bio-nano-machines for space applications · bio-nano-machines for space applications presented by:...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bio-Nano-Machines for Space ApplicationsPresented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston)
PI: Constantinos Mavroidis, Ph.D., Associate ProfessorComputational Bio Nanorobotics Laboratory (CBNL)
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
![Page 2: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Researchers
Dr. M. YarmushProfessor, Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University and MGH
Atul DubeyPhD Student Rutgers University
Gaurav SharmaPhD Student Northeastern University
Ajay UmmatPhD StudentNortheastern University
Dr. C. MavroidisAssociate Professor Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University
Kaushal RegeResearch Fellow MGH / Shriners
Monica CasaliResearch Fellow MGH / Shriners
Zak MegeedResearch AssociateMGH / Shriners
Computational Experimental
![Page 3: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Consultants
Dr. John Kundert-Gibbs, Clemson University
Dr. Albert Sacco, NUDr. Ahmed Busnaina, NU
Biology and Biomedical Engineering
Dr. Marianna Bei, MGH
Dr. Jeff Ruberti, NU Dr. David Budil, NU
Computational
Dr. Silvina Tomassone, Rutgers
Dr. Elias Gyftopoulos, MIT
Dr. Fotis Papadimitrakopoulos, UCONN
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Dr. DemetriPapageorgiou, NU
Micro / Nano Manufacturing
![Page 4: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Introduction and Objectives
• Identify and study computationally and experimentally protein and DNA configurations that can be used as bio-nano-machine components
• Design two macro-scale devices with important space application that will be using bio-nano-component assemblies:– The Networked TerraXplorer (NTXp)– All Terrain Astronaut Bio-Nano Gears (ATB)
![Page 5: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Roadmap
Bio Sensors
DNA Joints
HA a-helix
A bio nano robotRepresentative Assembly of bio components
Assembled bio nanorobots
Bio nano components
A bio nano computational cell
Bio nano swarms
Distributive intelligence
programming & control
A Bio nano information processing component
Conceptual automatic information floor
Automatic fabrication and
information processing
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4
Research Progression
![Page 6: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Space Applications
Our current research is focused on two main space based applications:
• Networked TerraXplorers (NTXp)– Mapping and sensing of vast planetary terrains
• All Terrain Astronaut Bionano Gears (ATB)– Space radiation detection & protection system
![Page 7: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Space Conditions / Design Requirements
![Page 8: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Space Atmospheric Environment
• Targeting Martian environment
• Atmosphere Carbon-di-oxide for energy production for bionano robots.Certain micro organisms – “Methanogens” (H + CO2)
• Temperature -140 to 20 degree C (require thermal insulation and thermally stable bio-components)
• Pressure 6.8 millibars as high as 9.0 millibars (1000 millibars on earth)– Materials of sustaining internal pressures– Bio-components which can sustain in lower pressures– Transport mechanism through skin layer (NTXp)
![Page 9: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Space Conditions
• Topography Scale of the bio nano machines (within meters or miles) and the area of landing and deployment
• Local dust storms The design for NTXp – capable of flowing through the local storms or resist it or both
• Radiation UV radiations between the wavelengths of 190 and 300 nm.Strong oxidants on the upper surface of Mars (radiation resistant and oxidant resistant skins!)
![Page 10: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Identification of Bionano Components
• Focusing on components from micro-organisms
• A positive correlation -The degree of stability of the organism The degree of stability of their proteins
• Studying enzymes (for their dynamics and model and ease of accessibility)- One key component is - RNA Polymerase
- Found in many micro organisms - Thermoplasma acidophilum, Sulfolobusacidocaldarius, Thermoproteus tenax, Desulfurococcus mucosus
![Page 11: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Extreme Micro - Organisms
Halobacterium
D. radiodurans
• Deinococcus radiodurans
• Cold-acclimation protein – a protein from Pseudomonas
• Some key attributes required for the bio nano machines and components:– Radiation resistant– Thermal resistance (high / low)– Acidic environment resistant– Dry condition resistant
![Page 12: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Computational Framework
![Page 13: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Characterization of Bionano Components
• A control mechanism (chemical pathway) and its dependency on external parameters (such as, pH, temperature, chemical signals, enzymes)
• The change in the external environment triggers changes in the bionano component:
- conformation changes- variations in the pattern of their self-assembly
• These changes (for instance) demonstrate motion and a desired trajectory
• Reversibility
• Synchronization of individual bio-components
• Stochastic, less understood dynamics, complex chemical pathways
![Page 14: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Computational Framework
• Identification of the protein from the mentioned organisms characterization with respect to the following three main parameters:
- high temperature variations - dry conditions- space radiations
• Stability analysis Stability in various conditions is desired, such as, dry conditions, high temperature variations and radiations.
