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IS 15607 (2005): Bio-diesel (B 100) blend stock for dieselfuel [PCD 3: Petroleum, Lubricants and their RelatedProducts]

IS15607:2005

mm

m ~lJ~~Qf . (moo)

I&i-m fafmz

BIO-DIESEL (Indian Standard

B 100) BLEND STOCK FOR DIESELFUEL SPECIFICATION

ICS 75.160.20

0 BIS 2005

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

October 2005 Price Group 3

Petroleum, Lubricants and Their Related Products Sectional Committee, PCD 3

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Petroleum,Lubricants and Their Related Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Petroleum, Coal andRelated Products Division Council.

Environmental regulations continue to be the major driver for auto and oil industry. Biofiels Ethanol andBio-diesel are gaining worldwide acceptance as a solution to environmental problems and energy security.Bio-d iesel is gaining popularity in US, Brazil, Australia, Sweden and other European countries.

Bio-diesel is made from virgin or used vegetable oils ( both edible and non-edible ) and animal fats throughtrans-esterification. R is finding use as an automotive fuel for diesel engines at 100 percent concentration, or asan extender for automotive fuels for diesel engines. Diesel engines require very little or no modification tousethe bio-diesel up to 20 percent blend in normal diesel fuel and minor modification for higher percentageblends. The use of bio-diesel results in substantial reduction of un-burnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide andparticulate matter. It has almost no sulphur, no aromatics and about 10 percent built-in oxygen which help inensuring complete combustion. Its higher Cetane Number also improves the combustion. Bio-diesel besideshelping in reducing the air pollution, improves lubricity of low sulphur diesel fuels required for meeting Euro 111and Euro IV emission norms.

While Sunflower and Rapeseed are the raw materials used in Europe for manufacturing bio-diesel, Soya beanis mostly used in USA. Thailand uses palm oil, Ireland uses frying oil and animal fats. In India, edible oil isnot expected to be used for production of bio-diesel as its demand being higher than its domestic productionKeeping in view the climatic conditions and availability of considerable under stocked forest land andnon-forest land, it is envisaged that Jafropha Curcas and Fongamia finnata ( Honge or Karanja ) plants canbe cultivated profitably in India. The seeds of these plants bear rich in oil which is expected to be used forproduction of bio-diesel through trans-esterification in combination with methanol or ethanol.

Bio-diesel is non-toxic and biodegradable and is registered with Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) as afuel and fuel additive.

This standard is prepared keeping in view of the end use application, production and feed stock availability.Considerable assistance has been drawn from ASTM D 6751-02 and EN 142 i4 while preparing this standatd.

The composition of the Committee responsible for formulation of this standard is given in Annex B.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the finalvalue. observed or calculated, expressing the resuit of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordancewith 1S2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised). The number of significant places retainedin the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

Indian

IS 15607:2005

Standard

BIO-DIESEL ( B 100) BLEND STOCK FOR DIESELFUEL SPECIFICATION .

1 SCOPE

This standard prescribes the requirements andmethods of sampling and tests for bio-dieselsuitable for fuel in diesel engines.

Bio-diesel is a fatty acid alkyl ( methyl or ethyl ) esterfor use as a blend component ( up to 20 percent )with diesel fuel meeting the requirements ofIS 1460 Automotive diesel fhel Specification.

2 REFERENCES

The following standards contain provisions,which through reference in this text constituteprovisions of this standard. At the time ofpublication the editions indicated were valid, Allstandards are subject to revision and parties toagreements based on this standard are encouragedto investigate the possibility of applying the mostrecent editions of the standards indicated below:

IS No,

l~(jo(Partl ): 1973

1460:2005

1447( Part 1 ): 2000

1448

[P:l/Sec l]:2002

[P:4J:1984

[P:9]: 1960[P:15] :1976

[P:16J: 1990

Title

Pictorial marking for handling andIabelling of goods: Part 1Dangerous goods (first revision )Automotive diesel fuel -Specification (first revision )Petroleum and its products Methods of sampling: Part 1Manualsampling (first revision )Methods of test for petroleum andits products:

Determination of acid number ofpetroleum products bypotentiometric titration ( secondrevision )

Ash, sulfated ash and watersoluble ash ( second revision )Cetane number

Detection of copper corrosionfrom petroleum products by thecopper strip tarnish test ( secondrevision )

Density, relative density or APIgravity of crude petroleum andliquid petroleum products byhydrometer method ( thirdrevision )

IS No.

