiciaoxikd wiff bm wixjjmfh }dxif o~~rk~rioxm akrrmaxism oaxikd jo xoemd ~foam$

*Xjm mdikr }b`max mzolidmr loy bmaklm idskfsmh id }aj idxodam)$

Xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr wiff bm rmq}irmh xk ~rm~orm o wrixxmd rm~krx ocxmr moaj siix$ Xjm rm~krx

wiff idaf}hm akllmdx crkl xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr kd0

· oaohmlia xodhorh odh ~rkgrollm ~maiciaoxikd

· oaohmlia xodhorh odh fmordmr ~mrckrlodam

· oaohmlia xodhorh odh omlmdx




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?3

· xjm omlmdx ~rkam

· omlmdx lmmxidg

· ~jyiaof rmk}ram

· akllmdx kc fmordmr

· lmmxidg wixj xocc

· mzxmrdof mzolidmr ~roaxiam

· i}m oriidg crkl ~rmsik} rm~krx

· hmxoif kc ol~fidg

· gmdmrof ~kidx& ormo kc gkkh ~roaxiam odh lo`kr i}m

· oaxikd ~kidx$

Xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr rm~krx ~rksihm xjm lmajodil by wjiaj xjm mzxmrdof mzolidmr

idhm~mdhmdxfy smricim fmordmr obifixy& mdhkrm xjm sofihixy kc xjm omlmdx ~rkam odh

rmfmom amrxiciaoxikd ckr o akjkrx$Xjm rm~krx i o akdcihmdxiof hka}lmdx bmxwmmd Mhmzamf& xjm o~~kidxmh mzxmrdof mzolidmr& odh

xjm amdxrm xk }m ckr idxmrdof+mzxmrdof q}ofixy o}rodam ~rkamm$ Ix ~rksihm xjm amdxrm wixj

cmmhboae kd xjm mzxmrdof mzolididg ~rkam odh kd xjm `}hgmlmdx xjox hmxmrlidm xjm mzxmrdof

mzolidmr’ hmaiikd kd mdhkrmlmdx& kr kxjmrwim& kc fmordmr k}xaklm$

^rkgrollm hmigd odh hmfismry

Xjm q}oficiaoxikd akdix kc akrm }dix *wjiaj orm lodhoxkry) odh ~maiofix }dix$ Xjmm

~maiofix }dix wiff bm lkxfy k~xikdof odh orm hmigdmh xk ~rksihm o ~maicia cka} xk xjmq}oficiaoxikd$ Rmq}irmh aklbidoxikd kc ~maiofix }dix orm afmorfy mx k}x id rmfoxikd xk moaj

q}oficiaoxikd id xjm hmcidmh q}oficiaoxikd xr}ax}rm ~rksihmh id xji hka}lmdx$

Id BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd moaj }dix akdix kc 3> g}ihmh fmordidg jk}r$ Xjm

hmcidixikd kc g}ihmh fmordidg jk}r i ‚o dkxikdof lmo}rm kc xjm }bxodam kc o q}oficiaoxikd’$ Ix

idaf}hm od mxiloxm kc xilm xjox ligjx bm offkaoxmh xk hirmax xmoajidg& idxr}axikd odh

omlmdx& xkgmxjmr wixj kxjmr xr}ax}rmh fmordidg xilm }aj o hirmaxmh oigdlmdx kr

}~~krxmh idhisih}of x}hy$ Ix mzaf}hm fmordmr,idixioxmh ~risoxm x}hy$ Amdxrm orm ohsimh xk

akdihmr xji hmcidixikd wjmd ~foddidg xjm ~rkgrollm kc x}hy okaioxmh wixj xji

~maiciaoxikd$

Lkhm kc hmfismry

Mhmzamf hkm dkx hmcidm xjm lkhm kc x}hy ckr BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd$ Amdxrm

orm crmm xk kccmr xjm q}oficiaoxikd }idg ody lkhm kc hmfismry xjox lmmx xjm dmmh kc xjmir

fmordmr$ Xji loy bm xjrk}gj xrohixikdof aforkkl xmoajidg& k~md fmordidg& hixodam fmordidg

kr o aklbidoxikd kc xjmm$ Wjoxmsmr lkhm kc hmfismry i }mh& amdxrm l}x md}rm xjox fmordmr

josm o~~rk~rioxm oaam xk xjm rmk}ram ihmdxicimh id xjm ~maiciaoxikd odh xk xjm }b`max

~maiofix hmfismridg xjm }dix$ Xji i ~orxia}forfy il~krxodx ckr fmordmr x}hyidg ckr xjm

q}oficiaoxikd xjrk}gj k~md kr hixodam fmordidg$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?7

C}ff g}ihodam kd Mhmzamf’ ~kfiaim kd ‚hixodam omlmdx’ odh ‚mfmaxrkdia omlmdx’ orm

~rksihmh kd k}r wmbixm$

Fmordmr x}hyidg ckr xjm q}oficiaoxikd kd o ~orx,xilm boi bridg wixj xjml o wmofxj kc

mz~mrimdam xjox jk}fh bm }xifimh xk lozil}l mccmax by x}xkr odh omkr$ Omlmdx

idxr}lmdx bomh kd fmordmr’ wkre mdsirkdlmdx jk}fh bm mdak}rogmh$ Xjkm ~foddidg xjm

~rkgrollm jk}fh oil xk mdjodam xjm skaoxikdof dox}rm kc xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof

q}oficiaoxikd by0

· fioiidg wixj ml~fkymr xk md}rm xjox xjm ak}rm i rmfmsodx xk xjm ~maicia dmmh kc xjm

fmordmr

· oaamidg odh }idg dkd,akdcihmdxiof hoxo odh hka}lmdx crkl fmordmr’ wkre~foam

· idaf}hidg ~kdkridg ml~fkymr id xjm hmfismry kc xjm ~rkgrollm odh& wjmrm o~~rk~rioxm&

id xjm omlmdx

· fideidg wixj akl~ody,bomh+wkre~foam xroididg ~rkgrollm

· loeidg c}ff }m kc xjm sorimxy kc mz~mrimdam kc wkre odh ficm xjox fmordmr bridg xk xjm

~rkgrollm$

Rmk}ram

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd orm hmigdmh xk ~rm~orm fmordmr ckr ml~fkylmdx id

~maicia maxkr$ ^jyiaof rmk}ram dmmh xk }~~krx xjm hmfismry kc xjm ~rkgrollm odh xjm

~rk~mr omlmdx kc xjm k}xaklm odh& xjmrmckrm& jk}fh dkrloffy bm kc idh}xry xodhorh$

Qxocc hmfismridg ~rkgrollm odh akdh}axidg xjm omlmdx jk}fh bm c}ffy colifior wixj

a}rrmdx ~roaxiam odh xodhorh id xjm maxkr akdamrdmh$ Amdxrm wiff dmmh xk lmmx ody ~maiofix

rmk}ram rmq}irmlmdx wjmd xjmy mme o~~rksof crkl Mhmzamf$

^fmom rmcmr xk xjm rmk}ram maxikd id idhisih}of }dix ckr ~maiofix rmk}ram rmq}irmlmdx$

Q~maiofix rmk}ram jk}fh idaf}hm aom x}hy loxmriof& rmof rmk}ram oaq}irmh crklakllmraiof k~mroxikd& sihmk odh hka}lmdxmh mzol~fm kc a}rrmdx ~roaxiam& mg rm~krx crkl o

bikfkgy,bomh idh}xry$ Xjmm orm hmxoifmh id moaj }dix$

Hmfismry o~~rkoaj

Ix i il~krxodx xjox amdxrm hmsmfk~ od o~~rkoaj xk xmoajidg odh fmordidg xjox }~~krx xjm

~maiofix skaoxikdof dox}rm kc xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd$ Xjm ~maiciaoxikd

akdxoid o bofodam kc ~roaxiaof eiff hmsmfk~lmdx odh edkwfmhgm rmq}irmlmdx& klm kc wjiaj

aod bm xjmkrmxiaof id dox}rm$ X}xkr odh omkr dmmh xk md}rm xjox o~~rk~rioxm fide orm lohm

bmxwmmd xjmkry odh ~roaxiam odh xjox xjm edkwfmhgm bom i o~~fimh xk xjm maxkr$ Xji wiff

rmq}irm xjm hmsmfk~lmdx kc rmfmsodx odh }~,xk,hoxm xmoajidg loxmriof xjox offkw fmordmr xk

o~~fy xjmir fmordidg xk oax}of msmdx odh oaxisixy wixjid xjm maxkr$ Lozil}l }m jk}fh bmlohm kc xjm fmordmr’ mz~mrimdam$

Lmmxidg fkaof dmmh

Amdxrm jk}fh dkxm xjm q}oficiaoxikd mx k}x id xjmm ~maiciaoxikd josm bmmd hmsmfk~mh id

akd}fxoxikd wixj amdxrm& ml~fkymr odh xjm Idxix}xm kc Bikfkgy& xjm ~rkcmikdof bkhy ckr xjm

maxkr& xkgmxjmr wixj }~~krx crkl xjm Qmaxkr Qeiff Ak}daif kr DXK ckr xjm Qaimdam&

Xmajdkfkgy odh Loxjmloxia maxkr$ Xjm }dix orm hmigdmh xk lmmx xjm eiff dmmh kc xjm maxkr

odh xjm ~maiofix }dix offkw aksmrogm kc xjm c}ff rodgm kc ml~fkylmdx$ Amdxrm jk}fh loem

lozil}l }m kc xjm ajkiam osoifobfm xk xjml wixjid xjm ~maiofix }dix id xjmm ~maiciaoxikd

xk lmmx xjm dmmh kc xjmir fmordmr& o wmff o xjm fkaof eiff odh xroididg dmmh ihmdxicimh by

krgodioxikd }aj o Rmgikdof Hmsmfk~lmdx Ogmdaim odh Fkaof Fmordidg odh Qeiff Ak}daif$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?9

· kxjmr rmfoxmh Fmsmf 1 q}oficiaoxikd

· od Oaam xk Jigjmr Mh}aoxikd Amrxiciaoxm oworhmh by od o~~rksmh c}rxjmr mh}aoxikd

idxix}xikd

· rmfoxmh wkre mz~mrimdam$

Lox}rm fmordmr loy ~rmmdx o lkrm sorimh ~rkcifm kc oajimsmlmdx xjox i fiemfy xk idaf}hm

mzxmdism wkre mz~mrimdam *~oih odh+kr }d~oih) odh+kr oajimsmlmdx kc o rodgm kc ~rkcmikdof

q}oficiaoxikd id xjmir wkre maxkr$

Rmxriaxikd kd fmordmr mdxry

Xjm lo`krixy kc BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd orm oaarmhixmh kd xjm D_C ckr fmordmr

ogmh ?3 ymor odh ksmr$ Fmordmr ogmh ?= odh }dhmr aoddkx bm rmgixmrmh ckr o BXMA Jigjmr

Doxikdof q}oficiaoxikd$

Fmordmr wixj ~orxia}for rmq}irmlmdx

Mhmzamf rmakgdim xjox klm fmordmr& wjmd x}hyidg skaoxikdoffy,rmfoxmh q}oficiaoxikd& wiffjosm ak~mh wixj xjm fmordidg hmlodh kc o ak}rm b}x loy cidh xjm xodhorh orrodgmlmdx ckr

xjm omlmdx kc xjmir oxxoidlmdx ~rmmdx od }dcoir borrimr$ Xji wk}fh o~~fy xk fmordmr wixj

edkwd odh fkdg,xodhidg fmordidg ~rkbfml odh xk fmordmr wjk orm occmaxmh ox& kr dmor xk& xjm

xilm kc o xilm,akdxroidmh omlmdx$

Mhmzamf wiff mme xk o~~rksm ofxmrdoxism orrodgmlmdx xjox0

· lmmx xjm dmmh kc fmordmr wixj ~orxia}for rmq}irmlmdx

· hk dkx akdcmr ohsodxogm ksmr kxjmr fmordmr

· orm akllmd}roxm wixj xjm ~rk~mr k}xaklm crkl xjm q}oficiaoxikd$

Hmxoif kc xjm offkwobfm orrodgmlmdx ckr }aj fmordmr orm gismd id Omlmdx kc Skaoxikdoffy Rmfoxmh _}oficiaoxikd0 Rmg}foxikd odh G}ihodam rmfoxidg xk Fmordmr wixj Q~maiof

Rmq}irmlmdx *Mhmzamf& 2>>2)$

Xjm wihmr a}rria}f}l

Xjm x}hy kc xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof id O~~fimh Bikfkgy ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim ckr

fmordmr xk hmsmfk~ od }dhmrxodhidg kc ~irix}of& lkrof& mxjiaof& kaiof odh a}fx}rof i}m odh

od owormdm kc mdsirkdlmdxof i}m& jmofxj odh ocmxy akdihmroxikd& odh M}rk~mod

hmsmfk~lmdx$ Xjmm wihmr a}rria}f}l k~~krx}dixim orm idhiaoxmh id xjm }dix o o~~rk~rioxm$

Lo~~idg kc wihmr a}rria}f}l k~~krx}dixim i}m i ~rksihmh id Oddmz A $

Q~irix}of& lkrof& mxjiaof& kaiof odh a}fx}rof i}m

Xjm ~maiciaoxikd akdxrib}xm xk od }dhmrxodhidg kc0

· ~irix}of i}m xjrk}gj od o~~rmaioxikd kc xjm ~irix}of hilmdikd xk sof}m kc dox}rm xk

kaimxy& ~orxia}forfy wjmd xji i mmd xjrk}gj o jixkriaof akdxmzx& ckr mzol~fm id ]dix 29$

· lkrof odh mxjiaof i}m orm mdak}dxmrmh xjrk}gjk}x xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof id O~~fimh

Bikfkgy o hmofidg wixj ~mk~fm wiff ofwoy idskfsm xjm fmordmr mdgogidg id lkrof odh

mxjiaof i}m$ O lkrm hmxoifmh odofyi i gismd id amrxoid }dix }aj o ]dix ?& 1&?>& ??&

?8& ?7 & ?:& 2>& 2?& 28 odh 23

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mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




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xr}ax}rm xk bikfkgiaof

c}daxikd

· hia} xjm xr}ax}rof hiccmrmdam ox ~rilory&

makdhory odh xmrxiory fmsmf bmxwmmd gfkb}for odh

cibrk} ~rkxmid odh oaak}dx ckr xjm ~rk~mrxim kc

cibrk} ~rkxmid id xmrl kc xjmir xr}ax}rm

· mz~foid xjm xr}ax}rm& aoxofyxia odh ajoroaxmrixia

~rk~mrxim kc mdpylm wixj rm~max xk xjm xr}ax}rm

odh rkfm kc xjm oaxism ixm

· xoxm xjm lo`kr cmox}rm kc xkrogm odh xr}ax}rof

~kfyoaajorihm odh rmfoxm xjmm cmox}rm xk xjm

jo~m odh ~rk~mrxim kc xjm o odh b gfyakihia fide

· hrow xjm xr}ax}rm kc o xrodh kc HDO rm~rmmdxidg

xjm dixrkgmd bom by fmxxmr OXAG odh hia}

brimcfy xjm xr}ax}rof hiccmrmdam bmxwmmd HDO odh

hiccmrmdx xy~m kc RDO

· brimcfy k}xfidm xjm rkfm kc xjm d}afmia oaih id

~rkxmid bikydxjmi

· mz~foid xjm xr}ax}rof cmox}rm odh ~rk~mrxim kc

~jk~jkfi~ih xjox mdobfm xjml xk ckrl lmlbrodm

1 Mz~foid cmox}rm kc odh fide

bmxwmmd klm lo`kr

lmxobkfia ~oxjwoy

· jkw id k}xfidm ckrl xjm rmfoxikdji~ bmxwmmd

gfyakfyi& cmrlmdxoxikd& mfmaxrkd xrod~krx& coxxy

oaih b kzihoxikd& gf}akdmkgmdmi odh coxxy oaih

ydxjmi& odh brimcfy mz~foid xjm c}daxikd kc moaj

~oxjwoy

· mz~foid xjm ~rkamm xjox akdxrkf lmxobkfia

~oxjwoy

· ihmdxicy xjm o~~ormdx irrmsmribfm xm~ id gfyakfyi

by rmfoxidg xjml xk crmm mdmrgy ajodgm odh xoxm

jkw xjmm aod bm ksmraklm by gf}akdmkgmdmi

· mz~foid xjm akdxrkf kc gfyakfyi odhgf}akdmkgmdmi mzjibixmh by ~jk~jkcr}axkeidom

*^CE?)




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

11



xjm obifixy xk0

8 Oaq}irm o rodgm kc bikajmliaof ~roaxiaof eiff

odh akgdoxm xmajdiq}m

· m~oroxm odh ~}ricy o ~rkxmid id o il~fm lizx}rmodh hmaribm xjm xjmkry odh ~roaxiam kc xwk

ohhixikdof xy~m kc ~rkxmid m~oroxikd

· hmxmrlidm by mz~mrilmdxoxikd xjm akdamdxroxikd kc

od }dedkwd kf}xikd kc od olidk oaih kr }gor

· lmo}rm xjm ~maicia oaxisixy kc od mdpylm

· hmxmrlidm mz~mrilmdxoffy mixjmr Xk~x kr ~Jk~x ckr od

mdpylm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

18

G}ihodam

HmfismryXji }dix jk}fh idxmgroxm xjm ~roaxiaof eiff hmsmfk~mh id ]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m$

Wjmrmsmr ~kibfm& ~roaxiaof oaxisixim odh hmlkdxroxikd jk}fh ckrl xjm boi kc hmfismry& xk

cka} kd fmordmr }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm loid akdam~x odh xk mdjodam xjm fmordidg mz~mrimdam$

Hmfismry kc k}xaklm ? ak}fh idaf}hm fmordmr ~orxiai~oxikd id 1H lkhmf b}ifhidg kc bikfkgiaof

b}ifhidg bfkae lkfma}fm xk mdobfm o c}ff o~~rmaioxikd kc xjm hiccmrmdam bmxwmmd H odh F

iklmr o wmff o of~jo odh bmxo odklmria xr}ax}rm$

Id k}xaklm 2 o~~rmaioxikd kc loark lkfma}for xr}ax}rm jk}fh bm rm,mdckramh by xjm }m kc

akl~}xmr 1H ilogmry kc }aj xr}ax}rm$

Xk jmf~ wixj xjm hmfismry kc k}xaklm 1 o lmxobkfia ~oxjwoy woffajorx ak}fh bm hi~foymh$

Xjm bikajmliaof ~roaxiaof hmaribmh id k}xaklm 8 ak}fh idaf}hm ~rkxmid m~oroxikd by

ajrkloxkgro~jy odh mfmaxrk~jkrmi& akfk}rilmxria hmxmrlidoxikd kc }dedkwd akdamdxroxikd

kc olidk oaih kr rmh}aidg }gor odh akdxid}k} kr hiakdxid}k} mdpylm orroy xk x}hy

mdpylm ~rk~mrxim$

O~~rk~rioxm kcxworm odh IAX coaifixim jk}fh bm }mh xk mdak}rogm idhm~mdhmdx fmordidg$

Omlmdx

Msihmdam kc k}xaklm loy bm id xjm ckrl kc oigdlmdx kr ~roaxiaof rm~krx& wjiaj loy bm

fobkroxkry,bomh$

Fide

Xji }dix ~rksihm fide wixj xjm akrm }dix kc ]dix ?0 Amff Bikfkgy& ]dix 80 Fobkroxkry

Xmajdiq}m& ]dix =0 Odofyi kc Qaimdxicia Idckrloxikd odh Hoxo& ]dix 90 J}lod ^jyikfkgy

odh ]dix ?30 Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy$ Ix ofk jo fide wixj xjm ~maiofix }dix ‑ ]dix ?>0

Lkfma}for Bikfkgy odh Gmdmxia& ]dix ??0 Gmdmxia& ]dix ?20 ^jorloakfkgy& ]dix ?10

Ill}dkfkgy& ]dix ?:0 Afidiaof Ajmlixry odh ]dix 2=0 Ajmlixry ckr Bikfkgy$

Rmk}ram

Fmordmr wiff dmmh oaam xk wmff,mq}i~~mh fobkroxkry coaifixim xk aorry k}x ~roaxiaofidsmxigoxikd$ X}xkriof }~~krx$ Fibrory odh IAX rmk}ram jk}fh bm lohm osoifobfm xk mdobfm

fmordmr xk }dhmrxoem idhm~mdhmdx rmmoraj$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

1=

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Bfoaexkae A @ ‑ Bikajmlixry *B}xxmrwkrxj Jmidmlodd& ?99:) IQBD0 >7=>312=39

· Brkwdim A O ‑ Bikajmlixry *Aj}rajiff Fisidgxkdm& ?999) IQBD0 >881>=391=

· Aol~bmff D ^ ‑ Bikajmlixry Iff}xroxmh *Aj}rajiff Fisidgxkdm& 2>>>) IQBD0 >881>32?7

· Mffikxx W odh Mffikxx H ‑ Bikajmlixry odh Lkfma}for Bikfkgy *Kzckrh ]dismrixy& 2>>?)

IQBD0 >?9:7>>8=:

· Loxxjmw E A mx of ‑ Bikajmlixry *Bmd`olid A}llidg& ?999) IQBD0 >:>=11>333

· Didco O odh Boffk} H ‑ C}dholmdxof Fobkroxkry O~~rkoajm ckr Bikajmlixry odh

Bikxmajdkfkgy *@kjd Wifmy odh Qkd& ?99:) IQBD0 ?:9?7:3>>:

Wmbixm

· Xjm Bikajmliaof Qkaimxy0 www$bikajmlixry$krg

· Xjm ̂ jyikfkgiaof Qkaimxy0 www$~jyka$krg@k}rdof

· Bikajmliaof `k}rdof

· Xjm @k}rdof kc ^jyikfkgy

· Mz~mrilmdxof ^jyikfkgy

· Xjm ^jyikfkgiaof Qkaimxy Logopidm

http://www.biochemistry.org/

http://www.physoc.org/






‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

13




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

17

]dix 10 ^jyikfkgy

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix wiff mdobfm xjm fmordmr xk goid od }dhmrxodhidg kc o d}lbmr kc yxml wixjid xjm

bkhy& idaf}hidg xjm dmrsk} yxml& bfkkh odh aorhiksoa}for yxml& rm~iroxkry yxml&

higmxism yxml& rmdof yxml odh mdhkaridm yxml$ Xjm il~krxodam kc xjm idxmr,rmfoxikdji~

bmxwmmd xjmm hismrm yxml xk mdobfm xjm loidxmdodam kc jklmkxoi wixjid od krgodil

wiff ofk bm ml~joimh$


a}rria}f}l mg fkdgmsixy$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Idsmxigoxm xjm xr}ax}rm kc ~maiofimh amff xk xjmir c}daxikdidg wixjid xi}m

2 Mz~foid jkw hiccmrmdx xi}m akll}diaoxm wixj moaj kxjmr

1 Ihmdxicy xjm hiccmrmdx lmxjkh osoifobfm xk od krgodil xk oilifoxm d}xrimdx odh

rmlksm woxm ~rkh}ax$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

1:

Akdxmdx

? Qxr}ax}rm kc ~maiofimh amff

L}afm amff0 l}afm odoxkly *lykcibrif& lykcifolmdx& lykid& oaxid)& hiccmrmdam id

xr}ax}rm odh c}daxikd bmxwmmd lkkxj& aorhioa odh emfmxof l}afm& lksmlmdx kc lykid

odh oaxid h}ridg akdxroaxikd

Dm}rkdof amff0 dm}rkgfio *Qajwodd amff& oxrkayxm& liarkgfio& kfigkhmdhrkayxm)& dm}rkd

xr}ax}rm *hmdhrixm& ozkd)& ydo~m& lymfid jmoxj& k~mroxikd kc Do%E % ikd ~}l~& ikd

ajoddmf

M~ixjmfiof amff0 xigjx `}daxikd& lmlbrodm xrod~krx kc ikd& cf}ih odh loarklkfma}fm&

lmlbrodm ~kxmdxiof

Qmarmxkry amff0 idarmomh d}lbmr kc lixkajkdhrio ckr ohhixikdof mdmrgy rmq}irmlmdx ckr

ydxjmi kc loxmriof ckr rmfmom& ~oaeogidg kc marmxmh loxmriof idxk marmxkry grod}fm&akl~orikd kc hiccmrmdx marmxkry amff *mg odxmrikr ~ix}ixory& goxria amff& fismr amff)

Jklmkxoi0 loidxmdodam kc akdixmdx amff}for akdhixikd ckr amrxoid soriobfm *~J&

xml~mrox}rm& akdamdxroxikd kc hikfsmh gom& ikd odh krgodia d}xrimdx)& akl~kdmdx kc

jklmkxoxia akdxrkf yxml *rmam~xkr& mdkry ~oxjwoy& idxmgroxikd amdxrm& lkxkr ~oxjwoy&

mccmaxkr)& dmgoxism cmmhboae lmajodil

Jklmkxoxia yxml0 jy~kxjofolia rmfmoidg odh idjibixkry jkrlkdm& xjm jkrlkdm kc xjm

odxmrikr ~ix}ixory odh xjmir mccmax kd xjmir xorgmx krgod& dmrsk} akdxrkf kc xjm rmfmom kc

jkrlkdm crkl xjm ~kxmrikr ~ix}ixory *OHJ odh kzyxkaid)& dmrsk} akdxrkf kc bfkkh

~rm}rm

2 Akll}diaoxikd bmxwmmd xi}m

Mdhkaridm yxml0 idxroamff}for xriggmr ckr rmfmom kc xkrmh ~m~xihm *makdh lmmdgmr

yxml)& rmam~xkr odh xjmir rmg}foxikd& hiccmrmdx jkrlkdm xr}ax}rm odh lmajodil kc

oaxikd xk idaf}hm0 ~m~xihm& xmrkih& xjyrkih odh dm}rkxrodlixxmr

Dmrsk} yxml0 lmlbrodm odh oaxikd ~kxmdxiof& xr}ax}rm odh c}daxikd kc xjm amdxrof&

~mri~jmrof odh o}xkdklia dmrsk} yxml& igdoffidg& xjm rmcfmz ora& cibrm xroax id xjm

~idof akrh& c}daxikdof dm}rkodoxkly kc xjm broid

1 Oilifoxikd kc d}xrimdx odh rmlksof kc woxm ~rkh}ax

Xjm goxrkidxmxidof xroax 0 lkr~jkfkgiaof odh c}daxikdof rmfoxikdji~ id xjm ofilmdxory

aodof& lmajodil odh akdxrkf kc lkxifixy& dm}rkjkrlkdof akdxrkf kc goxria odh ~odarmoxia

mzkaridm marmxikd& dox}rm odh c}daxikd kc bifm

Xjm aorhiksoa}for yxml0 xjm gmdmrof odoxkly odh jixkfkgy kc xjm aorhiksoa}for

yxml& xjm ~jyikfkgy odh mfmaxrk,~jyikfkgy kc xjm jmorx& bfkkh ~rm}rm odh ix akdxrkf&

ao~iffory bfkkh cfkw odh mzajodgm kc cf}ih

Xjm rmdof yxml0 xr}ax}rm odh hmxoifmh akdihmroxikd kc xjm c}daxikd kc xjm eihdmy&

ak}dxmr a}rrmdx lmajodil& woxmr odh ofx bofodam& rmg}foxikd kc ~J kc bkhy cf}ih

Xjm rm~iroxkry yxml0 xr}ax}rm kc xjm rm~iroxkry yxml& lmajodil kc smdxifoxikd&

gomk} mzajodgm& xrod~krx kc rm~iroxkry gom& gmdmroxikd kc rjyxjlia brmoxjidg& dmrsk}odh ajmliaof akdxrkf kc brmoxjidg




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

19




xjm obifixy xk0

? Idsmxigoxm xjm xr}ax}rm kc

~maiofimh amff xk xjmir

c}daxikdidg wixjid xi}m

· akl~orm odh akdxrox xjm amff}for xr}ax}rm kc ox

fmox xwk ~maiofimh amff

· om xjm ~rk~mrxim kc ox fmox xwk ~maiofimh amff

wjiaj mdobfm xjml xk ~mrckrl xjmir ~maiofimh

c}daxikd

· msof}oxm xjm jklmkxoxia akdxrkf lmajodil

dmamory xk mdobfm ox fmox xwk xi}m xk c}daxikdmccmaxismfy wixjid od krgodil

2 Mz~foid jkw hiccmrmdx xi}m

akll}diaoxm wixj moaj kxjmr

· mz~foid xjm k~mroxikd kc xjm mdhkaridm yxml wixj

rm~max xk ix rmg}foxkry rkfm wixjid od krgodil

· msof}oxm xjm k~mroxikd kc xjm dmrsk} yxml o o

lmxjkh kc ro~ih igdoffidg wixjid od krgodil

1 Ihmdxicy xjm hiccmrmdx lmxjkh

osoifobfm xk od krgodil xk

oilifoxm d}xrimdx odh

rmlksm woxm ~rkh}ax

· rmfoxm xjm yxml by wjiaj od krgodil obkrb

kfih d}xrimdx xk ix dmmh xk loidxoid o akdxodx

idxmrdof mdsirkdlmdx

· mz~foid xjm lmajodil by wjiaj od krgodilloidxoid o woxmr odh ofx bofodam hiccmrmdx xk ix

mzxmrdof mdsirkdlmdx

· mz~foid xjm ~rkamm by wjiaj gomk} mzajodgm

kaa}r bmxwmmd od krgodil odh ix mzxmrdof

mdsirkdlmdx

· msof}oxm xjm mcciaoay kc xjm yxml ml~fkymh by

krgodil xk rih xjmlmfsm kc kfih odh gomk}

woxm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

8>

G}ihodam

HmfismryXji }dix jk}fh bm hmfismrmh xjrk}gj od idxmgroxmh o~~rkoaj kc xjmkry& ~roaxiaof idsmxigoxikd

odh ~roaxiaof hmlkdxroxikd$ Xk iff}xroxm amrxoid xjmlm r}ddidg xjrk}gjk}x xji }dix& xjm

fmordmr ak}fh kbmrsm odh ~orxiai~oxm id ~jyikfkgiaof ~rkamm& }aj o xjm rmg}foxikd kc

bfkkh ~rm}rm& rm~iroxkry c}daxikd odh xjm mccmax kc mzmraim kd ~}fm roxm$ Xjm }m kc IAX xk

oaam makdhory hoxo xk akdcirl ~rilory hoxo kbxoidmh h}ridg ~roaxiaof idsmxigoxikd odh

hmlkdxroxikd jk}fh bm mdak}rogmh$

Omlmdx

Msihmdam kc k}xaklm loy bm id xjm ckrl kc oigdlmdx& ~rk`max& xmx kr ~roaxiaof

idsmxigoxikd$

Xk mdobfm fmordmr xk gmdmroxm xjm rmq}irmh msihmdam& o sorimxy kc xroxmgim loy bm ohk~xmh xk

xoifkr xjm }dix xk xjm rmk}ram osoifobfm wixjid od idxix}xikd$ Xjm k}xaklm aod bm xrmoxmh kd

od idhisih}of boi& akdamdxroxidg kd ~maicia amff odh bkhy yxml$ Ofxmrdoxismfy& o xjmloxia

o~~rkoaj aksmridg msmrof kr off k}xaklm loy bm }mh& id wjiaj x}him kc akll}diaoxikd

bmxwmmd amff wixjid xi}m odh hiccmrmdx bkhy yxml aod bm }mh xk iff}xroxm xjm ~ridai~fm

kc jklmkxoi wixjid od krgodil$

Fide

Xji }dix ~rksihm fide wixj xjm akrm }dix kc ]dix ?0 Amff Bikfkgy& ]dix 20 Bikajmlixry&

]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m odh ]dix =0 Odofyi kc Qaimdxicia Idckrloxikd odh Hoxo$ Ix ofk

jo fide wixj xjm ~maiofix }dix kc ]dix 90 J}lod ^jyikfkgy& ]dix ?>0 Lkfma}for Bikfkgy

odh Gmdmxia& ]dix ?20 ^jorloakfkgy odh ]dix 2:0 ^fodx ^jyikfkgy odh Mdsirkdlmdxof

Oho~xoxikd$

Rmk}ram

Fmordmr wiff dmmh oaam xk fibrory& IAX odh& wjmrm o~~rk~rioxm& wmff,mq}i~~mh fobkroxkry

coaifixim }aj o bfkkh ~rm}rm lkdixkr& MAG& Hk}gfo bog odh mzmraim biayafm$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

8?

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Ckz Q ‑ J}lod ^jyikfkgy *LaGrow Jiff& 2>>?) IQBD0 >>7??2>7:=

· Qmmfmy R mx of ‑ Odoxkly # ^jyikfkgy *LaGrow,Jiff Mh}aoxikd& 2>>2)

IQBD0 >>7??=>9>>· Qjmrwkkh F ‑ J}lod ^jyikfkgy0 Crkl Amff xk Qyxml *Brkke Akfm& 2>>1)

IQBD0 >=1819=>?=

· Xkrxkro G odh Grobkwei Q ‑ ^ridai~fm kc Odoxkly # ̂ jyikfkgy *@kjd Wifmy # Qkd&

2>>>) IQBD0 >87?8?2:>=

Wmbixm

Xjm ^jyikfkgiaof Qkaimxy0 www$~jyka$krg

, Qx}hy g}ihm

, Mh}aoxikd

, Wmbfide

@k}rdof









‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

82




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

81

]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix hmsmfk~ fmordmr’ ~roaxiaof eiff id ajmliaof odh bikajmliaof xmajdiq}m odh offkw

xjml xk aorry k}x ~roaxiaof odh msof}oxm odh idxmr~rmx xjm rm}fx$ Xjm mz~mrilmdx aorrimh k}x

wiff rmfoxm xk sorik} lmxjkh kc odofyi$ Xjmkrmxiaof o~max kc sorik} xmajdiq}m& wjiaj loy

dkx bm osoifobfm id xjm fobkroxkry& wiff ofk bm aksmrmh$

Xjm }dix }~~krx xjm loxmriof id ]dix 20Bikajmlixry odh ]dix 30^rk`max $

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? ]m odh o~~fy q}odxixoxism odofyxiaof xmajdiq}m

2 Mz~foid odh }m o rodgm kc idxr}lmdxof xmajdiq}m

1 Msof}oxm& idxmr~rmx odh ~rmmdx ~roaxiaof wkre

8 Wkre ocmfy xjrk}gjk}x off ~roaxiaof wkre id oaakrhodam wixj jmofxj odh ocmxy fmgifoxikd$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

88

Akdxmdx

? _}odxixoxism odofyxiaof xmajdiq}m

Lmo}rmlmdx kc akdamdxroxikd0 ~mramdxogm ‑ lo+skf}lm odh lo+lo& lkfor lo&

lkfm& lkfor kf}xikd

Skf}lmxria odofyi0 o~~rk~rioxm xixroxikd ‑ oaih+bom odh rmhkz xk odofym rmfmsodx

akl~kdmdx

Mz~mrilmdxof xmajdiq}m0 }m kc mq}i~lmdx& jmofxj odh ocmxy ~rkamh}rm

]m kc xmajdiq}m0 cifxroxikd& rmcf}z& hixiffoxikd

Hoxofkggidg 0 hoxo ao~x}rm& hoxo odofyi

2 Idxr}lmdxof xmajdiq}m

Xy~m kc idxr}lmdx 0 xjmkrmxiaof odh ~roaxiaof o~max kc sorik} xmajdiq}m ‑ ~J&

akfkrilmxry& }s& siibfm ~maxrk~jkxklmxry& cfolm ~jkxklmxry& oxklia obkr~xikd

~maxrk~jkxklmxry& ~o~mr odh xjid foymr ajrkloxkgro~jy& go ajrkloxkgro~jy& jigj

~mrckrlodam fiq}ih ajrkloxkgro~jy& ir ~maxrk~jkxklmxry& gmf mfmaxrk~jkrmi& ikd

mzajodgm odh gmf cifxroxikd

1 Msof}oxm& idxmr~rmx odh ~rmmdx

Mz~mrilmdxof rm}fx ckr 0 msof}oxikd odh idxmr~rmxoxikd& ~jyiaof odh idxr}lmdxof rm}fx&

hrowidg sofih akdaf}ikd& }ggmxidg il~rksmlmdx

Fixmrox}rm rmmoraj0 fibrorim& hoxobom odh idxmrdmx

^roaxiaof wkre 0 xodhorh ckrlox id wrixxmd rm~krx& ~kxmr& krof ~rmmdxoxikd& IX& akrrmax

rmcmrmdaidg

8 Wkre ocmfy

Fobkroxkry wkre 0 Jmofxj odh Qocmxy ox Wkre Oax& AKQQJ rmg}foxikd

Rie omlmdx0 jmofxj odh ocmxy fixmrox}rm& msof}oxikd kc rie




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

8=




xjm obifixy xk0

? ]m odh o~~fy q}odxixoxism

odofyxiaof xmajdiq}m

· mfmax o~~rk~rioxm xmajdiq}m ckr odofyxiaof

o~~fiaoxikd

· ~rm~orm odh }m akrrmax ajmliaof odh kf}xikd kc

ajmliaof

· }m mq}i~lmdx ocmfy odh xk od o~~rk~rioxm hmgrmm

kc oaa}roay

· loem rmohidg xk xjm rmq}irmh oaa}roay odh rmakrh

rm}fx id xjm akrrmax ckrlox

2 Mz~foid odh }m o rodgm kc

idxr}lmdxof xmajdiq}m

· mfmax odh `}xicy o~~rk~rioxm idxr}lmdxof lmxjkh

ckr o~~fiaoxikd

· mz~foid xjm ~ridai~fm }dhmrfyidg moaj xmajdiq}m

}mh

· ~rm~orm odh aofibroxm idxr}lmdx ckr }m

· loem rmohidg xk xjm rmq}irmh oaa}roay odh rmakrh

rm}fx id xjm akrrmax ckrlox

1 Msof}oxm& idxmr~rmx odh

~rmmdx ~roaxiaof wkre · }m o~~rk~rioxm lmxjkh xk rmakrh odh msof}oxm hoxo

· }m akrrmax lmxjkh xk ~rkam mz~mrilmdxof hoxo

· idxmr~rmx rm}fx crkl ~roaxiaof wkre

· ~rkh}am ox fmox cism wrixxmd fobkroxkry rm~krx& id

xjm rmq}irmh ckrlox

· }m xodhorh rmcmrmdaidg lmxjkh

8 Wkre ocmfy xjrk}gjk}x off

~roaxiaof wkre id oaakrhodam

wixj jmofxj odh ocmxyfmgifoxikd

· msof}oxm jmofxj odh ocmxy il~fiaoxikd kc bikfkgiaof

fobkroxkry wkre

· }m joporh hoxo xk aorry k}x o rie omlmdx ckr

moaj oaxisixy }dhmrxoemd

· aorry k}x ~roaxiaof wkre }idg ocm ~roaxiam id

oaakrhodam wixj idxix}xikdof rmg}foxikd odh

fmgifoxikd




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

83

G}ihodam

HmfismryXjm }dix jk}fh bm hmfismrmh xjrk}gj o aklbidoxikd kc wmff,~foddmh ~roaxiaof wkre odh fmax}rm

aksmridg o sorimxy kc ~roaxiaof xmajdiq}m$ Ix i idxmdhmh xjox lkx kc xji }dix wiff bm ~roaxiaoffy

bomh& b}x klm lkrm ckrlof xmoajidg wiff bm rmq}irmh ckr xjm }dhmrfyidg ~ridai~fm kc xjm

xmajdiq}m aksmrmh$ Qklm kc xjm ommh ~roaxiaof wkre loy bm idxmgroxmh idxk oigdlmdx ckr

kxjmr }dix$

Omlmdx

Xjm k}xaklm ckr xji }dix wiff bm ommh ~rilorify xjrk}gj aorryidg k}x ~roaxiaof

mz~mrilmdx odh ~rkh}aidg rm~krx kc xjkm mz~mrilmdx$ Xjm xmajdiq}m hmsmfk~mh wiff bm

}mh id o sorimxy kc akdxmzx$

Msihmdam wiff dkrloffy bm id xjm ckrl kc wrixxmd rm~krx& ofxjk}gj od oigdlmdx ckr k}xaklm 2

wk}fh bm o~~rk~rioxm ic fmordmr hk dkx josm oaam xk off xjm idxr}lmdx hmaribmh$ ^roaxiaof

eiff jk}fh ofk bm ommh odh wk}fh ~rksihm msihmdam ckr k}xaklm ? odh 2$

Fide


]dix =0 Odofyi kc Qaimdxicia Idckrloxikd odh Hoxo odh ]dix ?30 Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy$ Ix ofk

jo fide wixj xjm ~maiofix }dix kc ]dix 70 Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx & ]dix ?>0 Lkfma}for

Bikfkgy odh Gmdmxia& ]dix ??0 Gmdmxia& ]dix ?20 ^jorloakfkgy& ]dix ?10Ill}dkfkgy&

]dix ?80 Jixkfkgy odh Jomloxkfkgy& ]dix ?=0 Idcmaxik} Himom& ]dix ?:0 Afidiaof

Ajmlixry& ]dix ?90 ^oxjkfkgy Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx odh ]dix 2=0 Ajmlixry ckr Bikfkgy$

Rmk}ram

Fmordmr wiff dmmh oaam xk wmff,mq}i~~mh fobkroxkrim& fibrory odh IAX coaifixim ckr rmmoraj

~}r~km odh hoxo,fkggidg coaifixim$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Ciajboaj C ‑ O Lod}of kc Fobkroxkry odh Hiogdkxia Xmx *Fi~~idakxx& Wiffiol odh

Wifeid& 2>>1) IQBD0 >7:?78?:>7

· Fiddm @ odh Ridgr}h E ‑ Afidiaof Fobkroxkry Qaimdam0 Xjm Boia *Lkby& ?999)

IQBD0 >121>>7=9

· LaGjmm L ‑ O G}ihm xk Fobkroxkry Idsmxigoxikd *Rohaficcm Lmhiaof ^rm& 2>>1)

IQBD0 ?:=77=:218

· P}briae W @ ‑ Xjm Krgodia Ajmlixry Fobkroxkry Q}rsisof Lod}of0 O Fmordmr’ G}ihm xk

Xmajdiq}m *@kjd Wifmy odh Qkd& 2>>1) IQBD0 >87?2?=2>?