• The overall stability is a complex variable of all the individual stabilities
dry 1 1
temp 2 2
radiations 3 3
( ; ;....; )( ; ;....; )
( ; ;....; )
a b
j i
v u
S f x y tS g x y tS h x y t
===
net ( ; ; ; )dry temp radiationsS F S S S tβ ν λ∝
![Page 15: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Framework for bio molecular dynamics
![Page 16: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Reversibility Dynamics
• Reversibility dynamics in context of Variational dynamics
![Page 17: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Space Radiations on Bionano System
• Radiations can produce many effects – break bonds, change the structure, destroy the amino acid residues, form other
bonds• Coupling of radiation at atomic level
– Hamiltonian for Radiation is coupled to the atomic system
– the term coupling the electrons of the atom with the radiation. Radiations can produce many effects
– break bonds, change the structure, destroy the amino acid residues, form other bonds
• is the sum of A coupling terms Hn
''RAD ATOMH H H H≡ + +
''H
''A
nH H=∑
![Page 18: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Space Applications – Networked TerraXplorers (NTXp)
![Page 19: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Networked TerraXplorers (NTXp)Mapping of vast planetary terrains
A realistic scenario where the Networked TerraXplorers (NTXp) are employed. These meshes would be launched through the parachute and these would be spread open on the target surface. These NTXps could be launched in large quantities (hundreds) and hence the target terrain could be thoroughly mapped and sensed. A single NTXp could run into miles and when integrated with other NTXPs could cover a vast terrain.
![Page 20: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Detailed Mechanism of NTXp
![Page 21: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
System Level Design of NTXp
A
B
C
![Page 22: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• External sensing Creation of ‘tough’ external micro channels
• Reaction initiation Presence of charges (+/-) on the NTXp surface
• Skin Existence of an external insulating and radiation resistive layers
• Intermediary exchange layer Small tubular structure for enabling active transport of ions or charges across- Connecting the micro channels and the bio-nano sensory module.
• Inner sensing layer Sensing the absorbed constituents and transferring the information of the measured parameters to the signaling module.
Design Parameters & Constraints
![Page 23: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Capable of converting the sensed parameter to a parameter which could be used for signaling
• Form flow of electrons, or variations in the concentration of ions and their gradients
Sensor – Signal Dynamics
![Page 24: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Flow of Signaling Parameters
{ , ...}iinS f g→
1
{ }n
iout inS p S= ∑
1
{ ( , )}n
out i iS p a f b g= ∑
1
{ ( , )}n
i iI p a f b g∑• This correspondence table decodes the input variables, f and g (or more) into pure signaling variables, say, (x, y, z).
• Decoding reaction between the sensory input and the signaling module
![Page 25: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Nanofluidics actuator / pump for NTXp transport mechanism
Nanofluidic Transport Mechanisms
![Page 26: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Space Applications – All Terrain Bionano (ATB)
![Page 27: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The All Terrain Bionano (ATB) Gears for Astronauts
Outer Layer Interacting with the Space Suit
Middle LayerSignaling &
Information Storage
Inner Layer Interacting with the
Astronaut
The layered concept of the ATB gears. Shown are three layers for the ATB gears. The inner layer would be in contact with the human body and the outer layer would be responsible of sensing the outer environment. The middle layer would be responsible for communicating, signaling and drug delivery.
