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BiologyThe word Biology had been coined in1800 by Karl Friedrich Burdach .

( German anatomist and physiologist )

2 Greek words (bios)- meaning "life",

Logy ', meaning "science of", "knowledgeof", "study of",

History of the word "biology"

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1802 - The term biology in its broadedsense was propounded by:

Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus( Philosophy of living nature, )

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ( Hydrogeology ).used and defined for the first time

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1802http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1802

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A way of understanding the nature ofliving things

a science that is linked to other sciencesand transcends such sciences aschemistry, physics, mathematics andgeology .

What is Biology?

Definition:

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Definition field where all the sciences meet the social

domains and the humanities such as:economics, politics and environmental ethicsdue to mans interaction with his

environment

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Bio-Economics - The study of living organisms from economic point of view It includes the study of cost effectiveness andviability of biological projects from commercial point of view.

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Biophysics - The study of various biological phenomena according to principles of physics is

called biophysics.For example,

movement of muscles and bones based on

principles of physics.

(Force)

(Load)

LEVER

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Biochemistry

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Biogeography - The study of plants and animals and the basis of geographical distribution is called Biogeography.

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Why Study Biology?

1. Biology is relevant to our everyday experience

Medical advances Addressing needs of growing human population Challenges of decreasing rate of biodiversity Biotechnology advances

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Why Study Biology?2. Biology can becontroversial

Examples: Dealing with

endangered species? Use of human fetal

tissue in biomedical

research Safety of irradiated

foods

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Significance of studying Biology

Good Citizenship

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Ajomls5j824/TPKdXuaP09I/AAAAAAAAAAQ/_Nl0ICZaBQo/s1600/good+citizenship.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Ajomls5j824/TPKdXuaP09I/AAAAAAAAAAQ/_Nl0ICZaBQo/s1600/good+citizenship.jpg

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Group activity

Discuss with your group how Biology issignificant to you as:

living things as decision maker and in dealing with critical/controversial issues

such as abortion, environmentaldegradation etc.

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A study of biology enables you to understand and value your place in the earths

environment as well as your relationship with otherlife forms.As a conscious being, you are confronted with makingchoices on how to sustain your own life and health.

helps you understand the basic mechanisms of bodilyprocesses; hence, it enables you to make choices anddecisions for yourself as a food and medical consumer,as well as energy user.

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You live in an era of escalating dimensions of science andtechnology.

Knowledge of significant developments in biology andbiotechnology will eliminate confusing andthreatening views bothering your mind and help youdevelop positive view

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BIOLOGY: How It Came About

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How Biology Came About?

How do pre historic men contributeto the development and progress of

BIOLOGY?

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All prehistoric paintings are all dealt with biologicalspecimen like animals plants and human beings

Paintings From the Hall of the Bulls at Lascaux(SWFRANCE) revealed that primitive man were close to nature

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Paintings From the Hall of the Bulls at Lascaux(SWFRANCE)

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They hunted wild animals like deer, wild pigs, and large birds. They gathered wild fruits, berries, and nuts. They fished and collected shellfish and crabs. They gathered wild tubers (root vegetables, like potatoes andcarrots), vegetables, and grains.

For thousands of years humans lived like this.

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But then, around 10,000 years ago humans started to adopt afarming way of life.

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They learned to domisticate and cultivate

plants for their own use .

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Types of plants that were domesticated

Barley and Wheat

Muskmelon(now developed intocantaloupe, honeydew,etc)

lentils

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Cantaloupes.jpg

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The domestication of plants and animals dramaticallychanged the way humans interacted with theirenvironment.

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One aspect of natural history was the use of herbaland medicinal plants. Early herbalist provided the

foundation of our present knowledgeOf drugs and medicine

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A. Ancient Study of

Biology They began their Biological

investigations before 500B.C

They believed to find answer to their questions about nature onemust investigate.

One must use her/his ability to reason and understand life andnature.

This is basically the same doctrine which guides scientist today.

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The greatest natural philosophers who livedin the Golden Age of Greece.

The father of Biology

Aristotle

He studied the heart and brains of animals.

From this study, he correlatedthe warming- coolingfunction of the heart and

brain to human feelings andemotions.

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became the greatest authority on human anatomy. He obtained his knowledge from the dissection of animals. The best model for most his description of human anatomy was the

Barbary ape.

Galen, a Roman physician

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Following Galen was rebellious Belgian student named Andreas Vesalius.His method and teaching and his anatomy book set new and lastingstandards for the science of anatomy.

He believed that anatomy should be basedon the direct observations and that theresults must not be accepted withoutquestions.

Andreas Vesalius

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He was a physiologist. He used his knowledge of anatomy to study and

understand the circulation of blood. Determined the true function of the heart and blood

vessels .

William Harvey, an English physician

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Marcelo Malpighi- an Italian scientist who also dealt with blood byobserving capillaries in the lungs of frog.

Original drawing by Marcello Malpighi (1681): preparation of twoslightly inflated frog lungs, where a reticulum of microvessels is apparentin place of "capillaries". (Adapted from Fishman and Richards, 1964).

B. 18 th to 20 th century Biologist

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Eucharias Jansen- a Dutch spectacle maker, who likesGalileo, is credited with inventing the early microscope .

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Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek- a Dutchmicroscopist, who introduced us to the

world of microorganism with the use ofmicroscopes. He is the father ofMicrobiology with his inventions anddiscoveries.

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Carolus Linnaeus - who develop the binomialsystem for identifying and naming organisms

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developed concepts and theory of evolutions

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1933 1933-1964 1964-1986 1986-present

Modern Day Biologists (1970- 2001) A very popular in these times is to sequence the human genome fromWatson and Crick double helical structure of DNA in order to draft thesequence genome of yeast and mouse.

developed theories related to Genetics

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1. Do you find the contributions of ancientBiologists significant to modern Biology?Why?

2. Have you seen the importance of theeffect of the study of one Biologist inencouraging other Biologist to pursue thesame study? Cite an example.

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SCIENCE

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Since the study of biology is so vast and complex specialized branches evolved in1543.This sparked the start of the so Called scientific revolution

Taxonomy - systematized the grouping and namingof living things

Morphology -formalized the study of forms andstructures of organism into lower forms to higherforms

Anatomy - made possible the study of the structure of theinternal parts of living organism

Cytology - study of cellHistology study of tissue

Related Disciplines and Approaches

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Embryology -deals with the study of how theorganism develop from a microscopic egg to anadult individual

Physiology - focused on the function andchemical activities

Biogeography - simplified the study of thedistribution of the organisms on the earth surface

Zoology - study of animalsBotany -study of plants

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Anatomy - study of internal structures of livingthings

Phytopathology - study of plant diseases

Taxonomy - study of systematic classification

Ecology - study of mans interaction with hisenvironment

Genetics - study of heredity

Microbiology - study of microorganisms

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Together, they study life over a wide rangeof scales :

at the atomic and molecular scale ,through molecular biology , biochemistry at the cellular scale, through cell biology at the multicellular scales,through physiology , anatomy , and histology at the level of the development or ontogeny of an

individual organism,through developmental biology

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at the level of heredity between parent andoffspring through genetics at the level of group behavior through ethology at the level of an entire population ,through population genetics on the multi-species scale of lineages,through systematics at the level of interdependent populations andtheir habitats through ecology and evolutionary

biology speculatively through Xenobiology at the levelof life beyond the Earth.

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