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

87

]dix =0 Odofyi kc Qaimdxicia Idckrloxikd

odh Hoxo

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix i hmigdmh xk idxrkh}am odh+kr hmsmfk~ klm kc xjm loxjmloxiaof odh xoxixiaof

xmajdiq}m akllkdfy }mh xk ~rkam aimdxicia hoxo$ Id xjm 2?x

amdx}ry& l}aj hoxo ~rkamidg

i ~mrckrlmh by akl~}xmr$ Xjm il~krxodam kc }dhmrxodhidg jkw odh id wjox aira}lxodam xk

}m idhisih}of loxjmloxiaof odh xoxixiaof xmajdiq}m& odh xjm igdiciaodam kc xjm rm}fx

kbxoidmh i dkx hilidijmh by xjm osoifobifixy kc akl~}xoxikdof coaifixim$

Xjm ~rilory k}xaklm kc aimdxicia mz~mrilmdxoxikd crmq}mdxfy akl~rim hoxo& xjm skf}lm kc

wjiaj sorim smry igdiciaodxfy wixj xjm xy~m kc wkre }dhmrxoemd$ Xjm odofyi kc xjm hoxo

kbxoidmh dmmh xk bm ~rkammh id klm woy xk mzxroax lmodidg$

Xjm ml~joi id xjm hmfismry kc xji }dix jk}fh bm kd xjm }m kc loxjmloxiaof odh xoxixiaof

xmajdiq}m id o~~rk~rioxm akdxmzx$ Xjm xrmoxlmdx kc xjm xmajdiq}m i ~roaxiaof roxjmr xjod

xjmkrmxiaof$ Q}cciaimdx boaegrk}dh xk moaj xmajdiq}m jk}fh bm hmsmfk~mh xk mdobfm fmordmr xk0

· mfmax xjm lkx o~~rk~rioxm xmajdiq}m xk ~rkam mz~mrilmdxof odh kxjmr hoxo

· o~~fy xjml }idg ody osoifobfm akl~}xoxikdof oih

· }dhmrxodh xjm igdiciaodam odh xjm filixoxikd kc xjm rm}fx kbxoidmh$

Xjm xy~m kc xmajdiq}m rmq}irmh by fmordmr i jigjfy hm~mdhmdx kd xjm ~maiofil kc xjmir

~rkgrollm kc x}hy$ Ix i dkx ~kibfm xk hmcidm o akllkd mx kc xmajdiq}m ckr }m by off

fmordmr$ Xji }dix k}xfidm o mx kc ~ridai~fm& wixjid wjiaj moaj xmajdiq}m aod bm cixxmh$

^rkgrollm xmol jk}fh odofym xjm loxjmloxiaof rmq}irmlmdx kc xjmir ~rkgrollm odh

mfmax xjm mx kc xmajdiq}m rmq}irmh by fmordmr xk hmrism lmodidg crkl xjm idckrloxikd odh

hoxo xjmy wiff mdak}dxmr h}ridg xjmir x}him odh xjmir wkre id aimdam$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Oaq}irm odh hi~foy idckrloxikd odh hoxo

2 ]m o~~rk~rioxm lmxjkh xk ~rkam idckrloxikd odh hoxo

1 Rm~krx rm}fx odh akdaf}ikd$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

8:

Akdxmdx

? Oaq}irm odh hi~foy hoxo

O~~rk~rioxm akdxmzx id wjiaj xk o~~fy loxjmloxiaof+xoxixiaof xmajdiq}m0 oriidg

dox}roffy crkl xjm ~rkgrollm kc x}hy mg ~rkamidg mz~mrilmdxof hoxo& xmxidg xjmkrmxiaof

lkhmf& msof}oxidg igdiciaodam kc rmmoraj hoxo& mxa

Lmxjkh ckr kbxoididg idckrloxikd odh hoxo0 mz~mrilmdxof lmo}rmlmdx+kbmrsoxikd&

}rsmy& makdhory k}ram

Kbxoid idckrloxikd odh hoxo0 ol~fidg crkl ~k~}foxikd& ol~fm ~rm~oroxikd& aofibroxikd kc

mq}i~lmdx& loeidg lmo}rmlmdx odh kbmrsoxikd& rm~mxixikd xk akdcirl sof}m& }m kc

q}mxikddoirm& }m kc makdhory hoxo k}ram mg& kbxoididg od odofyxiaof ol~fm& ~rm~oridg

ckr odofyi& mxxidg }~ odh aofibroxidg xjm mq}i~lmdx& xoeidg xjm rmq}irmh rmohidg& loeidg

rm~mxixism rmohidg xk ajmae sof}m& mxa Mrrkr id xjm oaq}iixikd kc hoxo0 rodhkl& yxmloxia odh grk mrrkr5 akdxrib}xikd kc xjm

sorik} xy~m kc mrrkr xk oaa}roay odh ~rmaiikd5 ihmdxiciaoxikd odh lidilioxikd kc

yxmloxia mrrkr mg msof}oxidg k}ram kc mrrkr id o ~roaxiaof mzmraim& il~rksidg xmajdiq}m

xk lidilim yxmloxia mrrkr& aofibroxidg mq}i~lmdx xk lidilim rodhkl mrrkr

Afoicy odh hi~foy xjm idckrloxikd odh hoxo0 afoicy0 aoxmgkriaof& krhidof& hiarmxm odh

akdxid}k} hoxo0 hi~foy5 crmq}mday xobfm& bor ajorx& jixkgrol& aoxxmr hiogrol& gro~j5

}m kc ~rmohjmmx mg akl~ifoxikd kc hoxo crkl od mdsirkdlmdxof }rsmy idxk xobfm odh

hi~foy }idg o~~rk~rioxm gro~jiaof lmxjkh& hi~foyidg mz~mrilmdxof hoxo o fidm kc bmx cix&

}idg o~~rk~rioxm ozm& mxa

2 ^rkam idckrloxikd odh hoxo

Gro~jiaof lmxjkh0 ajkiam kc ozm& a}rsm cixxidg ‑ fidmor rmgrmikd& fmox q}orm lmxjkh&

fidmor& fkgorixjlia& mz~kdmdxiof a}rsm

Ofgmbroia lmxjkh0 fidmor odh il}fxodmk} mq}oxikd& rm,orrodgmlmdx kc mq}oxikd& fidmor

idxmr~kfoxikd& kf}xikd by d}lmriaof odh gro~jiaof lmxjkh

]m kc aofa}f}0 hiccmrmdxioxikd odh idxmgroxikd& hiccmrmdxiof mq}oxikd mg roxm mq}oxikd&

wkre odh mdmrgy& mq}oxikd kc xoxm& hmxmrlidoxikd kc xjmrlkhydolia q}odxixim&

hmxmrlidoxikd kc mfmaxrkajmliaof c}daxikd

Qxoxixiaof lmxjkh0 mxiloxm kc amdxrm kc hixrib}xikd ‑ lkhm& lmhiod& lmod5 lmo}rm kc

~rmoh kr hi~mrikd ‑ hmsioxikd& soriodam& xodhorh hmsioxikd& akmcciaimdx kc sorioxikd5

akrrmfoxikd5 xjm dkrlof hixrib}xikd0 ormo }dhmr xjm dkrlof a}rsm& xmx ckr dkrlofixy5 xmx

kc igdiciaodam0 x,xmx& C,xmx5 xmx ckr gkkhdm kc cix ‑ a2 xmx5 jy~kxjmi xmxidg ‑ d}ff

jy~kxjmi& igdiciaodam fmsmf& ~kwmr kc xjm xmx& kdm,xoifmh odh xwk,xoifmh& akdcihmdam

idxmrsof mg ihmdxiciaoxikd odh mfilidoxikd kc rkg}m rm}fx& akl~oxibifixy kc odofyxiaof

rm}fx& q}ofixy akdxrkf& omidg igdiciaodam kc ~jyikfkgiaof odh gmdmxia hoxo& mxa

Mrrkr id hoxo ~rkamidg 0 obkf}xm& rmfoxism odh akl~k}dh mrrkr5 akl~}xmr mrrkr ‑

rm~rmmdxoxikd kc d}lbmr& rk}dh,kcc mrrkr& xr}daoxikd mrrkr




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

89

1 Rm~krx rm}fx odh akdaf}ikd

Xkxof mrrkr id rm}fx 0 lmxjkh kd aklbidoxikd kc akl~kdmdx mrrkr& mxiloxikd kc xjm fmsmf

kc akdcihmdam id xjm rm}fx kbxoidmh

Akdaf}ikd crkl xjm wkre 0 sof}m kc lmo}rmh ~orolmxmr& sofihixy kc jy~kxjmm& }~~krx

ckr xjmkrmxiaof lkhmf& akdcirloxikd kc lkhmf hmsmfk~mh& oaa}roay odh ~rmaiikd kc

lmo}rmlmdx odh rm}fx

Idckrloxikd kd xjm ~rkbfml x}himh 0 cixdm ckr ~}r~km kc xjm lmxjkh }mh& sofihixy kc

akdaf}ikd& idckrloxikd ~rksihmh kd xjm yxml x}himh& akl~oxibifixy kc rm}fx wixj

xjkm crkl kxjmr k}ram

^rmmdxoxikd kc idckrloxikd0 cixdm ckr ~}r~km kc lmhio }mh& aforixy kc idckrloxikd&

akll}diaoxikd kc wkre aorrimh k}x odh rm}fx odh akdaf}ikd kbxoidmh




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

=>




xjm obifixy xk0

? Oaq}irm odh hi~foy

idckrloxikd odh hoxo

· ihmdxicy o~~rk~rioxm akdxmzx id wjiaj xk o~~fy

loxjmloxiaof+xoxixiaof xmajdiq}m

· }m lmxjkh ckr kbxoididg idckrloxikd odh hoxo

· kbxoid xjm rmq}irmh idckrloxikd odh hoxo by

lmo}rmlmdx kr crkl o~~rk~rioxm makdhory k}ram

· ihmdxicy ody mrrkr id xjm oaq}iixikd kc hoxo· afoicy odh hi~foy xjm idckrloxikd odh hoxo

kbxoidmh& }idg o~~rk~rioxm xob}for& gro~jiaof odh

kxjmr lmxjkh

2 ]m o~~rk~rioxm lmxjkh xk

~rkam idckrloxikd odh

hoxo

· o~~fy loxjmloxiaof+xoxixiaof lmxjkh akrrmaxfy odh

xk o~~rk~rioxm fmsmf kc oaa}roay

· ihmdxicy ody mrrkr id xjm ~rkamidg kc hoxo

· lkdixkr xjm }m kc o~~fiaoxikd kc d}lbmr eiff

· rmsimw xjm ~rkgrm kc xjm aofa}foxikd

1 Rm~krx rm}fx odh

akdaf}ikd

· aofa}foxm xjm xkxof mrrkr id xjm rm}fx odh mxiloxm

xjm fmsmf kc akdcihmdam id xjm rm}fx

· idxmr~rmx xjm rm}fx kbxoidmh odh ihmdxicy xjm loid

cidhidg crkl xjm wkre

· ~rmmdx idckrloxikd mccmaxismfy




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

=?

G}ihodam

HmfismryQklm fmordmr kd Jigjmr Doxikdof aimdam ~rkgrollm loy dkx josm oajimsmh o fmsmf 1

q}oficiaoxikd id loxjmloxia$ Hmfismry loy& xjmrmckrm& dmmh xk bridg fmordmr }~ xk fmsmf 1& odh

xjmd akdamdxroxm kd xjm }m kc loxjmloxiaof xmajdiq}m id aimdam$

Hmfismry jk}fh cka} kd xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc loxjmloxiaof kr xoxixiaof xmajdiq}m id aimdam&

roxjmr xjod kd xjm xmajdiq}m xjmlmfsm$ Xjm ml~joi jk}fh bm kd mfmaxikd odh

il~fmlmdxoxikd kc lmxjkh o~~rk~rioxm xk gismd aimdxicia akdxmzx& odh kd xjm msof}oxikd kc xjm

igdiciaodam kc xjm rm}fx odh akdaf}ikd kbxoidmh$ Fmordmr jk}fh dkx bm rmq}irmh xk aorry

k}x aofa}foxikd lod}offy& wjmrm o~~rk~rioxm kcxworm i osoifobfm$ Jkwmsmr& xjmy jk}fh bm

xo}gjx xk }m xjm kcxworm akrrmaxfy& odh xk o~~rmaioxm bkxj xjm xrmdgxj odh xjm filixoxikd kc

xjm lmxjkh }mh$

Ml~joim xjm il~krxodam kc ^im Ajorx *ckr cidodam) odh z,y ajorx ckr loxjmloxiaof hoxo$

Omlmdx

Xjm msihmdam ~rmmdxmh ckr omlmdx l}x rmcfmax xjm loxjmloxiaof+xoxixiaof dmmh kc xjm

~rkgrollm$ Xjm msihmdam wiff ihmoffy bm hrowd crkl oaxisixim xjox ckrl o dkrlof ~orx kc xjm

~rkgrollm kc x}hy kc aimdam& roxjmr xjod bmidg hmsmfk~mh ~}rmfy xk lmmx xjm dmmh kc xji

}dix$ Fmordmr loy bm gismd k~~krx}dixim xk mfmax xjmir msihmdam crkl o rodgm kc oaxisixim

wixjid xjm ~rkgrollm$

Xjm ml~joi jk}fh bm kd xjm oaxisixy id xkxof roxjmr xjod cka}idg kdfy kd xjm loxjmloxiaof

lodi~}foxikd$ Akdihmroxikd jk}fh bm gismd xk mfmaxidg o~~rk~rioxm lmxjkh crkl xjkmosoifobfm& ~foddidg xjm akffmaxikd kc idckrloxikd odh hoxo xk o}rm xjm sofihixy kc xjm

aofa}foxikd& k~xil}l lmxjkh xk hi~foy xjm hoxo& ihmdxiciaoxikd odh lidilioxikd kc mrrkr&

oaa}roxm o~~fiaoxikd kc loxjmloxiaof+xoxixiaof lmxjkh& odh omlmdx kc xjm oaa}roay&

~rmaiikd odh igdiciaodam kc xjm rm}fx kbxoidmh$

Akl~fmxikd kc ~rkbfml jmmx }~~fimh by xjm x}xkr wiff gism o ckrloxism akdxrib}xikd xk xjm

hmsmfk~lmdx kc msihmdam& b}x wiff dkx& by ixmfc& lmmx xjm k}xaklm kc xji }dix$ Fmordmr jk}fh

~rmmdx msihmdam kc o lidil}l kc ~foddidg& oaq}iridg odh ~rkamidg hoxo& odh kc msof}oxidg

xjm igdiciaodam kc xjm rm}fx odh akdaf}ikd kbxoidmh$

Msihmdam jk}fh idaf}hm bkxj hmxmrlididg lmodidg crkl o idgfm hoxo mx odh omidg forgm

hoxo mx ckr lmodidg$

Fide

Xji }dix aod bm fidemh xk ody kxjmr id xjm ~rkgrollm xjox ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim xk lodi~}foxm

idckrloxikd odh hoxo$ Ihmoffy& xjm msihmdam ckr omlmdx wiff bm hrowd crkl oaxisixim

jkwidg idxmgroxikd bmxwmmd xji }dix odh kdm kr lkrm kc xjm kxjmr }dix$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

=1

]dix 30 ^rk`max

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>

D_C Fmsmf 80 BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof ‑ J2

Hmari~xikd kc }dix

L}aj kc xjm wkre wixjid jigjmr ~rkgrollm id aimdam i hmigdmh xk hmsmfk~ o~~rk~rioxm

edkwfmhgm odh eiff& odh i akdmq}mdxfy filixmh id ak~m ckr rmokd kc aforixy odh

oajimsobifixy$ Wjmd id ml~fkylmdx& aimdxix orm crmq}mdxfy rmq}irmh xk mfmax odh o~~fy

o~~rk~rioxm edkwfmhgm odh eiff xk }dcolifior ix}oxikd$ Fmordmr wiff josm xjm k~~krx}dixy xk

idxmgroxm xjm edkwfmhgm odh eiff xjox xjmy josm oaq}irmh crkl kxjmr }dix id xji ~maiciaoxikd

by o~~fyidg xjml xk od mzxmdhmh idhisih}of x}hy$

Xjm idhisih}of x}hy aod bm hrowd crkl o wihm rodgm kc oaxisixim o~~rk~rioxm xk xjm ~rkgrollm kc x}hy$ Xjm x}hy jk}fh josm o igdiciaodx ~roaxiaof akdxrib}xikd$ Xji }dix

~rksihm od ihmof k~~krx}dixy ckr xjm }m kc Idckrloxikd odh Akll}diaoxikd Xmajdkfkgy odh

lodogmlmdx idckrloxikd yxml$

Irrm~maxism kc xjm dox}rm kc xjm idsmxigoxikd& xjm akdh}ax kc xjm wkre jk}fh bm fkgiaoffy bomh

kd xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc xjm aimdxicia lmxjkh$ Fmordmr l}x xoem rm~kdibifixy ckr xjm

ckrl}foxikd kc o ~rk`max ~fod ocxmr od idixiof }rsmy kc rmfmsodx idckrloxikd kd ~rmsik} wkre

odh ~kibfm lmxjkh kc o~~rkoaj$ Ocxmr bmidg ogrmmh wixj xjm omkr& xjm ~fod jk}fh bm

il~fmlmdxmh& xjm rm}fx msof}oxmh odh xjm cidhidg ~rmmdxmh id od o~~rk~rioxm woy$ Xk

oajimsm xjm k}xaklm kc xji }dix& fmordmr l}x o~~fy rmmoraj& odofyxiaof odh ~foddidg eiff&

ihmdxicy& oaam odh }m o sorimxy kc idckrloxikd k}ram& wkre ocmfy odh oaa}roxmfy& ~rkam

idckrloxikd odh hoxo ~rmaimfy& odh xk rm~krx xjm idsmxigoxikd id o akjmrmdx& akdaim odhrigkrk} ckrl$

Idsmxigoxikd hmigdmh by xjm x}xkr odh aorrimh k}x }idg xodhorh odh }~~fimh lmxjkh orm

}dfiemfy xk lmmx xjm k}xaklm kc xji }dix$ Fmordmr l}x o~~fy xjmir `}hgmlmdx odh idixioxism xk

xjm idsmxigoxikd$

Xji }dix hiccmr crkl ]dix :0 Wkre,bomh Oigdlmdx id xjox xji ~rk`max i akdh}axmh ox xjm

amdxrm ‑ dkx ox wkre$ Xj} xjm wkre hkdm ckr xji ~rk`max loy dkx bm }mh id ]dix :$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? ^fod o ~rk`max

2 Il~fmlmdx xjm ~rk`max ~fod

1 Msof}oxm xjm ~rk`max

8 Rm~krx xjm ~rk`max$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

=8

Akdxmdx

? ^fod

Dox}rm kc xjm idsmxigoxikd0 ~roaxiaof odh fixmrox}rm bomh

Odofyi kc xjm ~rkbfml0 ak~m odh ~}r~km kc xjm idsmxigoxikd& idxmdhmh k}xaklm&

lmxjkh kc o~~rkoaj& rmk}ram rmq}irmlmdx& ogrmmh ~rk`max ~maiciaoxikd

Oaq}iixikd kc idckrloxikd0 boaegrk}dh xjmkry& }~~krxidg hoxo& ~}bfijmh lmxjkh&

ihmdxiciaoxikd odh oaq}iixikd kc k}ram& mzxroaxikd kc rmfmsodx idckrloxikd& mxobfijlmdx

kc sofihixy kc idckrloxikd kbxoidmh mg }m kc `k}rdof odh idxmrdmx

Lmxjkh0 xodhorh ~}bfijmh& rm~krxmh ofxmrdoxism

Rie0 ~kxmdxiof joporh& omlmdx kc rie& ~rkamh}rm ckr lidilioxikd kc rie& rie

lixigoxikd ckr xjm forgmx rie okaioxmh wixj xjm ~rk`max Mq}i~lmdx odh loxmriof0 mzixidg& osoifobfm& oaam& akx,mccmaxismdm kc }m

^rk`max ajmh}fm0 oajimsobfm oil& mz~mrilmdxof hmigd& ogrmmh lmxjkh& fkgiaof ajmh}fm&

oajimsobfm xilmaofm& q}ofixy xodhorh& arixmrio ckr }aam& ihmdxicimh lkdixkridg ~kidx

odh ~rkamh}rm

2 Il~fmlmdx

Mz~mrilmdxof wkre 0 k~mroxidg lmxjkh odh ~rkamh}rm& oaq}iixikd kc mq}i~lmdx odh

loxmriof& jmofxj odh ocmxy mq}i~lmdx odh ~rkamh}rm

Idckrloxikd odh hoxo0 ihmdxiciaoxikd kr rmq}irmlmdx kc xjm idsmxigoxikd& lmxjkh kc akffmaxikd odh rmakrhidg *mg hoxo fkggidg odh hoxo lodogmlmdx)& lmo}rmlmdx idxmrsof&

rmq}irmh rm~mxixikd xk mxobfij rm~rkh}aibifixy odh sofihixy mg }m kc `k}rdof

Oaa}roay odh ~rmaiikd0 rmq}irmh q}ofixy xodhorh& rm~rkh}aibifixy kc lmo}rmlmdx&

ihmdxiciaoxikd odh lidilioxikd kc mrrkr& akrrmax }m kc xoxixiaof xmajdiq}m

Rmakrhidg 0 akl~ifoxikd kc fkgbkke ckr moaj xogm kc xjm ~rk`max& }m kc ~maicimh }dix odh

krhmr kc oaa}roay

Lkdixkridg 0 igdiciaodx kr }dmz~maxmh msmdx& hmsioxikd crkl mz~maxmh hoxo odh rm}fx&

~rkgrm akl~ormh wixj ~fod *lifmxkdm)& lkhiciaoxikd xk ~fod ogrmmh odh il~fmlmdxmh

1 Msof}oxm

Lmxjkh kc msof}oxikd0 o~~rk~rioxm xk xjm idsmxigoxikd& ogoidx ckrl}foxmh arixmrio ckr

}aam& ihmdxicy c}rxjmr wkre rmq}irmh ckr }aam kc xjm ~rk`max

Rm}fx0 mxobfij sofihixy& }m kc akrrmax xoxixiaof xmajdiq}m& ihmdxicy k}ram kc mrrkr&

mxobfij akdcihmdam filix ckr rm}fx

Idxmr~rmxoxikd kc rm}fx0 }m kc akrrmax xmajdiq}m

Akdaf}ikd0 bomh kd fkgiaof odofyi kc rm}fx kbxoidmh& `}xicimh id xmrl kc krigidof

~maiciaoxikd




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

==

8 Rm~krx

Qak~m0 off idckrloxikd odh hoxo rmfmsodx xk xjm ~rk`max& arixiaof hia}ikd kc rm}fx&

akdaf}ikd bomh cirlfy odh fkgiaoffy kd rm}fx& `}xicim lmxjkh }mh& loem

rmakllmdhoxikd bomh kd akdaf}ikd& ihmdxicim mzxmdx xk wjiaj arixmrio josm bmmd

oajimsmh& `}xicim ody coif}rm xk oajimsm arixmrio

Qxr}ax}rm0 akdckrl xk rmq}irmh ckrlox& idaf}hm o }llory kr obxroax& idckrloxikd odhhoxo id o~~rk~rioxm ckrlox& bibfikgro~jy id oaam~xmh ckrlox

Qxyfm0 afmor odh akdaim& oskih rm~mxixikd odh }~mrcf}ixy

^rmmdxoxikd0 }m kc o~~rk~rioxm lmhio

Hka}lmdxoxikd0 }m kc IAX *mg ~rmohjmmx& ~rmmdxoxikd ~oaeogm odh aimdxicia kcxworm

~oaeogm)




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

=3



? ^fod o ~rk`max · mz~foid xjm ak~m odh ~}r~km kc xjm ~rkbfml xk

mxobfij xjm ~rk`max ~maiciaoxikd

· ihmdxicy& rmmoraj& oaq}irm odh akffoxm idckrloxikd

rmq}irmh xk }~~krx xjm wkre

· ckrl}foxm od mz~mrilmdxof hmigd odh idixiof

~rkgrollm

· ihmdxicy arixmrio ckr }aam kc xjm wkre odh wjmrm

lkdixkridg kc ~rkgrm jk}fh xoem ~foam

2 Il~fmlmdx xjm ~rk`max ~fod · mfmax odh il~fmlmdx xjm ajkmd k~xikd xk lmmx xjm

ogrmmh ~rk`max ~maiciaoxikd

· aorry k}x mz~mrilmdxof wkre oaa}roxmfy odh ocmfy

· akffmax odh rmakrh rmfmsodx hoxo odh idckrloxikd

crkl mz~mrilmdxof wkre odh kxjmr k}ram

· akl~ifm o fkg bkke xjox jkw xjm hmsmfk~lmdx ckr

moaj xogm kc xjm ~rk`max

1 Msof}oxm xjm ~rk`max · msof}oxm xjm idixiof ~rkgrollm

· ihmdxicy hmsioxikd crkl mz~maxmh rm}fx

· idxmr~rmx rm}fx id xmrl kc xjm krigidof ~maiciaoxikd

· hrow akdaf}ikd crkl xjm rm}fx

8 Rm~krx xjm ~rk`max · akl~ifm o wrixxmd rm~krx kc o~~rkziloxmfy =>>>

wkrh wjiaj i afmor odh akdaim

· rm~krx off dmamory idckrloxikd odh hrow

akdaf}ikd

· ihmdxicy xjm mzxmdx xk wjiaj xjm ~maiciaoxikd jo

bmmd lmx

· ~rmmdx xjm rm~krx id o }ixobfm ckrlox& }idg

o~~rk~rioxm lmhio xk ~mmr




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

=7

G}ihodam

HmfismryFmordmr jk}fh bm xjkrk}gjfy brimcmh kd ~rk`max oil odh lmxjkhkfkgy ox kr bmckrm xjm

akllmdamlmdx kc xjm offkaoxmh ~mrikh$ Xji jk}fh bm oajimsmh kroffy odh xjrk}gj hixrib}xikd

kc o hmxoifmh gmdmrof ~rk`max brimc$ Qklm hmsmfk~lmdx kc eiff& ~orxia}forfy xjkm kc ~foddidg

odh msof}oxikd& loy bm dmamory$

Xjm xk~ia loy bm mfmaxmh by xjm fmordmr kr by xjm x}xkr$ Fmordmr mfmaxmh xk~ia jk}fh bm

ommh ckr oajimsobifixy odh xjmir idxmgroxism dox}rm by xjm x}xkr bmckrm oaam~xodam$ Off ~rk`max

~fod jk}fh bm ar}xidimh odh ogrmmh by xjm x}xkr bmckrm wkre i xorxmh id ody hmxoif$ Xji

akd}fxoxikd jk}fh dkx hiq}oficy fmordmr crkl xjm }fxiloxm oworh kc od mdjodamh grohm&

~rksihmh xjox xjmy loem o c}ff akdxrib}xikd xk xjm hmsmfk~lmdx kc xjm ~fod odh xjox xjmir

}ggmxikd odh oaxikd orm rmokdobfm wixjid xjmir fmsmf kc mz~mrimdam$

Fmordmr jk}fh loem xjmir kwd hmaiikd h}ridg xjm il~fmlmdxoxikd ~jom$ X}xkr jk}fh

dkrloffy idxmrsmdm kdfy wjmd ocmxy i fiemfy xk bm akl~rklimh$ L}aj aod bm fmordmh crkl

coif}rm kr crkl dmgoxism rm}fx5 x}xkr jk}fh dkx idxmrsmdm xk ~rmsmdx }aj kaa}rrmdam&

~rksihidg xjox fmordmr’ oaxikd odh hmaiikd orm rmokdobfm odh wixjid xjm ogrmmh ~fod$

Rm}fx odh oajimsmlmdx jk}fh bm msof}oxmh ogoidx xjm oil odh arixmrio id xjm ~rk`max ~fod$

X}xkr jk}fh md}rm xjox fmordmr orm oworm kc lmxjkh kc msof}oxikd osoifobfm xk xjml odh

o~~rk~rioxm xk xjm ~maicia ~rk`max$

Amdxrm loy xi~}foxm o ‚jk}m xyfm’ ckr ~rk`max rm~krx& kr fmosm xjm ajkiam kc xr}ax}rm odh

ckrlox xk xjm fmordmr$ Xjm rm~krx jk}fh bm }cciaimdxfy hmxoifmh xk lmmx off kc xjm arixmrio ckr

k}xaklm 8& ‚Rm~krx xjm ~rk`max’$ Xjm o~~rk~rioxm ~rmmdxoxikd kc lmhio loy bm xi~}foxmh by xjm

amdxrm kr ajkmd by xjm fmordmr$ Id mixjmr aom& xjm lmxjkh kc ~rmmdxoxikd jk}fh bm ogrmmhh}ridg xjm ~foddidg ~jom$ Xjm ~rmmdxoxikd kc xjm wrixxmd rm~krx id wkrh,~rkammh ckrl odh

xjm rmq}irmlmdx xk gism od krof ~rmmdxoxikd orm xk bm mdak}rogmh$ Xjmy orm dkx& jkwmsmr&

lodhoxkry xk lmmx xjm k}xaklm$ Amdxrm jk}fh akdihmr xjm coaifixim osoifobfm odh xjm

idhisih}of oxxrib}xm kc fmordmr wjmd ogrmmidg lmxjkh kc ~rmmdxoxikd& ihmoffy kd od

idhisih}of boi$

X}xkr }~~krx jk}fh bm osoifobfm ox off xilm h}ridg xjm ~rk`max$ Xjm mzxmdx kc xjm }~~krx

rmq}irmh by idhisih}of fmordmr jk}fh bm rmakrhmh odh }mh xk ohsim hmaiikd kd grohidg$

Jkwmsmr& fmordmr aoddkx ~o xji }dix wixjk}x lmmxidg off omlmdx arixmrio ckr msmry

k}xaklm$ X}xkr idxmrsmdxikd jk}fh dkx bm }cciaimdxfy hmxoifmh odh crmq}mdx xk ~rmsmdx xjm

fmordmr crkl hmlkdxroxidg xjm oajimsmlmdx kc moaj arixmrikd$

^rk`max ~fod jk}fh bm ogrmmh wixj xjm x}xkr bmckrm }bxodxiof wkre i }dhmrxoemd& xk mxobfij

xjox xjm oil orm oajimsobfm wixjid xjm akdxroidx kc rmk}ram odh xilm$ Xjm ~rk`max loy bm

}dhmrxoemd ksmr msmrof wmme kr wixjid o akdamdxroxmh bfkae kc xilm$ O xkxof kc dkx fm xjod

3> jk}r jk}fh bm offkaoxmh xk xjm ~rk`max$ Xjm ajkiam kc xk~ia jk}fh bm akdixmdx wixj xjm

xr}ax}rm kc xjm xilmxobfm& im jk}fh dkx idskfsm hoy,fkdg ~roaxiaof mz~mrilmdx ic xilm,xobfmh

idxk wmmefy xjrmm jk}r bfkae$

Omlmdx

^rk`max loy bm aorrimh k}x idhisih}offy kr id loff xmol$ Ic aorrimh k}x id loff xmol& xjm

x}xkr l}x hka}lmdx xjm idhisih}of akdxrib}xikd xk xjm ~rk`max id }cciaimdx hmxoif xk mdobfmoaa}roxm grohidg odh smriciaoxikd kc msihmdam xk xoem ~foam$

Xjm omlmdx jk}fh idaf}hm xjm krof ~rmmdxoxikd o wmff o o wrixxmd rm~krx$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

=:

Fide

Xjm ~rk`max jk}fh }xifim xjm c}ff rodgm kc eiff hmsmfk~mh xjrk}gj x}hy kc kxjmr }dix id xjm

~rkgrollm$ Xjmm idaf}hm ~foddidg& ~roaxiaof wkre& hoxo jodhfidg odh ~rkamidg& odofyi odh

~rmmdxoxikd$ Xjm edkwfmhgm o~~fimh loy fide xk kdm ~orxia}for }dix kr xk o d}lbmr kc kxjmr

}dix$ Qklm xk~ia loy rmfoxm xk xk~iaof o~~fiaoxikd kr i}m xjox josm kdfy lorgidof

rmfoxikdji~ xk xjm edkwfmhgm akdxmdx kc xjm ~rkgrollm$Rmcmr xk Oddmz B ckr fide xk xjm DS_ fmsmf 8 id Fobkroxkry odh Okaioxmh Xmajdiaof

Oaxisixim$

Rmk}ram

Xjm rmq}irmh rmk}ram wiff sory igdiciaodxfy wixj xjm dox}rm kc xjm ~rk`max$ Xjm ihmdxiciaoxikd

kc xjm mq}i~lmdx odh loxmriof rmq}irmh& odh xjm mxobfijlmdx kc xjmir osoifobifixy& i o sixof

~orx kc xjm ~foddidg ~jom$ X}xkr jk}fh md}rm xjox fmordmr hk dkx mlbore kd wkre xjox

aoddkx }aammh bmao}m kc foae kc oaam xk xjm rmq}irmh rmk}ram$ ]m kc ~maiofimh

mq}i~lmdx k}xihm xjm amdxrm i kcxmd b}ifx idxk ~rk`max wkre$ Ic }aj }m i rmq}irmh& ogrmmlmdx

kd oaam l}x bm rmoajmh bmckrm offkwidg fmordmr xk xorx xjm wkre$ Fmordmr wiff rmq}irm xjm}m kc o akl~}xmr odh o~~rk~rioxm kcxworm ~oaeogm *wkrh,~rkamkr& ~rmohjmmx&

~rmmdxoxikd kcxworm) id krhmr xk ~rkh}am xjmir rm~krx$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

Dk gmdmrof ohsiam kd rmohidg i ~kibfm$ Xjm ihmdxiciaoxikd kc o~~rk~rioxm k}ram& bkxj xmzx}of

odh mfmaxrkdia& i od il~krxodx ~orx kc xjm hmlodh kd xjm fmordmr$ Jkwmsmr& gmdmrof xmzx kd

~rk`max ~foddidg odh msof}oxikd& kd mz~mrilmdxof hmigd odh kd ~rmmdxoxikd xmajdiq}m loy bm

jmf~c}f$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

=9




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

3>




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

3?

]dix 70 Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix idaf}hm hismrm xk~ia& moaj kc wjiaj ~rksihm }dhmr~iddidg edkwfmhgm ckr emy ormo

kc wkre xjox xmajdiaiod loy bm rmq}irmh xk hk id xjm ak}rm kc xjmir h}xim$ Emy ormo orm

fobkroxkry krgodioxikd& xjm Jmofxj odh Qocmxy ox Wkre Oax ?978& }~mrsiikd odh lodogmlmdx&

odh xjm xmajdiq}m idskfsmh id }~mrsikry lodogmlmdx$

Q}llory kc k}xaklmXk oajimsm xji }dix o fmordmr l}x0

? Mzolidm o~max kc fobkroxkry krgodioxikd

2 O~~fy rmfmsodx cmox}rm kc xjm Jmofxj odh Qocmxy ox Wkre Oax ?978 xk fobkroxkry

k~mroxikd

1 Mzolidm xmajdiq}m kc }~mrsikry lodogmlmdx

8 Idsmxigoxm odh rm~krx kd xjm loid o~max kc ~rk`max lodogmlmdx$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

32

Akdxmdx

? Fobkroxkry krgodioxikd

Qk}ram kc idckrloxikd0 rodgm odh }m kc mmdxiof rmcmrmdam bkke kr lod}of

^}rajoidg 0 ~rkamh}rm ckr ~}rajoidg odh loidxoididg mq}i~lmdx odh akd}lobfm

Fobkroxkry hmigd0 mg mmdxiof mrsiam& fobkroxkry c}rdix}rm& jmofxj odh ocmxy& xkrogm&

akxidg& cix ckr ~}r~km& xoccidg& hmsmfk~lmdx kc fobkroxkry ~roaxiam+~rkamh}rm+~kfiaim

mxa

IAX odh Lodogmlmdx Idckrloxikd Qyxml0 ckr mzol~fm& k}ram kc idckrloxikd& xkae

akdxrkf yxml& akll}diaoxikd& ~}rajoidg rmq}iixikd& AH RKL& rie omlmdx&

rm~oir+loidxmdodam mxa

2 Jmofxj odh Qocmxy ox Wkre Oax ?978

Jmofxj odh Qocmxy ox Wkre Oax 0 ak~m kc xjm oax& rm~kdibifixim& rie omlmdx& AKQJJ

rmq}irmlmdx& oaaihmdx bkke& idaihmdx bkke

1 Q}~mrsikry lodogmlmdx

Q}~mrsikry lodogmlmdx 0 rmar}ixlmdx odh mfmaxikd& ml~fkylmdx rigjx odh

rm~kdibifixim& idh}axikd& lmdxkridg& ~mrckrlodam rmsimw+o~~roiof& hiai~fidm& mq}of

k~~krx}dixim& b}idm xr}ax}rm& xocc hm~fkylmdx& idxmffmax}of ~rk~mrxy rigjx odh ~oxmdx

8 O~max kc ~rk`max lodogmlmdx

^rk`max lodogmlmdx 0 oil+k}xaklm& xilmfidm *lifmxkdm)& rmk}ram+xml~foxm&

~rkamm+~kfiaim& wkreidg idxr}axikd+~roaxiam& edkwfmhgm kc ~rk`max lodogmlmdx

kcxworm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

31




xjm obifixy xk0

? Mzolidm o~max kc

fobkroxkry krgodioxikd

· ihmdxicy akllkdfy }mh k}ram kc rmcmrmdam kd

fobkroxkry lodogmlmdx

· ihmdxicy emy ormo ckr akdihmroxikd wjmd

~}rajoidg mq}i~lmdx odh akd}lobfm

· mz~foid xjm k~mroxikd kc o xkae akdxrkf yxml

· ihmdxicy cmox}rm kc fobkroxkry hmigd2 O~~fy rmfmsodx cmox}rm kc xjm

Jmofxj odh Qocmxy ox Wkre

Oax ?978 xk fobkroxkry

k~mroxikd

· ihmdxicy xjkm ormo kc xjm oax wjiaj hirmaxfy il~oax

kd xjm wkre kc xjm fobkroxkry odh xocc

rm~kdibifixim

· o~~fy odh hmlkdxroxm akl~fiodam wixj xjm

ihmdxicimh ormo xjrk}gj xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc

~rkamh}rm& rie omlmdx odh akdxrkf

· o~~fy xjm AKQJJ rmg}foxikd xk o~~rk~rioxm

fobkroxkry ix}oxikd

1 Mzolidm xmajdiq}m kc

}~mrsikry lodogmlmdx

· mz~foid jkw rmar}ixlmdx odh mfmaxikd ~rkamh}rm

idakr~kroxm mq}of k~~krx}dixim ~kfiay

· ihmdxicy xjm dmmh ckr ml~fkylmdx rigjx odh

rm~kdibifixim

· mz~foid lmxjkh ckr hm~fkylmdx odh mcciaimdx

}xifioxikd kc xocc$

· hmlkdxroxm o edkwfmhgm odh }dhmrxodhidg kc

j}lod rmk}ram ~kfiaim odh ~roaxiam

8 Idsmxigoxm odh rm~krx kd xjm

loid o~max kc ~rk`max

lodogmlmdx

· ihmdxicy xjm loid o~max kc ~rk`max lodogmlmdx

· hia} xjm dmmh ckr ~rk`max lodogmlmdx

· idsmxigoxm odh rm~krx kd xjm lodogmlmdx kc o aom

x}hy+~rk`max




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

38

G}ihodam

HmfismryQklm ckrlof xmoajidg wiff bm dmamory xk idxrkh}am moaj xk~ia$ Jkwmsmr& lkx fmordidg wiff

xoem ~foam xjrk}gj rmohidg o~~rk~rioxm rmcmrmdam k}ram odh o~~fyidg xjm ~ridai~fm odh

idckrloxikd kbxoidmh xk xjm fmordmr’ kwd fobkroxkry mz~mrimdam$

Omlmdx

Msihmdam ckr k}xaklm ? ak}fh bm id xjm ckrl kc od oigdlmdx xjox idaf}hm o arixiaof rmsimw kc

xjm akdxmdx& xjm }m kc o rodgm kc rmcmrmdam bkke& o hmxoifmh x}hy kc coaxkr xk akdihmr wjmd

~}rajoidg mq}i~lmdx& mrsiam akdxroax ckr akd}lobfm& mxa odh o akl~orikd kc o sorimxy kc

xkae akdxrkf yxml xk oih mxxidg }~ o lkhmf yxml$ Fmordmr ak}fh ofk gism o ~rmmdxoxikd

kd o fobkroxkry hmigd xk lmmx ~maicia arixmrio idaf}hidg o hmxoifmh ~fod ckr mrsiam odhcoaifixim$

Ckr k}xaklm 2& fmordmr ak}fh ~rm~orm o rmsimw kc fmgifoxikd rmfmsodx xk o fobkroxkry odh ix

o~~fiaoxikd xk ~maicimh fobkroxkry c}daxikd& idaf}hidg mfmaxriaof xmxidg& lod}of jodhfidg& mxa$

Xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc fmgifoxikd xk o ~maicimh rodgm kc oaxisixim idaf}hidg liarkbikfkgy& bikfkgy&

ajmlixry& odh ~jyia ak}fh ofk bm fkkemh ox$ Fmordmr ak}fh gmdmroxm o rmakrhidg yxml ckr

~rkamh}rm& omlmdx odh akdxrkf$

Ckr k}xaklm 1& fmordmr ak}fh ~rkh}am o `kb ohsmrximlmdx odh o `kb hmari~xikd& wjiaj jk}fh

xoxm xjm mmdxiof odh hmirobfm ajoroaxmrixia rmq}irmh$ Xjmy ak}fh ofk ~rkh}am ~rkamh}rm

ckr idxmrsimw ckr o fobkroxkry xmajdiaiod ~kx$

Fmordmr jk}fh rmsimw ox fmox xjrmm b}idm krgodioxikdof xr}ax}rm odh msof}oxm xjmlmxjkh ckr hm~fkylmdx odh }xifioxikd kc xocc$

Fide

Xji }dix fide wixj ]dix ?0 Amff Bikfkgy& ]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m& ]dix 30 ^rk`max &

]dix :0 Wkre,bomh Oigdlmdx & ]dix ?:0 Afidiaof Ajmlixry& ]dix ?90 ^oxjkfkgy Fobkroxkry

Lodogmlmdx & ]dix 2>0 Idh}xriof Liarkbikfkgy& ]dix 2=0 Ajmlixry ckr Bikfkgy& ]dix 230

_}ofixy O}rodam odh _}ofixy Akdxrkf & ]dix 1>0 ^rk`max Lodogmlmdx odh ]dix 1?0 Lodogidg

xjm Wkre kc Idhisih}of odh Xmol id xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof id O~~fimh Bikfkgy$

Rmcmr xk Oddmz B ckr fide xk rmfmsodx DS_$

Rmk}ram

Oaam xk o fobkroxkry odh ~kfiaim+~rkamm }mh id fobkroxkrim& id wjiaj xk ~roaxim xjm

xmajdiq}m o~~rk~rioxm xk xji }dix& i rmq}irmh$ Oaam xk aom x}him kd ~rk`max lodogmlmdx

wk}fh ofk bm jmf~c}f$ Akl~}xmr odh rmfmsodx kcxworm$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

3=

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Eoym G W A odh Foby X J ‑ Xobfm kc ^jyiaof odh Ajmliaof Akdxodx odh Qklm

Loxjmloxiaof C}daxikd ‑ ?3 Mh *Fkdglod Qaimdxicia odh Xmajdiaof& ?99=)

IQBD0 >87>21=>:Z

Kxjmr ~}bfiaoxikd

· Jmofxj odh ocmxy lod}of

· B}idm x}him bkke& sihmk

· Lod}coax}rmr fixmrox}rm& fobkroxkry c}rdijmr’ fixmrox}rm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

33




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

37

]dix :0 Wkre,bomh Oigdlmdx

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix i idxmdhmh ckr ~orx,xilm odh c}ff,xilm fmordmr$ Ix i hmigdmh xk offkw cfmzibifixy kc

x}hy& xk mdobfm ml~fkymh fmordmr xk goid armhix ckr wkre,bomh oaxisixim& xk akdxrib}xm xk xjm

hmsmfk~lmdx kc xrodcmrobfm eiff& odh xk bm }mh ckr c}ff,xilm fmordmr h}ridg od ‚idh}xriof

mz~mrimdam’ ~mrikh$ Xjm fmordmr jk}fh aorry k}x xjm oigdlmdx id xjm wkre~foam odh xjm

oigdlmdx jk}fh bm mx id od idh}xriof akdxmzx$ Xji }dix xjmrmckrm hiccmr crkl xjm ~rk`max

}dix wjiaj jk}fh bm bomh ox xjm fmordmr amdxrm kc fmordidg$ Ix i il~krxodx xjox xjm fmordmr jo

o }ixobfy q}oficimh idh}xriof }~mrsikr xk ak,krhidoxm wixj xjm oaohmlia }~mrsikr id xjm ~foddidg xogm& lkdixkridg odh akffmaxikd kc omlmdx msihmdam ckr xjm }dix$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm

Xk oajimsm xji }dix o x}hmdx l}x0

? Dmgkxioxm o wkre,bomh xk~ia

2 Emm~ o hmxoifmh wkre fkgbkke

1 ]dhmrxoem od mzxmdhmh wkre,bomh ~roaxiaof idsmxigoxikd

8 Rm~krx xjm idsmxigoxikd id xjm ckrl kc o aimdxicia rm~krx= Loem od krof ~rmmdxoxikd$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

3:

Akdxmdx

? Wkre,bomh xk~ia

Q}~mrsikr 0 bkxj o wkre,bomh }~mrsikr odh oaohmlia }~mrsikr jk}fh bm o~~kidxmh

Xk~ia0 xjm ~rk~kmh xk~ia jk}fh bm kc xjm krhmr kc 3> jk}r wkre odh ix rmfoxikdji~ xk

o~max kc xjm Jigjmr Doxikdof a}rria}f}l jk}fh bm ihmdxicimh

2 Wkre fkgbkke

Fkgbkke mdxrim0 fkgbkke mdxrim jk}fh bm hoxmh odh akl~fmxmh mixjmr h}ridg kr

illmhioxmfy ocxmr moaj ~mrikh ~mdx kd xjm xk~ia$ Mdxrim jk}fh idaf}hm hmxoif kc lmxjkh

}mh& idxr}lmdx xy~m odh mxxidg& kbmrsoxikd& ocmxy lmo}rm xoemd& ohsiam k}gjx& mxa

1 Wkre,bomh ~roaxiaof idsmxigoxikd

Wkre 0 ~roaxiaof wkre jk}fh bm kc xjm krhmr kc 8> jk}r h}roxikd odh wjmrm ~kibfm aksmr

o rodgm kc xmajdiq}m$ Xmol wkre i oaam~xobfm b}x afmor hka}lmdxoxikd l}x bm em~x xk

hixidg}ij xjm wkre kc xjm idhisih}of crkl xjox kc kxjmr lmlbmr kc xjm xmol

8 Rm~krx

Obxroax 0 o }llory kc xjm ~}r~km kc xjm idsmxigoxikd& mz~mrilmdxof lmxjkh }mh& rm}fx

kbxoidmh odh ody akdaf}ikd xjox aod bm hrowd

Idxrkh}axikd odh kb`maxism0 o hia}ikd kc xjm rmfmsodx boaegrk}dh xjmkry loeidg

rmcmrmdam xk ody o~~rk~rioxm fixmrox}rm rm~krx kr ~rmsik} wkre aorrimh k}x wjiaj rmfoxm xk

xjm xk~ia$ Crkl xji o fix kc kb`maxism jk}fh bm ~rkh}amh

Rm}fx0 rmakrh rm}fx id xjmir c}ffy ~rkammh ckrl *row hoxo& ~maxro& mxa loy bm idaf}hmh

o od o~~mdhiz)$ Wjmrm ~kibfm rm}fx jk}fh bm xob}foxmh wixj }dix odh hi~foymh id od

o~~rk~rioxm ckrl& mg gro~j& bor ajorx& mxa

Mz~mrilmdxof 0 o rmakrh kc xjm hmxoifmh mz~mrilmdxof akdhixikd mzaf}hidg idckrloxikd

rmfoxidg xk rk}xidm mq}i~lmdx

Hia}ikd0 xjm ~}r~km odh k}xaklm kc mz~mrilmdx odh rm}fx xkgmxjmr wixj xjm

idxmr~rmxoxikd kc ~jyiaof hoxo jk}fh bm idaf}hmh$ Xjm sofihixy kc xjm rm}fx id xjm figjx kc

mz~mrilmdxof akdhixikd odh rmfoxidg xk xoxixiaof xmx wjmrm o~~rk~rioxm jk}fh bmidaf}hmh& o jk}fh }ggmxikd ckr il~rksmlmdx odh lkhiciaoxikd

O~~mdhiam0 jk}fh idaf}hm il~krxodx row hoxo xjox i rmfmsodx xk xjm ~rk`max b}x wjiaj

wk}fh loem xjm rm}fx maxikd xkk a}lbmrklm

Bibfikgro~jy0 o fix kc rmcmrmdam rmakrhmh id xjm loddmr ogrmmh wixj xjm oaohmlia

}~mrsikr

= Krof ~rmmdxoxikd

^rmmdxoxikd0 od krof ~rmmdxoxikd jk}fh bm gismd xk o grk}~ kc cism kr lkrm ~mmr odh

jk}fh hmlkdxroxm xjm obifixy xk ~rkh}am odh }m }ixobfm hi~foy xmajdkfkgy& ~rksihidgafmor mz~fodoxikd odh }lloriidg rm}fx




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

39




xjm obifixy xk0

? Dmgkxioxm o wkre,bomh

xk~ia

· ~rk~km o }ixobfm wkre,bomh xk~ia wjiaj rmfoxm xk

o ajkmd ormo kc x}hy

· hka}lmdx o ~rk~kmh ajmh}fm ckr xjm ogrmmh xk~ia

· hia} xjm xk~ia odh ajmh}fm wixj wkre odh

oaohmlia }~mrsikr odh olmdh o o~~rk~rioxm

· ihmdxicy rmk}ram rmq}irmh odh dmamory }~~krx ~rkamh}rm$

2 Emm~ o hmxoifmh wkre

fkgbkke

· rmakrh wkre }dhmrxoemd id o yxmloxia loddmr

· rmakrh odh& wjmrm o~~rk~rioxm& xob}foxm kbmrsoxikd

odh rm}fx

· fix loxmriof }mh odh& wjmrm o~~rk~rioxm&

idxr}lmdx mxxidg odh akdhixikd

1 ]dhmrxoem od mzxmdhmh wkre,

bomh ~roaxiaof

idsmxigoxikd

· wkre ocmfy akdckrlidg xk akhm kc ~roaxiam odh

akl~fmxm odh rmakrh off ocmxy odh AKQJJ

rmq}irmlmdx

· akl~fmxm od idsmxigoxikd idskfsidg }bxodxiof

idhm~mdhmdx wkre

· ogrmm odh mzma}xm jormh wkre o o~~rk~rioxm

8 Rm~krx xjm idsmxigoxikd id

xjm ckrl kc o aimdxicia rm~krx· ~rmmdx o aimdxicia rm~krx kc xjm idsmxigoxikd kc

8>>> xk 3>>> wkrh

· }m oaam~xmh ckrlox ckr aimdxicia rm~krx

· rm~krx xjm wkre }dhmrxoemd akl~fmxmfy odh

akdaimfy

· hrow akdaf}ikd crkl xjm rm}fx kbxoidmh

= Loem od krof ~rmmdxoxikd · hmfismr od krof ~rmmdxoxikd kc o~~rkziloxmfy ?= xk

2> lid}xm id h}roxikd

· gism od ksmrsimw kc xjm xk~ia idsmxigoxmh

· }llorim xjm rm}fx kbxoidmh

· rmfoxm xjm rm}fx kbxoidmh xk xjm kb`maxism kc xjm

idsmxigoxikd




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

7>

G}ihodam

HmfismryFmordmr odh idh}xriof }~mrsikr wiff dmmh xk bm brimcmh ~rmaimfy kd xjm dox}rm kc xjm }dix

odh kc xjm msihmdam rmq}irmh xk oajimsm xjm k}xaklm$ Xjm ~foddidg xogm i ar}aiof& odh jk}fh

bm aorrimh k}x `kidxfy by xjm fmordmr odh oaohmlia odh idh}xriof }~mrsikr$

Xjm ~rkgrollm xmol loy wij xk hmcidm akllkd ckrlox ckr rm~krx odh ~rmmdxoxikd& kr

offkw xjml xk bm xoifkrmh xk xjm dox}rm kc xjm ~rk`max }dhmrxoemd by fmordmr$

Amdxrm orm mz~maxmh xk md}rm xjox& o cor o i ~roaxiaoffy ~kibfm& ~roaxiaof wkre i

}dhmrxoemd ox kr dmor xjm olm xilm o xjm xmoajidg kc xjm akrrm~kdhidg xjmkrmxiaof wkre$

Omlmdx

Xjm wkre }mh ckr xji }dix loy bm ~orx kc xjm fmordmr’ dkrlof wkrefkoh kr klm oaxisixy

hmigdmh ~maioffy xk hmfismr xjm rmq}irmh msihmdam$ Id mixjmr aom& xjm dmgkxioxikd odh ~foddidg

rmq}irmh by k}xaklm ? jk}fh bm akl~fmxmh odh ogrmmh bmckrm akllmdamlmdx kc xjm hmxoifmh

~roaxiaof wkre$

Xjm ~rkam kc xjm wkre odh ix rmakrhidg ckr k}xaklm 2 odh 1 jk}fh ckffkw dkrlof ixm

~roaxiam o afkmfy o ~kibfm$

Xjm ckrlox kc xjm cidof rm~krx ckr k}xaklm 8 jk}fh bm hmxmrlidmh ox xjm ~foddidg xogm$

Xjm krof ~rmmdxoxikd wiff dkrloffy bm lohm xk amdxrm x}xkr odh cmffkw fmordmr ckr omlmdx

~}r~km& b}x id~}x crkl idh}xriof }~mrsikr odh cmffkw ml~fkymm ox xji xogm jk}fh bm

mdak}rogmh$

Fide

Xji }dix jo fide wixj off xjm kxjmr }dix id xji ~maiciaoxikd$

Rmcmr xk Oddmz B ckr fide xk rmfmsodx DS_$

Rmk}ram

Xjm wkre ckr xji }dix wiff dkrloffy bm ~foddmh xk bm oajimsobfm wixjid xjm rmk}ram akdxroidx

kc xjm ml~fkymr$ Ohhixikdof }m kc rmk}ram ox xjm amdxrm loy bm o~~rk~rioxm id ~maicia aom$Xji loy idskfsm fobkroxkry coaifixim kr rmk}ram xk hmsmfk~ xjm rm~krx odh+kr ~rmmdxoxikd$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Ix i dkx ~kibfm xk gism ohsiam kd rmohidg h}m xk xjm idhisih}of dox}rm kc moaj wkre,bomh

oigdlmdx$ Xjm ihmdxiciaoxikd kc o~~rk~rioxm k}ram& bkxj xmzx}of odh mfmaxrkdia& i od

il~krxodx ~orx kc xjm hmlodh kd xjm fmordmr$ Jkwmsmr& gmdmrof xmzx kd idh}xriof krgodioxikd

odh ~roaxiam loy bm jmf~c}f$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

7?