[P:21] :1992

[P:25] :1976

[P:32] :1992

[P:40] :1987

[P:83] :1974

Zitle

Flash point ( closed ) by PenskyMartens apparatus ( secondrevision )

Determinaticm of kinematic anddynamic viscosity (jh-st revision)

Density and relative density ( secondrevision )

Water by distillation ( thirdrevision )

Determination of sulphur byWickbold oxy hydrogen method

3 REQUIREMENTS3.1 General

The term Bio-diesel refers to mono alkyl ( methylor ethyl ) esters of vegetable oils like Rapeseed,Soya bean, Sunflower, Jatropha Curcas, Karanja, etc,and other fats. The bio-diesel specified shall be mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids from vegetableoil and animal fats, with which small amounts ofhydrocarbon or non-hydrocarbon additives( see Annex A ) may have been incorporated toimprove ignition or other characteristics. Thematerials shall be free from grit, suspended matterand other visible impurities.

3.1.1 The bio-diesel shall not contain. any residuumoil.

3.1.2 Dyes or markers are allowed to be used for thepurpose of identification.

3.2 The material shall also comply with therequirements prescribed in Table 1 when testedaccording to the appropriate methods prescribedin IS 1448 [ P : ] series and others as given inCOI4 and 5 of Table 1.

4 PACKING AND MARKING

4,1 Packing

The material shal I be packed in suitable containersas agreed to between the purchaser and the supplier,and subject to the provision of Red Tarrif No. 18Rules and Rates for the Conveyance by Rail ofExplosives and other Dangerous Goods, issued bythe Indian Railway Conference Association, withany alterations or additions made thereafter.

1

IS 15607:2005

4.2 Marking

4.2.1 The material shall be supplied in accordancewith the marking and delivery instructions given bythe purchaser.

4.2.2 Each container shall be marked with thefollowing information:

a)b)

~)d)e)

S1 No.

(1)i)

ii)iii)iv)v)

vi)vii)

viii)ix)~)

xi)xii)

xiii)xiv)xv)

xvi)xvii)

xviii)

xix)xx)

xxi)

Name and grade of the material;Indication of the source .of manufacture,initials or trade-mark, if any;Volume of the contents, in Iitres;Year of manufacture or packing; andThe caution label {FLAMMABLE togetherwith the corresponding symbol forIabellirtg dangerous goods as givenin Fig. 5 of IS 1260( Part 1 ).

4.3 BIS Certification Marking

The container may also be marked with the StandardMark.

4.3.1 The use of the Standard Mark is governed-bythe provisions of the Bureau of Indian Standards Act,1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder.The details of conditions under which the licence forthe use of the Standard Mark may be granted tomanufacturers or producers may be obtained fromthe Bureau of Indian Standards.

5 SAMPLING

Representative samples of the material shall bedrawn as prescribed in IS 1447( Part 1 ).

Table 1 Requirement for Bio-Diesd

( Clause 3.2)

Characteristic

(2)Density at 15C, kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity at 40C, cSt

Flash point ( PMCC ) C, MinSulphur, mg/kg, Max

Carbon residue ( Ramsbottom )), percent by mass, MaxSulfated ash, percent by mass, MaxWater content, nlg/kg, Max

Total contamination, mg/kg, Max

Copper corrosion. 3 h at 50C, MaxCetane No., MinAcid value, mg KOH/g, MaxMethanolz), percent by mass, MaxEthano13J, percent by mass, Max

Ester content, percent by mass, MinFree Glycerol, percent by mass, MaxfOld Glycerol, percent by mass, MaxPhosphorous, mg/kg, Max

Sodium and Potassium, mg/kg, Max

Calcium and Magnesium, mg/kg, MaxIodine value

Oxidation stability. at 110C, h, Min

Requirement

(3)860-900

2.5-6.0120

50.00.05

0.02

500

24

1

510.500.20

0.20

96.50.02

0.2510,0

To report

To report

To report

6

Method of Teat, Ref tolSO/ASIM D/EN [ P : ] of IS 1448

(4) (5)ISO 3675 [P:16/P: 32]

1S0 12185D 4052

1s0 3104

D 5453D 4530 ISO 10370

ISO 6245

D 27091s0 37331S0 6296EN 126621S0 21601S05156

EN 14110

EN 14103

D 6584D 6584

D 4951EN 14108 and

EN 14109~, \

( See))EN 14104

EN 14112

[P: 25][P: 21][P: 83]

[P:4][P: 40]

[P: 15][P:9]

[P:l/Secl].

1)Carbon residue shall be run on 100 percent sample.) Applicable for fatty acid methyl ester,) Applicable for fatty acid ethyl ester.4, European method is under development.

