biochemistry chapter 2. section 2-1: the nature of matter remember… atoms are made up of electrons...
TRANSCRIPT
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BIOCHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 2
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SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER
• REMEMBER…• Atoms are made up of electrons (-),
neutrons (neutral), and protons (+)• Proton number = atomic number =
type of element
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Bonds
•Ionic bond – when electrons are transferred from one atom to another–Example NaCl
•Covalent bond – electrons are shared between atoms
–Example H2O
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SECTION 2-2: PROPERTIES OF WATER
•Polarity – uneven distribution of electrons between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms –Oxygen is bigger and attracts the electrons more than hydrogen
•Hydrogen bonds – slightly positive, polar H atoms are attracted to polar negative atoms like O
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SECTION 2-3: CARBON COMPOUNDS
• Organic compounds- those compounds that contain carbon
• Chemical Formulas - show how many and which atoms are in a compound
• Structural Formulas - show the arrangement of the atoms in a compound
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• Isomers - compounds with the same chemical formula, but different structure (ex. propanol and isopropanol)
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COVALENT BOND #’S
•Atoms want to fill their electron shells. An atom wants to make just enough bonds to fill its shells.
•H makes one bond•O makes two bonds•C makes four bonds
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MACROMOLECULES
•Monomers (smaller units) join to make polymers or macromolecules–Carbohydrates –Lipids–Proteins –Nucleic acids
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CARBOHYDRATES
•Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with a ratio of two hydrogen atoms to every one oxygen atom
• Made up of sugars
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All of these food contain
carbohydrates.
Which foods contain the
most calories from Carbs?
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USE OF CARBOHYDRATES
• Source of energy for many living things
• Examples: sugar and starch
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TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
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MONOSACCHARIDES
• Only one sugar molecule• Examples -glucose,
fructose, and galactose • All three are C6H12O6, but
they are isomers• Draw Glucose
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DISACCHARIDES
• Double sugars (two monosaccharides combined)
• Examples: sucrose, lactose, and maltose
• All are isomers with the chemical formula C12H22O11
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POLYSACCHARIDES
• Long chains of monosaccharides joined together
• Examples: starch, glycogen, and cellulose
• Plants store excess sugar as starch, and break it down for energy
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• Humans store excess sugar as glycogen, & break it down for energy
• Cellulose used by plants to build cell walls.
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Carbohydrates and Nutrition
• Beware of low carbohydrate diets– Low carbohydrates cause your body
to break down muscle (protein)– Low carbohydrates can cause your
appetite to increase (your body thinks it is starving)
• Eat whole grains! – Whole grains provide fiber and help to
prevent heart disease and cancer.
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98% Calories from Carbs
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94% Calories from Carbs
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64% Calories from Carbs
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55% Calories from Carbs
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DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
• Two molecules join together by losing a molecule of water
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HYDROLYSIS REACTION
• Larger molecules broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of water
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LIPIDS
• Include fats, oils, steroids & waxes
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but the # of H atoms per molecule is much greater then the # of O atoms
• An example, C57H110O6
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USES OF LIPIDS
• Stored for energy • Form basic structure of cell
membranes• Protection • Insulation • Waterproof coverings
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THE STRUCTURE OF SOME FATS
• Fatty Acids (a common type of fat): –a long carbon chain with a -COOH (carboxyl group) at one end
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• Different types of fatty acids: –Saturated - all single, covalent
bonds in between carbons in chain
–Unsaturated - one double bond between carbons in chain
–Polyunsaturated - many double bonds between carbons in chain
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•Steroids include:–Cholesterol -made by animals and is both helpful & harmful
–Testosterone/Estrogen – male/female hormones
–Cortisone – medicine used to reduce swelling/itching
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Fats and Nutrition• Unsaturated fat is better for you
than saturated fat. Double bonds are easier to break than single bonds.
• High fat diet actually increases appetite.
• To increase fat break down, you must increase physical activity.
• Good fats are found in some fish, olives, and nuts and actually help to prevent heart disease.
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PROTEIN
• Made up of amino acids linked together
• Composed of C, H, & O as well as nitrogen, N, and possibly sulfur
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USES OF PROTEINS
• Build living materials like muscle• Act as enzymes to help carry out
chemical reactions• Fight disease• Transport particles into or out of
cells• Act as markers on cells
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AMINO ACID STRUCTURE
• Have a central C that is bound to: –carboxyl group (-COOH)–a hydrogen atom –a amino group (-NH2)–an “R” group
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Alanine Serine
General structure
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• There are 20 main amino acids.
• Each has same basic structure with the only difference being the “R” group
• Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds (formed by dehydration synthesis)
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• Peptide bond is between two amino acids
• Polypeptide – (a protein) many amino acids joined
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Protein and Nutrition
• Proteins help to suppress appetite so eat a little at every meal.
• Proteins help build lean body mass.• Increased lean body mass increase
your BMR (basal metabolic rate).– This means that you burn more
calories.• Yo-yo dieting decreases BMR and
makes your body store fat.
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Composed of nucleotides• Nucleotides consist of a
sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate
• Nucleic acids include: DNA, RNA, ATP, and NAD
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SECTION 2-4: CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Chemical reactions always involve breaking bonds in reactants and making bonds in products
• Some reactions release energy and therefore usually occur spontaneously
• Other reactions need energy to happen
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• Activation energy – the minimum amount of energy needed to start any reaction
• Enzymes are catalysts which speed up chemical reactions
• Enzymes are proteins that lower activation energy and allow reactions to occur at normal temperatures
• Without enzymes, too much energy would be needed to start all of the thousands of reactions your body performs all of the time!
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Reaction pathwaywith enzyme
Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme
Activation energywithout enzyme
Activation energywith enzyme
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• Each enzyme is specific and has a specific shape
• Enzymes are not permanently changed and are not used up in the reaction
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• Most enzyme names end in -ase
• Reactants are called substrates.
• Enzymes work on substrates (either breaking them down or adding something to them.
• Example: Lactase (enzyme) breaks down lactose (substrate), which is the sugar in milk.
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