]dix 90 J}lod ̂ jyikfkgy

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix i hmigdmh xk idxrkh}am xjm akdam~x kc jklmkxoi wixjid xjm j}lod bkhy odh xjm

akdxrkf yxml mdgogmh id xjm loidxmdodam kc xjm idxmrdof mdsirkdlmdx$

Ix i idxmdhmh xjox xji }dix b}ifh kd xjm akrm }dix }aj o ]dix ?0 Amff Bikfkgy odh ]dix 20

Bikajmlixry$ Id moaj kc xjmm }dix xjm loxmriof aksmrmh wiff ~rksihm boaegrk}dh idckrloxikd

xk }~~krx xjm }dhmrxodhidg kc amff}for ~rkamm odh jklmkxoi$ Id x}rd& xji }dix hkm dkx

oxxml~x xk aksmr xjm wjkfm kc j}lod ~jyikfkgy b}x ~rksihm o boi ckr xjm }dhmrxodhidg kc

xjm xk~ia ckr fmordmr ckffkwidg o ~oxjwoy xjox rmq}irm o lkrm akl~rmjmdism x}hy kc krgodyxml$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Rmfoxm xjm xr}ax}rm kc ~maiofimh amff xk xjm c}daxikd

2 Hmaribm xjm ~rkam kc akll}diaoxikd bmxwmmd hixidax xi}m odh krgod

1 Hmaribm xjm akl~kdmdx kc jklmkxoxia akdxrkf yxml

8 Hia} xjm ak,krhidoxmh oaxisixy kc krgod yxml id xjm loidxmdodam kc o akdxodxidxmrdof mdsirkdlmdx$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

72

Akdxmdx

? Q~maiofimh amff c}daxikd

Amff 0 d}afm} *d}afmkf}& d}afmor mdsmfk~m odh ajrkloxid)& lixkajkdhrio& fykklm&

mdhk~folia rmxia}f}l& Gkfgi bkhy& smiafm& ribkklm& amdxrikfm& aifio odh liarksiffi

Qxr}ax}rm odh orrodgmlmdx 0 ~jk~jkfi~ih& ~rkxmid& ajkfmxmrkf odh gfyak~rkxmid id

lmlbrodm& boia xr}ax}rm kc lmlbrodm ajoddmf5 cf}ih lkoia lkhmf kc lmlbrodm

xr}ax}rm5 hicc}ikd& klki& coaifixoxmh hicc}ikd& oaxism xrod~krx& mdhk, odh mzkayxki5

krgodmffm& amff& xi}m& krgod& yxml& krgodil

Hiccmrmdx amff xy~m0 l}afm& dmrsm& marmxkry& bfkkh amff

2 Akll}diaoxikd bmxwmmd hixidax xi}m odh krgod

Amdxrof dmrsk} yxml0 broid ‑ amrmbrof jmli~jmrm& jy~kxjofol}& amrmbmff}l odh

lmh}ffo kbfkdgoxo5 ~idof akrh ‑ xroax odh d}afmi

Hmxoifmh xr}ax}rm kc od idhisih}of dm}rkdm0 hmdhrixm& amff bkhy& ozkd& xmrlidof5 mdkry&

lkxkr dm}rkdm& idxmrdm}rkdm5 ikdia boi kc xjm rmxidg lmlbrodm ~kxmdxiof& oaxikd

~kxmdxiof& xjm off,kr,dkdm ~ridai~fm& idixioxikd odh ~rk~ogoxikd& ofxoxkry akdh}axikd5

ydo~m odh ydo~xia xrodliikd5 ~ridai~fm kc ~oxiof odh xml~krof }lloxikd

1 Akl~kdmdx kc jklmkxoxia akdxrkf yxml

Qkloxia dmrsk} yxml0 rmcfmz ora

O}xkdklia dmrsk} yxml0 yl~oxjmxia odh ~oroyl~oxjmxia oaxisixy

Mdhkaridm gfodh0 ohrmdof& ~odarmo& ~ix}ixory *fidemh xk rm~rkh}axikd)& ksorim odh xmxm&

idaf}hidg xjm jkrlkdm OHJ& gf}aogkd& id}fid& ohrmdofidm

8 Loidxmdodam kc o akdxodx idxmrdof mdsirkdlmdx

Cmmhboae yxml0 dmgoxism odh ~kixism cmmhboae

Xjmrlkrmg}foxikd0 bkhy xml~mrox}rm& jy~kxjmrlio+jy~mrxjmrlio& xjm rkfm kc eid id

xml~mrox}rm rmg}foxikd *xr}ax}rm dkx rmq}irmh)

Qxr}ax}rm kc xjm eihdmy0 xjm dm~jrkd& gfklmr}f} odh Bkwlod’ ao~}fm& ~rkzilofakdskf}xmh x}b}fm& Fkk~ kc Jmdfm& hixof akdskf}xmh x}b}fm

^ridai~fm kc klkrmg}foxikd0 idcf}mdam kc xjm jkrlkdm OHJ




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

71




xjm obifixy xk0

? Rmfoxm xjm xr}ax}rm kc

~maiofimh amff xk xjm

c}daxikd

· hmaribm xjm gmdmrof xr}ax}rm kc amff

· ihmdxicy amff krgodmffm

· rmfoxm xjm c}daxikd kc amff krgodmffm xk xjmir

xr}ax}rm

· rmfoxm xjm xr}ax}rm odh c}daxikd kc amff lmlbrodm

· msof}oxm xjm ~rkamm lohm ~kibfm by xjm ~mrlmobifixy kc amff

· msof}oxm amff ~maiofioxikd odh fmsmf kc

krgodioxikd

2 Hmaribm xjm ~rkam kc

akll}diaoxikd bmxwmmd

hixidax xi}m odh krgod

· k}xfidm xjm gmdmrof xr}ax}rm kc xjm dmrsk} yxml

· ihmdxicy xy~m kc dmrsm amff

· hmaribm xjm xr}ax}rm kc xjm dmrsm amff

· mz~foid xjm gmdmroxikd kc o rmxidg lmlbrodm

~kxmdxiof

· hia} xjm ckrloxikd odh xrodliikd kc od oaxikd

~kxmdxiof

1 Hmaribm xjm akl~kdmdx kc

jklmkxoxia akdxrkf yxml

· hmaribm xjm gmdmrof cmox}rm kc o rmcfmz

· mz~foid xjm xr}ax}rm kc o lkdkydo~xia *xrmxaj

rmcfmz) odh ~kfyydo~xia rmcfmz ora

· hia} xjm ~ridai~fm odh c}daxikd kc jkrlkdm o

rmcfmz akl~kdmdx

· odofym xjm boia mfmlmdx kc xjm mdhkaridm yxml

· hmaribm xjm ~ridai~fm kc jkrlkdm oaxikd

· hia} xjm oaxikd kc makdh lmmdgmr

8 Hia} xjm ak,krhidoxmh

oaxisixy kc krgod yxml id

xjm loidxmdodam kc o

akdxodx idxmrdof

mdsirkdlmdx

· hmaribm xjm boia cmox}rm kc jklmkxoxia akdxrkf

lmajodil

· mz~foid lmajodil kc xml~mrox}rm rmg}foxikd odh

xjm rkfm kc xjm jy~kxjofol}

· mz~foid xjm rkfm kc xjm eihdmy id klkrmg}foxikd




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

78

G}ihodam

HmfismryIff}xroxism loxmriof jk}fh bm mfmaxmh xk hmlkdxroxm xjm rmfoxikdji~ bmxwmmd xr}ax}rm odh

c}daxikd id amff odh xjm krgodioxikd kc ~maiofimh amff idxk xi}m odh krgod$ O lkrm

hmxoifmh x}hy kc mfmaxmh krgod yxml id xjm j}lod bkhy ak}fh bm }mh xk iff}xroxm xjm woy

id wjiaj amff odh krgod akll}diaoxm xk akdxrkf xjm idxmrdof mdsirkdlmdx$

Xjm rmfmsodam kc xjm loxmriof xk j}lod ~jyikfkgy odh xk xjm ~ridai~fm kc jklmkxoi o o

wjkfm jk}fh bm xrmmh$

Off fmordmr jk}fh josm xjm k~~krx}dixy xk mz~fkrm xjm ~ridai~fm kc xjm }dix id xjm fobkroxkry

odh xjrk}gj xjm }m kc IX ~oaeogm$

Omlmdx

O sorimxy kc xroxmgim loy bm ohk~xmh xk gmdmroxm xjm rmq}irmh msihmdam$ Xjm k}xaklm aod bm

xrmoxmh m~oroxmfy& ofxjk}gj od idxmgroxism o~~rkoaj xk xjm xk~ia i ~kibfm$ Msihmdam kc

k}xaklm loy bm id xjm ckrl kc oigdlmdx& kr ~roaxiaof idsmxigoxikd$ Xjm o~~rkoaj jk}fh

mdobfm xjm fmordmr xk hmlkdxroxm xjm fide xk kxjmr akrm odh ~maiofix }dix$

Fide

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jo fide wixj xjm ~maiofix }dix ]dix ?20 ^jorloakfkgy& ]dix ?10 Ill}dkfkgy& ]dix ?80

Jixkfkgy odh Jomloxkfkgy& ]dix ?=0 Idcmaxik} Himom& ]dix ?30 Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy odh]dix ?:0 Afidiaof Ajmlixry$

Rmk}ram

Fmordmr wiff dmmh oaam xk wmff,mq}i~~mh fobkroxkry coaifixim& xmajdiaof }~~krx& fibrory odh

IAX rmk}ram$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Aol~bmff D odh Rmmam @ ‑ Mmdxiof Bikfkgy *Bmd`olid A}llidg& 2>>1)

IQBD0 >:>=178713

· Qkfklkd M mx of ‑ Bikfkgy *Brkke Akfm& 2>>2) IQBD0 >=1819?7=1

· Xkrxkro G @ odh Grobkwei Q ‑ ^ridai~fm kc Odoxkly odh ^jyikfkgy ‑ ?>xj Mh Skf ?

*@kjd Wifmy # Qkd& 2>>1) IQBD0 >87?2291?:

· Sodhmr O mx of ‑ J}lod ^jyikfkgy0 Xjm Lmajodil kc Bkhy C}daxikd ‑ :xj Mh *LaGrow

Jiff Mh}aoxikd& 2>>?) IQBD0 >>72==899?




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

7=

Wmbixm

· Xjm Bikajmliaof Qkaimxy0 www$bikajmlixry$krg

· Xjm ̂ jyikfkgiaof Qkaimxy0 www$~jyka$krg

@k}rdof

· Bikajmliaof `k}rdof











‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

73




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

77

]dix ?>0 Lkfma}for Bikfkgy odh Gmdmxia

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix wiff mdobfm xjm fmordmr xk mz~foid xjm amff}for ~rkamm fmohidg xk xjm lkhiciaoxikd

odh idjmrixodam kc ~jmdkxy~ia ajoroaxmrixia$ Xjm rkfm kc d}afmia oaih id hirmaxidg ~rkxmid

ydxjmi odh xjm rmg}foxikd kc xjmm ~rkamm id sisk i idxrkh}amh$ Lmxjkh }mh xk

lodi~}foxm gmdmxia loxmriof id sixrk orm aksmrmh$ Xji xmajdkfkgiaof o~~rkoaj i akl~fmlmdxmh

by od idsmxigoxikd kc afoiaof gmdmxia rmfmsodx xk idhisih}of odh ~k~}foxikd$


a}rria}f}l mg afkdidg$

Xjm }dix ml~joim od }dhmrxodhidg kc akdam~x$ Wjmrm ~kibfm& ~roaxiaof wkre jk}fh bm

}mh xk hmsmfk~ mz~mrilmdxof eiff okaioxmh wixj lkfma}for bikfkgy odh gmdmxia$ Id klm

ormo xji loy dkx bm ~kibfm& k aom x}him odh ~rkbfml,kfsidg mzmraim bomh kd

mz~mrilmdxof wkre jk}fh bm }mh$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Hmaribm xjm ~rkamm kc idckrloxikd xrodcmr crkl HDO xk ~rkxmid

2 Ihmdxicy xjm coaxkr idskfsmh id xjm rmg}foxikd kc gmdm mz~rmikd

1 Rmsimw lmxjkh o~~rk~rioxm xk HDO xmajdkfkgy

8 Mz~foid ~oxxmrd kc idjmrixodam

= Rmfoxm ajodgm id gmdm crmq}mdaim xk ajodgm id ~k~}foxikd$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

7:

Akdxmdx

? Idckrloxikd xrodcmr

Amff }fxroxr}ax}rm0 d}afm} odh d}afmkih& ayxk~fol& mdhk~folia rmxia}f}l& ribkklm&

*m}eorykxia odh ~rkeorykxia)

D}afmia oaih odh ~rkxmid xr}ax}rm0 HDO& lRDO& xRDO& rRDO& ~rkxmid *~rilory odh 1H

xr}ax}rm)

Krgodioxikd kc HDO0 ajrklkklm *m}eorykxia odh ~rkeorykxia)& gmdm& idxrkd odh mzkd

Mdpylm oaxisixim0 RDO ~kfylmrom *}b}dix xr}ax}rm)& ~m~hihyf xrodcmrom

Rkfm kc d}afmia oaih0 HDO& lRDO& xRDO& rRDO

2 Rmg}foxikd

Gmdm xr}ax}rm0 k~mrkd& ~rklkxmr& k~mroxkr& xmrlidoxikd igdof

Rmg}foxkry coaxkr0 idh}aibfm gmdm& oaxisoxkr& rm~rmkr& akdxix}xism ~rkxmid

Akdxrkf ~ridai~fm0 ~kixism odh dmgoxism *mg aoxobkfixm gmdm oaxisoxkr ~rkxmid odh foaxkm

rm~rmkr)

1 Lmxjkh

HDO0 ikfoxikd& odofyxiaof m~oroxikd *mg ogorkm odh ~kfyoaryfolihm gmf mfmaxrk~jkrmi)&

~rm~oroxism m~oroxikd *mg ogorkm gmf mfmaxrk~jkrmi& aomi}l ajfkrihm hmdixy grohimdx)&mq}mdaidg

lRDO0 ikfoxikd by occidixy ajrkloxkgro~jy& aHDO afkdidg

Mdpylm0 rmxriaxikd mdhkd}afmom& figom& rmsmrm xrodari~xom

Smaxkr0 ~folih& boaxmrik~jogm

Jkx0 Majmriajio akfi& ymox

Ihmdxiciaoxikd0 jybrihioxikd& Qk}xjmrd bfkxxidg

8 ^oxxmrd kc idjmrixodam

Sorioxikd0 omz}of odh mz}of rm~rkh}axikd& golmxm& lmiki& l}xoxikd *ajrklkklm odh

gmdm)

Idjmrixodam0 ~jmdkxy~m& gmdkxy~m *jklkpygk} odh jmxmrkpygk})& offmfm *hklidodx odh

rmamism)

Mzml~for arkm0 lkdkjybrih& hijybrih& fideogm *mz odh o}xkklof)& l}fxi~fm offmfm& ak,

hklidodam& m~ixoi

J}lod gmdmxia0 idjmrixmh himom& ~mhigrmm odofyi

Qxoxixia0 aji,q}ormh




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

79

= Ajodgm id gmdm crmq}mdaim

Gmdm ~kkf 0 offmfm& gmdkxy~m odh ~jmdkxy~m crmq}mdaim& Jorhy,Wmidbmrg mq}ifibri}l

*o~~fiaoxikd odh o}l~xikd)

Qmfmaxikd0 xobifiidg& hirmaxikdof& hir}~xism

Oho~xoxikd0 cixdm& cma}dhixy odh siobifixy




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

:?



xjm obifixy xk0

= Rmfoxm ajodgm id gmdmcrmq}mdaim xk ajodgm id

~k~}foxikd

· aofa}foxm gmdkxy~m odh offmfm crmq}mdaim crkl}~~fimh hoxo

· hmh}am xy~m kc mfmaxikd crkl wrixxmd kr gro~jiaof

idckrloxikd

· ihmdxicy coaxkr idcf}mdaidg dox}rof mfmaxikd }idg

o~~rk~rioxm mzol~fm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

:2

G}ihodam

HmfismryMz~mrilmdxof wkre jo bmmd amdxrof xk hmsmfk~lmdx id lkfma}for bikfkgy odh gmdmxia& k xji

jk}fh ckrl xjm boi kc hmfismry wjmrm ~kibfm$ Wjmrm akl~fmz mz~mrilmdx loy dkx bm

cmoibfm aom x}him ak}fh bm }mh$ Grk}~ rmk}ram,bomh rmmoraj wkre odh fmordmr,fmh

mlidor ak}fh ofk bm jmf~c}f$ Xk mm mz~mrilmdx id oaxikd& siix xk lkfma}for bikfkgy

fobkroxkrim loy ofk bm ~kibfm$ ^rkbfml,kfsidg mzmraim wk}fh bm rmfmsodx xk xjm gmdmxia

akl~kdmdx$

Omlmdx

Msihmdam ckr xjm gmdmxia akl~kdmdx kc xji }dix aod bm ~rkh}amh crkl rm~krxidg kd

mz~mrilmdxof wkre }idg& ckr mzol~fm& Hrkk~jifo odh afksmr$ Xmx idskfsidg xjm kf}xikd kc gmdmxia ~rkbfml& idaf}hidg aji,q}ormh& wk}fh ofk bm o~~rk~rioxm$ Msihmdam ckr xjm

~k~}foxikd gmdmxia akl~kdmdx aod bm hmrismh crkl aom x}him odh xmx bomh kd Jorhy,

Wmidbmrg ~rkbfml$

Wjmrm ~kibfm& msihmdam ckr xjm lkfma}for bikfkgy akl~kdmdx kc xjm }dix jk}fh bm kbxoidmh

crkl rm~krx kd mz~mrilmdx$ Xjmm ak}fh idskfsm xjm }m kc HDO mzxroaxikd& rmxriaxikd

mdpylm& mfmaxrk~jkrmi odh x}him kc xjm foa k~mrkd$ Ix i rmakgdimh xjox rmk}ram loy dkx

ofwoy loem xji ~kibfm& k aom x}him& grk}~ rmmoraj odh rm~krx kc siix ak}fh bm }mh$

Fide

Xji }dix ~rksihm fide wixj xjm akrm }dix kc ]dix ?0 Amff Bikfkgy& ]dix 20 Bikajmlixry odh

]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m$ Ix ofk jo fide wixj xjm ~maiofix }dix kc ]dix ??0 Gmdmxia&

]dix ?80 Jixkfkgy odh Jomloxkfkgy odh ]dix ?=0Idcmaxik} Himom$

Rmk}ram

Oaam xk wmff,mq}i~~mh fobkroxkry coaifixim odh xmajdiaof }~~krx wiff bm dmmhmh$ Xjm

o~~orox} wiff hm~mdh kd fkaof rmk}ram$ Jkwmsmr& o wihm rodgm kc rmfmsodx mz~mrilmdx aod

bm hkdm wixj boia fobkroxkry rmk}ram odh amdxrm orm mdak}rogmh xk xoem xji o~~rkoaj wjmd

dmamory$

Fibrory coaifixim& wixj idxmrdmx oaam wiff bm dmmhmh$ Oaam xk a}rrmdx ~mrikhiaof }aj o Dmw Qaimdxix & Qaimdxicia Olmriaod odh Dox}rm wk}fh bm bmdmciaiof xk rmk}ram,bomh rmmoraj

wkre$ Qklm lkfma}for bikfkgy odh gmdmxia il}foxikd orm osoifobfm kd AH RKL$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

:1

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· A}llidg Q ‑ A}rrmdx ^mr~maxism id Gmdmxia *Brkke Akfm& ?999) IQBD0 >=182=2:>

· Hrfiao E ‑ ]dhmrxodhidg HDO odh Gmdm Afkdidg0 O G}ihm ckr xjm A}rik} *@kjd Wifmy

odh Qkd& 2>>1) IQBD0 >87?818?37· Gfiae R B odh ^oxmrdoe @ @ ‑ Lkfma}for Bikxmajdkfkgy0 ^ridai~fm odh O~~fiaoxikd kc

Rmaklbidodx HDO *OQL ^rm& 2>>1) IQBD0 ?===:?2398

· Jorxf H odh @kdm M ‑ Mmdxiof Gmdmxia *@kdm odh Borxfmxx ^}bfijmr& 2>>2)

IQBD0 >7317?:=2?

· Ef}g W odh A}llidg L ‑ Akdam~x kc Gmdmxia *^rmdxiam Joff& 2>>1) IQBD0 >?1?2?8897

· Fmjdidgmr O F& Dmfkd H F odh Akz L A ‑ ^ridai~fm kc Bikajmlixry *Wkrxj ~}bfijmr&

2>>>) IQBD0 >7?37822?7

Wmbixm

· jxx~0++fibrory$ohsodamh$krg+?9>17+ ‑ Xjide _}mx

· www$dof$}ho$gks+bia+ ‑ Bikxmajdkfkgy

http://library.advanced.org/19037/

http://www.nal.usda.gov/bic/

http://www.nal.usda.gov/bic/

http://library.advanced.org/19037/




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

:8




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

:=

]dix ??0 Gmdmxia

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix i hmigdmh xk mdobfm fmordmr xk hmsmfk~ odh o~~fy edkwfmhgm goidmh id ]dix 90

Lkfma}for Bikfkgy odh Gmdmxia xk o rodgm kc bikfkgiaof hiai~fidm$ Fmordmr’ mz~mrimdam kc

Lmdhmfiod ~ridai~fm& lkfma}for bikfkgy odh liarkbiof gmdmxia wiff bm mzxmdhmh odh o~~fimh xk

rmfmsodx ormo }aj o himom odh lmhiaoxikd& gmdmxia ak}dmffidg odh mfmaxism brmmhidg$

Xji }dix ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim xk hia} kaiof& a}fx}rof& lkrof& mxjiaof odh mdsirkdlmdxof

i}m id xjm wihmr a}rria}f}l mg gmdm afkdidg$

Fmordmr wiff ofk bm gismd xjm k~~krx}dixy xk x}hy mzxro,d}afmor idjmrixodam odh ix akddmaxikd

xk j}lod himom$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? O~~fy Lmdhmfiod ~ridai~fm xk o rodgm kc ~rkamm& idaf}hidg mfmaxism brmmhidg odh

gmdmxia ak}dmffidg

2 Hmaribm o sorimxy kc lkfma}for bikfkgy xmajdiq}m odh xjmir o~~fiaoxikd xk idh}xry&

ogria}fx}rm odh xjm lmhiaof ~rkcmikd1 Mz~foid xjm rmfoxikdji~ bmxwmmd liarkbiof gmdmxia odh j}lod himom }aj o OIHQ odh

aodamr

8 Rmsimw klm ~ridai~fm kc mzxro,d}afmor gmdmxia$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

:3

Akdxmdx

? Lmdhmfiod ~ridai~fm

Gmdmxia ak}dmffidg 0 o}xkklof odh mz,fidemh himom& }m kc ~mhigrmm hiogrol& idgfm

gmdm himom& ~kfygmdiaoffy akdxrkffmh himom }aj o ~ido biciho& fmxjof offmfm

^oxmrdixy xmxidg 0 }m kc bfkkh grk}~+mdpylm xmx xk hmxmrlidm ~rkbobifixy kc ~ormdxjkkh

Qmfmaxism brmmhidg 0 makdkliaoffy il~krxodx xroix }aj o idarmomh bksidm life yimfh odh

}~mrikr ~fodx himom rmixodam& mfmaxikd filix& ~rkbfml ao}mh by idbrmmhidg5 cfkwmr

akfk}r& mmh jo~m& mxa

2 Lkfma}for bikfkgy xmajdiq}m

Lo~~idg gmdmxia hmcmax0 RCF^ odofyi ckr J}dxidghkd’ himom& iaefm amff odomlio& mxa

Ckrmdia aimdam0 odofyi kc }~max bkhy xi}m& gmdmxia cidgmr~ridxidg }idg SDXR

odofyi

^rkxmid ~rkh}ax crkl gmdmxiaoffy lkhicimh krgodil0 ~rkh}axikd kc lmhiaoffy odh

akllmraioffy il~krxodx ~rkxmid idaf}hidg id}fid& coaxkr IZ& j}lod grkwxj jkrlkdm odh

soaaidm

Gmdmxia lkhiciaoxikd kc jigjmr ~fodx0 }m kc ogrkboaxmri}l x}licoamod& ~mx rmixodam&

jmrbiaihm rmixodam& idarmomh yimfh

Mxjiaof i}m0 sof}m xk xjm ~}bfia& mdsirkdlmdxof akdihmroxikd& ~kibfm xkziaixy& ~}bfia

k~idikd

1 Liarkbiof gmdmxia

Rm~rkh}axism ayafm0 mfmaxmh c}dgof& boaxmriof& sirof *idaf}hidg boaxmrik~jogm)

Boaxmriof gmdmxia sorioxikd0 xrodckrloxikd& akd`}goxikd& xrodh}axikd

J}lod himom0 OIHQ& x}lk}r,idh}aidg kdakgmdm sir}m

8 Mzxro,d}afmor gmdmxia

Lixkajkdhrikd0 gmdklm& ~rkxmid ydxjmi& loxmrdof idjmrixodam

Ajfkrk~fox 0 gmdklm& ~rkxmid ydxjmi& loxmrdof idjmrixodam

Mzol~fm kc mzxro,d}afmor idjmrixodam0 ckr mzol~fm fmoc sorimgoxikd id Lirobifi `ofo~o

Mzxro,d}afmor j}lod himom0 ckr mzol~fm Emord,Qoyrm ydhrklm odh lykafkdia m~ifm~y




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

:7




xjm obifixy xk0

? O~~fy Lmdhmfiod ~ridai~fm

xk o rodgm kc ~rkamm&

idaf}hidg mfmaxism brmmhidg

odh gmdmxia ak}dmffidg

· mz~foid xjm rmokd odh msof}oxm xjm lmxjkhkfkgy

o~~fimh xk mfmaxism brmmhidg

· akdh}ax o il~fm ~fodx brmmhidg mz~mrilmdx

· o~~fy Lmdhmfiod ~ridai~fm xk gmdmxia rie

omlmdx odh ~oxmrdixy xmxidg

2 Hmaribm o sorimxy kc lkfma}for bikfkgy

xmajdiq}m odh xjmir

o~~fiaoxikd xk idh}xry&

ogria}fx}rm odh xjm lmhiaof

~rkcmikd

· hmaribm xjm }m kc lkfma}for bikfkgy xmajdiq}m ckr il~krxodx HDO lodi~}foxikd }aj o RCF^ odh

SDXR odofyi odh& wjmrm ~kibfm& aorry k}x }aj

xmajdiq}m o HDO mzxroaxikd& ogorkm gmf

mfmaxrk~jkrmi odh Qk}xjmrd bfkxxidg

· rmsimw xjm }m kc gmdm afkdidg id idh}xry&

ogria}fx}rm odh lmhiaidm

· ihmdxicy akdxrib}xikd xk xjm hmboxm kd xjm gmdmxia

lkhiciaoxikd kc krgodil

1 Mz~foid xjm rmfoxikdji~

bmxwmmd liarkbiof gmdmxiaodh j}lod himom }aj o

OIHQ odh aodamr

· hmcidm xjm lo`kr xy~m kc liarkbiof rm~rkh}axikd

· aorry k}x il~fm boaxmriof grkwxj eidmxiamz~mrilmdx

· rmfoxm xjm ficm ayafm kc xjm j}lod

ill}dkhmciaimday sir} odh x}lk}r,idh}aidg

sir}m xk xjmir ~oxjkgmdiaixy

· mz~foid xjm lmajodil by wjiaj ~rkeorykxm

oajimsm gmdmxia sorioxikd

8 Rmsimw klm ~ridai~fm kc

mzxro,d}afmor gmdmxia

· akl~orm cmox}rm kc xjm d}afmor odh mzxro,d}afmor

lmajodil kc ~rkxmid ydxjmi

· }m mzol~fm xk akl~orm odh akdxrox Lmdhmfiododh loxmrdof lkhm kc idjmrixodam

· ihmdxicy j}lod himom ao}mh by lixkajkdhriof

HDO l}xoxikd odh msof}oxm xjm idcf}mdam kc xjm

l}xoxikd kd bkhy yxml




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

::

G}ihodam

HmfismryO xjm }dix ~rkgrmm& fmordmr jk}fh bm mdak}rogmh xk xoem rm~kdibifixy ckr xjmir kwd

fmordidg by xoeidg ~orx id }~mrsimh x}hy wkrejk~$ Xjm }dix jk}fh ofk josm o igdiciaodx

~roaxiaof mfmlmdx odh siix xk akllmraiof fobkroxkrim+b}idmm jk}fh bm ~foddmh xk

mdjodam xjm fmordidg mz~mrimdam$

Omlmdx

Xji }dix jk}fh bm ommh }idg o aklbidoxikd kc ~roaxiaof rm~krx odh aom x}hy rm~krx$

Wjmrmsmr ~kibfm& fmordmr jk}fh ckxmr o xmolwkre o~~rkoaj odh bm mdak}rogmh xk }blix

msihmdam id o sorimxy kc ckrl& idaf}hidg krof ~rmmdxoxikd odh ~kxmr wkre$ Wjmrm fobkroxkry

coaifixim orm dkx }ixobfm& ofxmrdoxism ckrl kc omlmdx& idaf}hidg ~rkbfml kfsidg odh grk}~rmmoraj wkre& jk}fh bm ml~fkymh$

Fide

Xji }dix fide wixj ]dix ?0 Amff Bikfkgy& ]dix 20 Bikajmlixry& ]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m&

]dix ?>0 Lkfma}for Bikfkgy odh Gmdmxia odh ]dix ?30 Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy$ X}xkr jk}fh bm

mdak}rogmh xk idxmgroxm o~max kc xjmm }dix wjmrmsmr ~kibfm xk ~rksihm o akjmrmdx& fkgiaof

o~~rkoaj xk xjm ~rkgrollm$

Rmk}ram

Fmordmr dmmh oaam xk o wmff,mq}i~~mh bikfkgy fobkroxkry odh xmajdiaof }~~krx$ Ic xjmm

coaifixim orm }dosoifobfm& xjm }dix loy bm mdjodamh by siix xk o~~rk~rioxm mzxmrdof

fobkroxkrim$ Fmordmr wiff ofk dmmh oaam xk fibrory coaifixim& AH RKL odh xjm idxmrdmx$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· R}mff ^ ‑ C}dholmdxof kc Gmdmxia ‑ =xj Mh *Ohhikd Wmfmy& 2>>?)

IQBD0 >12?>8:3:7

· Qd}xoh H odh Qillkd L ‑ ^ridai~fm kc Gmdmxia *@kjd Wifmy # Qkd& 2>>1)IQBD0 >87?8897=Z




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

:9

]dix ?20 ^jorloakfkgy

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix aksmr xjm ormo kc ~jorloakfkgy dmamory ckr od o~~rmaioxikd kc xjm roxikdofm ckr

hr}g oaxikd$ ^rikr edkwfmhgm odh od }dhmrxodhidg kc j}lod ~jyikfkgy orm mmdxiof$ Xjm }dix

idaf}hm rmam~xkr xjmkry kc hr}g oaxikd& ~jorloakeidmxia ~ridai~fm& xjm ill}dm yxml odh xjm

lodi~}foxikd kc ix mccmax by hr}g oaxikd$ Xji }dix rmfim kd od }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm ]dix 10

J}lod ^jyikfkgy& wjiaj ihmoffy jk}fh bm x}himh cirx$

Xji }dix ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim xk hia} kaiof odh a}fx}rof i}m kc xjm wihmr a}rria}f}l$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? ]m ~jorloakeidmxia ~ridai~fm xk odofym odh aofa}foxm afidiaof hoxo

2 Rmsimw xjm coaxkr xjox orm edkwd xk occmax ~jorloakeidmxia ~rkamm odh rmfoxm xk

hkogm rmgilm

1 Rmsimw xjm lmajodil kc xrodliikd kc dmrsm il~}fm& odh xjmir lkhiciaoxikd by

hr}g

8 Rmfoxm k}xaklm 1 xk xjm xrmoxlmdx kc himom xoxm

= Rmsimw xjm c}daxikdidg kc xjm ill}dm yxml odh jkw hr}g loy occmax ix$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

9>

Akdxmdx

? ^jorloakeidmxia ~ridai~fm

Obkr~xikd odh mzarmxikd0 hmrisoxikd kc mq}oxikd mz~rmidg roxm kc obkr~xikd odh

mzarmxikd& jofc,ficm& xkxof olk}dx obkrbmh

Akdamdxroxikd0 gro~jiaof rm~rmmdxoxikd kc ~folo akdamdxroxikd ogoidx xilm ckr o hr}g

ohlidixmrmh by is bkf}& idgfm krof hkm& l}fxi~fm krof hkm& akdxid}k} is idc}ikd

Roxm kc obkr~xikd odh mzarmxikd0 xjm }m kc mli,fkg gro~j ~o~mr odh aofa}foxikd kc roxm

kc obkr~xikd odh mzarmxikd& jofc,ficm odh croaxikd obkrbmh

2 Coaxkr xjox orm edkwd xk occmax ~jorloakeidmxia ~rkamm

Coaxkr occmaxidg obkr~xikd& hixrib}xikd& lmxobkfil odh mzarmxikd0 ckkh& himom& ogm&kxjmr hr}g& bfkkh cfkw& fi~ih akdxmdx& mxa

Hkogm rmgilm0 xmrlidkfkgy odh rmakllmdhoxikd }mh id xjm Brixij Doxikdof Ckrl}fory

*BDC)

Idxmroaxikd0 hr}g+ckkh odh hr}g+hr}g idxmroaxikd oriidg crkl ~jorloakeidmxia

lmajodil

1 Xrodliikd kc dmrsm il~}fm

Xjm dmrsk} yxml0 xjm xr}ax}rm odh c}daxikd kc dmrsm kc xjm amdxrof dmrsk} yxml& xjm

o}xkdklia dmrsk} yxml odh skf}dxory dmrsm& lksmlmdx kc ikd id xjm xrodliikd ~rkam& xjm ydo~m& rmam~xkr& xrodlixxmr }bxodam& mdpylm brmoehkwd& rm,}~xoem

Mccmax kc hr}g0 xjm mccmax hr}g loy josm kd xjm obksm msmdx iff}xroxmh by dolmh hr}g

Xjm }m kc xmrlidkfkgy0 ogkdix& odxogkdix& ~orxiof ogkdix& odh mdpylm idjibixkr

8 Himom xoxm

Himom kc xjm amdxrof dmrsk} yxml odh xjmir xrmoxlmdx 0 mg ^oreidkd’ himom&

hm~rmikd

Himom kc xjm skf}dxory dmrsk} yxml0 mg Lyoxjmdio grosi& kxjmr himom xoxm kr

xrmoxlmdx wjiaj idskfsm xrodlixxmr }bxodam kr xjmir lkhiciaoxikd& ckr mzol~fm& xjm }mkc bmxo,bfkaemr& bmxo,rmam~xkr ogkdix& odxiajkfidmrgia

= Xjm ill}dm yxml

Dkd,~maicia odh ~maicia hmcmdam lmajodil0 xjm rkfm kc X amff odh B amff

Xjm }m kc hr}g xjox xil}foxm odh }~~rm xjm ill}dm yxml0 odxigmd& akrxiakxmrkih

odh ayafk~krid odh xjmir }m id o}xkill}dm himom odh krgod xrod~fodx




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

9?




xjm obifixy xk0

? ]m ~jorloakeidmxia

~ridai~fm xk odofym odh

aofa}foxm afidiaof hoxo

· ~fkx ~jorloakeidmxia hoxo *~folo akdamdxroxikd

ogoidx xilm) kd ~foid odh mli,fkg ~o~mr o

o~~rk~rioxm

· mzxro~kfoxm hoxo odh aofa}foxm roxm kc obkr~xikd

odh mzarmxikd& jofc,ficm& xkxof olk}dx obkrbmh&

croaxikd obkrbmh& ckr hoxo crkl& idgfm is bkf}&

idgfm krof hkm

· iff}xroxm gro~jiaof hoxo crkl l}fxi~fm krof hkm odh

is idc}ikd

2 Rmsimw xjm coaxkr xjox orm

edkwd xk occmax

~jorloakeidmxia ~rkamm

odh rmfoxm xk hkogm rmgilm

· ihmdxicy odh hmaribm xjm coaxkr occmaxidg

obkr~xikd& hixrib}xikd& lmxobkfil odh mzarmxikd

· mz~foid jkw xjmm coaxkr idcf}mdam hkogm rmgilm&

idaf}hidg xjkm ckr ~oximdx wixj rmdof odh jm~oxia

il~oirlmdx

· }m xjm edkwfmhgm kc xjmm coaxkr xk mz~foid ox fmox

xjrmm xy~m kc hr}g idxmroaxikd

1 Rmsimw xjm lmajodil kc

xrodliikd kc dmrsm

il~}fm& odh xjmir

lkhiciaoxikd by hr}g

· mz~foid xjm emy xogm id xrodliikd kc dmrsm

il~}fm& wixj xjm }m kc }llory hiogrol

· mz~foid xjm rkfm kc xrodlixxmr }bxodam id xjm

xrodliikd ~rkam odh jkw hr}g loy lkhicy

xjmm ~rkamm& iff}xroxidg hiogrolloxiaoffy

· hia} xjm hiccmrmdam bmxwmmd xjm amdxrof dmrsk}

yxml& xjm o}xkdklia dmrsk} yxml odh skf}dxory

dmrsm

8 Rmfoxm k}xaklm 1 xk xjm

xrmoxlmdx kc himom xoxm

· rmfoxm hr}g xrmoxlmdx kc himom kc xjm amdxrof

dmrsk} yxml xk xjm xrodliikd kc dmrsmil~}fm

· rmfoxm hr}g xrmoxlmdx kc himom kc xjm o}xkdklia

dmrsk} yxml xk xjm xrodliikd kc dmrsm

il~}fm

· rmfoxm hr}g xrmoxlmdx kc himom kc xjm skf}dxory

dmrsm xk xjm xrodliikd kc dmrsm il~}fm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

92



xjm obifixy xk0

= Rmsimw xjm c}daxikdidg kc xjmill}dm yxml odh jkw

hr}g loy occmax ix

· mz~foid xjm c}daxikd kc dkd,~maicia odh ~maiciahmcmdam lmajodil& X amff odh B amff

· mzolidm xjm lkhm kc oaxikd kc odxigmd& soaaidm

odh ill}dk}~~rmodx hr}g id rmfoxikd xk xjm

hmcmdam lmajodil lmdxikdmh obksm

· rmsimw xjm }m kc xjmm hr}g id

ill}dkakl~rklimh ~oximdx& odh o}xkill}dm

himom




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

91

G}ihodam

Hmfismry^jorloakeidmxia ~ridai~fm

Akllmdam wixj o rmsimw kc gro~j ~fkxxidg& mq}oxikd ckr xroigjx,fidm gro~j& }m kc mli,fkg