![Page 28: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Space Radiation – Molecular Damage
• Space radiation – damage to DNA, breaking of bonds, mutations leading to cancerous conditions
• Monitoring of the space radiations for the astronauts is the key requirements. Our existing design deals with radiation detection
![Page 29: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Equivalence of Damage Effects
• Health hazards from the space radiations - creating equivalence energetically
![Page 30: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
System Level Design of ATB
![Page 31: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Overall Structure of Layer A on the ATB• Structure of the Layer A – vertical as well as horizontal directions
• Non – continuum design (in patches)
• Complimentary acceptor layer for electronic connections
![Page 32: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Design of Layer - A
• A surface view of the radiation detection layer –the probabilistic reaction layer is represented by spheres.
• The molecular components utilized to make these reaction pathways
• Survival of the molecular component
![Page 33: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Number Game – Homological Settings• Represents maximum probability regime for the reaction.
• Contains all the machinery (bionano robots) which will react with the radiation
![Page 34: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Probabilistic Reaction Centers
• Sphere modular design strategy
• Probabilistic arrangement of radiation reactants and their signaling pathways
• Electron / ionic transport reactions
Fe+++ + e- « Fe++
![Page 35: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Electron Transfer Reactions
• Electron transfer reactions plays a key role in bioenergetics
• Fermi’s Golden Rule describes the rates of the reactions
• Light (radiation?) triggered electron transfer initiation takes place in the reaction centers of the Layer A
Structure Of The Photosynthetic Reaction Centre From Rhodobacter Sphaeroides Carotenoidless Strain R-26.1
![Page 36: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Radiation Resistant BacteriaThe many characteristics of D. radiodurans:
• An extreme resistance to genotoxic chemicals
• Resistance to oxidative damage
• Resistance to high levels of ionizing and ultraviolet radiation
• Resistance to dehydration
• A cell wall forming three or more layers
Repairs chromosome fragments, within 12-24 hours
Uses a two-system process
i. Single-strand annealing single strand re-connections
ii. Homologous recombination double-strand patch up
• RecA protein responsible for patch up and associated reactions for DNA repair
• This bacterium might contain space resistant proteins and other mechanisms
Deinococcus radiodurans
![Page 37: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Experimental Work
• Peptide Selection – Loop 36 (chain of 36 amino acids)
• Protein Expression• Protein Purification• Site-Directed Mutagenesis• Characterization of Protein Conformation as a Function of pH
- Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (still to perform)
![Page 38: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Future Activities
• ATB gears for astronautsa) Design the reaction mechanism for radiation detection for ATBb) Design a detector layer complimentary to the Layer Ac) Integration with the electronic systems
• NTXpa) Surface chemistry (water / mineral) detection network b) Multi channel pumping / actuating mechanism for transport c) Space condition tolerant outer skin for NTXp
![Page 39: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Future Activities
• Computational frameworka) Integrate homology modeling of protein to expedite the design processb) Computationally analyze the effect of radiation c) Analyzing the radiation effects in ATB and how the ion / electron
transfer effects could be related to intensity of radiation damage.
• Experimentala) Characterization of various bio-nano components b) Techniques from NMR would be used to exactly characterize the
peptide structure when it changes its conformationc) Explore the radiation resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans for
possible radiation resistant bio-mechanisms and proteinsd) Experiments with carbon nano tube structures and bio-nano components
![Page 40: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Publications / Presentations
• Chapter in CRC Handbook on Biomimetics - Biologically Inspired Technologies, Editor: Yoseph Bar-Cohen, JPL
• Chapter in The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, 3rd Edition, Editor: M. L. Yarmush,
• Paper Presented at the 7th NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware(EH-2005), Washington DC, June 29 - July 1, 2005
• Interview at The Scientist Volume 18 | Issue 18 | 26 | Sep. 27, 2004“Alternative Energy for Biomotors”
• Interview at the http://science.nasa.gov/
• Our research webpage: http://www.bionano.neu.edu
![Page 41: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Acknowledgments
NASA Institute of Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Phase II Grant, September 2004
http://www.niac.usra.edu/
![Page 42: Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications · Bio-Nano-Machines for Space Applications Presented by: Ajay Ummat (Graduate Student, Northeastern University, Boston) ... Micro / Nano](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041022/5ed3344d20ca8951594593f2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Thank You