~o~mr$ Iff}xroxm hmrisoxikd kc mq}oxikd by mzol~fm o kdm gkm ofkdg$ I}m afidiaof hoxo ckr

aforkkl mzmraim& ckffkwmh by i}m kc afidiaof hoxo ckr oigdlmdx$ ]m kc kcxworm xk

iff}xroxm xrmdh& ~oxxmrd odh mzam~xikd$

Coaxkr xjox orm edkwd xk occmax ~jorloakeidmxia ~rkamm

Idxrkh}axikd xk xjm ck}r ormo kc obkr~xikd& hixrib}xikd& lmxobkfil odh mzarmxikd$

Fmordmr& id grk}~& aod hrow }~ kd cfi~ ajorx xjm ~rkamm xjmy xjide jo~~md ckffkwidg xjm

idgmxikd kc mg ~oroamxolkf xobfmx& *xjideidg obk}x klmxjidg xjmy josm xoemd)$ Fmordmr xjmd}m xjmm o o boi ckr o xjkrk}gj aksmrogm kc xjm coaxkr occmaxidg xjmm ~rkamm$

Fmordmr aod idhisih}offy fkke }~ BDC hkogm rmgilm ckr akllkd hr}g xjox xjmy loy josm

xoemd& mg o akllkdfy }mh odxibikxia& odh xjmd jorm xji idckrloxikd wixj xjm afo$

Hr}g idxmroaxikd aod bm hmfismrmh by q}mxikd odh odwmr& o fmordmr jk}fh dkw josm xjm

}dhmrxodhidg xk hmh}am xjm rmokd ckr lody idxmroaxikd$ O afo mzmraim }idg idckrloxikd

k}ram& ak}fh bm aorrimh k}x$

Xrodliikd kc dmrsm il~}fm

O rmsimw kc rmfmsodx j}lod ~jyikfkgy$ O hia}ikd kd xrodliikd ~rkamm odh xjmir

lkhiciaoxikd by hr}g$ Mz~fodoxikd kc xmrlidkfkgy$

Himom xoxm

]m sihmk *xjmrm orm msmrof osoifobfm) xk iff}xroxm ^oreidkd’ himom odh hm~rmikd$ O

hia}ikd bomh kd xjmm odh ~oximdx xjm fmordmr loy josm edkwd$ Rmfoxm xjm hr}g xk

akdhixikd xjm fmordmr loy josm mz~mrimdamh mg oxjlo& ~rmlmhiaoxikd& mxa$ O afo mzmraim

}idg idckrloxikd k}ram *mg BDC)$

Xjm ill}dm yxml

Rmsimw mzixidg edkwfmhgm kc xjm ill}dm yxml5 rmfoxm xk fmordmr’ kwd mz~mrimdam wjmrm

~kibfm$ Sihmk orm osoifobfm kd klm o~max kc xjm ill}dm yxml$

Mz~foid xjm lmodidg kc xjm xmrl o}xkill}dm himom odh iff}xroxm wixj mzol~fm5 hia} rkfm

kc hr}g id lkhiciaoxikd kc xjm yxml$ ]m idckrloxikd k}ram$ Fmordmr xk ~rm~orm odhhmfismr o ~rmmdxoxikd$

Omlmdx

Msihmdam ckr k}xaklm ? loy bm id xjm ckrl kc od oigdlmdx& bomh kd ~rkh}aidg gro~j kd

~foid odh mli,fkg ~o~mr& o o~~rk~rioxm& crkl afidiaof hoxo& mzxroaxidg idckrloxikd crkl xjm

gro~j odh aofa}foxikd bomh kd xji idckrloxikd$

Msihmdam ckr k}xaklm 2 loy bm id xjm ckrl kc o wrixxmd oigdlmdx kd xjm rmsimw kc coaxkr&

jkrx odwmr xk ~rkbfml bomh kd afidiaof hoxo odh }ggmxmh hkogm rmgilm odh wrixxmd

mz~fodoxikd ckr o rodgm kc hr}g+ckkh& hr}g+hr}g idxmroaxikd$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

98

Msihmdam ckr k}xaklm 1 loy bm id xjm ckrl kc od iff}xroxikd& by oddkxoxmh hiogrol& kc xjm

xjmkry kc dmrsm xrodliikd odh xjm rkfm kc xrodlixxmr }bxodam odh akl~fmxikd kc xobfm kd

mzol~fm kc xrodlixxmr }bxodam ckr ADQ odh ODQ mxa$

Msihmdam ckr k}xaklm 8 loy bm id xjm ckrl kc o wrixxmd odh iff}xroxmh oaak}dx kc himom xoxm

odh xjmir xrmoxlmdx& fideidg xk xjm xjmkry kc k}xaklm 1$

Msihmdam ckr k}xaklm = loy bm id xjm ckrl kc krof ~rmmdxoxikd kd xjm }m kc hr}g xjox oax bylkhicyidg xjm ill}dm yxml$

Fide


]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m odh ]dix =0 Odofyi kc Qaimdxicia Idckrloxikd odh Hoxo odh

]dix 90 J}lod ^jyikfkgy$ Ix ofk jo fide wixj xjm ~maiofix }dix kc ]dix ?10 Ill}dkfkgy$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Lmjxo H ‑ Brixij Doxikdof Ckrl}fory *^jorloam}xiaof ̂ rm& 2>>1) IQBD0 >:=139==31

· Dmof L ‑ Lmhiaof ^jorloakfkgy ox o Gfodam *Bfoaewmff Qaimdam& 2>>2)

IQBD0 >312>=2889

· Qxkaefmy I ‑ Hr}g Idxmroaxikd *^jorloam}xiaof ̂ rm& 2>>2) IQBD0 >:=139=>8>




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

9=

]dix ?10 Ill}dkfkgy

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix i hmigdmh xk mzxmdh xjm edkwfmhgm odh }dhmrxodhidg kc dkrlof bkhy yxml$ Xji

}dix wiff ~rksihm xjm fmordmr wixj od o~~rmaioxikd kc xjm il~krxodam kc xjm ill}dm rm~kdm&

odh wiff ofk idaf}hm xjm boia lmajodil kc ill}dixy& xjm rkfm kc ill}dm rm~kdm id

himom& odh xjm x}hy kc akl~kdmdx kc xjm ill}dm yxml }idg fobkroxkry idsmxigoxikd$

Q}llory kc k}xaklmXk oajimsm xji }dix o fmordmr l}x0

? Rmsimw xjm mfmlmdx kc xjm ill}dm rm~kdm

2 Hmaribm xjm idxmroaxikd kc xjm mfmlmdx kc xjm ill}dm yxml id ~rkxmaxidg xjm bkhy

ogoidx odxigmdia ajoffmdgm

1 Ihmdxicy lmxjkh }mh xk lodi~}foxm xjm ill}dm rm~kdm

8 Rmsimw xjm lmajodil odh akdmq}mdam kc od obdkrlof ill}dm rm~kdm

= Mzolidm idhiaoxism mzol~fm crkl xjm rodgm kc ill}dkfkgiaof xmajdiq}m }mh xk x}hy

xjm ill}dm yxml$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

93

Akdxmdx

? Mfmlmdx kc xjm ill}dm rm~kdm

Fyl~joxia yxml0 ~rilory odh makdhory fyl~jkih krgod& xjm fyl~j dkhm

Amff kc xjm ill}dm yxml0 ~kfylkr~jkd}afmor amff& fyl~jkayxm& hmdhrixia amff& DE

amff

Qkf}bfm coaxkr0 akl~fmlmdx& idxmrcmrkd& ayxkeidm& odxibkhy& idcfolloxkry lmhioxkr

2 Idxmroaxikd kc xjm mfmlmdx kc xjm ill}dm yxml

Iddoxm rm~kdm0 lmajodiaof odh ajmliaof borrimr& idcfolloxikd& ~jogkayxki&

akl~fmlmdx aoaohm

Oaq}irmh rm~kdm0 odxigmd ~rmmdxoxikd& rkfm kc xjm LJA& loff fyl~jkayxm odh xjmir

mccmaxkr c}daxikd& c}daxikd kc odxibkhy odh gmdmroxikd kc hismrixy& xjm ayxkeidm dmxwkre&

l}akof ill}dixy& xkfmrodam

1 Lodi~}foxm xjm ill}dm rm~kdm

^ridai~fm odh ~roaxiam kc soaaidoxikd

Xrod~fodxoxikd0 rm`maxikd odh ix lodi~}foxikd

Afidiaof }m kc xjm ill}dm rm~kdm0 x}lk}r ill}dkfkgy& ayxkeidm o xjmro~m}xia

8 Obdkrlof ill}dm rm~kdm

Jy~mrmdixisixy rmoaxikd0 xy~m I xk IS idaf}hidg offmrgy

O}xkill}dixy0 rm~kdm xk mfc,odxigmd

Ill}dm hmciaimdaim0 idjmrixmh odh oaq}irmh ill}dm hmciaimdaim

= Ill}dkfkgiaof xmajdiq}m

Rm~rmmdxoxism xmajdiq}m0 oggf}xidoxikd& ill}dkhicc}ikd& ikfoxikd odh x}hy kc

fyl~jkayxm ~k~}foxikd& ill}dkooy idaf}hidg MFIQO odh ill}dk,ayxkajmlixry




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

97




xjm obifixy xk0

? Rmsimw xjm mfmlmdx kc xjm

ill}dm rm~kdm

· hmaribm xjm fkaoxikd odh c}daxikd kc fyl~joxia

xi}m

· ihmdxicy xjm lo`kr amff kc xjm ill}dm rm~kdm odh

xjm kf}bfm coaxkr xjox idxmroax wixj xjml

2 Hmaribm xjm idxmroaxikd kc

xjm mfmlmdx kc xjm ill}dm

yxml id ~rkxmaxidg xjm bkhyogoidx odxigmdia ajoffmdgm

· akl~orm xjm iddoxm odh oaq}irmh rm~kdm

· hmaribm xjm lo`kr ~jom kc xjm idcfolloxkryrm~kdm& idaf}hidg ~jogkayxki

· iff}xroxm jkw odxigmd ~rmmdxoxikd kaa}r sio LJA

idxmroaxikd

· rmsimw xjm xr}ax}rm odh c}daxikd kc odxibkhy

lkfma}fm

· ihmdxicy xjm il~krxodam kc xjm ayxkeidm dmxwkre o

od idxmgrof ~orx kc xjm ill}dm yxml

1 Ihmdxicy lmxjkh }mh xk

lodi~}foxm xjm ill}dm

rm~kdm

· ihmdxicy xjm xroxmgim }mh id oaxism odh ~oism

soaaidoxikd

· om xjm ~rkbfml okaioxmh wixj xi}m

xrod~fodxoxikd

· mz~foid xjm ~kxmdxiof afidiaof }m kc akl~kdmdx kc

xjm ill}dm yxml

8 Rmsimw xjm lmajodil odh

akdmq}mdam kc od

obdkrlof ill}dm rm~kdm

· mz~foid xjm hiccmrmdam bmxwmmd xjm ck}r xy~m kc

jy~mrmdixisixy rmoaxikd

· hmaribm o}xkill}dm rm~kdm }idg o rodgm kc

afidiaof mzol~fm

· rmsimw mzol~fm kc akdgmdixof odh oaq}irmh ill}dm

hmciaimdaim

= Mzolidm idhiaoxism mzol~fm

crkl xjm rodgm kc

ill}dkfkgiaof xmajdiq}m

}mh xk x}hy xjm ill}dm

yxml

· rmsimw xjm lmxjkh }mh xk x}hy xjm lo`kr

akdxix}mdx kc xjm ill}dm yxml

· mz~foid xjm }m kc ill}dkfkgiaof lkfma}fm o

hiogdkxia xkkf

· aorry k}x ~roaxiaof xmajdiq}m xk idaf}hm hiccmrmdxiof

wjixm amff ak}dx& ~jogkayxki& ill}dkhicc}ikd&

akl~fmlmdx fyi odh MFIQO

· akll}diaoxm xjm rm}fx crkl xjm obksm ~roaxiaof

mzmraim odh jkw jkw xjmy aod bm o~~fimh wixjid biklmhiaof aimdam




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

9:

G}ihodam

HmfismryXjm }dix jk}fh bm hmfismrmh by o wmff,idxmgroxmh ~rkgrollm kc fmax}rm& ~roaxiaof& x}xkriof

odh aom x}him$ Grk}~ wkre odh ~rmmdxoxikd kc aom x}hy loxmriof wiff iff}xroxm xjm

il~krxodam kc ill}dkfkgy wixjid afidiaof lmhiaidm$

Ix jk}fh bm ~kibfm xk idaf}hm ox fmox cism boia ill}dkfkgiaof xmajdiq}m id xjm }dix$ Ic xjmm

orm ~oamh o~~rk~rioxmfy xk idxmgroxm wixj fmax}rm loxmriof& xjm x}xkriof odh aom x}him aod bm

}mh xk c}ffy idxmgroxm off xjm loxmriof$

Omlmdx

K}xaklm ? idskfsm hmari~xikd kc xjm lo`kr akl~kdmdx kc xjm ill}dm rm~kdm$ Msihmdamwiff loidfy bm id wrixxmd ckrl& odh loy idskfsm o ~roaxiaof rm~krx odh idxmgroxikd kc loxmriof

crkl k}xaklm 2$

K}xaklm 2 idskfsm o~~fiaoxikd kc xjm edkwfmhgm crkl k}xaklm ?& odh xjm ~ridai~fm kc xjm

lo`kr xy~m kc ill}dm rm~kdm$ Xjm msihmdam jk}fh bm id wrixxmd ckrl idaf}hidg ak}rmwkre

oigdlmdx odh xjm }m kc aom x}him$

K}xaklm 1 odh 8 b}ifh }~kd xjm edkwfmhgm goidmh id k}xaklm ? odh 2& odh rmfoxm xk afidiaof

o~~fiaoxikd odh himom$ O aom x}hy o~~rkoaj& xkgmxjmr wixj wrixxmd msihmdam& wk}fh bm

o~~rk~rioxm$

K}xaklm = idskfsm fobkroxkry idsmxigoxikd id o rodgm kc o~~rk~rioxm ormo$ O o lidil}l&

~roaxiaof aksmridg hiccmrmdxiof wjixm amff ak}dx& ~jogkayxki& ill}dkhicc}ikd& akl~fmlmdxfyi& odh MFIQO jk}fh bm ~mrckrlmh$ Fmordmr jk}fh bm ommh id xjm akll}diaoxikd odh

o~~fiaoxikd kc rm}fx$ Msihmdam loy aksmr off cism fmordidg k}xaklm$

O aom x}hy o~~rkoaj i wmff }ixmh xk xjm hmfismry kc msmrof kc xjmm k}xaklm$ Fobkroxkry

mzmraim wiff offkw edkwfmhgm crkl lody ormo kc xjm }dix xk bm idxmgroxmh odh }mh o

msihmdam$

Fide


]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m odh ]dix 90 J}lod ^jyikfkgy$ Ix ofk jo fide wixj xjm

~maiofix }dix ]dix ?20 ^jorloakfkgy& ]dix ?80 Jixkfkgy odh Jomloxkfkgy& ]dix ?=0 Idcmaxik} Himom odh ]dix ?90 ^oxjkfkgy Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx $

Rmk}ram

Xji }dix rmq}irm fobkroxkry oaam& ihmoffy wixj coaifixim xjox mdobfm xjm x}hy kc bfkkh

akdxix}mdx odh o rmokdobfm rodgm kc akllkd ill}dkfkgiaof lmxjkh$ Ix i dkx dmamory xk

josm xjm coaifixim xk ~mrckrl off kc xjm lmxjkh fixmh id k}xaklm =$ Bfkkh,jodhfidg coaifixim

orm dkx mmdxiof& o ~rm~ormh fihm odh mro orm osoifobfm akllmraioffy$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

99

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· @odmwoy A mx of ‑ Ill}dkbikfkgy *Aj}rajiff Fisidgxkdm& ?999) IQBD0 >881>327=7

· Rkixx I L mx of ‑ Ill}dkfkgy *Lkby& 2>>?) IQBD0 >72181?:92

· Rkixx I L ‑ Rkixx’ Mmdxiof Ill}dkfkgy *Bfoaewmff Qaimdam& 2>>?) IQBD0 >312>=9>2:




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?>>




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?>?

]dix ?80 Jixkfkgy odh Jomloxkfkgy

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xjm oil kc xji }dix i xk idsmxigoxm odh msof}oxm xjm ~rkamm idskfsmh id jixkfkgy odh

jomloxkfkgy$ Xjm }dix wiff bm oajimsmh by ~roaxiaof mz~mrimdam wjmrmsmr ~kibfm odh i

idxmdhmh xk hmsmfk~ xjm fmordmr’ }dhmrxodhidg kc amff bikfkgy& lkfma}for gmdmxia odh o~~fimh

bikfkgy$ Xjm }b`max loxxmr wiff bm xrmoxmh brkohfy xk mrsm o o bom ckr c}rxjmr hmsmfk~lmdx$

Xji }dix ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim xk hia} lkrof& kaiof odh mxjiaof i}m kc xjm wihmr

a}rria}f}l$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Hmaribm xjm ~ridai~fm odh ~roaxiam kc liarkak~y

2 Idsmxigoxm xjm ~rkamm idskfsmh id xjm ~rm~oroxikd kc ~oxjkfkgiaof ~mailmd

1 Idsmxigoxm jixk~oxjkfkgy odh ayxk~oxjkfkgy xk ihmdxicy xjm ajodgm ao}mh by himom id

xjm bkhy’ xi}m

8 Hmaribm xjm ckrloxikd odh c}daxikd kc bfkkh

= Idsmxigoxm bfkkh hikrhmr$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?>2

Akdxmdx

? ^roaxiam kc liarkak~y

Xy~m kc liarkak~m0 ~maiofix liarkak~m& mg akl~k}dh& hore grk}dh& ~kforiidg& ~jom

akdxrox& cf}krmamdam

Mfmaxrkd liarkak~m0 ckrloxikd odh xrodliikd kc mfmaxrkd liarkgro~j

Lmo}rmlmdx 0 lmo}rmlmdx kc amff odh xi}m ipm

2 ^rm~oroxikd kc ~oxjkfkgiaof ~mailmd

Xi}m cizoxikd0 amff}for ajodgm ~rikr xk cizoxikd& ocm jodhfidg lmxjkh& cizidg ogmdx&

akdxrib}xkry coaxkr wjiaj occmax cizoxikd& crmmpm hryidg odh aryk,~rmmrsoxikd& akllkd

orxmcoax

^rkamidg xi}m0 hmjyhroxidg& mlbmhhidg& maxikdidg& fihm ~rm~oroxikd& hmaofaiciaoxikd

Qxoididg xi}m0 ~maiciaixy kc xoididg lmxjkh& akllkd hym }mh& q}ofixy akdxrkf kc

jixkfkgiaof hym& ~ridai~fm kc ill}dkayxkajmlixry& mg si}ofioxikd kc loremr mmd id

~oxjkfkgiaof ajodgm

1 Jixk~oxjkfkgy odh ayxk~oxjkfkgy

Gmdmrof boi kc himom0 amff}for hologm& idcfolloxikd& jmofidg x}lk}r& jomlkxoi

Ill}dk~oxjkfkgy0 jy~mrmdixism rmoaxikd& o}xkill}dm himom

Ayxk~oxjkfkgy0 dkrlof odh obdkrlof amff xr}ax}rm& hmxmaxmh by sorik} ayxkfkgiaof

xmajdiq}m

8 Ckrloxikd odh c}daxikd kc bfkkh

Ckrloxikd kc bfkkh 0 ckrloxikd kc bfkkh id xjm mlbryk& ckmx} odh oh}fx& coaxkr rmg}foxidg

amff lox}roxikd odh hiccmrmdxioxikd& ydxjmi odh c}daxikd kc jomlkgfkbid& jomlkxoi

Odofyi kc bfkkh odh bkdm lorrkw lmor0 ihmdxiciaoxikd kc lox}rm bfkkh amff odh

~rma}rkr

C}daxikd kc bfkkh amff0 rkfm kc rmh bfkkh amff odh wjixm bfkkh amff& ~foxmfmxXrodc}ikd odh xrod~fodxoxikd0 bfkkh xrodc}ikd& }m& ~ridai~fm kc m~oroxikd odh

xkrogm kc bfkkh ~rkh}ax& q}ofixy akdxrkf odh q}ofixy o}rodam ~rkamh}rm ckr bfkkh

~rkh}ax& armmdidg ckr ~maicia himom& mg JIS& MB sir}& omlmdx odh }ixobifixy kc

xi}m ckr xrod~fodxoxikd

Bfkkh grk}~ mrkfkgy0 OBK odh RjH grk}~idg& irrmg}for odxibkhy armmdidg




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?>1

= Bfkkh hikrhmr

Odomlio0 afoiciaoxikd& ao}m odh rmh amff lkr~jkfkgiaof obdkrlofixim id liarkayxia&

loarkayxia& jomlkfyxia odomlio

Jomloxkfkgiaof lofigdodaim0 xjm xmrlidkfkgy& omxikfkgy& m~ihmlikfkgy odh afoiciaoxikd

kc fm}eomlio

Idcmaxikd kc xjm bfkkh 0 bfkkh amff ajodgm id idcmaxik} lkdkd}afmki& loforio odh

m~xiaomlio

^rm~oroxikd kc bfkkh xi}m0 xoididg& amff ak}dx odh mzolidoxikd kc amff xr}ax}rm&

mzolidoxikd odh fobkroxkry xmx xk oih xjm hiogdki kc obdkrlofixim& mg rmh amff klkxia

crogifixy& jomlkfyi




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?>8




xjm obifixy xk0

? Hmaribm xjm ~ridai~fm odh

~roaxiam kc liarkak~y

· hmlkdxroxm xjm }m kc o figjx liarkak~m ckr xjm

mzolidoxikd kc xi}m

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· hmaribm ohsodxogm odh hiohsodxogm kc hiccmrmdx

xy~m kc liarkak~m akllkdfy }mh id xjm

idsmxigoxikd kc jixkfkgiaof ~mailmd

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}dhmr xjm mfmaxrkd liarkak~m

· aorry k}x xjm lmo}rmlmdx kc amff }dhmr o

liarkak~m

2 Idsmxigoxm xjm ~rkamm

idskfsmh id xjm ~rm~oroxikd

kc ~oxjkfkgiaof ~mailmd

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}mh xk ciz xi}m

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wixj rm~max xk hmjyhroxikd& mlbmhhidg& maxikdidg&

fihm ~rm~oroxikd& odh hmaofaiciaoxikd

· }m o sorimxy kc xoididg xmajdiq}m id krhmr xkhmlkdxroxm xjm ~maiciaixy kc xjm akllkdfy o~~fimh

jixkfkgiaof xoid

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odh ayxk~oxjkfkgy xk

ihmdxicy xjm ajodgm ao}mh

by himom id xjm bkhy’

xi}m

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occmaxmh by himom

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rmakrh& dkrlof odh obdkrlof amff xr}ax}rm id o

sorimxy kc xi}m

8 Hmaribm xjm ckrloxikd odh

c}daxikd kc bfkkh

· rmsimw xjm ~ridai~fm kc bfkkh ckrloxikd odh xjm

ydxjmi odh c}daxikd kc jomlkgfkbid

· odofym bfkkh odh bkdm lorrkw lmor xk ihmdxicy

lox}rm odh ~rma}rkr bfkkh amff

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kc bfkkh odh bfkkh ~rkh}ax ckr xrodc}ikd& odh xjm

mfmaxikd odh ~rm~oroxikd kc xi}m ckr

xrod~fodxoxikd

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~rkamh}rm }mh id xjm xrodc}ikd mrsiam




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?>=



xjm obifixy xk0

= Idsmxigoxm bfkkh hikrhmr · afoicy xjm ckrl kc odomlio· mz~foid xjm ao}m& mccmax odh m~ihmlikfkgy kc

lofigdodx bfkkh hikrhmr

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~rkxkpkod& sirof odh boaxmriof idcmaxikd

· }m ~roaxiaof xmajdiq}m xk hmlkdxroxm jkw bfkkh

i ommh ckr xjm ~rmmdam kc obdkrlofixim




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

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xmx)

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· croaxikdof amdxric}goxikd kc bfkkh

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Omlmdx

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aom x}him& odh kr idhisih}of mlidor ~rmmdxoxikd$

Fide

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xk mq}i~lmdx xk ~rm~orm jixkfkgiaof ~mailmd kr rmohy,~rm~ormh ~mailmd$

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idxmrdmx oaam& jomlkayxklmxmr$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?>7

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Xmzxbkke

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IQBD0 12?2>8?8Z

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IQBD0 >881>=3?29

Logopidm odh `k}rdof

· @k}rdof kc Afidiaof ^oxjkfkgy

Wmbixm

· Doxikdof Fibrory kc Lmhiaidm0 www$dabi$dfl$dij$gks

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· }mc}f rmcmrmdam loxmriof

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· fide

· mxjia

Hm~orxlmdx kc Jmofxj0 www$hkj$gks$}e

· fide

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

http://www.bmj.com/

http://www.bma.org.uk/

http://www.doh.gov.uk/



http://www.bmj.com/





‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?>:




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?>9

]dix ?=0 Idcmaxik} Himom

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

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jk}fh ~rksihm xjm fmordmr wixj od o~~rmaioxikd kc liarkbiof xroxmgim }mh id idcmaxikd&

idsmxigoxidg xjm hydolia ix}oxikd bmxwmmd liark,krgodil odh jkx ckr o rodgm kc idcmaxik}

himom$

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hmsmfk~mh$ Colifiorixy wixj hiogdkxia xmajdiq}m wiff ofk bm mdjodamh xjrk}gj o rodgm kc

fobkroxkry,bomh idsmxigoxikd$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Mzolidm jkx,~oroixm rmfoxikdji~

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1 Ihmdxicy xjm sir}fmdam coaxkr odh xrodliikd rk}xm ckr lo`kr liarkbiof himom

8 Idsmxigoxm o rodgm kc hiogdkxia xmajdiq}m }mh xk ihmdxicy ~oxjkgmd$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

??>

Akdxmdx

? Jkx,~oroixm rmfoxikdji~

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xkkxj hmaoy

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2 Liarkbiof cmox}rm xjox akdxrib}xm xk idcmaxikd

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kc ao~}fm odh amff woff xk ~oxjkgmdiaixy

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odh xjm oho~xism ill}dm rm~kdm

Hologm xk jkx amff0 mdpylm& hirmax hologm& xkzid ~rkh}axikd& ayxk~oxjia mccmax kc sirof

idcmaxikd

1 Sir}fmdam coaxkr odh xrodliikd rk}xm

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idcmaxikd

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idcmaxikd& c}dgof himom kc xjm rm~iroxkry xroax

Himom kc xjm dmrsk} yxml0 lmdidgixi& mdam~jofixi

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il~fmz& ~o~iffklo sir}& ajfolyhio

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8 Hiogdkxia xmajdiq}m

Q~mailmd0 akffmaxikd kc ol~fm crkl bfkkh& }ridm& comam& wk}dh odh obamm& gmdixof

~mailmd& a}fx}rm kc odomrkbm& xrod~krx kc ~mailmd& jodhfidg kc ~oxjkgmd Fobkroxkry lmxjkh0 fobkroxkry ocmxy& grkwxj,hm~mdhmdx ihmdxiciaoxikd lmxjkh& rmsimw

lmxjkh }idg odxibkhim xk hiogdkm himom& ~rmai~ixoxikd rmoaxikd& oggf}xidoxikd

rmoaxikd& dm}xrofioxikd xmx& akl~fmlmdx cizoxikd xmx& MFIQO& RIO& cf}krmamdx

odxibkhim& rmsimw kc lkfma}for lmxjkh idskfsmh id hiogdki& d}afmia oaih ~rkbm&

hiogdkxia sirkfkgy




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

???




xjm obifixy xk0

? Mzolidm jkx,~oroixm

rmfoxikdji~

· hmaribm xjm fkaoxikd kc dkrlof liarkbikxo

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2 Idsmxigoxm liarkbiof

cmox}rm xjox akdxrib}xm xk

idcmaxikd ox hiccmrmdx bkhyixm

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msohm xjm ill}dm rm~kdm

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· mz~foid xjm sof}m kc sir}fmdam coaxkr idskfsmh id

akfkdioxikd kc xjm jkx

1 Ihmdxicy xjm sir}fmdam coaxkr

odh xrodliikd rk}xm ckr

lo`kr liarkbiof himom

· ihmdxicy xjm sir}fmdam coaxkr kc o rodgm kc himom,

ao}idg liark,krgodil

· hmaribm afidiaof cmox}rm odh ~kibfm k}xaklm kc o

rodgm kc lo`kr liarkbiof himom

· akddmax o rodgm kc ~oxjkgmd xk xjmir xrodliikd

rk}xm

8 Idsmxigoxm o rodgm kc

hiogdkxia xmajdiq}m }mh

xk ihmdxicy ~oxjkgmd

· aorry k}x hiogdkxia ~rkamh}rm ocmfy

· mfmax xmajdiq}m ckr xjm ihmdxiciaoxikd kc liark,

krgodil

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~rkamh}rm

· rm~krx mz~mrilmdxof rm}fx afmorfy odh akdaimfy

· ihmdxicy ody mrrkr id xjm ihmdxiciaoxikd ~rkamh}rm

· o~~fy rm}fx kc hiogdkxia xmajdiq}m xk aom x}him

kc ~oximdx

· mz~foid jkw ~mailmd orm akffmaxmh odh

xrod~krxmh xk xjm fobkroxkry




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

??2

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fmax}rm$ Xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc xjm ~ridai~fm kc hiogdkxia liarkbikfkgy jk}fh bm idxmgroxmh idxk

xjm fobkroxkry,bomh mfmlmdx$ Xjmrm i ol~fm ak~m ckr xjm }m kc x}xkriof,bomh idsmxigoxikd

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k}xaklm 1$

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brkoh rodgm kc liarkbiof himom$ Xjm msihmdam wiff bm id wrixxmd ckrl odh wiff idaf}hm

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xmajdiq}m }mh wiff hm~mdh kd xjm mq}i~lmdx osoifobfm id xjm fmordidg amdxrm b}x jk}fh

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odh xjm }m kc lod}coax}rmh hiogdkxia eix$ Msihmdam loy aksmr off ck}r fmordidg k}xaklm b}x

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odh offkw gmdmroxikd kc msihmdam aksmridg msmrof fmordidg k}xaklm$

Fide

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]dix ?30 Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy& ]dix ?:0 Afidiaof Ajmlixry odh ]dix ?90 ^oxjkfkgy

Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx$

Rmk}ram

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xjm hiogdkxia sirkfkgy jk}fh bm mz~mrimdamh id xjm fobkroxkry& b}x xjmm loy bm aksmrmh

ohmq}oxmfy wixjk}x xjm dmmh xk oax}offy jodhfm sir}m/




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

??1

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Lohigod L mx of ‑ Brkae Bikfkgy kc Liark,krgodil *^rmdxiam Joff& 2>>1)

IQBD0 >=:2:12189

· Lil A mx of ‑ Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy *Lkby& ?99:) IQBD0 >721827:?· Xkrxkro G @ mx of ‑ Liarkbikfkgy0 Od idxrkh}axikd *Ohhikd Wmfmy& 2>>1)

IQBD0 >:>=173?81




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

??8




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

??=

]dix ?30 Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


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lmhiaof liarkbikfkgy$ ^oxjkgmdia liark,krgodil wiff bm ~rmmdxmh id akdxmzx$ Ckr moaj kc

xjm lo`kr grk}~ kc ~oxjkgmd xjm }dix akdihmr akffmaxikd odh xrod~krx kc ~mailmd& odh

ikfoxikd odh ihmdxiciaoxikd kc ~oxjkgmd$ O himom ~rkamm orm dkx aksmrmh id xji }dix ix i

rmakllmdhmh xjox ]dix ?80 Idcmaxik} Himom wjiaj mzolidm xjmm ~rkamm i ofk x}himh$

Ix i o}lmh xjox xjm fmordmr wiff josm oaam xk boia liarkbikfkgiaof mq}i~lmdx odh

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Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Ihmdxicy o~~rk~rioxm lmxjkh ckr xjm akffmaxikd kc ~mailmd crkl ~oximdx

2 Ikfoxm boaxmrio

1 Ihmdxicy boaxmrio8 Mzolidm lmxjkh kc armmdidg ckr odxibikxia mdixisixy

= Hia} kxjmr ~oxjkgmd$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

??3

Akdxmdx

? Lmxjkh ckr xjm akffmaxikd kc ~mailmd crkl ~oximdx

Q~mailmd0 bfkkh& }ridm& comam& eid ol~fm& bik~im

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akdxrkf dmmhmh xk o}rm xjm k}xaklm& oskihodam kc ark,akdxolidoxikd& rmq}irmlmdx xk

emm~ rmakrh

2 Ikfoxm boaxmrio

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lmxjkh

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1 Ihmdxicy boaxmrio

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Kxjmr xmx0 akog}fom& HDO,bomh xmx

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odh xjm afidiaof cidhidg

8 Lmxjkh kc armmdidg ckr odxibikxia mdixisixy

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~kibfm mccmax h}m xk xrmoxlmdx xjox xjm ~oximdx loy ofrmohy josm joh& ydmrgixia odh

odxogkdixia mccmax

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= Kxjmr ~oxjkgmd

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idaf}hidg lkfma}for odh mrkfkgiaof xmx

^oroixia himom

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lmhiaof liarkbikfkgy fobkroxkry




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

??7




xjm obifixy xk0

? Ihmdxicy o~~rk~rioxm lmxjkh

ckr xjm akffmaxikd kc

~mailmd crkl ~oximdx

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liarkak~y

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}dedkwd krgodil xk ~maim fmsmf




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??:



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mdixisixy

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odxibikxia

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olidkgfyakihm& xmxroayafidm& }f~jkdolihm&

xrilmxjk~rid odh ricol~iaid

= Hia} kxjmr ~oxjkgmd · akdxrox Ajfolyhio odh Riaemxxio wixj dkrlof

boaxmrio

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c}dgof ~oxjkgmd odh lmxjkh ckr xjmir ikfoxikd

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ihmdxiciaoxikd kc sir}m& idaf}hidg lkfma}for odh

mrkfkgiaof xmx

· rmsimw ~oroixia himom




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??9

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sorik} xogm$ Aom x}him ak}fh bm }mh xk ~rksihm ohhixikdof mz~mrimdam& m~maioffy ckr

akdihmroxikd kc krgodil }aj o sir}m& wjiaj wk}fh bm xkk joporhk} ckr afo }m$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?2>

Fide


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Rmk}ram

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fkk~ odh xjmir xmrifioxikd o ~orx kc om~xia xmajdiq}m$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke


IQBD0 >?1>3327?2

· Lil A mx of ‑ Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy *Lkby& ?99:) IQBD0 >721827:?

· Qajomajxmr L mx of ‑ Lmajodil kc Liarkbiof Himom *Fi~~idakxx& Wiffiol odh Wifeid&

?99:) IQBD0 >3:1>73>=?

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?2?

]dix ?70 D}xrixikd

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


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ml~joimh$

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Q}llory kc k}xaklm


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kaa}r odh jkw k~xil}l d}xrixikd aod bm oajimsmh$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?22

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? Loark odh liark,d}xrimdx

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xoraj ~kfyoaajorihm5 ckkh k}ram

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jkrlkdm& odxibkhim& o o k}ram kc mdmrgy

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3 xrod,cox& ox}roxmh& lkdk,}dox}roxmh& ~kfy}dox}roxmh5 ckkh k}ram

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ajkfmxmrkf odh ~jk~jkfi~ih& mmdxiof coxxy oaihQk}ram kc woxmr 0 ckkh& hride& lmxobkfia

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odxikzihodx& bikosoifobifixy

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2 Xjm coxm kc d}xrimdx

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ckkh& akl~kdmdx loark odh liark,d}xrimdx

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rkfm kc jkrlkdm odh dmrsm

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1 D}xrixikdof rmq}irmlmdx

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d}xrixikd

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akll}dixim5 bikosoifobifixy kc d}xrimdx& omidg d}xrixikdof xox}& xkkf odh xmajdiq}m

ckr idxmr~rmxidg d}xrixikdof xox}& wkre kc d}xrixikdix odh himxiaiod

D}xrixikdof fobmffidg 0 }m& rmg}foxikd odh ckrlox




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?21

8 D}xrixikd id jmofxj

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~kkr bikosoifobifixy& ~rmmdam kc odxi,d}xrimdx& mxa)

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mccmax odh ~rmsmdxikd kc akllkd himom rmfoxmh xk d}xrixikd ‑ *akrkdory jmorx himom&

kxmk~krki& ksmr d}xrixikd& offmrgim)

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}m kc }~~fmlmdx

Qx}hy a}rrmdx rmfoxmh ormo0 rkfm kc ~jyxkajmliaof odh c}x}rm ckkh




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?28




xjm obifixy xk0

? Rmsimw xjm c}daxikd& }m

odh k}ram kc loark odh

liark,d}xrimdx id xjm himx

· hmcidm odh ihmdxicy loark odh liark,d}xrimdx

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odh kxjmr k}ram

· mz~foid xjm }m odh c}daxikd kc d}xrimdx id xjm

bkhy

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2 Hmaribm xjm coxm kc d}xrimdx

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oilifoxikd ~rkamm

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· ihmdxicy coaxkr wjiaj occmax moaj ~rkam

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rmq}irmlmdx kc idhisih}of

id rmfoxikd xk ckkh ajkiam&

ficmxyfm& ficm ayafm odh jmofxj

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d}xrixikdof rmq}irmlmdx

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d}xrixikdof xox}

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· mz~foid xjm }m odh akdxrkf kc d}xrixikdof fobmffidg

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~rksiikd kc idckrloxikd xk akd}lmr

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rmg}foxikd wixj rmgorh xk d}xrixikdof rmq}irmlmdx

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rkfm kc d}xrixikd id jmofxj

odh himx,rmfoxmh himom& jkw

xjmy kaa}r odh jkw k~xil}l

d}xrixikd aod bm oajimsmh

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jigjfigjxidg ormo kc akdxrksmry

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rmfoxmh himom

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· idsmxigoxm mfmaxmh jmofxj odh himx xk~ia }dhmr

akdxrksmry a}rrmdxfy




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?2=

G}ihodam

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‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?23

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Gorrkw Q @ odh @olm X ^ W ‑ J}lod D}xrixikd odh Himxmxia *Aj}rajiff Fisidgxkdm&

?999) IQBD0 >881>=3277

· J}xxkd X ‑ Ckkh Ajmliaof Akl~kixikd0 Himxory Qigdiciaodam id Ckkh Lod}coax}ridg *XjmRkyof Qkaimxy kc Ajmlixry& 2>>1) IQBD >9>=982=>7

· Lod}of kc D}xrixikd ‑ ?>xj Mh *Jmr Lo`mxy’ Qxoxikdmry Kcciam& ?99=) IQBD >??28299?2

· Qipmr C odh Wjixdmy M ‑ D}xrixikd *Wohwkrxj& 2>>2) IQBD0 >=18=77997

· Qipmr Q odh Wjixdmy M ‑ D}xrixikd0 Akdam~x odh Akdxrksmrim *Wohwkrxj& 2>>2)

IQBD0 >=18=7:19Z


· D}xrixikd odh Ckkh Qaimdam @k}rdof

Wmbixm

· Brixij D}xrixikd Ck}dhoxikd0 www$d}xrixikd$krg$}e

· Xjm D}xrixikd kaimxy0 www$d}xka$krg$}e

· Brixij Himxmxia Okaioxikd0 www$bho$}e$akl

· Ckkh Qxodhorh Ogmday0 www$ckkh$gks$}e

· Ohsikry Akllixxmm kd Dksmf Ckkh odh ^rkamm *Ckkh Qxodhorh Ogmday)0

www$ckkhxodhorh$gks$}e+aimdam+k}rohsikr+dksmfckkh+

· Ckkhfide0 www$ckkhfide$krg$}e

· Ckkh c}x}rm0 www$ckkhc}x}rm$krg$}e

· Ckkh odh Hride Doxikdof Xroididg Krgodioxikd0 www$ckkhodhhridedxk$krg$}e

http://www.nutrition.org.uk/

http://www.nutsoc.org.uk/

http://www.bda.uk.com/

http://www.food.gov.uk/

http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/science/ouradvisors/novelfood/

http://www.foodlink.org.uk/

http://www.foodfuture.org.uk/



http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/science/ouradvisors/novelfood/








‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?27

]dix ?:0 Afidiaof Ajmlixry

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Afidiaof ajmlixry i kdm kc xjm ck}r loid hiai~fidm id biklmhiaof aimdam& odh i o lo`kr ormo

kc ml~fkylmdx wixjid xjm ormo kc bikajmlixry$ Ix i xjmrmckrm xjm ~}r~km kc xji }dix xk

akdihmr xjm lo`kr ormo wixjid xji hiai~fidm ox od o~~rk~rioxm fmsmf$ Xjm }dix jk}fh ~rksihm

fmordmr wixj od }dhmrxodhidg odh o~~rmaioxikd kc xjm il~krxodam kc afidiaof ajmlixry wixjid

xjm jmofxjaorm yxml& odh ix }m id hiogdkxia ~oxjkfkgy$

Xji }dix ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim xk hia} kaiof& a}fx}rof& lkrof odh mxjiaof i}m id xjm wihmr

a}rria}f}l$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Idsmxigoxm xjm krgodioxikd kc xjm afidiaof ajmlixry fobkroxkry wixjid xjm jmofxjaorm

yxml

2 Rmsimw xjm lo`kr odofyxiaof o~~rkoajm }mh id bikajmliaof odofyi kc bkhy cf}ih odh

xjm il~krxodam kc o}xkloxikd

1 Idsmxigoxm xjm }m kc bkhy cf}ih odofyi id xjm hiogdki odh lkdixkridg kc himom8 Hia} idhiaoxism mzol~fm kc ~oxjkfkgim xjox fmoh xk hix}rbodam kc bikajmliaof

loremr

= ^mrckrl idhiaoxism mzol~fm crkl xjm rodgm kc xmajdiq}m }mh id afidiaof ajmlixry$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?2:

Akdxmdx

? Krgodioxikd kc xjm afidiaof ajmlixry fobkroxkry

Afidiaof ajmlixry wixjid biklmhiaof aimdam0 hiogdkxia ~oxjkfkgy mrsiam& xoccidg&

rmgikdof mrsiam

_}ofixy akdxrkf 0 jmofxj odh ocmxy fmgifoxikd& ol~fidg odh ~rmmrsoxikd kc ol~fm&

idxmrdof odh mzxmrdof q}ofixy akdxrkf ajmlm odh o}hix

Rm}fx0 rmakrh emm~idg& akl~}xmr lodogmlmdx yxml& dkxiciaoxikd kc rm}fx

2 Lo`kr odofyxiaof o~~rkoajm

Q~mailmd0 xy~m kc odofyxm& rodgm kc lkfma}fm odofymh& mccmax kc odxiakog}fodx odh

~rmmrsoxism

Lmxjkh0 ~maxrkak~y& ajrkloxkgro~jy& mfmaxrk~jkrmi& mfmaxism mfmaxrkhm&

ill}dkooy& o}xkloxikd kc xjmm xmajdiq}m odh o~~rkoajm xk o}xkloxmh odofyi

1 Bkhy cf}ih odofyi

Mfmaxrkfyxm0 ~J odh oaih+bom bofodam5 woxmr bofodam5 khi}l odh ~kxoi}l

Bikajmliaof loremr0 olidk oaih odh ~rkxmid& gf}akm odh kxjmr aorbkjyhroxm& fi~ih

odh fi~k~rkxmid

Mdpylm0 hiogdkxia mdpylm *xrodcmrom& ofeofidm ~jk~joxom& armoxidm eidom mxa)

Jkrlkdm0 xjyrkih& ohrmdof& gkdohof

Q~maiof xmx0 hr}g& dmkdoxof odh gmrioxria xmx

8 Idhiaoxism mzol~fm kc ~oxjkfkgim

Qyxmlia xmxidg 0 krgod ~rkcifm *mg fismr c}daxikd)& aorhioa lkdixkridg& mfmaxrkfyxm

Hiogdkxia ~oxjkfkgy0 xk idaf}hm mzol~fm crkl jm~oxia& rmdof& aorhiksoa}for&

goxrkidxmxidof odh mdhkaridm ~oxjkfkgy wixj xjm id~}x kc afidiaof ajmlixry ml~joimh

= Xmajdiq}m }mh id afidiaof ajmlixry

Rm~rmmdxoxism xmajdiq}m0 ~maxrkak~y& ak}~fmh mdpylm ooy&

ajrkloxkgro~jia+mfmaxrk~jkrmxia m~oroxikd& ill}dkooy& xjm afidiaof o~~fiaoxikd kc }aj

xmajdiq}m




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?29




xjm obifixy xk0

? Idsmxigoxm xjm krgodioxikd

kc xjm afidiaof ajmlixry

fobkroxkry wixjid xjm

jmofxjaorm yxml

· rmsimw fobkroxkry krgodioxikd odh xoccidg

· ihmdxicy xjm rmq}irmlmdx kc q}ofixy akdxrkf yxml

· ihmdxicy xjm rmq}irmlmdx kc jmofxj odh ocmxy

2 Rmsimw xjm lo`kr odofyxiaof

o~~rkoajm }mh id

bikajmliaof odofyi kc bkhycf}ih odh xjm il~krxodam kc

o}xkloxikd

· om xjm rmq}irmlmdx ckr od o~~rk~rioxm ol~fm

· hmaribm xjm rodgm kc odofyxiaof lmxjkh }mh id

afidiaof ajmlixry odh `}xicy xjmir o~~rk~rioxmdm

· rmsimw xjm hmsmfk~lmdx kc o}xkloxmh odofymr

odh xjmir o~~fiaoxikd

· hia} xjm xjmkrim bmjidh moaj kc xjm lo`kr

xmajdiq}m }mh

1 Idsmxigoxm xjm }m kc bkhy

cf}ih odofyi id xjm

hiogdki odh lkdixkridg kc

himom

· mz~foid jkw bikajmliaof loremr aod ~rksihm

}mc}f idckrloxikd kd ~jyikfkgiaof odh

~oxjkfkgiaof ~rkamm

· rmsimw xjm lo`kr xy~m kc rk}xidm xmx ~mrckrlmh

odh xjmir rmcmrmdam rodgm id jmofxj odh himom

· ihmdxicy xjm il~krxodam kc dkd,rk}xidm xmx wixjid

afidiaof ajmlixry

8 Hia} idhiaoxism mzol~fm

kc ~oxjkfkgim xjox fmoh xk

hix}rbodam kc bikajmliaof

loremr

· iff}xroxm xjm il~krxodam kc ~rkcifm xmxidg ckr

oaa}roxm hiogdki

· akdihmr mzol~fm kc rmdof& jm~oxia& aorhiksoa}for

odh mdhkaridm ~rkcifm ~rkh}amh wixjid afidiaof

ajmlixry fobkroxkrim

· hia} o rodgm kc akllkd krgod ~oxjkfkgim xjox

orm okaioxmh wixj ajodgm xk xjm obksm bkhy cf}ih

loremr

= ^mrckrl idhiaoxism mzol~fm

crkl xjm rodgm kc xmajdiq}m

}mh id afidiaof ajmlixry

· ihmdxicy xjm xjmkrim bmjidh xjm lo`kr odofyxiaof

lmxjkh xk fobkroxkry mzmraim

· aorry k}x ~roaxiaof xmajdiq}m }idg mr}l odh+kr

}ridm

· jkw jkw xjm rm}fx crkl xjm obksm ~roaxiaof

mzmraim aod bm o~~fimh wixjid biklmhiaof aimdam




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?1>

G}ihodam

HmfismryXjm }dix jk}fh bm hmfismrmh xjrk}gj o wmff,idxmgroxmh ~rkgrollm kc fmax}rm& ~roaxiaof&

x}xkriof odh aom x}him$ ]idg od oax}of afidiaof aom o o smjiafm xk hmsmfk~ rmq}irmh

edkwfmhgm odh eiff i o rmakllmdhmh fmordidg o~~rkoaj$ Grk}~ wkre odh ~rmmdxoxikd kc

aom x}hy loxmriof wiff iff}xroxm xjm il~krxodam kc afidiaof ajmlixry wixjid biklmhiaof

aimdam odh lmhiaidm$

Ix jk}fh bm ~kibfm xk idaf}hm ox fmox cism boia bikajmliaof xmajdiq}m id xjm }dix$ Xjmm

jk}fh bm ~oamh o~~rk~rioxmfy xk idxmgroxm wixj fmax}rm loxmriof$ Xjm x}xkriof odh aom x}him

aod xjmd bm }mh xk ~rklkxm o ak,krhidoxmh o~~rkoaj oark xjm }dix$

Omlmdx

K}xaklm ? idskfsm xjm hmari~xikd kc xjm krgodioxikdof o~max kc afidiaof ajmlixry$

Msihmdam wiff loidfy bm id wrixxmd ckrl& odh loy idskfsm o rm~krx kd o siix xk o afidiaof

fobkroxkry$ Idxmgroxikd kc loxmriof crkl k}xaklm 2 loy bm oajimsmh$

K}xaklm 2 idskfsm o rmsimw kc xjm wihm sorimxy kc lmxjkh }mh wixjid o hiogdkxia

bikajmlixry fobkroxkry& odh xjm xy~m kc ol~fm dmmhmh$ Ix i il~krxodx xjox xjm hmsmfk~lmdx

kc lod}of ooy idxk o}xkloxmh odofymr i aksmrmh$ Xji k}xaklm wiff ~rksihm msihmdam id

wrixxmd ckrl& ~orxia}forfy idxmgroxmh wixj fobkroxkry ~roaxiaof *mm k}xaklm =)$

Xjm xjirh k}xaklm wiff akdxoid o forgm olk}dx kc idckrloxikd kd ~jyikfkgy odh bikajmlixry

odh xjm loremr }xifimh wixjid afidiaof ajmlixry xk lkdixkr jmofxj odh himom$ Wrixxmd

msihmdam odh aom x}hy o~~rkoajm wiff bm }mc}f jmrm$

K}xaklm 8 o~~fim xjm edkwfmhgm hmsmfk~mh id k}xaklm 2 odh 1 xk xjm hiogdki kc krgod

~oxjkfkgy$ Msihmdam jk}fh bm ~rksihmh xjrk}gj wrixxmd rm~krx odh aom x}him crkl o rodgm

kc o~~rk~rioxm afidiaof mzol~fm$

K}xaklm = rmq}irm fobkroxkry idsmxigoxikd id o rodgm kc o~~rk~rioxm ormo$ O o lidil}l&

~roaxiaof aksmridg boia ~maxrk~jkxklmxria xmajdiq}m }aj o }ridm ~rkxmid lmo}rmlmdx&

mdpylm ooy& mr}l mfmaxrk~jkrmi odh MFIQO jk}fh bm ~mrckrlmh$ Ic j}lod ol~fm orm

dkx osoifobfm& lkae kf}xikd aod bm ~rm~ormh$ Fmordmr jk}fh bm ommh id xjm

akll}diaoxikd odh o~~fiaoxikd kc rm}fx$ Msihmdam loy aksmr off cism fmordidg k}xaklm$

O aom x}hy o~~rkoaj i wmff }ixmh xk xjm hmfismry kc msmrof kc xjmm k}xaklm& ~orxia}forfy

idam xjm hiai~fidm i o~~fimh wixjid o afidiaof mxxidg$ Fobkroxkry mzmraim wiff offkwedkwfmhgm crkl lody ormo kc xjm }dix xk bm idxmgroxmh odh }mh o msihmdam$

Fide

Xji }dix ~rksihm fide wixj xjm akrm }dix ]dix ?0 Amff Bikfkgy& ]dix 20 Bikajmlixry& ]dix 80

Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m odh ]dix 90 J}lod ^jyikfkgy$ Ix ofk jo fide wixj ]dix 70

Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx odh xjm ~maiofix }dix ]dix ?80 Jixkfkgy odh Jomloxkfkgy& ]dix ?=0

Idcmaxik} Himom& ]dix ?30 Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy odh ]dix ?90 ^oxjkfkgy Fobkroxkry

Lodogmlmdx$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?1?

Rmk}ram

Xji }dix rmq}irm fobkroxkry oaam& ihmoffy wixj coaifixim xjox mdobfm xjm x}hy kc bfkkh odh

}ridm akdxix}mdx odh o rmokdobfm rodgm kc akllkd bikajmliaof lmxjkh$ Ix i dkx dmamory

xk josm xjm coaifixim xk ~mrckrl off kc xjm lmxjkh fixmh id k}xaklm =& ~rksihmh xjox

o~~rk~rioxm aom x}him orm }mh xk aksmr xjm k}xaklm$ Bfkkh,jodhfidg coaifixim orm dkx

mmdxiof o ~rm~ormh mro orm osoifobfm akllmraioffy& odh lody lmxjkh aod bm ~mrckrlmh}idg ‚lkae’ ol~fm$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Gow O mx of ‑ Afidiaof Bikajmlixry *Aj}rajiff Fisidgxkdm& ?999) IQBD0 >881>3?:1?

· Eo~fod F mx of ‑ Afidiaof Ajmlixry *Lkby& 2>>1) IQBD0 >121>?7?39

· Lorajoff @ W ‑ Afidiaof Ajmlixry *Lkby& 2>>>) IQBD0 >72181?=9>




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?12




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?11

]dix ?90 ^oxjkfkgy Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix wiff mdobfm fmordmr xk goid od }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm ~ridai~fm odh ~roaxiam kc

lodogidg o ~oxjkfkgy fobkroxkry& xk idaf}hm mmdxiof o~max kc ocmxy& idckrloxikd xmajdkfkgy&

q}ofixy i}m& ohlidixroxism xoe odh xjm akdxrkf kc rmk}ram$ Xji }dix fkke ox xjm

il~krxodam kc xjm b}idm mdsirkdlmdx rmfoxidg xk loremx ckram odh hirmaxism crkl

gksmrdlmdx& o jmofxj ~kfiay i ml~joimh& o wmff o xjm dmmh xk oho~x xk ajodgm odh oaxismfy

loremx ~oxjkfkgy mrsiam$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Idsmxigoxm xjm loid ckram oaxidg kd xjm b}idm mdsirkdlmdx

2 Rmsimw xjm akdxrkf kc emy rmk}ram

1 Ihmdxicy xjm il~krxodam kc q}ofixy odh ocmxy i}m id ~oxjkfkgy fobkroxkrim

8 Mz~foid jkw k~mroxikdof ~rkamh}rm orm }mh xk ~rkh}am xmx rm}fx id hiccmrmdx

~maiofil$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?18

Akdxmdx

? B}idm mdsirkdlmdx

Hmlkgro~jia0 xjm sorioxikd kc rmq}mxidg ~oxxmrd ckr ~oxjkfkgy fobkroxkry xmxidg bomh

kd gmkgro~jy& ogm& kaiof mdsirkdlmdx odh osmrogm ogm kc ~k~}foxikd

Fmgifoxikd0 xjm mccmax kc doxikdof ~kfiaim kd fobkroxkry xmxidg xjrk}gj ajodgm id hmfismry

kc lmhiaof aorm& mg ~rmsmdxoxism lmhiaidm& ~risoxm xrmoxlmdx& akll}dixy aorm

B}idm xy~m0 fobkroxkry xmxidg simwmh o od idh}xriof ~rkam ‑ lod}coax}ridg& boxaj

odh akdxid}k} ~rkam& mrsiam idh}xry& ~maiofix kr rk}xidm

B}idm ~foddidg 0 ~rmhiaxidg odh ~foddidg xjm fmsmf kc ~oxjkfkgy fobkroxkry xmxidg

xjrk}gj loremxidg ~foamlmdx odh xroxmgy& sof}m ohhmh odh akdxroax xmdhmridg

2 Akdxrkf kc emy rmk}ram

Ml~fkymm0 xjm rmar}ixlmdx odh rmxmdxikd kc fobkroxkry xocc ‑ `kb+~mrkd ~maiciaoxikd&

a}rria}f}l sixom& xmrl odh akdhixikd& xroididg odh mh}aoxikd& xoxm rmgixroxikd& `kb

o~~roiof

Fmgifoxikd0 ml~fkylmdx fow xjox rmfoxm xk fobkroxkry xocc ‑ mq}of k~~krx}dixim&

rmh}dhoday& mq}of ~oy& loxmrdixy rigjx& mz}of odh roaiof hiarilidoxikd

Cidodaiof 0 xjm makdkliaof k~mroxikd kc o ~oxjkfkgy fobkroxkry xjrk}gj xjm ~rk~mr }m kc

b}hgmx akx amdxrm& krhmr+rmkrhmr yxml& ao~ixof bih odh xjm akdxrkf kc xkae odh

akd}lobfm

Ohlidixroxism0 yxml xk lkdixkr xjm ~mrckrlodam kc fobkroxkry xocc ‑ fmosm& iaedm

odh kaa}~oxikdof jmofxj rmakrh& ~mrkdof hmsmfk~lmdx odh o~~roiof

1 _}ofixy odh ocmxy i}m

Joporh0 cfollobfm& xkzia& idcmaxik}& ikdiidg rohioxikd& rohioxikd& fiq}ih gom&

bikjoporh& rie kc idcmaxikd& joporh wordidg fobmf& fmgifoxikd

Qocmxy lmo}rm0 ~rkxmaxism mq}i~lmdx& gfksm& fobkroxkry akox& gkggfm& ~kikd xkrm&

cfollobfm xkrm& c}lm jkkh& ocmxy aobidmx& cirx,oih bkzm& cirx,oihmr

Qocmxy fmgifoxikd0 Jmofxj odh Qocmxy ox Wkre Oax *JQWO)& Akdxrkf kc Q}bxodam

Joporhk} xk Jmofxj Oax *AKQJJ)& Rm~krxidg kc Id`}ry& Himom odh Hodgmrk}Kaa}rrmdam Rmg}foxikd *RIHHKR)

Q~maicia joporh0 hi~kof kc ~mailmd& hi~kof kc joporhk} woxm& joporh rmfoxmh xk

~maiofil

_}ofixy o}rodam0 idxmrdof odh mzxmrdof ajmlm& q}ofixy o}rodam airafm& BQ=7=>&

IQK 9>>>& fobkroxkry oaarmhixoxikd

_}ofixy akdxrkf 0 loidxmdodam kc xmxidg xodhorh& aofibroxikd kc mq}i~lmdx& ~rmsmdxoxism

loidxmdodam




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?1=

8 K~mroxikdof ~rkamh}rm

Krgodioxikd0 Doxikdof Jmofxj Qmrsiam *DJQ)& ^}bfia Jmofxj Fobkroxkry Qmrsiam *^JFQ)&

Smxmridory Qmrsiam& ^risoxm Cidodam Idixioxism *^CI)

Q~maiofil0 amff}for ~oxjkfkgy& liarkbikfkgy& sirkfkgy& jomloxkfkgy& xrodc}ikd& aimdam&

afidiaof ajmlixry& ill}dkfkgy& mrkfkgy

Xmx ~rkamh}rm0 liarkak~y& a}fx}rm odh mdixisixy& amff ak}dx& mr}l ooy& odxibkhy

xmajdiq}m

Xmx mcciaimday0 o}xkloxikd& makdkly kc aofm& ~maiofioxikd& mzxmdhmh jk}r xmxidg

Idckrloxikd xmajdkfkgy0 mz~mrx yxml& o}xkloxikd& rkbkxia akdxrkf& ~mailmd rmakrh

yxml& bor,akhidg




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?13




xjm obifixy xk0

? Idsmxigoxm xjm loid ckram

oaxidg kd xjm b}idm

mdsirkdlmdx

· ihmdxicy odh mz~foid xjkm coaxkr wjiaj aod ajodgm

xjm rmq}mxidg fmsmf odh ~oxxmrd kc ~oxjkfkgy xmxidg

· mzolidm xjm doxikdof jmofxj ~kfiaim wjiaj josm

oaxismfy mdak}rogmh ~risoxioxikd odh o loremx

makdkly

· mz~foid xjm il~krxodam kc o b}idm ~fod wjiaj

offkw o xmxidg coaifixy xk bm cfmzibfm id krhmr xklmmx hmlodh

2 Rmsimw xjm akdxrkf kc emy

rmk}ram

· mz~foid xjm il~krxodam kc fobkroxkry ml~fkymm o o

rmk}ram rmq}iridg idsmxlmdx odh hmsmfk~lmdx

· ihmdxicy odh mzolidm xjm ml~fkylmdx ~kfiaim

wjiaj occmax xjm rmar}ixlmdx& xroididg odh rmxmdxikd

kc fobkroxkry xocc

· rmfoxm xjm }m kc akd}lobfm& ~}rajom kc

mq}i~lmdx odh xjm ~oylmdx kc oforim+wogm xk xjm

mccmaxism }m kc o ~oxjkfkgy fobkroxkry b}hgmx

1 Ihmdxicy xjm il~krxodam kc q}ofixy odh ocmxy i}m id

~oxjkfkgy fobkroxkrim

· ihmdxicy xjkm o~max kc ocmxy fmgifoxikd wjiajrmfoxm xk ~mailmd jodhfidg odh xmx ~rkamh}rm

· hmaribm xjm ocmxy joporh wjiaj orm ~maicia xk

moaj kc xjm }b,hisiikd wixjid ~oxjkfkgy

fobkroxkrim

· hiccmrmdxioxm bmxwmmd q}ofixy akdxrkf odh q}ofixy

o}rodam wjmd }mh o o lmod kc g}orodxmmidg xjm

rmfiobifixy kc fobkroxkry xmx rm}fx

· hmcidm xjm o~max kc q}ofixy lmo}rmlmdx wjiaj

aod bm }mh xk lkdixkr odh msof}oxm xjm

~mrckrlodam kc ~oxjkfkgy fobkroxkry xmxidg

8 Mz~foid jkw k~mroxikdof

~rkamh}rm orm }mh xk

~rkh}am xmx rm}fx id

hiccmrmdx ~maiofil

· ihmdxicy xjm loid krgodioxikdof yxml odh

~maiofil ck}dh wixjid xjm ~oxjkfkgy fobkroxkry

mrsiam

· rmakgdim odh msof}oxm xjm loid ~ridai~fm odh

cmox}rm kc xjm xmx ~mrckrlmh wixjid xjm sorik}

~oxjkfkgy fobkroxkry ~maiofil

· ihmdxicy xjm }m kc xodhorh ~rkamh}rm o o boia

rmq}irmlmdx ckr oaa}roxm fobkroxkry xmxidg

· mz~foid xjm ohsodxogm odh il~krxodam kc

k~mroxikdof ~rkamh}rm id xjm lodogmlmdx kc ~oximdx

rmakrh odh kc ~rkam akdxrkf




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?17

G}ihodam

HmfismryXjm }m kc aom x}him kd xjm ~rkgrm kc idhisih}of ~mailmd wixj xjmir xmx hoxo wk}fh bm

~orxia}forfy rmfmsodx$

Xjm }m kc IAX by fmordmr xk oaam idckrloxikd odh hoxo jk}fh bm mdak}rogmh$ Xjm wmbixm

gismd bmfkw aod bm }mh xk oaam idckrloxikd$ Siix xk ~oxjkfkgy fobkroxkrim wk}fh bm od

ohsodxogm kr idsixm ~moemr wjk lodogm ~oxjkfkgy fobkroxkrim xk fmoh mlidor+xofe$

Omlmdx

O sorimxy kc xroxmgim idaf}hidg fobkroxkry odh idckrloxikd+hoxo idsmxigoxikd& ~roaxiaof odh

oigdlmdx aod bm }mh xk mdobfm xjm fmordmr xk gmdmroxm xjm rmq}irmh msihmdam loy bmohk~xmh$

Fide

Xji }dix ~rksihm fide wixj ]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m& ]dix 70 Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx

odh xjm ~maiofix }dix kc ]dix ?10 Ill}dkfkgy& ]dix ?80 Jixkfkgy odh Jomloxkfkgy& ]dix ?=0

Idcmaxik} Himom& ]dix ?30 Lmhiaof Liarkbikfkgy odh ]dix ?:0 Afidiaof Ajmlixry$

Rmk}ram

Oaam xk o~~rk~rioxm fibrory coaifixim& ak~im kc lmhiaof `k}rdof$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Qdyhmr R @ odh Qmdjo}mr H ‑ Lodogmlmdx id Fobkroxkry Lmhiaidm *Fi~~idakxx,Rosmd

^}bfijmr& ?997) IQBD0 >197==?89=

· Sordohkm O F ‑ Lmhiaof Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx odh Q}~mrsiikd *C O Hosi Akl~ody&

?993) IQBD0 >:>13::3?

@k}rdof

· @k}rdof kc Afidiaof ^oxjkfkgy




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?1:

Wmbixm

Brixij Lmhiaof @k}rdof0 www$bl`$akl

Doxikdof Fibrory kc Lmhiaidm0 www$dabi$dfl$dij$gks

Brixij Lmhiaof Okaioxikd0 www$blo$krg$}e

· m,fmordidg rmk}ram· }mc}f rmcmrmdam loxmriof

· afidiaof eiff+edkwfmhgm by }b`max mg afidiaof ~oxjkfkgy

· fide

· mxjia

Hm~orxlmdx kc Jmofxj0 www$hkj$gks$}e

· fide

http://www.bmj.com/







http://www.bmj.com/




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?19

]dix 2>0 Idh}xriof Liarkbikfkgy

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xjm oil kc xji }dix i xk hmsmfk~ fmordmr’ }dhmrxodhidg kc emy o~max kc xjm rkfm kc liark,

krgodil id idh}xriof+akllmraiof o~~fiaoxikd$ Liark,krgodil orm kcxmd grkwd kd o forgm,

aofm xk ~rkh}am sof}obfm akllmraiof ~rkh}ax kr xk aorry k}x ajmliaof rmoaxikd$ Fmordmr wiff

dmmh xk }dhmrxodh jkw grkwxj akdhixikd aod bm lodi~}foxmh xk idcf}mdam xjm mdh ~rkh}ax odh

xjm rkfm kc gmdmxia mdgidmmridg id idh}xriof liarkbikfkgy$ Bikxmajdkfkgy jo joh o lo`kr

il~oax kd lkhmrd ckkh ~rkh}axikd& ~rkh}axikd kc id}fid& grkwxj jkrlkdm odh bfkkh afkxxidg

coaxkr mxaXji }dix ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim ckr hia}ikd kc kaiof& a}fx}rof& mxjiaof odh lkrof i}m id

xjm wihmr a}rria}f}l odh M}rk~mod hmsmfk~lmdx$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Idsmxigoxm liarkbiof grkwxj

2 Mzolidm xjm rodgm kc akllmraiof+idh}xriof o~~fiaoxikd kc liark,krgodil& idaf}hidg

gmdmxiaoffy lkhicimh krgodil

1 Idsmxigoxm xjm lmxjkh osoifobfm ckr xjm akdxrkf kc liarkbiof akdxolidoxikd

8 Rmsimw q}ofixy akdxrkf ~rkamh}rm

= Rmsimw a}rrmdx fmgifoxikd$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?8>

Akdxmdx

? Liarkbiof grkwxj

Grkwxj ayafm0 boxaj+akdxid}k} cmrlmdxoxikd

Grkwxj ajoroaxmrixia0 coaxkr occmaxidg ~k~}foxikd grkwxj odh yimfh kc ~rkh}ax

Filix xk grkwxj0 grkwxj filixidg coaxkr odh xjm ~rkbfml kc forgm,aofm ~rkh}axikd

^roaxiaof idsmxigoxikd0 mzol~fm kc loff,aofm ~rkh}axikd kc liark,krgodil

2 Akllmraiof+idh}xriof o~~fiaoxikd kc liark,krgodil

Cmrlmdxoxikd ~rkamm0 brmwidg& bmmr& widm& foaxia cmrlmdxoxikd& ~rkh}axikd kc

odxibikxia& jkrlkdm& olidk oaih& mdpylm& aixria oaih& liarkbm o ckkh Bikxmajdkfkgy0 rmaklbidodx HDO xmajdiq}m& gmdmxiaoffy lkhicimh krgodil& ~rkh}axikd

kc id}fid& grkwxj jkrlkdm& bfkkh afkxxidg coaxkr odh kxjmr mzol~fm

Woxmr lodogmlmdx 0 mwogm+mccf}mdx xrmoxlmdx odh hi~kof& ~}riciaoxikd kc hrideidg woxmr&

}rsmiffodam kc woxmr }~~fim5 jigj+fkw xml~mrox}rm xrmoxlmdx& irrohioxikd& cifxroxikd&

rmlksof kc osoifobfm woxmr& hiidcmaxodx

1 Akdxrkf kc liarkbiof akdxolidoxikd

^jyiaof odh ajmliaof lmxjkh kc akdxrkf 0 jmox xrmoxlmdx& ~oxm}rioxikd& xmrifioxikd&

irrohioxikd& cifxroxikd& hiidcmaxikd

Xy~m kc ajmliaof }mh 0 xjmir }m odh filixoxikd

8 _}ofixy akdxrkf ~rkamh}rm

Qxodhorh lmxjkh kc hmxmaxikd odh ihmdxiciaoxikd kc liarkbiof akdxolidodx0 M akfi&

Lyak~folo& Ary~xk~krihi}l id woxmr }~~fim

Ro~ih lmxjkh0 }m kc f}aicmrom& RDO oaxisixy

= A}rrmdx fmgifoxikd

Qxox}xm wjiaj orm rmfmsodx xk idh}xriof liarkbikfkgy0 M] hrideidg woxmr hirmaxism

9:+:1+MA& Dixroxm Hirmaxism 9?+373+MMA& ]rbod Woxm Woxmr Xrmoxlmdx Hirmaxism

9:+?=+MMA& Gmdmxia Lodi~}foxikd Rmg}foxikd ?9:9& Gmdmxiaoffy Lkhicimh Krgodil

*akdxoidmh }m) Rmg}foxikd ?992& M}rk~mod ^oxmdx Akdsmdxikd ?97:




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?8?




xjm obifixy xk0

? Idsmxigoxm liarkbiof grkwxj · }m xmajdiq}m kc hif}xikd ~foxidg& hirmax ak}dx

*jomlkayxklmxmr) odh hmoxj ~jom xk kbxoid hoxo kd

liarkbiof grkwxj

· akdxr}ax gro~j odh idxmr~rmx hoxo kd liarkbiof

grkwxj

· idxmr~rmx mz~mrilmdxof grkwxj hoxo id xmrl kc fog&

fkg& xoxikdory odh hmoxj ~jom

· }m grkwxj hoxo xk ihmdxicy odh hia} xjm lo`kr

~rkbfml kc forgm,aofm ~rkh}axikd

2 Mzolidm xjm rodgm kc

akllmraiof+idh}xriof

o~~fiaoxikd kc liark,

krgodil& idaf}hidg

gmdmxiaoffy lkhicimh

krgodil

· fix akllmraioffy il~krxodx liarkbiof ~rkh}ax id

xjm ckffkwidg aoxmgkrim0 ckkh& cmrlmdxoxikd

~rkh}ax ,foaxia odh ofakjkfia& mdpylm& ckkh

ohhixism& odxibikxia& jkrlkdm

· ckr moaj ~rkh}ax fixmh& rmsimw xjm ~maim

akllkdfy }mh id ix ~rkh}axikd odh xjm xy~m kc

lmxobkfia ~oxjwoy mz~fkixmh

· mfmax kdm ~rkh}ax crkl moaj aoxmgkry odh rmsimw ix

lmxjkh kc ~rkh}axikd& ihmdxicyidg odh msof}oxidg xjm

lmxobkfia ~oxjwoy mz~fkixmh

· mz~foid xjm lmajodil by wjiaj rmaklbidodx HDO

i ~rkh}amh

· idsmxigoxm xjm rk}xidm ~roaxiam kc mwogm xrmoxlmdx

odh woxmr ~}riciaoxikd

1 Idsmxigoxm xjm lmxjkh

osoifobfm ckr xjm akdxrkf kc

liarkbiof akdxolidoxikd

· idsmxigoxm xjm mccmaxismdm& id xmrl kc rmh}axikd

kc siobfm ~k~}foxikd ogoidx xilm& kc ~jyiak,

ajmliaof lmxjkh kc akdxrkffidg liarkbiof grkwxjodh rmlksidg akdxolidoxikd

· mzolidm xjm xy~m kc ajmliaof }mh odh odofym

xjmir }m odh filixoxikd

8 Rmsimw q}ofixy akdxrkf

~rkamh}rm

· mfmax odh ocmfy aorry k}x o~~rk~rioxm xmajdiq}m

ckr xjm ihmdxiciaoxikd kc xjm ckffkwidg liark,

krgodil0 eid cfkro *mg Qxo~jyfkakaa})& g}x cfkro

*mg M akfi)& krgodil id oir odh h}x *mg

Liarkakaa})& lk}fh odh ymox

· hmigd o ajmlm kc joporh odofyi ckr ox fmox kdm

akllmraiof o~~fiaoxikd kc liark,krgodil




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?82



xjm obifixy xk0

= Rmsimw a}rrmdx fmgifoxikd · }llorim xjm loid ~kidx kc a}rrmdx Brixij odhM}rk~mod fmgifoxikd idcf}mdaidg bikxmajdkfkgiaof

oaxisixim

· rmsimw xjm il~oax kc o ~maicimh xox}xm kd xjm

bikxmajdkfkgy idh}xry




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?81

G}ihodam

HmfismryXji }dix jk}fh bm hmfismrmh xjrk}gj o rodgm kc fmax}rm odh x}xkriof }~~krxmh by fobkroxkry

wkre xk offkw fmordmr xk goid ~roaxiaof mz~mrimdam kc ox fmox klm kc xjm ~roaxiam aksmrmh

xjmkrmxiaoffy$ Siix xk o brmwmry& woxmr xrmoxlmdx wkre odh lod}coax}ridg ~fodx& o osoifobfm

fkaoffy& wk}fh ohh brmohxj kc mz~mrimdam$

Omlmdx

K}xaklm ? odh 1 rmq}irm o gmdmrof }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm grkwxj kc liark,krgodil odh xjm

lmxjkh osoifobfm ckr ix akdxrkf$ Msihmdam aod bm gmdmroxmh by o aklbidoxikd kc mz~mrilmdxof

wkre odh wrixxmd rm~krx idaf}hidg gro~jiaof rm~rmmdxoxikd kc hoxo ckr k}xaklm ?& odh

odwmridg o~~rk~rioxm q}mxikd$

K}xaklm 2 idskfsm idsmxigoxikd kc xjm rodgm kc liarkbiof oaxisixy wjiaj i mz~fkixmh id o wihm

rodgm kc o~~fiaoxikd$ Xjm msihmdam wiff bm loidfy id wrixxmd ckrl wixj klm fobkroxkry

mzmraim xk }~~krx ix& mg xjm a}fx}rm kc ykgj}rx kr o loff,aofm cmrlmdxoxikd$ Xjm xodhorh

lmxjkh ckr md}lmroxikd kc il~krxodx krgodil id hrideidg woxmr jk}fh bm ~mrckrlmh id xjm

fobkroxkry& xjm rm}fx rm~krxmh odh xjmir igdiciaodam hia}mh$

K}xaklm 8 idskfsm ~roaxiaof wkre xk colifiorim xjm fmordmr wixj xjm rodgm kc xmajdiq}m

osoifobfm ckr xjm a}fx}rm odh ihmdxiciaoxikd kc liark,krgodil$ Xjm ajkiam kc xmajdiq}m wiff

hm~mdh kd xjm coaifixim odh mq}i~lmdx osoifobfm& b}x o rodgm kc ro~ih ihmdxiciaoxikd eix jk}fh

bm idxrkh}amh xk xjm fmordmr$ Omlmdx jk}fh idskfsm msof}oxikd kc xjm rmfoxism lmrix kc xjm

xmajdiq}m }mh$K}xaklm = idskfsm colifiorioxikd wixj rmfmsodx fmgifoxikd$ Xjm akdxmdx aksmrmh i fiemfy xk

ajodgm ksmr xilm odh xjm il~krxodam kc emm~idg }~ xk hoxm wixj hmsmfk~lmdx jk}fh bm

xrmmh$ Ix ligjx bm o~~rk~rioxm ckr fmordmr xk aorry k}x idhisih}of idsmxigoxikd odh rm~krx

xjmir cidhidg boae xk xjm grk}~$

Fide

Xji }dix ~rksihm fide wixj xjm akrm }dix kc ]dix ?0 Amff Bikfkgy& ]dix 20 Bikajmlixry odh

]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m$ Ix ofk jo fide wixj ]dix 70 Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx odh xjm

~maiofix }dix kc ]dix ?>0 Lkfma}for Bikfkgy odh Gmdmxia$

Rmk}ram

Oaam xk o liarkbikfkgy fobkroxkry odh o~~rk~rioxm xmajdiaof }~~krx i rmq}irmh$ O rodgm kc

loxmriof i dmamory idaf}hidg o sorimxy kc liark,krgodil odh hiogdkxia ooy odh eix$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?88

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke


IQBD0 >?1>3327?2

· ^rmakxx F mx of ‑ Liarkbikfkgy *LaGrow,Jiff Mh}aoxikd& 2>>?) IQBD0 >>72:29>=2· Qidgfmxkd ^ ‑ Boaxmrio id Bikfkgy& Bikxmajdkfkgy odh Lmhiaidm *@kjd Wifmy odh Qkd&

?999) IQBD0 >87?9:::>8

· Xkrxkro G @ mx of ‑ Liarkbikfkgy0 Od Idxrkh}axikd *Ohhikd Wmfmy& 2>>1)

IQBD0 >:>=173?81

Wmbixm

· Qkaimxy kc Gmdmrof Liarkbikfkgy0 www$gl$oa$}e

· Doxikdof Amdxrm kc Bikxmajdkfkgy Mh}aoxikd0 www$dabm$rmohidg$oa$}e


http://www.sgm.ac.uk/

http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/








‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?8=

]dix 2?0 Ckkh Qaimdam

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix i hmigdmh ckr xjkm fmordmr wixj o ~maiofix idxmrmx id ckkh aimdam odh& lkrm

~orxia}forfy& xjm rkfm kc akl~fmz bikfkgiaof lkfma}fm wixjid ckkh$ Ix wiff bm kc sof}m xk xjkm

fmordmr wijidg xk kbxoid ml~fkylmdx wixjid odofyxiaof fobkroxkrim id xjm ckkh idh}xry kr xjm

ak}dxy odofyx$ Ix wk}fh ofk bm sof}obfm ckr xjkm wijidg xk ~}r}m o aormmr id d}xrixikd$

Xji }dix ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim ckr hia}ikd kc mxjiaof& lkrof odh M}rk~mod i}m id xjm

wihmr a}rria}f}l$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Rmfoxm xjm xr}ax}rm kc ckkh aorbkjyhroxm xk xjmir c}daxikd id ckkhx}cc

2 Mzolidm xjm xr}ax}rm odh c}daxikd kc ckkh ~rkxmid odh mdpylm

1 Mzolidm xjm xr}ax}rm odh c}daxikd kc ckkh fi~ih$

8 Idsmxigoxm xjm dox}rm odh c}daxikd kc ohhixism id ckkh$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?83

Akdxmdx

? Ckkh aorbkjyhroxm

Qxr}ax}rm kc aorbkjyhroxm0 il~fm ridg odh xroigjx ajoid ckrl kc lkdkoaajorihm&

ckrloxikd kc gfyakihia bkdh xk ckrl hioaajorihm& ckrloxikd kc ~kfyoaajorihm

Qxr}ax}rm odh c}daxikd kc aorbkjyhroxm0 lkdkoaajorihm xr}ax}rm ‑ Ciajmr odh Jowkrxj

xr}ax}rm& xoraj grod}fm& olyfkm& olyfk~maxid& gf}akm yr}~& hmzxrkm mq}isofmdx&

lkhicimh xorajm& amff}fkm& ~maxid& ofgidoxm& aorogmmdod& jklk, odh jmxmrkgfyaod& fidmor

odh brodajmh ajoid

^rk~mrxim kc ckkh aorbkjyhroxm0 gmfoxidioxikd odh rmxrkgrohoxikd kc xoraj& mccmax kc

ajmliaof lkhiciaoxikd xk ~rk~mrxim kc xoraj& il~krxodam kc jyhrkgmd bkdh id xjiaemdidg

odh gmffidg& il~krxodam kc ~J xk xjiaemdidg odh gmffidg,aorbkzyfoxm ikd id ~maxid& rkfm kc

aofai}l ikd id gmffidg,ofgidoxm mgg,bkz lkhmf& il~krxodam kc brodajmh odh fidmor ajoidxk xjiaemdidg odh gmffidg& kaa}rrmdam kc `}daxikd odh }~mr `}daxikd pkdm& ~rk~mrxim kc

gf}akm yr}~,wmmxmdmr& xjiaemdmr& j}lmaxodx

Mccmax kc ~rkamidg kd aorbkjyhroxm0 ~J& jmox& brkwdidg rmoaxikd

2 Ckkh ~rkxmid odh mdpylm

^rkxmid xr}ax}rm0 jyhrk~jifia odh jyhrk~jkbia dox}rm kc ~rkxmid& gfkb}for odh cibrk}

~rkxmid id ckkh& ikmfmaxria ~kidx odh ix il~krxodam id ckkh& hmdox}roxikd odh ix

il~krxodam id ckkh& aoxmgkrim kc ~rkxmid ‑ ofb}lid& gfkb}fid

Ckkh ~rkxmid0 life ~rkxmid ‑ aomid& ofb}lid odh gfkb}fid odh xjmir rmfoxism xobifixy xkjmox odh ~J5 mgg ~rkxmid ‑ ksofb}lid odh ~jk~jk odh fi~k~rkxmid& xjm mccmax kc ogm kd

~J& mccmax kc jmox& lmox ~rkxmid ‑ oaxid odh lykid& ~kx,lkrxml gfyakfyi& lykgfkbid

odh ix kzihoxikd

Mccmax kc ~rkamidg kd ckkh ~rkxmid0 jmox& ~J& ml}ficiaoxikd

Kaa}rrmdam kc mdpylm id ckkh 0 ~jk~joxom odh fi~om id life& ~maxidom& ~jmdkf kzihom&

fi~kzygmdom

]m kc mdpylm id ckkh 0 idsmrxom& gf}akm kzihom& ajylkid& olyfom& gf}akm iklmrom&

fi~om& foaxom& ~rkxmom& illkbifimh mdpylm

1 Ckkh fi~ih

Fi~ih xr}ax}rm0 lkdk odh higfyamrihm o ml}ficimr& coxxy oaih afoiciaoxikd ‑ I]^OA odh

klmgo dklmdafox}rm& ox}roxmh odh }dox}roxmh ‑ ai odh xrod iklmr odh xjmir kaa}rrmdam

id ckkh& ~jk~jkfi~ih o ml}ficimr

Rmoaxikd kc fi~ih0 jyhrkgmdoxikd ‑ xjm ~rkh}axikd kc xrod iklmr odh jyhrkgmdoxmh cox&

idxmrmxmriciaoxikd ‑ mccmax kd lmfxidg ~kidx& jyhrkfyxia odh kzihoxism rodaihixy, ao}m odh

~rmsmdxikd& lmo}rmlmdx kc rodaihixy ‑ ̂ S odh CCO

Il~krxodam id ckkh ~rkamidg 0 ~rkh}axikd kc hiccmrmdx cox aryxof xy~m odh xjmir

il~krxodam id ckkh }aj o ajkakfoxm odh b}xxmr& kfih cox idhmz odh ~foxiaixy kc cox




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?87

8 Ckkh ohhixism

Odxikzihodx0 c}daxikd odh mzol~fm& oakrbia oaih& ~rk~yf goffoxm& b}xyfoxmh

jyhrkzyodikfm

Odxi,aoeidg ogmdx0 c}daxikd odh mzol~fm mg logdmi}l aorbkdoxm& aofai}ljyhrkzy

~jk~joxm

Cfosk}r mdjodamr0 c}daxikd odh mzol~fm khi}l ikidoxm& lkdkkhi}l gf}xoloxm&

mxjyf oamxoxm& mxjyf ckrloxm

^rmmrsoxism0 c}daxikd odh mzol~fm sixolid B?2& O& H& diakxidia oaih& aixria oaih& oamxia

oaih

Qwmmxmdmr0 c}daxikd odh mzol~fm krbia oaih& }f~j}r hikzihm& khi}l lmxobi}f~joxm

Xjiaemdmr odh ml}ficimr0 fmaixjid& ~maxid& ofgidoxm& g}or g}l& aorbkzylmxjyf amff}fkm

Akfk}ridg ogmdx0 c}daxikd& M,d}lbmr& mzol~fm dox}rof mg Û,aorkxmdm& ajfkrk~jyff&

aorolmf& ydxjmxia mg mryxjrkidm& xorxropidm

Akhm kc ~roaxiam& fmgifoxikd& xjm ckkh Qxodhorh Oax ?999& ?998 MA hirmaxism




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?8:




xjm obifixy xk0

? Rmfoxm xjm xr}ax}rm kc ckkh

aorbkjyhroxm xk xjmir

c}daxikd id ckkhx}cc

· idsmxigoxm jkw aorbkjyhroxm orm occmaxmh by ckkh

~rkamidg

· msof}oxm xjm rmfoxikdji~ bmxwmmd xjm xr}ax}rm kc

ckkh aorbkjyhroxm odh xjmir c}daxikd o xjiaemdmr

odh gmffidg ogmdx

2 Mzolidm xjm xr}ax}rm odh

c}daxikd kc ckkh ~rkxmidodh mdpylm

· rmfoxm xjm xr}ax}rm kc ckkh ~rkxmid xk xjmir c}daxikd

odh ~rk~mrxim

· iff}xroxm jkw xjm ~rk~mrxim kc ckkh ~rkxmid occmax

xjm lmxjkh }mh id xjm ~rkh}axikd kc ckkh

· ihmdxicy woy id wjiaj mdpylm orm }mc}f xk ckkh

~rkamkr odh woy id wjiaj xjmy orm jorlc}f

1 Mzolidm xjm xr}ax}rm odh

c}daxikd kc ckkh fi~ih

· mz~foid jkw xjm xr}ax}rm kc fi~ih odh lkhicimh

fi~ih rmfoxm xk xjmir ~rk~mrxim

· mz~foid xjm ao}m odh ~rmsmdxikd kc rodaihixy

· idsmxigoxm xjm il~krxodam kc ~foxiaixy kc cox xk

xjmir rkfm id ckkh

8 Idsmxigoxm xjm dox}rm odh

c}daxikd kc ohhixism id ckkh

· ihmdxicy o rodgm kc ohhixism }mh id ckkh

· mz~foid xjmir c}daxikd odh dox}rm

· hia} xjm fobmffidg kc ckkh ~rkh}ax




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?89

G}ihodam

HmfismryXji }dix wiff offkw fmordmr xk c}rxjmr hmsmfk~ xjmir idxmrmx id bikfkgiaof lkfma}fm xjrk}gj xjm

lmhi}l kc ckkh odh }mc}ffy ckffkw }dix }aj o ]dix 20 Bikajmlixry$

Xji }dix jo fide wixj ]dix ?70 D}xrixikd odh ]dix 2>0 Idh}xriof Liarkbikfkgy$ Xjmm fide

jk}fh bm ml~joimh xk gism xji }dix rmfmsodam odh xjm il~krxodam kc x}hyidg xr}ax}rm odh

c}daxikd kc xjm akl~fmz bikfkgiaof lkfma}fm id ckkh$ Wjmrmsmr ~kibfm ~roaxiaof o~~fiaoxikd

rmfoxidg xr}ax}rm xk c}daxikd kc ckkh ajmliaof jk}fh bm aorrimh k}x$

Xji }dix jk}fh bm xo}gjx }idg o aklbidoxikd kc fmax}rm odh ~roaxiaof wkre odh oigdlmdx$

Fmordmr jk}fh bm mdak}rogmh xk }m IAX xk kbxoid idckrloxikd odh makdhory hoxo wjmd

idsmxigoxidg xjm dox}rm odh c}daxikd kc ckkh ohhixism$ Xjm rmk}ram maxikd jo o d}lbmr kc

wmbixm xjox akdxoid fide xk kxjmr rmfmsodx ixm$

Omlmdx

Fmordmr jk}fh hmlkdxroxm o afmor }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm rmfoxikdji~ bmxwmmd xr}ax}rm kc

ckkh ajmliaof odh xjmir rkfm id ckkh$ Fmordmr ak}fh bm ommh by gisidg xjml od

oigdlmdx xk ~rkh}am o ~kxmr kd ckkh ohhixism$ Oigdlmdx offkwidg fmordmr xk idsmxigoxm

xjm ~rk~mrxim kc ckkh wk}fh bm rmfmsodx ckr off k}xaklm$ Xjm mdpylm maxikd id k}xaklm 2

ak}fh bm aksmrmh by od oigdlmdx kd xjm c}daxikd kc mdpylm id ckkh odh ckkh ~rkamidg$

Fide

Xji }dix jo fide wixj ]dix 20 Bikajmlixry& ]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m& ]dix ?70

D}xrixikd odh ]dix 2>0 Idh}xriof Liarkbikfkgy$

Rmk}ram

Fmordmr wiff dmmh oaam xk fobkroxkry& fibrory odh IX rmk}ram$ Xjm idxmrdmx wk}fh ofk bm o

sof}obfm k}ram kc idckrloxikd$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Ak}fxoxm ^ X ‑ Ckkh0 Xjm Ajmlixry kc ix Akl~kdmdx *Rkyof Qkaimxy kc Ajmlixry& 2>>2)

IQBD0 >:=8>83?=?

· @olm A ‑ Odofyxiaof Ajmlixry *O~md ^}bfijmr& ?999) IQBD0 >:182?29:3


· D}xrixikd odh Ckkh Qaimdam




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?=>

Wmbixm


· Xjm D}xrixikd kaimxy0 www$d}xka$krg$}e

· Brixij Himxmxia Okaioxikd0 www$bho$}e$akl

· Ckkh Qxodhorh Ogmday0 www$ckkh$gks$}e

· Ckkhfide0 www$ckkhfide$krg$}e

· Ckkh c}x}rm0 www$ckkhc}x}rm$krg$}e

· Ckkh odh Hride Doxikdof Xroididg Krgodioxikd0 www$ckkhodhhridedxk$krg$}e







http://www.foodanddrinknto.org.uk/

http://www.foodanddrinknto.org.uk/










‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?=?

]dix 220 Mdsirkdlmdxof Odofyi

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix mdobfm fmordmr xk hmsmfk~ xjm eiff dmmhmh xk ~fod odh il~fmlmdx o ~rkgrollm kc

mdsirkdlmdxof odofyi$ Xjm }dix aksmr xjm xjmkrmxiaof boaegrk}dh xk d}xrimdx ayafidg odh xjm

il~oax kc ~kff}xikd kd xjmm ~rkamm$ Fmordmr wiff fmord xk }m o rodgm kc ol~fidg odh

odofyxiaof lmxjkh odh hmsmfk~ xjm eiff dmmhmh xk rm~krx kd xjmir cidhidg$

Xji }dix ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim xk hia} mdsirkdlmdxof i}m odh M}rk~mod hmsmfk~lmdx$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Mz~foid jkw bikgmkajmliaof ayafm rm}fx id xjm xrodcmr kc }bxodam bmxwmmd

akl~kdmdx kc makyxml

2 Hmaribm xjm k}ram odh mccmax kc mdsirkdlmdxof ~kff}xodx

1 Qmfmax ol~fidg lmxjkh o~~rk~rioxm xk od odofyxm

8 Hmxmrlidm xjm akdamdxroxikd kc odofyxm id ol~fm

= Rmfoxm akdamdxroxikd kc odofyxm xk xjmir lozil}l ~mrlixxmh fmsmf$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?=2

Akdxmdx

? Bikgmkajmliaof ayafm

Woxmr 0 mso~kroxikd& mso~kxrod~iroxikd& ~rmai~ixoxikd

Aorbkd0 rm~iroxikd& ~jkxkydxjmi& aklb}xikd& mhilmdxoxikd

Dixrkgmd0 dixriciaoxikd& hmdixriciaoxikd& dixrkgmd cizoxikd

Q}f~j}r 0 omrkbia odh odomrkbia hmakl~kixikd& kzihoxikd

^jk~jkr}0 hmakl~kixikd& hm~kixikd& mrkikd

Lmxof0 mzol~fm *mg fmoh& aohli}l) xk iff}xroxm kf}bifioxikd& xrod~krx& hm~kixikd odh

mrkikd

Krgodia0 mzol~fm ‑ *mg ^AB& HHX& jyhrkaorbkd) xk iff}xroxm kf}bifioxikd odhxrod~krx

Obikxia akl~kdmdx kc makyxml0 mho~jia coaxkr& ~jyiaof ~rk~mrxim odh akl~kixikd kc

oq}oxia jobixox odh oir

Bikxia akl~kdmdx kc makyxml0 cmmhidg& }~xoem crkl kif& oilifoxikd& mzarmxikd&

hmakl~kixikd

2 Qk}ram odh mccmax

Qmwogm0 akl~kixikd& xrmoxlmdx

Idh}xriof 0 mzol~fm xk iff}xroxm woxmr& oir odh kif ~kff}xodx *mg ~mxrkajmliaof& ~kwmr&lididg)

Ogria}fx}rof 0 cmrxifimr& jmrbiaihm& ~mxiaihm

Ckif c}mf0 go& ~mxrkf& kif& akof

Mccmax0 xkziaixy& bikakdamdxroxikd& sirof odh boaxmriof ~oxjkgmd& grmmdjk}m mccmax& oaih

roid& rm~iroxkry

1 Qol~fidg lmxjkh

Qol~fidg 0 q}ofixy akdxrkf& ~foddidg& rodhkldm

Oir 0 fkaoxikd& xilidg& akdhixikd& ol~fm *jigj skf}lm& ~mrkdof)& aoaohm il~oaxkr&

ohkrbmdx

Woxmr 0 skf}lm& cfkw& xilm& dmxwkre krgodioxikd& skf}lm akdxoidmr& xkrogm

Qkif 0 fkaoxikd hm~xj& odofyxm lkbifixy& hix}rbodam& xkrogm& xilidg




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?=1

8 Akdamdxroxikd kc odofyxm

Dixrkgmd0 dixroxm& dixrixm& ollkdio

Aorbkd0 xkxof krgodia aorbkd& aorbkd hikzihm& jyhrkaorbkd& skfoxifm krgodia& ~jmdkf

Kzygmd0 hikfsmh kzygmd& bikajmliaof kzygmd hmlodh& ajmliaof kzygmd hmlodh

Lmxof0 of}lidi}l& aohli}l& ajrkli}l& akbofx& ak~~mr& irkd& lodgodmm& diaemf& lmra}ry&fmoh& pida& woxmr jorhdm

~J

Jyhrkgmd }f~jihm

Odofyxiaof lmxjkh0 ~rm,xrmoxlmdx& mzxroaxikd& hikf}xikd& ~maxrklmxry& ajrkloxkgro~jy&

xixroxikd& mfmaxrkajmliaof& skfxollmxry& cf}krmamdam& ajmlif}lidmamdam

= Lozil}l ~mrlixxmh fmsmf

Dixrkgmd0 dixroxm& dixrixm& ollkdio

Aorbkd0 xkxof krgodia aorbkd& aorbkd hikzihm& jyhrkaorbkd& skfoxifm krgodia& ~jmdkf

Kzygmd0 hikfsmh kzygmd& bikajmliaof kzygmd hmlodh& xkxof krgodia aorbkd

Lmxof0 of}lidi}l& aohli}l& ajrkli}l& akbofx& ak~~mr& irkd& lodgodmm& diaemf& lmra}ry&

fmoh& pida& woxmr jorhdm

~J

^orxia}foxm odh }~mdhmh kfih

Jyhrkgmd }f~jihm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?=8




xjm obifixy xk0

? Mz~foid jkw bikgmkajmliaof

ayafm rm}fx id xjm xrodcmr kc

}bxodam bmxwmmd

akl~kdmdx kc makyxml

· hmaribm xjm xr}ax}rm odh akl~kixikd kc kif& woxmr

odh oir

· mz~foid lmajodil by wjiaj }bxodam orm ayafmh

bmxwmmd mdsirkdlmdxof akl~kdmdx

· gism mzol~fm kc jkw mho~jia odh afiloxia coaxkr

occmax xjm ayafidg kc }bxodam

2 Hmaribm xjm k}ram odh

mccmax kc mdsirkdlmdxof

~kff}xodx

· k}xfidm xjm emy xogm id mwogm xrmoxlmdx

· hiccmrmdxioxm bmxwmmd hiccmrmdx idh}xriof ~rkamm

o k}ram kc ~kff}xodx

· akl~orm ogria}fx}rof ~rkamm o k}ram kc

~kff}xodx

· mz~foid xjm mdsirkdlmdxof il~oax kc ckif c}mf

aklb}xikd ~rkh}ax

· hmaribm xjm mccmax kc mfmaxmh ~kff}xodx kd

makyxml

1 Qmfmax ol~fidg lmxjkh

o~~rk~rioxm xk od odofyxm· }llorim xjm q}ofixy akdxrkf arixmrio ckr o ol~fidg

rmgilm

· hia} xjm }ixobifixy kc o fkaoxikd ckr ol~fidg

· hmsmfk~ o ol~fidg ~rkxkakf ckr ~maicimh odofyxm

odh fkaoxikd

· }m lmxjkh o~~rk~rioxm xk ol~fidg oir& woxmr odh

kif

8 Hmxmrlidm xjm akdamdxroxikd

kc odofyxm id ol~fm· mz~foid lmxjkh o~~rk~rioxm xk xjm odofyi kc o

~maicimh odofyxm

· }m odofyxiaof lmxjkh o~~rk~rioxm xk ol~fm odh

odofyxm

= Rmfoxm akdamdxroxikd kc

odofyxm xk xjmir lozil}l

~mrlixxmh fmsmf

· rmmoraj lozil}l ~mrlixxmh fmsmf kc ~maicimh

odofyxm

· hia} mz~mrilmdxof hoxo id rmfoxikd xk lozil}l

~mrlixxmh odofyxm fmsmf

· rm~krx kd rm}fx kc odofyxiaof ~rkamh}rm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?==

G}ihodam

HmfismryXjm ml~joi jk}fh bm kd xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc ~roaxiaof xmajdiq}m mfmaxmh xk oajimsm xjm

k}xaklm$ ^roaxiaof eiff jk}fh bm hmsmfk~mh wixjid o crolmwkre kc xjm boaegrk}dh

edkwfmhgm idhiaoxmh id xjm k}xaklm$ Xjmrm jk}fh bm od ml~joi kd xjm hmsmfk~lmdx kc

~foddidg odh rm~krxidg eiff$ Wjmrm ~maiofimh mq}i~lmdx i dkx osoifobfm& il}foxikd& siix

xk odofyxiaof fobkroxkrim& mzjibixikd odh hmlkdxroxikd by lod}coax}rmr ak}fh bm }mh$

Wjmrm ~kibfm& aom x}him jk}fh bm bomh kd fkaof idh}xry odh makyxml odh

}~~fmlmdxmh wixj boaegrk}dh idckrloxikd crkl fkaof k}ram$

Omlmdx

Msihmdam ckr xjm xjmkrmxiaof akl~kdmdx kc xji }dix aod bm gmdmroxmh crkl aom x}him& grk}~

rmmoraj oigdlmdx& }dix xmx odh rm~krx kd fobkroxkry wkre$

Xji i ~rmhklidodxfy o ~roaxiaof }dix odh fmordmr jk}fh ~roaxim o rodgm kc lmxjkh

o~~rk~rioxm xk mdsirkdlmdxof odofyi$ Jkwmsmr& xjm xmajdiq}m }mh xk gmdmroxm msihmdam aod

bm xoifkrmh xk xjm coaifixim osoifobfm$ ]dhmr klm aira}lxodam& siix odh hmlkdxroxikd by

lod}coax}rmr ak}fh }bxix}xm ckr jodh,kd mz~mrimdam& id wjiaj aom msihmdam crkl rm~krx

wk}fh bm oaam~xobfm$

Fide

Xji }dix ~rksihm fide wixj ]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m odh xjm ~maiofix }dix kc ]dix 210 Makfkgy& ]dix 280 Mdsirkdlmdxof Lodogmlmdx odh Akdmrsoxikd odh ]dix 230 Bikhismrixy$

Rmk}ram

Oaam xk o~~rk~rioxm fobkroxkry coaifixim odh xmajdiaof }~~krx wiff bm dmmhmh$ Xjm o~~orox}

odh idxr}lmdxoxikd rmq}irmh wiff hm~mdh kd fkaof rmk}ram odh xjm odofyxiaof lmxjkh ajkmd$

Q}ixobfm fkaof ol~fidg ixm jk}fh bm ihmdxicimh xk }~~krx fobkroxkry wkre$ Gmdmrof fibrory

coaifixim& ~rmcmrobfy idaf}hidg idxmrdmx oaam& wiff bm dmmhmh$ Qklm rmfmsodx ~mrikhiaof wk}fh

bm bmdmciaiof ckr rmk}ram,bomh rmmoraj wkre$ Oaam xk AH RKL,bomh il}foxikd ak}fh bm

o~~rk~rioxm wjmrm fkaof aira}lxodam hmlodh$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?=3

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Oxeidkd @ J odh Akk~ L R ‑ Fobkroxkry Xmxidg kc Qkif odh Qkcx Rkae *Q~kd ^rm&

?999) IQBD0 >7=?8>1::?

· G}~xo ^ E ‑ Lmxjkh id Mdsirkdlmdxof Odofyi0 Woxmr& Qkif odh Oir *Ogrkbik& 2>>2)IQBD0 :?77=8>==3

Wmbixm

· jxx~0++akdbik$riam$mh}+sf+

· jxx~0++idck0++idck$mr$}g$gks+dmxwkre+aimdam+morxj+morxj$jxlf

· Mdsirkdlmdx Ogmday0 www$mdsirkdlmdx,ogmday$gks$}e

· Hm~orxlmdx ckr mdsirkdlmdxof Ckkh odh R}rof Occoir *HMCRO)0 www$hmcro$gks$}e

· Cimfh Qx}him Ak}daif0 www$cimfh,x}him,ak}daif$krg

· Dox}rof Mdsirkdlmdx Rmmoraj Ak}daif0 www$dmra$oa$}e · Mdgfij Dox}rm0 www$mdgfij,dox}rm$krg$}e

http://conbio.rice.edu/vl/

http://info//info.er.usgs.gov/network/science/earth/earth.html

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/

http://www.defra.gov.uk/

http://www.field-studies-council.org/

http://www.nerc.ac.uk/





http://info//info.er.usgs.gov/network/science/earth/earth.html

http://conbio.rice.edu/vl/




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?=7

]dix 210 Makfkgy

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xjm }dix i hmigdmh xk gism xjm fmordmr od }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm c}dholmdxof akdam~x kc

makfkgy odh jkw xjmy loy bm o~~fimh id xjm lkhmrd wkrfh$ Fmordmr wiff fmord wjy makfkgiaof

x}hy i il~krxodx odh jkw xjmy aod akffmax& odofym odh idxmr~rmx makfkgiaof idckrloxikd$ Xji

wiff bm ckffkwmh by hmxoifmh x}him kc xjm makfkgy kc ~k~}foxikd& akll}dixim odh

makyxml$

Mzol~fm kc rmamdx makfkgiaof rmmoraj& o~~rk~rioxm xk xjm fmordmr’ idxmrmx odh boaegrk}dh&

jk}fh bm }mh xk hmlkdxroxm xjm o~~fiaoxikd odh rmfmsodam kc makfkgiaof xjmkry xk xjm rmofwkrfh$

Xji }dix ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim xk hia} kaiof& mxjiaof& lkrof odh mdsirkdlmdxof i}m odh

M}rk~mod hmsmfk~lmdx$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Mz~foid xjm il~krxodam kc makfkgiaof x}hy

2 Rmsimw boia makfkgiaof xjmkry1 Msof}oxm lmxjkh ckr akdh}axidg makfkgiaof rmmoraj$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?=:

Akdxmdx

? Makfkgiaof x}hy

C}daxikd kc xjm wkrfh’ makyxml0 rmg}foxikd kc oxlk~jmria gom& rmg}foxikd kc afiloxm&

d}xrimdx ayafidg& xrmoxlmdx kc ~kff}xodx& woxmr }~~fy& ~kffidoxikd& ckkh }~~fy& bikfkgiaof

~mx akdxrkf& }~~fim kc c}mf odh b}ifhidg loxmriof& }~~fim kc lmhiaidm& rmarmoxikd odh

a}fx}rm

Il~krxodx akdxml~krory makfkgiaof i}m0 oaih roid& gfkbof worlidg& m}xrk~jiaoxikd&

hmckrmxoxikd& bikhismrixy& j}lod ~k~}foxikd grkwxj& }xoidobifixy& ~mxiaihm }m& mak,

xk}ril

2 Boia makfkgiaof xjmkry

Mskf}xikdory makfkgy0 sorioxikd id idhisih}of& xjm hismrixy kc ficm& dox}rof mfmaxikd&

~maioxikd& mzxidaxikd

Bmjosik}rof makfkgy0 grk}~ mfmaxikd smr} idhisih}of mfmaxikd& ofxr}il& ficm jixkrim&

ogm odh mz xr}ax}rm& hi~}rxikd& r odh e xroxmgim

^k~}foxikd makfkgy0 ~k~}foxikd grkwxj& obikxia coaxkr& akl~mxixikd odh akmzixmdam&

~rmhoxikd& jmrbiskry& ~oroixil

Akll}dixy makfkgy0 afoiciaoxikd kc xmrrmxriof odh oq}oxia akll}dixy xy~m& makfkgiaof

diajm& pkdoxikd& }aamikd& ifodh bikgmkgro~jy

Makyxml makfkgy0 ~rilory odh makdhory ~rkh}axikd& mdmrgy cfkw& ckkh wmb& d}xrimdx

ayafidg

1 Makfkgiaof rmmoraj

Xy~m kc makfkgiaof x}hy0 fobkroxkry mz~mrilmdx& cimfh mz~mrilmdx& akrrmfoxikd& hirmax

kbmrsoxikd kc bmjosik}r& aom x}him& lkhmffidg

Lmxjkh kc makfkgiaof x}hy0 jy~kxjmm& ~foddidg mz~mrilmdx& ol~fidg odh rm~fiaoxikd&

q}ohrodx& xrodmax& ob}dhodam aofm& lore,rmfmom rmao~x}rm xmajdiq}m& }m odh

idxmr~rmxoxikd kc xoxixia




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?=9




xjm obifixy xk0

? Mz~foid xjm il~krxodam kc

makfkgiaof x}hy

· ihmdxicy xjm il~krxodx rkfm kc xjm wkrfh’

makyxml id loidxoididg o }ixobfm mdsirkdlmdx

ckr ficm xk mzix odh id loidxoididg xjm q}ofixy kc ficm

ckr j}lod

· rmsimw il~krxodx makfkgiaof i}m occmaxidg xjm

hixrib}xikd odh ob}dhodam kc fisidg krgodil

· ihmdxicy mzol~fm kc makyxml }dhmrgkidg ajodgmodh hia} xjm il~fiaoxikd kc ajodgm xk

makfkgiaof mq}ifibri}l

2 Rmsimw boia makfkgiaof

xjmkry

· mz~foid xjm xjmkrim bmjidh xjm mskf}xikd odh

mzxidaxikd kc ~maim odh hia} xjm coaxkr xjox

fmoh xk mzxidaxikd

· hia} xjm xroxmgim kc o rodgm kc odilof kr ~fodx

ckr }rsisof odh rm~rkh}axikd

· hmaribm xjm coaxkr gksmrdidg xjm ipm odh

hixrib}xikd kc fisidg krgodil odh msof}oxm jkw

xjmm coaxkr occmax o dolmh odilof kr ~fodx

· hia} xjm coaxkr }mh xk afoicy hiccmrmdx

akll}dixim odh hmaribm jkw akll}dixim loy

ajodgm ksmr xilm

· hmaribm lkhmf ckr mdmrgy cfkw odh d}xrimdx

ayafidg wixjid makyxml

1 Msof}oxm lmxjkh ckr

akdh}axidg makfkgiaof

rmmoraj

· idsmxigoxm xjm xrmdgxj odh wmoedmm kc

fobkroxkry mz~mrilmdx& cimfh mz~mrilmdx&

dox}rofixia kbmrsoxikd odh aom x}him id

makfkgiaof rmmoraj

· }dhmrxoem o ~imam kc makfkgiaof rmmoraj }idg

o~~rk~rioxm xmajdiq}m

· odofym xjm hoxo odh hrow akdaf}ikd




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?3>

G}ihodam

HmfismryXjm hismrixy odh akl~fmzixy kc lkhmrd makfkgy aod loem ix o hiccia}fx }b`max xk idxrkh}am xk

fmordmr$ Xji }dix i xjmrmckrm hmigdmh k xjox ix aod bm hmfismrmh xk fmordmr crkl o wihm rodgm

kc boaegrk}dh wjifm xiff bmidg rmfmsodx xk xjmir idxmrmx$ Xjm ak}rm ak}fh cka} kd xjm

makfkgy kc odilof& ~fodx kr j}lod$ Ofxmrdoxismfy ix ak}fh bm hmfismrmh o o lkrm gmdmrof

ak}rm$ Fmordmr l}x goid o gmdmrof }dhmrxodhidg kc makfkgy odh xjmd bm mdak}rogmh xk o~~fy

xjox edkwfmhgm xk il~krxodx makfkgiaof i}m$ Xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc edkwfmhgm jk}fh bm

akdh}axmh kd o fmax}rm boi odh ofk o fmordmr,amdxrmh fmordidg$

Ix i il~krxodx xjox fmordmr jk}fh gmx klm mz~mrimdam kc ~roaxiaof makfkgy$ Xji ak}fh bm

oajimsmh kd o cimfh ak}rm& h}ridg kdm,hoy siix kr xjrk}gj x}him kc fkaof jobixox h}ridg

fmkd$ Xjm ajkiam kc jobixox l}x rmcfmax xjm fmordmr loid idxmrmx o xji wiff offkw xjml xk

hrow kd edkwfmhgm goidmh crkl kxjmr }dix$

Omlmdx

Msihmdam loy bm gmdmroxmh }idg o mrim kc wrixxmd odh ~roaxiaof oigdlmdx$ Wrixxmd kr krof

oigdlmdx ak}fh bm }mh xk om xjm cirx xwk k}xaklm$ Xjm xjirh k}xaklm l}x bm ommh

xjrk}gj o fmordmr ~rk`max wjmrm idhisih}of kr loff grk}~ kc fmordmr ~fod& }dhmrxoem odh wrixm

}~ o ~roaxiaof x}hy$ Fmordmr l}x& o idhisih}of kr grk}~& akdh}ax odh odofym o rmfmsodx

~imam kc makfkgiaof rmmoraj$ Fmordmr jk}fh bm offkwmh xk ajkkm& kr bm g}ihmh xkworh&

i}m xjox orm rmfmsodx xk xjmir kwd idxmrmx odh boaegrk}dh$

Ofxmrdoxismfy& klm mfmlmdx kc off xjrmm k}xaklm ak}fh bm ommh by o fmordmr ~rk`max xjoxidskfsm o fixmrox}rm rmsimw& o ~roaxiaof mfmlmdx odh klm odofyi$ Xjm ~rk`max ak}fh bm

akl~fmxmh kd od idhisih}of boi kr id loff grk}~$ Ody rmloididg arixmrio aod bm lmx by

wrixxmd kr krof omlmdx$

Fide

Xji }dix fide wixj ]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m odh xjm ~maiofix }dix kc ]dix 220

Mdsirkdlmdxof Odofyi& ]dix 280 Mdsirkdlmdxof Lodogmlmdx odh Akdmrsoxikd& ]dix 270

Qxoxixia& ]dix 2:0 ^fodx ^jyikfkgy odh Mdsirkdlmdxof Oho~xoxikd odh ]dix 230 Bikhismrixy$

Rmk}ram

Xjm rmk}ram rmq}irmh wiff hm~mdh kd xjm xyfm kc xmoajidg odh omlmdx$ Oaam xk boia

makfkgiaof }rsmy mq}i~lmdx wiff bm dmamory$ Idckrloxikd aod bm kbxoidmh crkl bkke odh

`k}rdof odh& id ohhixikd& xjm ~rm loy aorry orxiafm xjox ml~joim a}rrmdx i}m$ Xjm

idxmrdmx jo o forgm d}lbmr kc makfkgiaof ixm& mg& www$wjcrmmlod$akl+bikfkgy$

Oaam xk xoxixiaof ~oaeogm kr ~rmohjmmx wiff bm il~krxodx ckr odofyidg ody idckrloxikd

xjox fmordmr akffmax$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?3?

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Ajo~lod @ odh Rmi L ‑ Makfkgy0 ^ridai~fm odh O~~fiaoxikd *Aolbrihgm ]dismrixy

^rm& ?99:) IQBD0 >=2?:::>22

· Hkhkd Q mx of ‑ Makfkgy *Kzckrh ]dismrixy ^rm Ida ]QO& ?99:) IQBD0 >?9=?2>79=· Qajmidmr Q L odh G}rmsixaj @ ‑ Hmigd odh Odofyi kc Makfkgiaof Mz~mrilmdx *Kzckrh

]dismrixy ^rm Ida ]QO& 2>>?) IQBD0 >?9=?1?::3

· Qxifidg ^ ‑ Makfkgy0 Xjmkrim odh O~~fiaoxikd *^rmdxiam,Joff& 2>>?) IQBD0 >?1>9??>2Z

· Riaefmc M R odh Liffmr F G ‑ Makfkgy *W J Crmmlod& ?999) IQBD0 >7?372:29Z

Wmbixm



· Cimfh Qx}him Ak}daif0 www$cimfh,x}him,ak}daif$krg· Dox}rof Mdsirkdlmdx Rmmoraj Ak}daif0 www$dmra$oa$}e

· Mdgfij Dox}rm0 www$mdgfij,dox}rm$krg$}e












‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?32




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?31

]dix 280 Mdsirkdlmdxof Lodogmlmdx odh

Akdmrsoxikd

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xjm oil kc xji }dix i xk mdobfm fmordmr xk goid od idxrkh}axikd xk mdsirkdlmdxof lodogmlmdx

odh ix o~~fiaoxikd xk xjm mdsirkdlmdx$ Xjm }dix wiff ~rksihm od md`kyobfm& xil}foxidg fmordidg

mz~mrimdam odh wiff mdgmdhmr od idxmrmx id xjm mdsirkdlmdx odh akdmrsoxikd$

Xjm }dix wiff bm oajimsmh xjrk}gj ~roaxiaof mz~mrimdam wjmrmsmr ~kibfm odh wiff idaf}hm

fobkroxkry wkre o wmff o x}hy id xjm cimfh$ Ix wiff ckxmr id xjm fmordmr xjm dmamoryrm~kdibfm oxxix}hm xk wkreidg id xjm fobkroxkry odh ofk id xjm cimfh$

Xji }dix ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim xk hia} mdsirkdlmdx& lkrof& mxjiaof odh a}fx}rof i}m$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Mzolidm xjm lo`kr xroxmgim ckr akdmrsoxikd

2 Hia} xjm ao}m& mccmax odh akdxrkf kc ~kff}xikd

1 Odofym xjm }m kc fodh rmk}ram odh xjm lodogmlmdx kc xjm okaioxmhmdsirkdlmdxof ~rkbfml

8 Idsmxigoxm xjm ao}m kc oxlk~jmria hmgrohoxikd odh xjm ~kibfm kf}xikd

= Rmfoxm xjm lodogmlmdx kc xjm mdsirkdlmdx xk xjm akdam~x kc akdcfiax kc idxmrmx$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?38

Akdxmdx

? Lo`kr xroxmgim ckr akdmrsoxikd

Rmk}ram rmayafidg 0 gfo& of}lidi}l& ~o~mr rmayafidg& xjm xroxmgim ml~fkymh by fkaof

ak}daif& makdklia& odh mdsirkdlmdxof il~oax

Rmk}ram ~rmmrsoxikd0 xjm mxobfijlmdx& hmigd& lodogmlmdx odh hmsmfk~lmdx kc dox}rm

rmmrsm odh kxjmr ~rkxmaxmh ormo

Rmk}ram lodogmlmdx 0 ~k~}foxikd hydolia kc o ~maicia mdsirkdlmdx& mg xjm Dkrxj Qmo&

cij xkae& xroxmgim ckr }xoidobfm lodogmlmdx& mccmaxismdm kc q}kxo smr} cizmh

mcckrx cijidg& hoxo akffmaxikd odh odofyi& mccmaxism xkae akdxrkf

2 Ao}m& mccmax odh akdxrkf kc ~kff}xikd

Xy~m odh rodgm kc ~kxmdxiof ~kff}xodx kc oir & fodh odh woxmr 0 xjm k}ram kc ~kff}xikd odh

xjm ~roaxiam xjox aod bm ml~fkymh xk akdxrkf ix

^mrixmdam odh bikhmgrohobifixy0 ~kff}xodx wixjid xjm makyxml& mg ~mxiaihm odh

jmrbiaihm& xjm akdam~x kc Lozil}l Oaam~xobfm Xkziaodx Akdamdxroxikd

Mccmax0 kd idhisih}of ~maim& jobixox odh xjm makyxml

^kff}xikd lkdixkridg 0 ~ridai~fm kc lkdixkridg o rodgm kc ~kff}xodx& mg xjkm kc crmj

woxmr& lmxof id kif& gom id xjm oxlk~jmrm5 xjm mq}i~lmdx odh bikfkgiaof lmxjkh

rk}xidmfy }mh id idh}xry

1 ]m kc fodh rmk}ram odh xjm lodogmlmdx kc xjm okaioxmh mdsirkdlmdxof ~rkbfml

Fodh }m0 xy~m odh grohidg kc fodh }mh ckr ogria}fx}rof& idh}xriof& rmarmoxikdof& jk}idg

odh rkoh b}ifhidg ~}r~km

Mdsirkdlmdxof ~rkbfml0 okaioxmh wixj ogria}fx}rm odh ckrmxry& mg mccmax kd bikhismrixy&

ckkhwmb& kif& odh xjm il~oax kc }aj ~rkbfml kd xjm fkaof akll}dixy

Rmafoloxikd kc hmrmfiax fodh 0 xmajdiq}m ml~fkymh id rmafoilidg fodh ~rmsik}fy }mh ckr

mg lididg& fodh ciff odh idh}xriof woxm5 }m kc }rsmy& mg gmk~jyiaof odh bikfkgiaof&

~rkbfml odofyi& hmsmfk~lmdx kc rmafoloxikd ~fod

^foddidg 0 ckr c}x}rm fodh rmq}irmlmdx& lkhmffidg ~k~}foxikd grkwxj& kaiof odh makdklia

xrmdh




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?3=

8 Oxlk~jmria hmgrohoxikd odh xjm ~kibfm kf}xikd

Gomk} ~kff}xodx0 }f~j}r hikzihm& dixrk} kzihm& lmxjodm odh ~orxia}foxm& ~rkbfml

okaioxmh wixj xjmm& rm~iroxkry hikrhmr& oaihiciaoxikd kc woxmr& mxa

Xrod~krx 0 xjm ~rkbfml rm}fxidg crkl idxmrdof aklb}xikd mdgidm& idarmom id aorbkd

hikzihm& grmmdjk}m mccmax& woy kc rmh}aidg mliikd& mg aixy himmf

Kpkdm hm~fmxikd0 xjm jmofxj odh makfkgiaof il~oax& mz~k}rm xk ]S figjx& idaihmdam kc eid

aodamr& makfkgiaof ilbofodam& idaihmdam kc l}xoxikd& il~oax kd grkwxj roxm kc ~fodx ficm

= Lodogmlmdx kc xjm mdsirkdlmdx odh xjm akdam~x kc akdcfiax kc idxmrmx

Mdsirkdlmdxof ~foddidg odh fmgifoxikd0 xk ~rksihm ~rkxmaxikd ckr mdsirkdlmdxoffy

mdixism ormo id xjm ]E odh obrkoh& Xjm Mdsirkdlmdxof ^rkxmaxikd Oax ?99>& akl~orikd

kc M}rk~mod odh dkd,M}rk~mod fmgifoxikd

Mdsirkdlmdxof il~oax omlmdx0 hmsmfk~lmdx odh ~roaxiam& lmxjkh ml~fkymh id

}rsmyidg od ormo ckr ~kxmdxiof ~rkbfml& ihmdxiciaoxikd kc xjm rodgm kc mccmax kc o ~maiciaoaxisixy kd fodh odh ~k~}foxikd& lmxjkh ml~fkymh xk rmh}am xjm il~oax kc ajodgm id o

gismd mdsirkdlmdx

Mdsirkdlmdxof ~kfiay0 fkaof& doxikdof odh idxmrdoxikdof xroxmgim5 xjm rkfm kc ~rm}rm

grk}~ odh dkd,gksmrdlmdxof krgodioxikd *mg BQ=7=>& xjm wkre kc ogmdaim }aj o xjm

]D kr DGK fiem Grmmd~moam& BX Akdmrsoxikd& mxa)




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?37

G}ihodam

HmfismryXji }dix aod bm hmfismrmh by }idg o sorimxy kc xmoajidg odh fmordidg xyfm idaf}hidg0 fmax}rm&

siix xk dox}rm rmmrsm& rmafoilmh ixm& fkaof idh}xry& ~roaxiaof idsmxigoxikd odh

oigdlmdx$ Idckrloxikd odh hoxo aod bm kbxoidmh by xjm }m kc IAX wjmrm fmordmr aod aorry

k}x hirmaxmh morajm kc wmbixm$

^roaxiaof wkre }ggmxmh0

· odofyi kc hklmxia woxm

· mccmax kc jmosy lmxof kd xjm grkwxj kc ~fodx ~maim

· }m kc fiajmd o ~kff}xikd lkdixkr

· mccmax kc }f~j}r hikzihm kd xkloxk ~fodx

· siix }ggmxmh

· fkaof dox}rm rmmrsm

· rmafoilmh ixm& mg fodhciff ixm& k~mdaox akof lidm& q}orry

· fkaof idh}xry xk hia} xjm mccmax kc fmgifoxikd kd xjmir ~rkh}axikd

· hmsmfk~ od mdsirkdlmdxof il~oax omlmdx kd o fkaof ormo$

Omlmdx

Msihmdam i fiemfy xk bm gmdmroxmh xjrk}gj aom x}him& oigdlmdx& ~roaxiaof idsmxigoxikd&

odh cimfh x}hy$

Fide

Xji }dix fide wixj ]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m odh xjm ~maiofix }dix kc ]dix 220

Mdsirkdlmdxof Odofyi& ]dix 210 Makfkgy odh ]dix 290 Bikhismrixy$

Rmk}ram

Ix wk}fh bm }mc}f ckr fmordmr xk josm oaam xk xjm ckffkwidg0

Boia fobkroxkry mq}i~lmdx& xrod~krx ckr cimfh x}him odh siix *xjm dmamory ~mrlix l}x bm

kbxoidmh bmckrm cimfhwkre i aorrimh k}x)& cimfh lkdixkridg mq}i~lmdx& oaam xk odofyxiaof

ajmliaof mq}i~lmdx& idh}xriof fide$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?3:

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Boirh A ‑ Mdsirkdlmdxof Ajmlixry *W J Crmmlod& ?99:) IQBD0 >7?371?=11

· Gk}him O ‑ Xjm J}lod Il~oax kd xjm Dox}rof Mdsirkdlmdx ‑ =xj Mh *Xjm LIX ^rm&

2>>>) IQBD0 >232=7?1:2· Dmbmf B @ odh Wrigjx R X ‑ Mdsirkdlmdxof Qaimdam *^rmdxiam Joff& 2>>?)

IQBD0 >?1>12=1:8

· Q~irk X G odh Qxigfiodi W L ‑ Ajmlixry kc xjm Mdsirkdlmdx *]Q Il~krx # ^JI^M&

2>>2) IQBD0 >?17=8:933

Wmbixm




· Dox}rof Mdsirkdlmdx Rmmoraj Ak}daif0 www$dmra$oa$}e













‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?39

]dix 2=0 Ajmlixry ckr Bikfkgy

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix ~rksihm fmordmr wixj od }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm ajmliaof akdam~x xjox }dhmr~id lody

kc xjm kxjmr }dix wixjid xjm bikfkgiaof aimdam$ Ix i hmigdmh xk aoxmr ckr xjkm fmordmr wjk

josm dkx x}himh ajmlixry$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Mz~foid jkw xjm akdam~x kc mdxjof~y odh mq}ifibri}l rmfoxm xk ajmliaof rmoaxikd

2 Rmakgdim xjm loid c}daxikdof grk}~ id krgodia ajmlixry odh ~rmhiax xjmir rmoaxikd

1 Hmaribm xjm rmoaxikd idskfsmh id rohikoaxism hmaoy odh xjm }m kc rohikikxk~m

8 Hmaribm xjm xy~m kc bkdhidg wixjid krgodia lkfma}fm$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?7>

Akdxmdx

? Mdxjof~y odh mq}ifibri}l

Lkfma}for idxmroaxikd0 mfmaxrkdmgoxisixy odh idxmrlkfma}for bkdh& jyhrk~jifia odh

jyhrk~jkbia lkfma}fm& ml}ficiaoxikd

Mdxjof~y akdam~x0 mdxjof~y odh mdxjof~y ajodgm& lkfor mdxjof~y ajodgm& mzkxjmrlia odh

mdhkxjmrlia rmoaxikd& Jm’ Fow& oaxisoxikd mdmrgy& oaxikd kc aoxofyx& mdxrk~y odh

mdxrk~y ajodgm& crmm mdmrgy& coaxkr occmaxidg rmoaxikd roxm

Rmhkz rmoaxikd0 mfmaxrkd xrodcmr& }m kc kzihoxikd d}lbmr& amff jofc rmoaxikd

Mq}ifibri}l0 hydolia mq}ifibrio& kf}bifixy odh ~orxixikd& klki& mq}ifibri}l akdxodx&

il~fm aofa}foxikd kc mq}ifibri}l akdxodx& Fm Ajoxmfimr’ Fow& ~J odh ~Eo& xrkdg odh

wmoe oaih& Brkdxmh,Fkwry xjmkry& b}ccmr

2 Krgodia ajmlixry

Dklmdafox}rm odh xr}ax}rm0 I]^OA yxml& ofeodm& ofemdm& ofeydm& ofakjkf&

ofhmjyhm& emxkdm& aorbkzyfia oaih& mxmr& olidm& orkloxia akl~k}dh& rmkdodam

jybrih odh hmfkaofimh mfmaxrkd& iklmril,xr}ax}rof& gmklmxria& k~xiaof

Rmoaxikd0 ohhixikd& }bxix}xikd& mfilidoxikd& akdhmdoxikd& idh}axism mccmax& rmhkz&

~kfylmrioxikd

C}daxikd kc krgodia ajmliaof0 ckkh& ml}ficimr& ~mxiaihm odh jmrbiaihm& ~foxia&

~jorloam}xiaof

Mz~mrilmdxof idsmxigoxikd0 rmoaxikd kc jyhrkaorbkd& ofakjkf& aorbkdyf& aorbkzyfia

oaih& olidm

1 Rohikoaxism hmaoy

Rohikoaxisixy0 of~jo bmxo odh gollo rohioxikd& ikxk~m& rohikoaxism hmaoy& jofc,ficm&

d}afmor ciikd odh d}afmor c}ikd& }m kc rohikikxk~m

8 Bkdhidg

Bkdhidg 0 ~

1

& ~

2

odh ~ jybrihioxikd kc aorbkd&ρ

‑ odhώ

‑ bkdh& hmfkaofioxikd&idxmrlkfma}for ckram

Qxr}ax}rm0 bkdh odgfm& bkdh fmdgxj& jo~m kc lkfma}fm& xr}ax}rof odh gmklmxria

iklmril

Idxmrlkfma}for ckram kc oxxroaxikd0 jyhrkgmd bkdhidg& Sod hmr Woof ckram& hi~kfm,

hi~kfm& idh}amh hi~kfm,hi~kfm& mfmaxrkdmgoxisixy& mfmaxrkd occidixy& hmfkaofioxikd

Idxrolkfma}for ckram kc oxxroaxikd




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?7?




xjm obifixy xk0

? Mz~foid jkw xjm akdam~x kc

mdxjof~y odh mq}ifibri}l

rmfoxm xk ajmliaof rmoaxikd

· aofa}foxm mdxjof~y ajodgm crkl mz~mrilmdxof hoxo

· }m crmm mdmrgy aofa}foxikd xk ~rmhiax wjmxjmr o

rmoaxikd wiff kaa}r

· aofa}foxm xjm mq}ifibri}l akdxodx crkl

mz~mrilmdxof hoxo

· ~rmhiax xjm mccmax kd od mq}ifibri}l rmoaxikd wjmdakdhixikd orm ofxmrmh

· }m kzihoxikd d}lbmr xk hmxmrlidm wjmxjmr o

rmoaxikd i rmhkz

· mz~foid jkw idxmroaxikd bmxwmmd lkfma}fm kaa}r

2 Rmakgdim xjm loid

c}daxikdof grk}~ id krgodia

ajmlixry odh ~rmhiax xjmir

rmoaxikd

· ~rmhiax xjm dolm kc o akl~k}dh crkl ix xr}ax}rm

odh siam smro

· ~rmhiax rmoaxikd ~rkh}ax gismd xjm rmoaxodx

· hiccmrmdxioxm bmxwmmd xjm sorik} xy~m kc iklmril

· aorry k}x idsmxigoxism krgodia rmoaxikd ocmfy

· hia} klm kc xjm }m kc krgodia ajmliaof

1 Hmaribm xjm rmoaxikd

idskfsmh id rohikoaxism

hmaoy odh xjm }m kc

rohikikxk~m

· ihmdxicy xjm rkfm kc of~jo& bmxo odh gollo rohioxikd

id rohikoaxism hmaoy

· msof}oxm kdm }m kc rohikikxk~m

8 Hmaribm xjm xy~m kc

bkdhidg wixjid krgodia

lkfma}fm

· rmfoxm ~1& ~

2& ~ jybrihioxikd xk krgodia lkfma}fm

· ihmdxicy xr}ax}rof odh gmklmxria iklmr

· ihmdxicy xrmdgxj kc idxmrlkfma}for ckram kc

oxxroaxikd id bikajmliaof




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?72

G}ihodam

HmfismryFmordmr jk}fh bm gismd xjm k~~krx}dixy xk hmsmfk~ akdam~x xjrk}gj mz~mrilmdxof wkre id xjm

fobkroxkry$

Xjm }m kc lkfma}for lkhmf aod bm }mh xk idsmxigoxm xjm xr}ax}rm kc krgodia lkfma}fm odh

xjmir bkdhidg$ Xji aod bm mzxmdhmh xk iklmril odh xjm xr}ax}rm kc bikajmliaof ihmdxicyidg

xjm hiccmrmdam id xr}ax}rm bmxwmmd xr}ax}rof odh k~xiaof iklmr$ Xjm ajmliaof akdam~x

fmordx wiff }dhmr~id lody kc xjm bikfkgiaof akdam~x id kxjmr }dix id xjm ~rkgrollm$

Xjm akdam~x kc rmoaxikd roxm& mq}ifibri}l odh mdmrgmxia jk}fh bm o~~fimh wjmrmsmr ~kibfm

xk bikfkgiaof akdxmzx odh xjm }m kc bikajmliaof rmoaxikd id xjm ~roaxiaof mzmraim$

Omlmdx

Ix i idxmdhmh xjox xji }dix jk}fh idskfsm bkxj xjmkrmxiaof odh ~roaxiaof wkre$ Xji wiff mdobfm

klm msihmdam ckr k}xaklm ? odh 2 xk bm kbxoidmh xjrk}gj idxmr~rmxoxikd kc xjm mz~mrilmdxof

rm}fx$ ^rkbfml kfsidg idskfsidg aofa}foxikd wiff ofk bm rmq}irmh& ~orxia}forfy ckr k}xaklm ?$

Od oigdlmdx wk}fh bm o~~rk~rioxm ckr k}xaklm 1$

Xilm,akdxroidmh mzmraim orm ofk o~~rk~rioxm ckr moaj k}xaklm$

Fide

Xji }dix jo fide wixj ]dix 20 Bikajmlixry& ]dix 80 Fobkroxkry Xmajdiq}m odh ]dix 70

Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx$

Rmk}ram

Fmordmr wiff dmmh oaam xk o~~rk~rioxm fobkroxkry& fibrory odh IX coaifixim$

Xjm Rkyof Qkaimxy kc Ajmlixry wmbixm jo o forgm rodgm kc rmk}ram crkl ‚Xjm Lkfma}for

Wkrfh’ mrim kc AH RKL idaf}hidg0 Lkfma}for Lkhmffidg odh Bkdhidg5 Ofemdm odh

Orkloxia5 Qm~oroxikd& ^}riciaoxikd odh ihmdxiciaoxikd5 Ajmliaof Eidmxia odh Lmajodil5

Lmajodil odh Qydxjmi$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?71

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Fmwi R odh Msod W ‑ Ajmlixry *LoaLiffod ^rm Fxh& 2>>?) IQBD0 >111932=7=

· Loxmrkd W odh J}rfmy A ‑ Ajmlixry0 ^ridai~fm odh Rmoaxikd *W B Qo}dhmr& 2>>>)

IQBD0 >>1>2>>13?· Rkaemxx B odh Q}xxkd R ‑ Ajmlixry ckr Bikfkgix *@kjd L}rroy& ?993)

IQBD0 >7?9=7?838

· Q}xxkd R mx of ‑ Ajmlixry ckr xjm Ficm Qaimdam *Xoyfkr # Crodai& 2>>>)

IQBD0 >78:8>:119

· Xilbmrfoem A E ‑ Ajmlixry0 Od Idxrkh}axikd xk Gmdmrof& Krgodia odh Bikfkgiaof

Ajmlixry *Fkdglod Jigjmr Mh}aoxikd& ?999) IQBD0 >12?>2?7??

· Wydd A ‑ Boia Ajmlixry ckr xjm Bikfkgiaof Qaimdam *^krxfodh ^rm Fxh& ?993)

IQBD0 ?::=7:?>=9




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?78




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?7=

]dix 230 Bikhismrixy

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

O o rm}fx kc xjm Rik Akdcmrmdam ?992& xjm akdam~x kc bikhismrixy odh ix il~krxodam id

loidxoididg o }xoidobfm gfkbof mdsirkdlmdx goidmh ~rklidmdam$ Xji }dix mz~fkrm xjm

lmajodil by wjiaj bikxia hismrixy i gmdmroxmh odh mz~fkrm xjm bmdmcix xjox orm okaioxmh

wixj bikhismrixy$ Fmordmr wiff hia} xjm xjrmox coaidg bikhismrixy& odh wiff bm mdak}rogmh

xk mz~fkrm ~roaxiaof lmo}rm xk md}rm xjm loidxmdodam odh mdjodamlmdx kc xji rmk}ram ckr

c}x}rm gmdmroxikd$

Xjm oil kc xji }dix i xk ~rksihm xjm fmordmr wixj od }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm ~jmdklmdkd kc bikhismrixy& odh idsmxigoxm xjm coaxkr xjox ~rklkxm ix& odh xjkm xjox xjrmoxmd ix$ Xji wiff

offkw xjml xk hmsmfk~ od o~~rmaioxikd kc xjm sof}m kc bikhismrixy o o rmk}ram$ Xjm }dix wiff

~rksihm xjml wixj o xjmkrmxiaof crolmwkre crkl wjiaj xk om xjm igdiciaodam kc fkaof&

doxikdof odh idxmrdoxikdof hmsmfk~lmdx kd xjm wkrfh’ bikhismrixy$

Xji }dix ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim xk hia} lkrof& kaiof& mxjiaof& ~irix}of& a}fx}rof odh

mdsirkdlmdxof i}m$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm

Xk oajimsm xji }dix o fmordmr l}x0? Ihmdxicy xjm lmajodil xjox rm}fx id bikhismrixy

2 Mz~foid xjm sof}m kc bikhismrixy o o rmk}ram

1 Msof}oxm coaxkr xjox xjrmoxmd gfkbof bikhismrixy

8 Odofym xjm mcciaoay kc ~roaxiaof lmo}rm xk akdmrsm bikhismrixy$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?73

Akdxmdx

? Lmajodil

Sorioxikd odh mskf}xikd0 akdxid}k} odh hiakdxid}k} sorioxikd& rodhkl odh idh}amh

l}xoxikd& dox}rof mfmaxikd xjrk}gj akl~mxixikd& mfmaxikd ~rm}rm& lmajodil odh

mzol~fm kc ~oroffmf& hismrgmdx odh akdsmrgmdx mskf}xikd

Rmsimw oho~xoxikd0 odoxkliaof& lkr~jkfkgiaof& ~jyikfkgiaof odh bmjosik}rof oho~xoxikd

id ~fodx odh odilof ~maim& xk o rodgm kc mdsirkdlmdx id xmrl kc hmsmfk~idg hismrixy$

Obikxia coaxkr wjiaj ~rmsoif id o d}lbmr kc jobixox odh xjmir mccmax id xmrl kc

~rklkxidg odh idjibixidg bikhismrixy

2 Xjm sof}m kc bikhismrixy o o rmk}ram

Mxjiaof 0 idaf}hidg a}fx}rof& rmfigik} odh ~kfixiaof *grmmd odh ‚hmm~’ grmmd) ~mr~maxism

Omxjmxia0 omxjmxia sof}m kc krgodil o id~iroxikd ckr xjm orx odh lmhio& xjm rkfm kc

‚dox}rm’ id j}lod rmarmoxikd odh rmfozoxikd

]xifixoriod0 ogria}fx}rm0 hmsmfk~lmdx kc dmw ark~& idxrkh}axikd kc himom rmixodam

xjrk}gj brmmhidg ~rkgrollm& }xoidobfm jorsmxidg kc dox}rof ~rkh}ax5 lmhiaidm0

hmsmfk~lmdx kc ~jorloam}xiaof xjrk}gj }xifiidg dksmf ~fodx ~jyikfkgy5 Idh}xry0 dmw

~rkh}ax hmsmfk~lmdx& odh mxjdkbkxodiaof ~rkh}ax *mg Bkhy Qjk~) odh o od omx xk mak,

xk}ril

Makfkgiaof 0 ficm }~~krx yxml& makfkgiaof ayafm& mdsirkdlmdxof xobifixy

Sof}m0 akx odh bmdmcix kc akdmrsoxikd odh mz~fkixoxikd akdihmrmh id xmrl kc rmfoxismsof}m& akdxidgmday sof}m odh rmof makdklia sof}m5 hia}ikd kc xjm lmrix odh ~ixcoff

kc sof}idg o dox}rof rmk}ram

1 Coaxkr xjox xjrmoxmd gfkbof bikhismrixy

Hirmax coaxkr0 ~kidx k}ram ~kff}xikd& fodh }m ajodgm *mg idcf}mdam kc rodaj cmdam kd

ligroxidg ~maim& mccmax kc lididg mxa) fk kc jobixox xjrk}gj hmsmfk~lmdx&

hismriciaoxikd& hmmrxiciaoxikd mxa& j}dxidg& idxmrdoxikdof ~maim xrohm

Idhirmax coaxkr0 gfkbof afiloxm ajodgm& hicc}m k}ram ~kff}xikd& j}lod ~k~}foxikd grkwxj&

hmsmfk~lmdx odh fk kc idhigmdk} edkwfmhgm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?77

8 Xjm mcciaoay kc ~roaxiaof lmo}rm

Lmo}rm xk akdmrsm bikhismrixy0 ak}fh idaf}hm akdmrsoxikd odh lodogmlmdx kc dox}rof

kr mli,dox}rof makyxml& fisidg ao~xism akffmaxikd& ao~xism brmmhidg odh rmfmom& mmh

bode& aryk~rmmrsoxikd mxa$ Rkfm kc hoxo bode odh hoxobom id hirmaxidg akdmrsoxikd

oaxisixim jk}fh bm akdihmrmh

Fkaof akdmrsoxikd oaxisixim0 }ixobfm fkaof oaxisixim ak}fh idaf}hm wmxfodh loidxoidmhckr birh,ficm *mg RQ^B rmmrsm)& akll}dixy wkkhfodh *mg wkkhfodh xr}x)& fkaof dox}rm

rmmrsm *mg xjkm loidxoidmh by xjm fkaof o}xjkrixy kr xjm ak}dxy wifhficm xr}x)$ Fodh

rmafoloxikd ixm rm}fxidg crkl xjm rmq}irmlmdx kc ~foddidg fmgifoxikd odh pkkfkgiaof

gorhmd& r}d o akllmraiof akdamrd& ak}fh ofk bm akdihmrmh

Doxikdof akdmrsoxikd oaxisixim0 rmh hoxo bkke& Wifhficm odh Ak}dxryihm Oax *?9:=)& Xji

Akllkd Idjmrixodam& Mdsirkdlmdxof ̂ rkxmaxikd Oax *?99>)& lodhoxkry Mdsirkdlmdxof

Il~oax Omlmdx& fkaof ogmdho 2?mxa

Gfkbof akdmrsoxikd oaxisixim0 ]D Wkrfh Akdmrsoxikd Qxroxmgy& Morxj Q}llix

*Qxkaejkfl odh Rik)& AIXMQ& M] Jobixox Hirmaxism mxa




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?7:




xjm obifixy xk0

? Ihmdxicy xjm lmajodil

wjiaj rm}fx id bikhismrixy· hmaribm coaxkr wixjid od makyxml wjiaj rm}fx id

bikhismrixy

· ihmdxicy odh hmaribm mzol~fm kc oho~xoxikd odh

~maioxikd gisidg rim xk idarmomh bikhismrixy

wixjid od makyxml

2 Hmcidm xjm sof}m kc

bikhismrixy o o rmk}ram

· hmrism odh msof}oxm arixiaoffy ofxmrdoxism sof}m ckr

xjm bikhismrixy kc o gismd makyxml }idg ox fmoxxwk lmxjkhkfkgim

1 Mz~foid coaxkr xjox xjrmoxmd

gfkbof bikhismrixy

· ihmdxicy odh hmaribm xjm xjrmox xk gfkbof

bikhismrixy

· mz~foid xjm rmfoxism msmrixy kc xjrmox xk o dolmh

makyxml’ bikhismrixy

8 Odofym xjm mcciaoay kc

~roaxiaof lmo}rm xk

akdmrsm bikhismrixy

· hmaribm o rodgm kc ~roaxiaof lmo}rm xk akdmrsm

bikhismrixy

· idsmxigoxm o ~roaxiaof akdmrsoxikd ajmlm odh

hrow sofih akdaf}ikd kd xjm mzxmdx xk wjiaj xjmajmlm lmmx ix oil odh kb`maxism wixj rm~max xk

bikhismrixy




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?79

G}ihodam

HmfismryXjm }dix jk}fh bm hmfismrmh xjrk}gj o afkmfy idxmgroxmh ~rkgrollm kc fmax}rm odh fmordmr,fmh

mlidor mikd$ L}aj kc xjm }dix wiff bm kc o xjmkrmxiaof dox}rm b}x ixm siix jk}fh bm

idakr~kroxmh wjmrmsmr ~kibfm xk mdobfm xjm fmordmr xk rmakgdim xjm hiccmridg fmsmf kc

bikhismrixy ck}dh wixjid jobixox id xjm ]E$ Ix i il~krxodx xjox fmordmr orm lohm oworm kc xjm

rodgm kc ~jyfo xjox mzix id ody gismd jobixox& odh orm dkx cka}mh kd o idgfm eidghkl$ X}xkr

jk}fh ~rksihm o rodgm kc aom x}him xk mz~fkrm jigj odh fkw hismrixy jobixox *ckr mzol~fm

wkkhfodh smr} lkkrfodh) k xjox fmordmr aod rmakgdim xjm sof}m okaioxmh wixj moaj& odh

rmakgdim xjox lkrm i dkx dmamorify bmxxmr$ ^mrikhia loff grk}~ x}xkriof wk}fh bm bmdmciaiof

id lkdixkridg idhisih}of fmordmr ~rkgrm$

Omlmdx

K}xaklm ? i dmamory boaegrk}dh edkwfmhgm ckr off rmgorhfm kc ~rmsik} mh}aoxikdof

boaegrk}dh$ Qklm fmordmr loy ofrmohy josm o hmxoifmh edkwfmhgm kc xji ormo kc x}hy wjifx

kxjmr wiff bm fm wmff idckrlmh$ Xjm omlmdx kc k}xaklm ? jk}fh md}rm xjox off fmordmr

josm oajimsmh od oaam~xobfm fmsmf kc boaegrk}dh edkwfmhgm$ Msihmdam ckr xji k}xaklm loy bm

id wrixxmd kr krof ckrl odh ligjx bmx bm idxmgroxmh wixj msihmdam ckr k}xaklm 2 kr 8& xk ckrl

o hmxoifmh odofyi kc o ajkmd makyxml+biklm$

K}xaklm 2 i jigjfy }b`maxism& odh fmordmr jk}fh bm mdak}rogmh xk ydxjmim xjmir kwd

k~idikd xjrk}gj rmmoraj odh hia}ikd$ Msihmdam ckr xji k}xaklm loy bm ommh by lmod

kc mlidor hia}ikd odh+kr ~rmmdxoxikd wjmrm fmordmr orm rmq}irmh xk `}xicy xjmir

sof}oxikd kc bikhismrixy$

K}xaklm 1 i idxmdhmh xk hmsmfk~ fmordmr’ eiff id rmmorajidg odh msof}oxidg akl~fmz

idckrloxikd crkl o rodgm kc hiccmridg k}ram$ Msihmdam ckr xji k}xaklm wk}fh bm id xjm ckrl

kc o jkrx ~imam kc wrixxmd wkre bomh kd od mzxmdhmh ~mrikh kc rmmoraj$ Ckr mzol~fm& fmordmr

loy bm oemh xk hmigd o wmb ~ogm kd o gismd xjrmox xk gfkbof bikhismrixy$ Xjmy ak}fh }m

fide xk kxjmr wmb ~ogm xk jmf~ hmaribm sorik} o~max kc xjm i}m odh idakr~kroxm arixiaof

akllmdx odh msof}oxikd kc moaj ixm }mh$

K}xaklm 8 wk}fh bm bmx oajimsmh by siixidg kdm kr lkrm ~roaxiaof akdmrsoxikd ajmlm& odh

~rkh}aidg o wrixxmd kr krof arixiq}m kc xjm mzxmdx xk wjiaj kdm kc xjm ajmlm lmmx ix oil

odh kb`maxism wixj rm~max xk bikhismrixy$ Xjm k}xaklm ak}fh& jkwmsmr& bm lmx by ohhrmidg

aom x}hy loxmriof$ Id xji aom& fmordmr jk}fh odofym aom x}him xjox iff}xroxm mzol~fm kc ajmlm xk akdmrsm idhisih}of ~maim kr grk}~ kc ~maim& mg& wjofm& xigmr& odh wjkfm

makyxml& mg& jmoxjfodh& ajofe grofodh& xrk~iaof roid ckrmx$

Fide

Xji }dix jo fide xk xjm ~maiofix }dix kc ]dix 220Mdsirkdlmdxof Odofyi& ]dix 210 Makfkgy&

]dix 280 Mdsirkdlmdxof Lodogmlmdx odh Akdmrsoxikd odh ]dix 2:0 ^fodx ^jyikfkgy odh

Mdsirkdlmdxof Oho~xoxikd$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?:>

Rmk}ram

Xji }dix ak}fh bm hmfismrmh id o dkd,~maiofix aforkkl kr fmax}rm xjmoxrm$ Jkwmsmr& xjm

hmfismry wk}fh bm akdihmrobfy mdjodamh by xjm obifixy kc xjm fmax}rmr xk iff}xroxm o~max kc

bikhismrixy }idg o}hik,si}of xmajdiq}m odh fisidg ~mailmd$ Xjm hmfismry kc xjm }dix wk}fh

bm mdriajmh by xjm idakr~kroxikd kc ixm siix m~maioffy ic xilm wmrm osoifobfm xk om

bikhismrixy kd ixm$ Fmordmr jk}fh josm oaam xk o jigj xodhorh kc fmordidg rmk}ram$ Id ~orxia}for& oaam xk xjm idxmrdmx wk}fh bm od ohsodxogm$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Bmgkd L mx of ‑ Makfkgy0 Idhisih}of& ^k~}foxikd # Akll}dixim ‑ 1rh Mh *Bfoaewmff

Qaimdam& ]E& ?993) IQBD0 >:3=82:8=Z

· Bmgkd L mx of ‑ ^k~}foxikd Makfkgy ‑ 1rh Mh *Bfoaewmff Qaimdam& ]E& ?993)

IQBD0 >312>187:=

· Ajo~lod @ F odh Rmi L @ ‑ Makfkgy0 ^ridai~fm odh O~~fiaoxikd ‑ 2dh Mh *Aolbrihgm]dismrixy ^rm& ?99:) IQBD0 >=2?=::>22

· Akfidso}z ^ ‑ Makfkgy *@kjd Wifmy # Qkd Ida ?991) IQBD0 >87?=99=89

· Dmwlod M I ‑ O~~fimh Makfkgy *Bfoaewmff Qaimdam& ]E& ?991) IQBD0 >312>13=7=

· ^mor D ‑ Boia Bikgmkgro~jy ‑ 2dh Mh *Fkdglod& ?9:=) IQBD0 >=:21>?2>1




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?:?

]dix 270 Qxoxixia

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix wiff mdobfm xjm fmordmr xk o~~fy xoxixiaof odofyi xk o wihm rodgm kc mz~mrilmdxof odh

kbmrsoxikdof x}him$ Ml~joi i foih kd o ~roaxiaof o~~rkoaj b}x xjmrm i ofk klm

mz~fodoxikd kc xjm xjmkry }dhmr~iddidg xjm lmxjkh }mh$ Odkxjmr ~rklidmdx xjmlm i xjm

il~krxodx rkfm kc xoxixia id mz~mrilmdxof hmigd$ Xji lkh}fm b}ifh kd xjm edkwfmhgm goidmh

crkl xjm }dix Odofyi kc Qaimdxicia Idckrloxikd odh Hoxo odh klm ormo crkl xji }dix orm

rmsiixmh odh mzxmdhmh$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? ]dhmrxodh mz~mrilmdxof hmigd odh xoxixiaof ~ridiai~fm

2 Qmfmax odh }m o~~rk~rioxm igdiciaodam xmx$

1 ]dhmrxodh odh o~~fy akrrmfoxikd odh rmgrmikd odofyi$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?:2

Akdxmdx

? Mz~mrilmdxof hmigd odh xoxixiaof ~ridai~fm

Qol~fidg 0 ol~fm odh ~k~}foxikd& ol~fidg mrrkr& rodhkl ol~fidg& rodhkl offkaoxikd&

}m kc rodhkl d}lbmr xobfm odh o~~rk~rioxm kcxworm

Mz~mrilmdxof hmigd0 xrmoxlmdx& akdxrkf odh rm~fiaoxm& coaxkriof hmigd5 ~maiofimh

hmigd mg ckr afidiaof xriof& makfkgiaof cimfh x}him kr liarkbiof ooy

^rkbobifixy odh ~rkbobifixy hixrib}xikd0 ~rkbobifixy& ohhixikd odh l}fxi~fiaoxikd kc

~rkbobifixy& bidkliof odh ^kikd hixrib}xikd& xjm dkrlof ~rkbobifixy hixrib}xikd& xjm

xodhorh dkrlof sorioxm *p)& xjm Amdxrof Filix Xjmkrml& xodhorh mrrkr& akdcihmdam filix&

xjm fmordmr x hixrib}xikd

Jy~kxjmi xmxidg 0 xjm d}ff jy~kxjmi& igdiciaodam *of~jo) fmsmf& xy~m ? odh xy~m 2 mrrkr&

kdm odh xwk xoifmh xmx& xjm ~kwmr kc o xmx& mxiloxikd kc ol~fm ipm

Dkd,~orolmxria lmxjkh0 o}l~xikd kc ~orolmxria odofyi& xjm dkrlof ~fkx&

xrodckrloxikd& ohsodxogm odh hiohsodxogm kc dkd,~orolmxria lmxjkh& mfmaxidg xjm

akrrmax xmx

2 Qigdiciaodam xmx

Kdm odh xwk ol~fm xmx0 kdm ol~fm p odh x xmx& xjm igd xmx5 xwk ol~fm xmx wjmrm

ol~fm orm }d~oirmh& x xmx& Wifakzkd Rode Q}l xmx5 xwk ol~fm xmx wjmrm xjm ol~fm

orm ~oirmh& ~oirmh x xmx& Wifakzkd igdmh rode xmx

L}fxi~fm ol~fm xmx0 mrrkr id l}fxi~fm jy~kxjmi xmxidg& kdm,woy odofyi kc soriodam&xmxidg ~oir kc lmod& xwk,woy ODKSO& idxmroaxikd& coaxkriof mz~mrilmdxof hmigd&

rodhklimh bfkae& foxid q}orm5 xjm dkd,~orolmxria& Er}eof,Woffi xmx

Aoxmgkriaof hoxo0 a2 gkkhdm kc cix xmx& a2 xmx ckr okaioxikd& akrrmaxikd ckr akdxid}ixy

1 Akrrmfoxikd odh rmgrmikd odofyi

Fidmor akrrmfoxikd0 aoxxmr hiogrol& ^morkd’ akrrmfoxikd akmcciaimdx& Q~morlod rode

akrrmfoxikd akmcciaimdx& ~rmhiaxidg sof}m& o}l~xikd kc fidmor akrrmfoxikd& xrodckrloxikd&

xmxidg xjm igdiciaodam kc akmcciaimdx

Fidmor rmgrmikd odofyi0 xjm fmox q}orm lmxjkh& xjm rmgrmikd mq}oxikd& o}l~xikdkc fidmor rmgrmikd& omidg xjm igdiciaodam kc fk~m akmcciaimdx odh idxmram~x& omidg

xjm gkkhdm kc cix

Omidg ogrmmlmdx 0 rm~rkh}aibifixy odh rm~moxobifixy5 d}lmriaof soriobfm& filixoxikd kc

akrrmfoxikd odofyi& }m kc ~oirmh x xmx& filix kc ogrmmlmdx& odofyi kc hiccmrmdam5

aoxmgkry soriobfm& Akjmd’ eo~~o




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?:1




xjm obifixy xk0

? ]dhmrxodh mz~mrilmdxof

hmigd odh xoxixiaof

~ridai~fm

· mz~foid ol~fidg& xjm il~krxodam kc rodhklioxikd

odh jkw rodhklioxikd i oajimsmh

· hmlkdxroxm od }dhmrxodhidg kc mz~mrilmdxof

hmigd

· k}xfidm xjm dox}rm odh ~rk~mrxim kc ~rkbobifixy

hixrib}xikd

· aofa}foxm ~rkbobifixim }idg bidkliof& ^kikd odh

dkrlof hixrib}xikd

· mz~foid xjm }m kc odh aofa}foxm xodhorh mrrkr odh

akdcihmdam filix

· k}xfidm xjm boi kc jy~kxjmi xmxidg

· arixiaoffy hia} xjm hiccmrmdam bmxwmmd ~orolmxria

odh dkd,~orolmxria xy~m kc odofyi

2 Qmfmax odh }m o~~rk~rioxm

igdiciaodam xmx· k}xfidm xjm xjmkrmxiaof boi kc ~orolmxria

igdiciaodam xmx

· mfmax odh `}xicy igdiciaodam xmx o~~rk~rioxm xk o

rodgm kc mzol~fm kc hoxo mx

· aorry k}x o rodgm kc igdiciaodam xmx odh idxmr~rmx

xjm lmodidg kc xjm rm}fx$

· arixiaoffy hia} xjm o}l~xikd odh filixoxikd kc

igdiciaodam xmx

· hia} il~rksmlmdx id mdixisixy by }idg xjm bmx

aklbidoxikd kc igdiciaodam xmx odh mz~mrilmdxof

hmigd

1 ]dhmrxodh odh o~~fy

akrrmfoxikd odh rmgrmikd

odofyi

· k}xfidm xjm xjmkrmxiaof boi kc fidmor akrrmfoxikd odh

rmgrmikd odofyi

· }m aoxxmr hiogrol xk om fidmorixy odh cix

rmgrmikd fidm

· mfmax odh `}xicy odofym o~~rk~rioxm xk hoxo

jkwidg fidmor rmfoxikdji~

· aorry k}x fidmor akrrmfoxikd odh fidmor rmgrmikd

odofyi odh omlmdx kc ogrmmlmdx

· akl~orm odh akdxrox xjm o}l~xikd odh

filixoxikd kc akrrmfoxikd odh rmgrmikd odofyi




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?:8

G}ihodam

HmfismryIx i kc ~rilm il~krxodam xjox xji }dix jk}fh bm rmfmsodx xk xjm kxjmr }dix xjm fmordmr i

x}hyidg odh xjmrmckrm hoxo mx krigidoxidg crkl kxjmr }dix jk}fh bm }mh o mzol~fm ckr

odofyi$ Xjm cka} kc xji }dix jk}fh bm o ~roaxiaof o~~rkoaj xk xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc xoxixiaof

odofyi& ofxjk}gj klm xjmkrmxiaof boaegrk}dh jk}fh bm idaf}hmh xk oih }dhmrxodhidg& id

~orxia}for& kc ~rkbobifixy odh ~orolmxria lmxjkh$ Xjmrm jk}fh bm o bofodam bmxwmmd jodh

aofa}foxikd *aimdxicia aofa}foxkr) odh kcxworm }m$ Qil~fm mzol~fm iff}xroxidg xjm lmxjkh

jk}fh bm }mh xk b}ifh }~ }dhmrxodhidg odh akdcihmdam bmckrm ohsodaidg xk }m kcxworm$

Fmordmr jk}fh bm mdak}rogmh xk }m xjm rm}fx kc odofym o o boi ckr }ggmxidg

il~rksmlmdx id mz~mrilmdxof hmigd kr mzxmdikd kc xjm x}hy id q}mxikd$ Xjmy jk}fh ofk bm

oworm kc ~kxmdxiof mrrkr mg rm}fxidg crkl hoxo mdxry& xjm wrkdg ajkiam kc odofyi&

liidxmr~rmxoxikd odh xjm filixoxikd kc xjm lmxjkh }mh$

Omlmdx

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fide wixj kxjmr }dix& hoxo ckr oigdlmdx ak}fh krigidoxm crkl ~roaxiaof wkre id xjm fmordmr’

~maiofix }b`max$

Fide

Xji }dix i fidemh wixj ]dix =0 Odofyidg Qaimdxicia Idckrloxikd odh Hoxo odh ak}fh bm fidemh

wixj ody kxjmr }dix krigidoxidg hoxo }ixobfm ckr xoxixiaof odofyi$

Rmk}ram

Fmordmr wiff dmmh oaam xk IX coaifixim odh o~~rk~rioxm kcxworm$ Id lody aom o gmdmria

~rmohjmmx ~oaeogm *}aj o Liarkkcx Mzamf) aod bm }mh b}x xji jk}fh bm }~~fmlmdxmh by

o hmhiaoxmh xoxixiaof ~oaeogm mg Lidixob kr Q^QQ$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke· Bfodh L ‑ Od Idxrkh}axikd xk Lmhiaof Qxoxixia ‑ 1rh Mh *Kzckrh ]dismrixy ̂ rm& 2>>>)

IQBD >,?9,231239,:

· Aforem G L ‑ Qxoxixia odh Mz~mrilmdxof Hmigd ‑ 1rh Mh *Ordkfh& ?998)

IQBD >,18>,=9128,=

· ^mxrim O odh Qobid A ‑ Lmhiaof Qxoxixia ox o Gfodam *Bfoaewmff& 2>>>)

IQBD >,312,>=>7=,3

· Rkdmr B ‑ C}dholmdxof kc Bikxoxixia ‑ =xj Mh *H}zb}ry& 2>>>)

IQBD >,=18,17>3:,1




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?:=

]dix 2:0 ^fodx ^jyikfkgy odh Mdsirkdlmdxof

Oho~xoxikd

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

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lmk~jyxia ~fodx odh jkw xjmm orm oho~xmh xk offkw }rsisof kc xjm zmrk~jyxia odh jyhrk~jyxia

~fodx ~maim$ Xji idckrloxikd i xjmd rmfoxmh xk xjm }m kc ~fodx wixjid xjm mdsirkdlmdxof

jobixox rmofl ckr ormo }aj o jobixox ckrloxikd& jobixox rmxkroxikd& jobixox loidxmdodam odh

jobixox rmgmdmroxikd crkl ~kkr kr xkzia ixm$ Xjrk}gj x}hyidg xji }dix xjm fmordmr wiff goid o

hm~xj kc edkwfmhgm kc ~fodx ckrl odh c}daxikd ofkdg wixj aimdxicia il~fmlmdxoxikd id xjm

cimfh$ Xjm }dix ~rksihm o boaegrk}dh idxk jobixox ckrloxikd ckr akdmrsoxikd id gmdmrof$ Xjm

fmordmr wiff ofk goid od idigjx idxk xjm a}rrmdx rmmoraj idskfsidg ~fodx ~maim$

Kd akl~fmxikd kc xji }dix fmordmr wiff bm obfm xk okaioxm fkaof odh doxikdof ormo wixj

a}rrmdx ~roaxiam odh rmmoraj xmajdiq}m$ Ix i ofk mdsiogmh xjox xjm fmordmr wiff goid

mz~mrimdam id xjm ~roaxiaofixim kc loidxoididg odh lkdixkridg xjm ixm$

Xji }dix ~rksihm k~~krx}dixim xk hia} mdsirkdlmdxof i}m id xjm wihmr a}rria}f}l$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Idxmr~rmx ~fodx odoxkly id rmfoxikd xk xjm ~jyikfkgiaof ~rkamm

2 Mzolidm ~fodx oho~xoxikd xk mzxrmlm jobixox xy~m

1 Idsmxigoxm xjm }m kc ~fodx id xjm mdsirkdlmdxof rmxkroxikd kc idh}xriof odh woxm fodh

8 Hia} xjm }m kc ~fodx xy~m id fkaof rmsmgmxoxikd odh jobixox loidxmdodam ixm$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?:3

Akdxmdx

? ^fodx odoxkly

Rkkx xr}ax}rm0 amff xy~m odh amff}for orrodgmlmdx& c}daxikd kc amff xy~m id rmfoxikd xk xjm

xr}ax}rm& woxmr odh lidmrof }~xoem odh ~oxjwoy ckffkwmh& kif ~fodx woxmr rmfoxikd

Qxml xr}ax}rm0 amff xy~m odh amff}for orrodgmlmdx& c}daxikd kc amff xy~m id rmfoxikd xk

c}daxikd& ~maicia lmajodil kc xrod~krxoxikd

Fmoc xr}ax}rm0 amff}for orrodgmlmdx id rmfoxikd xk c}daxikdof ao~oaixy id xmrl kc

k~xiliidg ~jkxkydxjmi& fmoc lkr~jkfkgy

Ihmdxiciaoxikd kc xjm rodgm odh sorioxikd kc ~fodx odoxkliaof orrodgmlmdx0 xjm fkwmr ~fodx

xy~m jk}fh bm idxrkh}amh id si}of ckrl xk offkw xjm fmordmr xk mz~mrimdam xjm sorimxy kc

~fodx xy~m xjox mzix

2 ^fodx oho~xoxikd

Zmrk~jyxia oho~xoxikd0 akl~oroxism odoxkly odh ~jyikfkgy kc xjm rkkx& xml odh fmoc

xr}ax}rm& ajodgm xjox rm}fx id ~jyikfkgiaof ~oxjwoy

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xr}ax}rm& ajodgm xjox rm}fx id ~jyikfkgiaof ~oxjwoy

^fodx afoiciaoxikd0 o brkoh ksmrsimw kc xjm xy~m odh sorioxikd kc ~fodx ~maim wjiaj

mzix rmfoxism xk xjm wihm sorimxy kc ficm ayafm odh jobixox hwmffidg *xk bm }mh o k}ram kc

idckrloxikd ckr jobixox rmxkroxikd odh loidxmdodam)

1 Mdsirkdlmdxof rmxkroxikd

Ckr off kc xjm jobixox xy~m sorimxim xjm ckffkwidg jk}fh bm aksmrmh0

Hmsmfk~lmdx kc akll}dixim odh makyxml0 }idg fkaof ormo kc idxmrmx& ixm omlmdx

idaf}ikd *kif ol~fidg& xkziakfkgy& hroidogm& mxa)& coaxkr occmaxidg xy~iaof kif odh doxism

~fodx ~maim ajkiam& akll}dixy+~}bfia }m kc ixm ~kx rmxkroxikd& loidxmdodam

rmq}irmlmdx

Xy~iaof ~fodx ~maim0 idhigmdk} xk xjm ormo& xy~iaof kc xjm jobixox xy~m& ~fodx idxmrrmfoxikd

odh fkdg,xmrl }rsisof ckr bikhismrixy mxobfijlmdx

Fkaof Ogmdho 2?

A}rrmdx xmajdkfkgy odh }m kc ~fodx ~maim ckr rmaxicyidg ixm kc xkziaixy & jorlc}f r}dkcc




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?:7

8 Rmsmgmxoxikd odh jobixox loidxmdodam

^jyiaof coaxkr ckr ~fodx xy~m mfmaxikd0 xjm ~fodx ~maim xjox orm }mh odh loidxoidmh

wixjid od ormo jk}fh bm idaf}hmh kd lmrix kc mdsirkdlmdxof }rsisof$ Coaxkr }aj o

hroidogm& wmoxjmridg odh gmdmrof afiloxia cf}ax}oxikd& kif ajoroaxmrixia odh }rrk}dhidg

ckfiogm xy~m$ Qixm siix xk o sorimxy kc jobixox xy~m jk}fh bm hmlkdxroxmh odh hia}mh

kd ixm$ Xjmkrmxiaof idxmr~rmxoxikd kc hiccmrmdx loidxmdodam xmajdiq}m ckr hiccmrmdx ixmxy~m& mg QQQI& dox}rof rmsmgmxoxikd ixm ckr fkw loidxmdodam ~roaxiaof ~}r~km& jk}fh bm

hmfismrmh odh omlmdx ak}fh idaf}hm xjmkrmxiaof ixm lodi~}foxikd crkl siix

Corl akdmrsoxikd odh bikhismrixy0 ~kfiaim kc ofxmrdoxism ixm }m& xjm idxmroaxikd kc

xodhorh corl ~roaxiam wixj jobixox armoxikd odh loidxmdodam& mg jmhgmrkw& oq}oxia ormo&

QQQI akrdmr$ Idamdxism osoifobfm xk corlmr xk armoxm odh loidxoid ixm wixjid xjmir corl

fodh$ ^mrkddmf eiff odh mh}aoxikdof o~max ckr hmofidg wixj ihmo idxrkh}axikd$ Xjm }m

kc corl ixm id fkaof o}xjkrixy rmmoraj

^fodx gmdmxia odh jobixox0 xjm xjmkrmxiaof idxmr~rmxoxikd kc gmdmxiaoffy lkhicimh ~maim

odh xjmir }mc}fdm id kaimxy$ Xjm idxmrrmfoxikdji~ kc dox}rof odh lkhicimh ~maim odh

xjm mccmax xji loy josm }~kd xjm dox}rof ~k~}foxikd kc ~fodx ~maim id xmrl kc

idxmrbrmmhidg odh ~maim hklidodam$ Xjm fmordmr jk}fh goid gkkh hia}ikd odh mfc x}hy wixj hmfismry eiff crkl xji k}xaklm$ Ix mdak}rogm xjm ~rkam kc k~idikd ckrloxikd

odh hmfismry kc xjmm id o xr}ax}rmh odh fkgiaof ckrl




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?::




xjm obifixy xk0

? Idxmr~rmx ~fodx odoxkly id

rmfoxikd xk xjm ~jyikfkgiaof

~rkamm

· rmfoxm rkkx xy~m odh xr}ax}rm id rmfoxikd xk c}daxikd

· hmaribm xml xr}ax}rm id rmfoxikd xk c}daxikd

· rmfoxm fmoc ckrl odh xr}ax}rm xk c}daxikd

2 Mzolidm ~fodx oho~xoxikd xk

mzxrmlm jobixox xy~m· mz~foid zmrk~jyxia oho~xoxikd xk jobixox id

akl~orikd wixj xjm lmk~jyxia ~fodx ckrl

· mz~foid jyhrk~jyxia oho~xoxikd xk jobixox idakl~orikd wixj xjm lmk~jyxia ~fodx ckrl

· ihmdxicy o rodgm kc ~fodx }idg bidkliof

afoiciaoxikd emy

1 Idsmxigoxm xjm }m kc ~fodx

id xjm mdsirkdlmdxof

rmxkroxikd kc idh}xriof odh

woxm fodh

· idxmr~rmx xjm lmxjkhkfkgim il~fmlmdxmh id xjm

rmxkroxikd kc akof lididg woxm fodh

· hmxmrlidm lmxjkhkfkgim ckr xjm ~rkh}axikd kc

woxmr jobixox xy~m ckr ~maim hismrixy odh ~}bfia

md`kylmdx

· ihmdxicy xjm rmxkroxikd rmq}irmlmdx ckr o ixm wixjmrkikd yl~xkl o o rm}fx kc j}lod idcf}mdam

· ~rk~km ajmlm ckr xjm rmxkroxikd& kr rmgmdmroxikd&

kc o fkaof ixm }idg o~~rk~rioxm ~fodx ~maim

· ihmdxicy idhiaoxkr ~maim ckr mfmaxmh jobix xy~m

8 Hia} xjm }m kc ~fodx xy~m

id fkaof rmsmgmxoxikd odh

jobixox loidxmdodam ixm

· hmaribm o rodgm kc ~jyiaof odh ~roaxiaof coaxkr

wjiaj dmmh xk bm xoemd idxk oaak}dx wjmd mfmaxidg

~fodx ckr o sorimxy kc ixm

· hmxmrlidm xjm rkfm kc corl akdmrsoxikd odh

lodogmlmdx id mdjodaidg idhigmdk} bikhismrixy

· om xjm rkfm kc ~fodx gmdmxia id jobixox

akdxr}axikd kr hmxmrikroxikd




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?:9

G}ihodam

HmfismryIx i mmdxiof xjox xjm fmordmr goid xjmkrmxiaof edkwfmhgm& b}x xji }dix i hmigdmh xk offkw xjm

mzolidoxikd kc ~roaxiaof msihmdam wjmrmsmr ~kibfm$ Ix i xjmrmckrm }ggmxmh xjox fide wixj

fkaof mdsirkdlmdxof amdxrm& ogmdaim& akdmrsoxikd grk}~& ak}daif odh rmmoraj amdxrm bm

mdjodamh odh }xifimh$ Hmfismry kc xjm }dix jk}fh bm bomh }~kd fmordmr idxmroaxikd odh

~orxiai~oxikd id ~roaxiaof xmajdiq}m$

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Fmordmr wiff fmord xk idxmr~rmx xjm xr}ax}rm odh si}of xil}foxikd xmdh xk bm bmx

rmlmlbmrmh$ Xjm }m kc si}of xmzx odh oax}of ~maim i mz~maxmh id xjm hmfismry kc k}xaklm

2$ Fmordmr jk}fh bm smry colifior wixj xjm }m kc afoiciaoxikd emy ckr dolidg kc ~maicia

mzol~fm$ Xjm fmordmr ox xji fmsmf jk}fh bm obfm xk afoicy xk gmd}& ~maim fmsmf$ Wjmrm

~kibfm& fmordmr jk}fh akdh}ax xjmir kwd fixmrox}rm morajm xk idsmxigoxm a}rrmdx xmajdiq}m bmidg }mh wixjid fkaof mxobfijlmdx& ~rksihidg msihmdam ckr k}xaklm 1$ Xjm hmfismry kc

k}xaklm 8 jk}fh idaf}hm ixm siix odh ~roaxiaof hia}ikd ofkdg wixj klm xjmkrmxiaof

fmax}rm hmfismry odh xjm }m kc jodhk}x o k}ram kc idckrloxikd$

Qklm xjmkrmxiaof mlidor,xy~m idxmr~rmxoxikd wk}fh bm }mc}f ckr rmfoyidg xjm hmxoif kc

odoxkly rmfoxmh xk ~jyikfkgiaof ~rkamm$ Fmordmr wiff ofk dmmh xk josm hkdm klm

boaegrk}dh rmohidg ckr ~orxiai~oxikd wixjid xjm hia}ikd$

Omlmdx

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xjm }dhmrxodhidg kc xjmm boia akdam~x xjm fmordmr jk}fh bm obfm xk idxmr~rmx xjm }m kc

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aklm idxk akdxoax wixj lody akllkd ~maim& k il~rksidg xjm ihmdxiciaoxikd kc ~maim o o

makdhory eiff$

Xjm cirx jofc kc xjm }dix i hmigdmh xk bm ommh xjmkrmxiaoffy }idg fobkroxkry,bomh

omlmdx odh ~roaxiaof xmajdiq}m$ Xjm rmloididg k}xaklm ak}fh bm ommh xjrk}gj

~roaxiaof kbmrsoxikd odh lkdixkridg xmajdiq}m id okaioxikd wixj fkaof krgodioxikd ~rk`max$

Fide

Xji }dix ~rksihm fide wixj xjm akrm }dix kc ]dix ?0 Amff Bikfkgy odh ]dix 10 ^jyikfkgy o

wmff o xjm ~maiofix }dix kc ]dix 210 Makfkgy odh ]dix 230 Bikhismrixy$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?9>

Rmk}ram

Fibrory coaifixim jk}fh bm lohm osoifobfm xk off fmordmr$ Fixmrox}rm jk}fh bm }b`max rmfmsodx

odh }~ xk hoxm$ A}rrmdx ~fodx odh mdsirkdlmdxof `k}rdof& ~o~mr odh logopidm orm mmdxiof

ckr a}rrmdx xmajdiq}m odh rmmoraj& o wk}fh bm ~fodx ihmdxiciaoxikd g}ihm$ Oaam xk

akl~}xmr odh xjm idxmrdmx wk}fh bm ohsodxogmk}$

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Xjm obifixy xk xrod~krx fmordmr xk fkaof ixm ckr }rsmy wkre odh jobixox omlmdx i

dmmhmh$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Bkwm B G ‑ O Akfk}r Oxfo kc ^fodx ^rk~ogoxikd odh Akdmrsoxikd *Lodkd ^}bfijidg

Fxh& ?999) IQBD0 ?:78=8=92:

· Gifbmrx K F odh Odhmrkd ^ ‑ Jobixox Armoxikd # Rm~oir *Kzckrh ]dismrixy ^rm& ?99:)

IQBD0 >?9:=8933>

· Gfokd @ mx of ‑ Idxrkh}axikd xk Mdsirkdlmdxof Il~oax Omlmdx *]AF ^rm& ?99:)

IQBD0 ?:=72:98==

· Eismff ^ mx of ‑ Mdsirkdlmdx & ^foddidg # Fodh ]m *Ojgoxm ^}bfijidg Fxh$& ?99:)

IQBD0 ?:=9723>=8

· Fkrxkd R ‑ O xk P kc Ak}dxryihm Fow *Xjm Qxoxikdmry Kcciam Bkke& 2>>?)

IQBD0 >??7>2=893

· Rosmd ^ J mx of ‑ Bikfkgy kc ^fodx *Wkrxj ^}bfijmr& ?99:) IQBD0 ?=72=9>8?3

· Qillkdh D W odh Qlorxx @ ‑ ^ridai~fm kc Ark~ Il~rksmlmdx ‑ 2dh Mh *Bfoaewmff

Qaimdam& ?999) IQBD0 >312>8?9?9

Wmbixm




· Dox}rof Mdsirkdlmdx Rmmoraj Ak}daif0 www$dmra$oa$}e


Kxjmr

· Mdsirkdlmdx Ogmday ~}bfiaoxikd

· Fkaof odh ak}dxy ak}daif

· ]dismrixy rmmoraj ~rk`max












‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?9?

]dix 290 _}ofixy O}rodam odh _}ofixy

Akdxrkf

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix idxrkh}am akdam~x kc q}ofixy o}rodam yxml& offkwidg odh mdak}rogidg xjm

o~~fiaoxikd kc xjmm akdam~x xk colifior ix}oxikd$ Qxoxixiaof lmxjkh rmfoxidg xk q}ofixy

akdxrkf ~rkbfml orm akdihmrmh$ Xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc q}ofixy xmajdiq}m id o rodgm kc idh}xrim

i hia}mh odh fmordmr wiff hmaribm xjmir il~fmlmdxoxikd$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Ihmdxicy xjm q}ofixy yxml o~~rk~rioxm xk o mfmaxmh idh}xry

2 Idsmxigoxm xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc q}ofixy yxml

1 Mzolidm xjm }m kc xoxixiaof lmxjkh id q}ofixy akdxrkf

8 O~~fy xoxixiaof xmajdiq}m xk xjm akdxrkf kc o mfmaxmh ~rkam$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?92

Akdxmdx

? _}ofixy yxml

^ridai~fm odh ~roaxiam0 q}ofixy odh a}xklmr& rm~}xoxikd odh akl~mxixismdm& cix,ckr,

~}r~km& rigjx,cirx,xilm odh pmrk,hmcmax& idxmrdof loremx& akx odh bmdmcix kc q}ofixy

yxml& makdklia `}xiciaoxikd kc q}ofixy yxml& a}xklmr+~rkh}amr rmfoxikdji~

Xkkf0 ~rkam cfkw ajorx& xoffy ajorx& ~ormxk odofyi& ao}m odh mccmax odofyi& joporh

odofyi,arixiaof akdxrkf ~kidx& xoxixiaof ~rkam akdxrkf o ~orx kc o _O xroxmgy&

bmdajloreidg

Krgodioxikd ckr q}ofixy0 q}ofixy ajoid& ~foddidg& arixiaof }aam coaxkr& xkxof q}ofixy

lodogmlmdx& xmol odh xmolwkre& fmohmrji~& akll}diaoxikd5 ~mrckrlodam idhiaoxkr

odh kb`maxism

2 O~~fiaoxikd kc q}ofixy yxml

_}ofixy yxml odh xjmir o~~fiaoxikd0 k~mroxidg ~rkamh}rm& lod}of odh hka}lmdxoxikd&

o~~rksof& }~hoxm odh rmsiikd& rm~kdibifixim& xroamobifixy& idxmrdof o}hix& IQK 9>>> mrim&

oaarmhixidg bkhim& mzxmrdof o}hix& xjm o}hix msmdx& ~rm~oridg ckr o}hix& }xoidobifixy

1 Qxoxixiaof lmxjkh

_}ofixy akdxrkf 0 rmsimw kc boia xoxixia+oxxrib}xm hoxo& hiarmxm odh akdxid}k} hoxo5

bidkliof hixrib}xikd& ^kikd hixrib}xikd& dkrlof hixrib}xikd& ~maiciaoxikd odh dkd,

akdckrlodam

Xjm lmo}rm kc q}ofixy0 xorgmx sof}m odh ~rkam lmod& xkfmrodam filix& ~rkam

ao~obifixy odh ao~obifixy idhmz

Qxoxixiaof ~rkam akdxrkf 0 ~fkxxidg z,bor odh rodgm ajorx& aofa}foxikd kc wordidg odh

oaxikd filix& r}d o o xriggmr ckr oaxikd& osmrogm r}d fmdgxj xk hmxmaxikd& ohsodxogm kc

a}}l ajorx& ~fkxxidg a}}l ajorx odh loeidg o s,loe

8 Qxoxixiaof xmajdiq}m

Oxxrib}xm ajorx0 ~fkxxidg d~ ajorx odh aofa}foxikd kc oaxikd odh wordidg filix

Qol~fidg odh id~maxikd ~fod

Oaam~xodam ol~fidg 0 ~rkh}amr’ odh akd}lmr’ rie& akdxr}axikd kc o il~fm ol~fm

~fod& ~fkxxidg odh idxmr~rmxoxikd kc od k~mroxidg ajoroaxmrixia a}rsm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?91




xjm obifixy xk0

? Ihmdxicy xjm q}ofixy yxml

o~~rk~rioxm xk o mfmaxmh

idh}xry

· }m ~rkam cfkw ajorx& ~ormxk odofyi odh ao}m

odh mccmax odofyi xk idsmxigoxm colifior ~rkamm

crkl xjm mfmaxmh idh}xry

· ihmdxicy xjm arixiaof akdxrkf ~kidx id o ~rkam

wixjid xjm mfmaxmh idh}xry

· idsmxigoxm xjm lodogmlmdx xr}ax}rm xjox aod fmoh

xk od mccmaxism q}ofixy krgodioxikd· idsmxigoxm xjm cij bkdm lmxjkh odh Xog}aji

lmxjkh

2 Idsmxigoxm xjm o~~fiaoxikd kc

q}ofixy yxml

· wrixm il~fm q}ofixy ~rkamh}rm ckr o mfmaxmh

~rkam crkl xjm mfmaxmh idh}xry

· k}xfidm xjm ~ridai~fm }dhmrfyidg o q}ofixy yxml&

odh hmaribm xjm loid mfmlmdx kc hka}lmdxoxikd

hmigd xr}ax}rm ckr colifior k~mroxikd

· hixidg}ij bmxwmmd hiccmrmdx xy~m kc o}hix odh

omlmdx odh ihmdxicy xjkm lkx o~~rk~rioxm xk

xjm mfmaxmh idh}xry

· hmigd xr}ax}rm ckr mfmaxmh k~mroxikd id yk}r

idh}xry& ihmdxicyidg rm~kdibifixim

· iff}xroxm xjm makdklia bmdmcix kc q}ofixy o}rodam

odh q}ofixy akdxrkf wixj rmofixia mzol~fm crkl xjm

mfmaxmh idh}xry

1 Mzolidm xjm }m kc xoxixiaof

lmxjkh id q}ofixy akdxrkf

· ihmdxicy ix}oxikd wjmrm xjm bidkliof& ^kikd odh

dkrlof hixrib}xikd ~mrxoid& odh ~mrckrl il~fm

xoxixiaof aofa}foxikd }idg moaj kdm

· hmcidm xjm ckffkwidg xmrl ‑ ~maiciaoxikd&xkfmrodam& ~rkam sorioxikd& oigdobfm sorioxikd&

~rkam ao~obifixy& id akdxrkf& k}x kc akdxrkf

· hixidg}ij bmxwmmd oxxrib}xm& hiarmxm odh

akdxid}k} hoxo& odh aofa}foxm ~rkam ao~obifixy ckr

moaj kdm& }idg ~maicia mzol~fm

8 O~~fy xoxixiaof xmajdiq}m

xk xjm akdxrkf kc o mfmaxmh

~rkam

· lod}offy akdxr}ax oxxrib}xm& z,bor& rodgm odh a}}l

akdxrkf ajorx& }idg oaxikd filix kr s,loe xk

loem hmaiikd obk}x ~rkam akdxrkf

· }m o xoxixiaof ~oaeogm& mg lidixob& xk akdxr}ax xjm

olm ajorx

· akdxr}ax il~fm ol~fidg ~fod ckr forgm boxajm&

ihmdxicyidg xjm akd}lmr’ odh ~rkh}amr’ rie




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?98

G}ihodam

HmfismryIdixioffy fmax}rm wiff aksmr akdam~x kc q}ofixy }idg mzol~fm5 foxmr fmordmr wiff bm rmq}irmh

xk o~~fy xjmir edkwfmhgm odh hmsmfk~ }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm hiccia}fxim kc il~fmlmdxidg q}ofixy$

Wjmrm ~kibfm od idh}xriof siix jk}fh bm idaf}hmh ckr c}ff,xilm fmordmr$

Omlmdx

Ckr k}xaklm ? msihmdam wiff bm id xjm ckrl kc o wrixxmd rm~krx k}xfididg xjm q}ofixy xkkf odh

lodogmlmdx ~rkamh}rm o~~fimh id xjm fmordmr’ kwd idh}xry$

Ckr k}xaklm 2 fmordmr jk}fh akl~fmxm jkrx mzmraim& hmigdidg ~rkamh}rm odh xr}ax}rm

ckr mfmaxmh ~rkamm$Ckr k}xaklm 1 fmordmr ak}fh }dhmrxoem od id,afo xmx kc jkrx odwmr odh aofa}foxikd

q}mxikd$

Ckr k}xaklm 8 fmordmr jk}fh akdxr}ax akdxrkf ajorx *klm }idg akl~}xmr ~oaeogm) odh

ol~fidg ~fod bomh }~kd rmof kr rmofixia hoxo& wjmrm ~kibfm crkl xjmir kwd idh}xry$

Fide

Xji }dix ak}fh fide wixj ]dix :0 Wkre,bomh Oigdlmdx $

Rmcmr xk Oddmz B ckr fide xk DS_$

Rmk}ram

Fmordmr jk}fh josm oaam xk o hmhiaoxmh xoxixiaof ~oaeogm *}aj o Lidixob& Q^QQ kr QOQ)

wixj q}ofixy akdxrkf ao~obifixim$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Mf,Dogmj L L& Jm}ae A A& Mdgbome E& O~~mf W& Sodhm~ixxm @ E odh Eoffdmr O ‑ Boia

kc _}ofixy O}rodam ckr Idxmrlmhioxm odh ^mri~jmrof Fobkroxkrim *WJK Rmgikdof^}bfiaoxikd& Moxmrd Lmhixmrrodmod Qmrim& 2>>2) Wkrfh Jmofxj Krgodioxikd IQBD0

929>2?29=>

· Roxficc ‑ Xjm Fobkroxkry _}ofixy O}rodam Qyxml0 O Lod}of kc _}ofixy ^rkamh}rm odh

Ckrl *@kjd Wifmy # Qkd Ida& 2>>1) IQBD0 >87?239?:2

Wmbixm

· jxx~0++hmlidg$mdg$afmlkd$mh}+~}b+x}xkriof+qaxkkf+qax$jxl!AMH ‑ _}ofixy akdxrkf xkkf

· www$wxma$krg+fkykfo+~kfylmr+a7[3$jxl ‑ Xog}aji lmxjkh

· jxx~0++emrdkw$a}rxid$mh}$o}+www+Xog}aji+AOM2>8$JXL ‑ Xog}aji lmxjkh




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?9=

]dix 1>0 ^rk`max Lodogmlmdx

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xjm oil kc xji }dix i xk ~rksihm edkwfmhgm odh mz~mrimdam kc ~rk`max lodogmlmdx ~ridai~fm&

lmxjkhkfkgim& xkkf odh xmajdiq}m xjox loy bm }mh id ody idh}xry& xjm ~rkcmikd odh xjm

~}bfia maxkr$ Krgodioxikdof odh j}lod rmk}ram coaxkr orm ofk idaf}hmh$

Fmordmr wiff hmsmfk~ od }dhmrxodhidg kc wjox akdxix}xm o ~rk`max odh xjm rkfm kc o ~rk`max

lodogmr$ Xjmy wiff bm obfm xk odofym odh ~fod xjm oaxisixim dmmhmh xk aorry k}x xjm ~rk`max&

idaf}hidg jkw xk mx }~ o ~rk`max& jkw xk akdxrkf odh mzma}xm o ~rk`max& odh jkw xk aorry k}x

~rk`max rmsimw }idg o ~maiofix kcxworm ~oaeogm ckr ~rk`max lodogmlmdx$ Xjmy wiff ofk}dhmrxodh jkw xjm ~rk`max cix idxk xjm akl~ody kr odkxjmr krgodioxikdof mdsirkdlmdx$

Ix i idxmdhmh xjox xji }dix wiff }~~krx xjm edkwfmhgm odh }dhmrxodhidg rmq}irmlmdx ckr xjm

DS_ id ^rk`max Lodogmlmdx ox fmsmf 8$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Idsmxigoxm ~rk`max lodogmlmdx ~ridai~fm

2 Mzolidm ~rk`max krgodioxikd odh ~mk~fm1 Mzolidm ~rk`max ~rkamm odh ~rkamh}rm$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?93

Akdxmdx

? ^rk`max lodogmlmdx ~ridai~fm

^rk`max lodogmlmdx 0 ~rk`max lodogmlmdx odh xjm rkfm kc xjm ~rk`max lodogmr& mg

lodogmlmdx kc ajodgm& }dhmrxodhidg kc ~rk`max lodogmlmdx yxml mfmlmdx odh xjmir

idxmgroxikd& lodogmlmdx kc l}fxi~fm ~rk`max& ~rk`max mdsirkdlmdx odh xjm il~oax kc

mzxmrdof idcf}mdam kd ~rk`max5 ihmdxiciaoxikd kc xjm lo`kr ~rk`max ~jom odh wjy xjmy orm

rmq}irmh5 od }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm wkre id moaj ~jom5 xjm dox}rm kc wkre id xjm ficmayafm kc

~rk`max id sorik} idh}xrim

Q}aam+coif}rm arixmrio0 xjm dmmh xk lmmx k~mroxikdof& xilm odh akx arixmrio& odh xk hmcidm

odh lmo}rm }aam& mg hmsmfk~ xjm ~rk`max ak~m& ~rkh}ax brmoehkwd xr}ax}rm *^BQ)&

wkre brmoehkwd xr}ax}rm *WBQ)& ~rk`max mzma}xikd xroxmgy odh xjm rkfm kc xjm ~rk`max

xmol5 akdihmroxikd kc idsmxlmdx o~~roiof& mg }m kc hiak}dx aoj cfkw *HAC) odh dmx

~rmmdx sof}m *D^S)5 bmdmcix odofyi odh siobifixy kc ~rk`max5 hmxmrlidm }aam+coif}rm

arixmrio5 ~rm~oroxikd kc ~rk`max hmcidixikd rm~krx5 oaam~xodam xmx

^rk`max lodogmlmdx yxml0 ~rkamh}rm odh ~rkamm& edkwfmhgm kc ~rk`max idckrloxikd

}~~krx *IQ) yxml& jkw xk idxmgroxm j}lod odh loxmriof rmk}ram xk oajimsm }aamc}f

~rk`max

Xmrlidoxidg xjm ~rk`max 0 o}hix xroif& ~}daj fix& afkm,k}x rm~krx odh ~kx,~rk`max

o~~roiof5 akl~orikd kc ~rk`max k}xaklm wixj b}idm kb`maxism

2 Krgodioxikd odh ~mk~fm

Krgodioxikdof xr}ax}rm0 c}daxikdof& ~rk`max odh loxriz krgodioxikdof xr}ax}rm& mgakdihmroxikd kc a}fx}rof odh mdsirkdlmdxof idcf}mdam& krgodioxikdof mskf}xikd h}ridg xjm

~rk`max ficmayafm5 `kb hmari~xikd odh emy rkfm& mg xjm ~rk`max ~kdkr& ajol~ikd&

lodogmr& idxmgroxkr5 kxjmr ~orxiai~odx& mg xjm ~rk`max kwdmr& }mr& }~~krxmr& xoemjkfhmr

Akdxrkf odh ak,krhidoxikd0 xjm dmmh ckr lkdixkridg odh akdxrkf& mg ~rm~oroxikd kc ~rk`max

~fod& ~foddidg& ajmh}fidg odh rmk}raidg xmajdiq}m& }m kc wkre brmoehkwd xr}ax}rm xk

hmsmfk~ lkdixkridg odh akdxrkf yxml& lkdixkridg ~mrckrlodam odh ~rkgrm

lmo}rmlmdx ogoidx mxobfijmh xorgmx odh ~fod& ~rk`max rm~krxidg& ajodgm akdxrkf

~rkamh}rm5 xjm il~krxodam kc aoaohidg& akll}diaoxikd& brimcidg& idxiffidg xr}x odh

akdcihmdam id kxjmr

Fmohmrji~ rmq}irmlmdx0 xogm kc xmol hmsmfk~lmdx& mg Bmfbid’ xmol rkfm& lkxisoxikdodh xjm dmmh ckr xmol b}ifhidg& ~rk`max fmohmrji~ xyfm odh oxxrib}xm5 hmfmgoxikd kc wkre

odh rm~kdibifixy& xmajdiq}m ckr hmofidg wixj akdcfiax& dmgkxioxikd eiff& ajoir lmmxidg

J}lod rmk}ram odh rmq}irmlmdx0 aofa}foxikd& ~maiciaoxikd odh k~xilioxikd kc j}lod

rmk}ram rmq}irmlmdx5 `kb hmari~xikd




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?97

1 ^rkamm odh ~rkamh}rm

^rk`max lodogmlmdx ~fod0 xjm wjy& wjox& jkw& wjmd& wjmrm odh by wjkl kc ~rk`max

lodogmlmdx& mg akdxroax xmrl& hka}lmdx hixrib}xikd ajmh}fm& ~rka}rmlmdx& mxobfijidg

xjm bomfidm ckr xjm ~rk`max

^rk`max krgodioxikd0 xjm ~rkh}ax brmoehkwd xr}ax}rm *^BQ) odh xjm wkre brmoehkwd

xr}ax}rm *WBQ)& ~rk`max mzma}xikd xroxmgy odh xjm krgodioxikd brmoehkwd xr}ax}rm*KBQ)& mg ~rm~oroxikd kc krgodioxikd ajorx& xoe rm~kdibifixy loxriz& xoxmlmdx kc wkre

*QKW) ckr ~rk`max xoe

Qajmh}fidg xmajdiq}m0 rmfoxikdji~ bmxwmmd ajmh}fm& KBQ odh WBQ5 bor ajorx5

lifmxkdm ajmh}fm5 dmxwkre xmajdiq}m5 rmk}raidg xmajdiq}m5 akl~}xmr,bomh

ajmh}fidg odh rmk}raidg ~oaeogm5 ~rk`max ~rkgrm lmo}rmlmdx odh rm~krxidg

xmajdiq}m5 xocc,jk}r mordmh sof}m odh ~rkgrm ‚Q’ a}rsm5 arixiaof ~oxj odofyi odh

rm~krxidg5 lifmxkdm xrmdhidg

Akx akdxrkf 0 akx brmoehkwd xr}ax}rm& mg xy~m kc ~rk`max mxiloxm& rmk}ram dmmhmh&

mxiloxidg xmajdiq}m& mxiloxidg oaa}roay& akdxidgmday odh mxiloxikd& bih mxiloxm&

wjkfm,ficm akx mxiloxm& k}ram kc idckrloxikd& akx idckrloxikd mdixisixy& akl~}xmr,

bomh mxiloxidg

Xmajdiq}m0 offkaoxikd kc b}hgmx xk ~oaeogm kc wkre& akllixxmh akx& oax}of akx& aoj

cfkw& akdxidgmday lodogmlmdx

^mrckrlodam0 akx ~mrckrlodam odofyi& mg b}hgmxmh akx ckr wkre ajmh}fmh *BAWQ)

b}hgmxmh akx ckr wkre ~mrckrlmh *BAW^)5 akdam~x kc mordmh sof}m& oax}of akx kc wkre

~mrckrlmh *OAW^)& akx ~mrckrlodam idhiaoxkr

Ajodgm akdxrkf 0 xjm dmmh ckr ckrlof akdxrkf kc ajodgm& mg ~rk`max il~oax kc ajodgm&

~ridai~fm kc ajodgm akdxrkf odh akdcig}roxikd lodogmlmdx5 ajodgm xk ak~m&

~maiciaoxikd& akx kr ajmh}fm5 ajodgm rmsimw odh o}xjkrioxikd& xjm ckrloxikd kc ~rk`max

xmol& ~rk`max idixioxikd odh xorx,}~ ~rkamh}rm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?9:




xjm obifixy xk0

? Idsmxigoxm ~rk`max

lodogmlmdx ~ridai~fm

· hmaribm xjm boaegrk}dh odh ~ridai~fm kc ~rk`max

lodogmlmdx

· hia} xjm siobifixy kc ~rk`max odh hmsmfk~

}aam+coif}rm arixmrio

· mz~fkrm xjm ~ridai~fm bmjidh ~rk`max lodogmlmdx

yxml odh ~rkamh}rm

· ihmdxicy xjm emy mfmlmdx idskfsmh id xmrlidoxidg

~rk`max odh akdh}axidg ~kx,~rk`max o~~roiof

2 Mzolidm ~rk`max

krgodioxikd odh ~mk~fm

· ihmdxicy xjm lkx o~~rk~rioxm krgodioxikdof

xr}ax}rm& rkfm odh rm~kdibifixim kc ~orxiai~odx

wixjid o ~rk`max

· akdxrkf odh ak,krhidoxm o ~rk`max

· ihmdxicy ~rk`max fmohmrji~ rmq}irmlmdx odh

q}ofixim

· ~fod odh ~maicy j}lod rmk}ram odh rmq}irmlmdx

ckr o ~rk`max

1 Mzolidm ~rk`max ~rkamm

odh ~rkamh}rm

· ~rm~orm ~rk`max ~fod odh mxobfij xjm ~rk`max

krgodioxikd

· o~~fy ~rk`max ajmh}fidg& mxiloxidg odh akx

akdxrkf xmajdiq}m

· hmaribm xjm lmxjkh }mh xk lmo}rm ~rk`max

~mrckrlodam

· hmaribm ~rk`max ajodgm akdxrkf ~rkamh}rm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

?99

G}ihodam

Hmfismry^rk`max Lodogmlmdx wo idxrkh}amh xk fmordmr id ]dix 7 }idg o aom x}hy$ Xji }dix ~rksihm

fmordmr wixj xjm k~~krx}dixy xk b}ifh kd xjm akdam~x fmordx id ]dix 7 by lodogidg o ‚fism’

~rk`max$ Jmdam o ~roaxiaof o~~rkoaj jk}fh bm ohk~xmh$

K}xaklm ? jk}fh bm mz~fkrmh cirx5 fmordmr jk}fh bm crmm xk ajkkm xjmir kwd ~rk`max5 xjmy

jk}fh k}xfidm xjmir ~fod kc oaxikd id wrixidg xjmd x}xkr jk}fh ajmae xjmir ~fod xk md}rm xjox

xjm ~rk`max i rmofixia odh oajimsobfm bmckrm xjm fmordmr i offkwmh xk ~rkammh$ H}ridg xjm

ak}rm kc akdh}axidg xjmir ~rk`max& fmordmr jk}fh bm offkwmh xk loem lixoem odh fmord crkl

xjml5 jkwmsmr& ix loy bm dmamory ckr xjm x}xkr xk ~rksihm klm g}ihodam$ Ody g}ihodam

~rksihmh by xjm x}xkr jk}fh bm rmakrhmh k xjox ix aod bm xoemd idxk oaak}dx wjmd grohidg xjm

~rk`max$

Ix i il~krxodx xjox fmordmr hk dkx ~mdh xkk l}aj xilm aorryidg k}x d}lmriaof wkre& kr

~rm~oridg kr odofyidg forgm q}odxixim kc hoxo$ Xjm odofyi kc hoxo i od idmsixobfm o~max kc

~rk`max lodogmlmdx ficm$ Ix i bmx fmordmh }idg ~rm,~rm~ormh mzol~fm id mfmaxrkdia ckrl& xjox

mdobfm xjm ~ridai~fm xk bm q}iaefy hmlkdxroxmh wixjk}x ksmril~ficyidg xjm akl~fmzixy kc

msmryhoy ~rk`max k~mroxikd$

Ckr xjm k~mroxikd kc akl~fmz ~rk~rimxory akl~}xmr kcxworm yxml& ~rk`max lodogmr jk}fh

edkw wjox xk mz~max crkl }aj coaifixim& b}x orm dkx dmamorify mz~maxmh xk bm obfm xk k~mroxm

xjml$

Xjm ~rk`max lodogmlmdx ~ridai~fm odh xmajdiq}m orm off il~krxodx& xkgmxjmr wixj od

o~~rmaioxikd kc jkw xjm sorik} k~mroxikd wixjid xjm ~rk`max idxmgroxm wixj kdm odkxjmr$

Fmordmr jk}fh bm gismd xjm k~~krx}dixy xk ajoir lmmxidg wjmrm xji i ~kibfm$

Omlmdx

Msihmdam kc k}xaklm ak}fh bm id xjm ckrl kc oigdlmdx& akl~fmxmh xmx kr mzolidoxikd$

Msihmdam jk}fh bm ~rksihmh ox }dix fmsmf id krhmr xk md}rm ~rk~mr idxmgroxikd kc off xjm

k}xaklm wixjid xjm }dix$

Fide

Xji }dix akl~fmlmdx ]dix 30 ^rk`max odh xjm xwk }dix ak}fh bm x}himh id ~oroffmf$

Rmk}ram

O~~rk~rioxm kcxworm ~oaeogm jk}fh bm }mh xk hmlkdxroxm ~rk`max akdxrkf odh rm~krxidg

xmajdiq}m$ ̂ oaeogm ligjx idaf}hm0

· xilm odh akx ajmh}fidg ~oaeogm

· hka}lmdxoxikd odh ~rka}rmlmdx akdxrkf ~oaeogm

· ~rmohjmmx ~oaeogm

· gro~jia ~rmmdxoxikd ~oaeogm$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

2>>

Kxjmr ~oaeogm ckr ixml }aj o rie odofyi& ~rk`max oaak}dxidg odh ~rka}rmlmdx akdxrkf

ak}fh bm }mh xk iff}xroxm ~orxia}for xmajdiq}m id ~maicia idh}xrim$

Oaam xk rmof ~rk`max hoxo id mfmaxrkdia ~rmohjmmx ckrl wk}fh bm od ohsodxogm$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· B}xxriae R ‑ ^rk`max Wkrek}x ‑ 2dh Mh *Cidodaiof Xilm ^rmdxiam Joff& 2>>>)

IQBD0 >27138813Z

· Fkae H ‑ ^rk`max Lodogmlmdx ‑ :xj Mh *Gkwmr ^}bfijidg& 2>>1) IQBD0 >=33>:==?:

· Fkae H ‑ Xjm Mmdxiof kc ^rk`max Lodogmlmdx ‑ 2dh Mh *Gkwmr ^}bfijidg& 2>>?)

IQBD0 >=33>:228?

· Qlixj E ‑ ^rk`max Lodogmlmdx odh Xmolwkre ‑ 2dh Mh *LaGrow Jiff& 2>>1)

IQBD0 >>7?2?3112




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

2>?

]dix 1?0 Lodogidg xjm Wkre kc Idhisih}of

odh Xmol

Fmordidg jk}r0 3>


Hmari~xikd kc }dix

Xji }dix i hmigdmh xk hmsmfk~ xjm fmordmr’ edkwfmhgm odh }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm i}m

idskfsmh id lodogidg xjm wkre kc idhisih}of odh xmol ml~fkymh id xjm o~~fimh aimdam

bomh idh}xrim$ Ix i idxmdhmh xk mdjodam xjm obifixy kc fmordmr xk lkxisoxm idhisih}of odh xk

lozilim xjm akdxrib}xikd xjox xmol aod loem xk xjm q}ofixy kc mrsiam odh rm}fxidg

il~rksmlmdx id xjm ~mrckrlodam kc xjm b}idm id xjm loremx~foam$

Q}llory kc k}xaklm


? Mxobfij xjm kb`maxism kc idhisih}of

2 Msof}oxm xjm ~mrckrlodam kc idhisih}of

1 Mxobfij xjm rkfm odh rm~kdibifixim kc xmol

8 Rmsimw xjm ~mrckrlodam kc xmol$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

2>2

Akdxmdx

? Kb`maxism kc idhisih}of

@kb hmari~xikd0 odofyi kc `kb& bmjosik}r& rm~kdibifixim odh xoe5 ~oy& bkd} odh

idamdxism

Rm~kdibifixim0 hirmax odh idhirmax rmfoxikdji~5 rmfoxikd bmxwmmd ~mrkdof rm~kdibifixy

odh rm~kdibifixy kc xmol

^mrckrlodam xorgmx0 ~mrkdof& cidodaiof& q}odxixy odh q}ofixy& idakr~kroxikd wixjid o `kb

hmari~xikd& mxxidg odh lkdixkridg ~mrckrlodam xorgmx

2 ^mrckrlodam kc idhisih}of

Idhisih}of o~~roiof yxml0 rmokd ckr }idg ~mrckrlodam o~~roiof& mg xk hmxmrlidm

ofory fmsmf odh bkd} ~oylmdx& ~rklkxikd xrmdgxj odh wmoedmm& xroididg dmmh&akll}diaoxikd5 mxobfijidg o~~roiof arixmrio& mg ~rkh}axikd hoxo& ~mrkddmf hoxo&

`}hglmdxof hoxo5 roxidg lmxjkh& mg rodeidg& ~oirmh akl~orikd& ajmaefix& lodogmlmdx by

kb`maxism

Qxocc o~~roiof 0 akdh}ax kc ~mrckrlodam rmsimw& mg by }~mrsikr& ~mmr& akllixxmm&

}bkrhidoxm kr mfc,o~~roiof5 cmmhboae kc rm}fx odh rmkf}xikd kc akdcfiax5

mdak}rogmlmdx o o lkxisoxkr ckr xjm oajimsmlmdx kc ~mrckrlodam xorgmx

1 Rkfm odh rm~kdibifixim kc xmol

Xmol0 lodogmlmdx xmol odh ~mmr grk}~& mg cka} grk}~& xoe grk}~& ~rk`max grk}~

odh ~odmf5 ~}r~km kc xmol mg fkdg, odh jkrx,xmrl& ~maicia ~rk`max kr xoe& simw,mmeidg

bkxj wixjid xjm akl~ody odh crkl mzxmrdof k}ram& akll}diaoxikd

Xmol rm~kdibifixim0 xk }~mrikr& }bkrhidoxm& xjm b}idm& moaj kxjmr odh mzxmrdof

grk}~& mg lmmxidg ~mrckrlodam xorgmx& akll}diaoxidg rm}fx& akdcihmdxiofixy& hmohfidm

Idxmrdof xmol lodogmlmdx 0 jimrorajiaof& c}daxikdof

8 ^mrckrlodam kc xmol

Xmol o~~roiof yxml0 rmokd ckr o~~roiidg xmol ~mrckrlodam& mg xmol mccmaxismdm&

akdxrib}xikd xk b}idm& akdxix}xikd kc xmol& ihmdxicyidg idhisih}of’ akdxrib}xikd xk xmol

mcckrx odh hmxmrlididg xjm dmmh xk mxobfij kxjmr xmol arixmrio5 ~mrckrlodam lmo}rmlmdx

arixmrio& mg k}xaklm hoxo& oajimsmh il~rksmlmdx& ml~fkymm lkrofm& sof}m ohhmh

Xmol o~~roiof 0 akdh}axidg xmol ~mrckrlodam rmsimw mg by od idhisih}of lodogmr& o

grk}~ kc lodogmr& od k}xihm ~mrkd kr xmol mfc,o~~roiof& cmmhboae kc rm}fx odh

rmkf}xikd kc akdcfiax wixjid xjm xmol& mdak}rogmlmdx kc ksmroff xmol ~mrckrlodam o o

lkxisoxkr ckr xjm oajimsmlmdx kc b}idm kb`maxism




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

2>1




xjm obifixy xk0

? Mxobfij xjm kb`maxism kc

idhisih}of

· mzolidm o `kb wixjid xjm o~~fimh aimdam maxkr odh

ihmdxicy xjm mmdxiof mfmlmdx kc xjm `kb hmari~xikd

· hmigd o `kb hmari~xikd ckr od ml~fkymm wkreidg

wixjid xjm o~~fimh aimdam maxkr

· hmxmrlidm xjm rkfm odh rm~kdibifixim kc

idhisih}of

· ogrmm ~mrckrlodam xorgmx ckr od idhisih}of

2 Msof}oxm xjm ~mrckrlodam kc

idhisih}of

· mz~fkrm xjm emy coaxkr id mxobfijidg o xocc

o~~roiof yxml

· ~rkh}am o xocc o~~roiof ckrl ckr }m by o lodogmr

wkreidg id xjm o~~fimh aimdam maxkr

· ~rksihm cmmhboae xk od idhisih}of wjk jo

}dhmrgkdm od o~~roiof

· mdak}rogm od idhisih}of xk oajimsm ~mrckrlodam

xorgmx

1 Mxobfij xjm rkfm odh

rm~kdibifixim kc xmol

· ihmdxicy xmol }ixobfm ckr o sorimxy kc ~}r~km


· hmxmrlidm xjm rm~kdibifixim kc xmol xk hiccmrmdx

grk}~

· mx }ixobfm xorgmx ckr xmol wkreidg wixjid xjm

o~~fimh aimdam maxkr

· akl~orm sorik} xy~m kc idxmrdof xmol lodogmlmdx

8 Rmsimw xjm ~mrckrlodam kc

xmol

· ihmdxicy xjm rmokd ckr o~~roiidg xmol

~mrckrlodam

· mxobfij xjm arixmrio by wjiaj xjm ~mrckrlodam kc

hiccmrmdx xy~m kc xmol orm xk bm lmo}rmh

· akdh}ax o ~mrckrlodam rmsimw kc o xmol wkreidg


· }llorim xjm coaxkr xjox orm fiemfy xk lkxisoxm o

xmol xk oajimsm ix hmcidmh kb`maxism




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

2>8

G}ihodam

HmfismryFmordmr orm gmdmroffy mz~maxmh xk wkre idhisih}offy b}x loy ofk wkre id xmol xk aksmr

amrxoid o~max$

Omlmdx

Msihmdam kc k}xaklm ak}fh bm id xjm ckrl kc oigdlmdx& ~rk`max kr akl~fmxmh

xmx+mzolidoxikd$ Ihmoffy& fmordmr jk}fh bm ml~fkymh kr josm mz~mrimdam id od kaa}~oxikd

wjiaj rmfoxm xk xjm }dix$ Ofxmrdoxismfy& }ixobfm wkre,bomh mz~mrimdam loy bm o~~rk~rioxm$

Jkwmsmr& fmordmr dmmh klm mz~mrimdam kc }~mrsiikd kr lodogmlmdx xk bmdmcix c}ffy crkl

xjm }dix$ Qklm oigdlmdx kr ~rk`max jk}fh bm wkre,bomh xk rmfoxm xjm }dix akdxmdx xk rmof,

ficm ix}oxikd$

Fide

Xji }dix jo fide wixj ]dix 70 Fobkroxkry Lodogmlmdx $

Rmk}ram

Xjmrm orm dk ~maiof rmq}irmlmdx ckr xji }dix$ Jkwmsmr& fmordmr jk}fh josm oaam xk o

fmordidg amdxrm xjox jo o rodgm kc xmzxbkke rmfoxidg xk j}lod rmk}ram lodogmlmdx id o~~fimh

aimdam bomh mxxidg$

Ohhixikdoffy& }ixobfm g}mx ~moemr ligjx bm idsixmh xk ~rksihm od ksmrsimw kc rmfmsodx

o~max kc xjm }dix& wjiaj ligjx idaf}hm o~~fiaoxikd kc ~mrkddmf+j}lod rmk}ram

lodogmlmdx& lkxisoxikd& krgodioxikdof xr}ax}rm& lodogmlmdx odh o~~roiof xmajdiq}m$

Q}~~krx loxmriof

Xmzxbkke

· Orlxrkdg L ‑ O Jodhbkke kc J}lod Rmk}ram Lodogmlmdx ^roaxiam *Ekgod ̂ ogm&

2>>?) IQBD >78981191>

· Orlxrkdg L ‑ ^mrckrlodam Lodogmlmdx0 Emy Qxroxmgim odh ^roaxiaof G}ihmfidm*Ekgod ^ogm& 2>>>) IQBD >7898232:8

· Xkrridgxkd H& Joff F odh Xoyfkr Q ‑ J}lod Rmk}ram Lodogmlmdx *^rmdxiam Joff& 2>>?)

IQBD >271383197




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

2>=

Oddmz O

_}oficiaoxikd akhm

Moaj q}oficiaoxikd xixfm& kr }ixm kc q}oficiaoxikd xixfm wixj mdhkrmlmdx& i offkaoxmh xwk

akhm& o orm xjm idhisih}of }dix wixjid o q}oficiaoxikd$

_AO akhm

Xjm _AO Doxikdof _}oficiaoxikd Crolmwkre *D_C) akhm i edkwd o o _}oficiaoxikd

Oaarmhixoxikd D}lbmr *_OD)$ Xji i xjm akhm xjox cmox}rm id xjm HcMQ C}dhidg Qajmh}fm ‑

Qmaxikd 93 odh i xk bm }mh ckr off q}oficiaoxikd c}dhidg ~}r~km$ Moaj }dix wixjid o

q}oficiaoxikd wiff ofk josm o _AO D_C }dix akhm$

Xjm _AO q}oficiaoxikd odh }dix akhm wiff o~~mor kd xjm fmordmr’ cidof amrxiciaoxikd

hka}lmdxoxikd$

Xjm _OD ckr q}oficiaoxikd id xji ~}bfiaoxikd orm0

?>>+1??3+9 Mhmzamf Fmsmf 8 BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Amrxiciaoxm id O~~fimh Bikfkgy

?>>+1??=+7 Mhmzamf Fmsmf 8 BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo id O~~fimh Bikfkgy

Mhmzamf akhm

Xjm Mhmzamf akhm mdobfm o~~rksof& rmgixroxikd& omlmdx odh amrxiciaoxikd& xjmy wiff o~~mor

kd hka}lmdxoxikd }aj o xjm Fmordmr Rm~krx Ckrl *QRC) odh xjm ~rkgrollm hmcidixikd$ Xjm

Mhmzamf akhm orm dkx ~rksihmh id xji ~}bfiaoxikd$ Xjm Mhmzamf akhm wiff fide o}xkloxiaoffy xk

xjm _AO akhm ckr amrxiciaoxikd ~}r~km$

_AO odh Mhmzamf akhm

Off _AO odh Mhmzamf q}oficiaoxikd odh }dix akhm wiff bm ~}bfijmh id o bkkefmx& wjiaj wiff bm

mdx xk amdxrm odh lohm osoifobfm kd xjm Mhmzamf wmbixm ox o foxmr hoxm$ Ix wiff ~rksihm o

akl~rmjmdism aoxofkg}m kc off xjm q}oficiaoxikd odh }dix osoifobfm xk amdxrm$ Ix wiff bm }mc}f

ckr amdxrm wjmd loeidg c}x}rm hmaiikd obk}x amdxrm ajkiam }dix$




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

2>3




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

Oddmz B

Lo~~idg ogoidx DS_ id Fobkroxkry odh Okaioxmh Xmajdiaof Oaxisixim ‑ fmsmf 8

Xjm ckffkwidg grih lo~ xjm edkwfmhgm aksmrmh id xjm DS_ id Fobkroxkry odh Okaioxmh Xmajdiaof Oaxisixim fmsmf 8 og

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof Hi~fklo+Amrxiciaoxm id O~~fimh Bikfkgy$

EMY

1 Idhiaoxm ox fmox ~orxiof aksmrogm kc xjm DS_ }dix$

JDH+A xixfm

DS_ }dix xixfm

] d i x ? 0 A m f f B i k f k g y

] d i x 2 0 B i k a j m l i x r y

] d i x 1 0 ^ j y i k f k g y

] d i x 8 0 F o b k r o x k r y X m a j d i q } m

] d i x = 0 O d o f y i k c Q a i m d x i c i a I d c k r l o x i k d o d h

H o x o

] d i x 3 0 ^ r k ` m a x

] d i x 7 0 F o b k r o x k r y L o d o g m l m d x

] d i x : 0 W k r e , b o m h O i g d l m d x

] d i x 9 0 J } l o d ^ j y i k f k g y

] d i x ? > 0 L k f m a } f o r B i k f k g y o d h G m d m x i a

] d i x ? ? 0 G m d m x i a

] d i x ? 2 0 ^ j o r l o a k f k g y

] d i x ? 1 0 I l l } d k f k g y

] d i x ? 8 0 J i x k f k g y o d h J o

m l o x k f k g y

] d i x ? = 0 I d c m a x i k } H i m o m

] d i x ? 3 0 L m h i a o f L i a r k b i k f k g y

] d i x ? 7 0 D } x r i x i k d

] d i x ? : 0 A f i d i a o f A j m l i x r

y

] d i x ? 9 0 ^ o x j k f k g y F o b k r o x k r y L o d o g m l m d x

] d i x 2 > 0 I d h } x r i o f L i a r k b

i k f k g y

? Hmsim odh ogrmm od

ksmroff xmajdiaof ~fod1 1 1

1 Hmsmfk~ odh lkdixkr ~fod odh ~rkamh}rm

1 1 1 1 1

?= Loidxoid ocm wkreidg

~roaxiam id xjm wkreidg

mdsirkdlmdx

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1



B>?11== ‑ G}ihodam odh }dix ‑ Mh2>:

JDH+A xixfm

DS_ }dix xixfm



] d i x 1 0 ^ j y i k f k g y

] d i x 8 0 F o b k r o x k r y X m a j d i q } m


H o x o

] d i x 3 0 ^ r k ` m a x




] d i x ? > 0 L k f m a } f o r B i k f k g y o d h G m d m x i a

] d i x ? ? 0 G m d m x i a

] d i x ? 2 0 ^ j o r l o a k f k g y

] d i x ? 1 0 I l l } d k f k g y


m l o x k f k g y



] d i x ? 7 0 D } x r i x i k d

] d i x ? : 0 A f i d i a o f A j m l i x r y


] d i x 2 > 0 I d h } x r i o f L i a r k b i k f k g y

?: R}ddidg xmajdiaof

rm~krx1 1 1 1

28 Wrixidg xmajdiaof rm~krx1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 ^fod hmfismry kc ol~fidg

odh xmxidg1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

7 Aorry k}x akl~fmz xmxidg

k~mroxikd1 1

?3 Ihmdxicy odh lkdixkr

aofibroxikd rmq}irmlmdx ckr

mq}i~lmdx

1 1 1

2> Loeidg ~rmmdxoxikd 1 1

27 Loidxoid xjm akdhixikdkc mdgidmmridg omx }dhmr

akl~fmz akdhixikd

2: Loidxoid oaxisixim xk

lmmx rmq}irmlmdx1 1 1 1 1




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

JDH+A xixfm

DS_ }dix xixfm



] d i x 1 0 ^ j y i k f k g y

] d i x 8 0 F o b k r o x k r y X m a j d

i q } m


H o x o

] d i x 3 0 ^ r k ` m a x




] d i x ? > 0 L k f m a } f o r B i k f k g

y o d h G m d m x i a

] d i x ? ? 0 G m d m x i a

] d i x ? 2 0 ^ j o r l o a k f k g y

] d i x ? 1 0 I l l } d k f k g y


m l o x k f k g y



] d i x ? 7 0 D } x r i x i k d

] d i x ? : 0 A f i d i a o f A j m l i x r y


] d i x 2 > 0 I d h } x r i o f L i a r k b i k f k g y

29 Q}~~krx xjm mcciaimdx }m

kc rmk}ram1 1

1> Lodogm yk}rmfc 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1? Armoxm mccmaxism wkreidg

rmfoxikdji~1 1 1 1

12 Lodogm idckrloxikd ckr

oaxikd1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

11 Coaifixoxm fmordidg

xjrk}gj hmlkdxroxikd odh

idxr}axikd

18 Om aodhihoxm

~mrckrlodam

1= Om aodhihoxm }idg

hiccmrmdx k}ram kc

msihmdam

8> Loidxoid jmofxj& ocmxy

odh jygimdm1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

Oddmz A

Wihmr a}rria}f}l lo~~idg

JDH+A xixfm

Wihmr A}rria}f}l

I}m

] d i x

? 0 A m f f B i k f k g y

] d i x

2 0 B i k a j m l i x r y

] d i x

1 0 ^ j y i k f k g y

] d i x

8 0 F o b k r o x k r y X m a j d i q } m

] d i x

= 0 O d o f y i k c Q a i m d x i c i a I d c k r l o x i k d o d h H o x o

] d i x

3 0 ^ r k ` m a x

] d i x

7 0 F o b k r o x k r y L o d o g m l m d x

] d i x

: 0 W k r e , b o m h O i g d l m d x

] d i x

9 0 J } l o d ^ j y i k f k g y

] d i x

? > 0 L k f m a } f o r B i k f k g y o d h G m d m x i a

] d i x

? ? 0 G m d m x i a

] d i x

? 2 0 ^ j o r l o a k f k g y

] d i x

? 1 0 I l l } d k f k g y

] d i x

? 8 0 J i x k f k g y o d h J o m l o x k f k g y

] d i x

? = 0 I d c m a x i k } H i m o m

] d i x

? 3 0 L m h i a o f L i a r k b i k f k g y

] d i x

? 7 0 D } x r i x i k d

] d i x

? : 0 A f i d i a o f A j m l i x r y

] d i x

? 9 0 ^ o x j k f k g y F o b k r o x k r y L o d o g m l m d x

] d i x

2 > 0 I d h } x r i o f L i a r k b i k f k g y

Q~irix}of i}m 1 1 1

Lkrof i}m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Mxjiaof i}m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Qkaiof i}m 1 1 1 1 1 1

A}fx}rof i}m 1 1 1 1 1 1

Mdsirkdlmdxof 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

M}rk~mod hmsmfk~lmdx 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Jmofxj odh ocmxy 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Mq}of k~~krx}dixim 1 1 1 1



B>?11== ‑ G}ihodam odh }dix ‑ Mh2?2




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

2?1

Oddmz H

_}oficiaoxikd Rmq}irmlmdx

BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof id O~~fimh Bikfkgy

Xji _}oficiaoxikd Rmq}irmlmdx wiff bm rmoh id akd`}daxikd wixj ksmrorajidg g}ihodam crkl

Mhmzamf$

Roxikdofm

Xjm BXMA Jigjmr Doxikdof id O~~fimh Bikfkgy jk}fh bm hmsmfk~mh xk ~rksihm0

· xjm mh}aoxikd odh xroididg kc o~~fimh bikfkgy xmajdkfkgix ml~fkymh id o sorimxy kc xy~m

kc xmajdiaof wkre& }aj o smxmridory odh biklmhiaof hiogdkxia& d}xrixikd& fobkroxkry

odofyi& rmmoraj odh hmsmfk~lmdx& mh}aoxikd& mxa

· o xodhorh& doxikdof& skaoxikdoffy,~maicia q}oficiaoxikd ox Fmsmf 8& fidemh xk xjm Doxikdof

Kaa}~oxikdof Qxodhorh odh xjm ~rkcmikdof bkhy

· o doxikdoffy,rmakgdimh& skaoxikdoffy,~maicia q}oficiaoxikd xjox wiff ~rksihm akdcihmdam xk

ml~fkymr rmar}ixidg o~~fimh bikfkgy xmajdkfkgix xjox jkfhmr kc xjm q}oficiaoxikd ~km

xjm rmq}iixm edkwfmhgm& }dhmrxodhidg odh eiff

· o q}oficiaoxikd xjox wiff bm ommh xk doxikdof& xrod~ormdx xodhorh odh xj} ~rksihm

akdcihmdam xk xjkm rmar}ixidg xk lkrm ohsodamh jigjmr mh}aoxikd skaoxikdof q}oficiaoxikd

}aj o o c}ff,xilm hmgrmm id O~~fimh Bikfkgy kr rmfoxmh ormo

· o ~rkgrollm kc fmordidg xjox md}rm c}ff }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm rkfm kc xjm o~~fimh bikfkgyxmajdkfkgix$ Xji idaf}hm od }dhmrxodhidg kc xjm rkfm ox hm~orxlmdxof+maxikd fmsmf o

wmff o od o~~rmaioxikd kc jkw xjm rkfm odh xjox kc xjm hm~orxlmdx+maxikd cix wixjid xjm

ksmroff xr}ax}rm kc xjmir krgodioxikd odh wixjid xjm aimdxicia odh fkaof akll}dixy$

Oil kc xjm q}oficiaoxikd

_}oficiaoxikd jk}fh lmmx xjm dmmh kc xjm obksm roxikdofm by0

· mq}i~~idg idhisih}of wixj edkwfmhgm& }dhmrxodhidg odh eiff ckr }aam id ml~fkylmdx

id bikfkgiaoffy,bomh idh}xrim

· mdobfidg ~rkgrmikd xk od }dhmrgroh}oxm hmgrmm kr c}rxjmr ~rkcmikdof q}oficiaoxikd ido~~fimh bikfkgy kr rmfoxmh ormo

· ~rksihidg ~maiofix x}him rmfmsodx xk idhisih}of skaoxikd odh ~rkcmikd id wjiaj

fmordmr orm wkreidg kr idxmdh xk mme ml~fkylmdx id xjm bikfkgiaof aimdam odh xjmir

rmfoxmh idh}xrim

· hmsmfk~idg xjm fmordmr’ obifixy id xjm bikfkgiaof aimdam’ mdsirkdlmdx xjrk}gj mccmaxism

}m odh aklbidoxikd kc xjm edkwfmhgm odh eiff goidmh id hiccmrmdx ~orx kc xjm ~rkgrollm




‑ I}m ? ‑ @}fy 2>>1

2?8

· hmsmfk~idg o rodgm kc eiff odh xmajdiq}m& ~mrkdof q}ofixim odh oxxrib}xm mmdxiof ckr

}aamc}f ~mrckrlodam id wkreidg ficm& xjmrmby mdobfidg fmordmr xk loem od illmhioxm

akdxrib}xikd xk ml~fkylmdx

· ~rksihidg cfmzibifixy& edkwfmhgm& eiff odh lkxisoxikd o o boi ckr c}x}rm x}him odh

aormmr hmsmfk~lmdx ‑ od mh}aoxikdof ck}dhoxikd ckr o rodgm kc aormmr id bikfkgiaof

aimdam odh xjmir rmfoxmh idh}xrim

· ~rksihidg k~~krx}dixim ckr fmordmr xk cka} kd xjm hmsmfk~lmdx kc xjm jigjmr fmsmf eiff id

o aimdam odh xmajdkfkgiaof akdxmzx

· ~rksihidg k~~krx}dixim ckr fmordmr xk hmsmfk~ o rodgm kc eiff odh xmajdiq}m odh

oxxrib}xm mmdxiof ckr }aamc}f ~mrckrlodam id wkreidg ficm$

Lodhoxkry a}rria}f}l

Amff Bikfkgy0 hmsmfk~ edkwfmhgm odh }dhmrxodhidg kc m}eorykxia odh ~rkeorykxia }bamff}for

krgodmffm& xjmir rmfoxikdji~ xk xjmir c}daxikd odh xk amff}for hismrixy5 lmiki odh lixki ‑

akl~orikd odh igdiciaodam5 amff hisiikd ayafm odh ix akdxrkf5 amff grkwxj odh hiccmrmdxioxikd

id l}fxiamff}for krgodil5 msof}oxm xmajdiq}m }mh ckr xjm grkwxj odh loidxmdodam kc amff

a}fx}rm odh hmxmrlidm coaxkr xjox occmax amff grkwxj$

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