2

IS 15607:2005

ANNEX A( Clause 3.1 )

LONG-TERM STORAGE OF BIO-DIESEL

A-1 SCOPE

This Annex provides guidance for consumers ofbio-diesel ( B 100 ) who may wish to store quantitiesof fuels for extended periods. Consistentlysuccessful long-term fuel storage requires attentionto fuel selection, storage conditions, and monitoringof properties.prior to and during storage. This Annexis directed towards bio-diesel ( B 100 ) and may bemore or less applicable to blends of bio-diesel withpetrodiesel.

Normally produced.bio-diesel has adequate stabilityproperties to withstand normal storage without theformation of troublesome amounts of insolubledegradation products, although data suggestssome bio-diesel may degrade faster than petrodiesel.Bio-diesel that is to be stored for prolonged periodsshould be selected to avoid formation of sediment,high acid numbers, and high viscosities that can clogfilters, affect fuel pump operation or plug combustorsnozzles or injectors. The selection of bio-dieselshould result from supplier-user discussions.

These suggested practices are general in natureand should not be considered substitutes far anyrequirement imposed by the warranty of thedistillate fuel equipment manufacturers or byfederal, state, or local government regulations.Although they cannot replace knowledge of localconditions or good engineering and scientificjudgement, these suggested practices do provideguidance in developing an individual fuelmanagement system for the bio-diesel fiel user. Theyinclude suggestions in the operation andmaintenance of existing fuel storage and handlingfacilities and for identifying where, when, and howfuel quality should be monitored.

A-2 TERMINOLOGY

A-2.1 Bulk Fuel Fuel in the storage facility inquantities over 50 gallons.

A-2.2 Combustor Fuel Fuel enteringthe combustionzone of the burner or engine after filtration or other-treatment of bulk fuel.

A-2.3 Fuel Contaminants Foreign materials thatmake fuel less suitable or unsuitable for the intendeduse. Fuel contaminants include materials introducedsubsequent to th_e manufacture of fuel and fueldegradation products.

A-2.4 Fuel-Degradation Products Those materials3

formed in fuel after it is produced. Insolubledegradation products may combine with other fuelcontaminants to reinforce deleterious effects. Solubledegradation products ( acids and gums) maybe moreor less volatile than the fuel and may cause an increasein injector and nozzle deposits. The formation ofdegradation products may be catalyzed by contactwith metals, especially those containing copper and,to a less extent, iron.

A-2.5 Long-Term Storage Storage of fuel forlonger than 6 months after it is received by the user.

A-3 FUEL SELECTION

The stability properties of bio-diesel are not fullyunderstood and appear to depend on the vegetableoil and animal fat sources, severity of processing, andwhether additional production plant- treatment hasbeen carried out or stability additives are present.

The composition and stability properties ofbio-diesel produced at specific production plantsmay be different. Any special requirements of theuser, such as long-term storage, should be discussedwith the supplier. .

A-4 FUEL ADDITIVES

Available fuel additives appear to improve the long-term storage of bio-diesel. Most additives should beused as -close to the production site as possible toobtain maximum benefits.

Biocides or biostats destroy .or inhibit the growth offungi and bacteria, which can grow at fuel waterinterfaces to give high particulate concentrationsin the fuel. Available biocides are soluble inthe fuel phase or the water phase, or both.See ASTM D 6469 Standard guide for microbialcontamination in fuels and fuel systems foradditional information.

A-5 TESTS FOR FUEL QUALITY

Test methods for estimating Ihe storage stability ofbio-diesel ( B100 ) are being developed. Modificationsof ASTM D 2274s Standard test method for oxidationstability of distillate fuel oil ( accelerated method)to use glass fiber filters, varying times and temperatures,and the measurement of pre-test and post-test acidnumber and viscosity appear promising. However,correlation of this test with actual storage stability isunknown and, may depend upon field conditionsand fuel composition.

1S 15607:2005

Performance criteria for accelerated stability teststhat ensure satisfactory long-term storage ofbio-diesel ( B 100 ) have not been established.A-6 -FUEL MONITORING

A plan for monitoring the quality of bulk fuel duringprolonged storage is an integral part.ofa successfulmonitoring program. A plan to replace aged fuel withfresh product at established intervals is also desirable.

Stored fuel should be periodically sampled and itsquality assessed. ASTM D 4057 Standard practicefor manual sampling of petroleum and petroleumproducts provides guidance for sampling. Fuelcontaminants and degradation products may settleto the bottom of a quiescent tank althoughdetrimental changes to bio-diesel can now occur( rising acid value ) without -causing sedimentformation. A Bottom or Clearance sample, as definedin ASTM D 4057, should be included in the evaluationalong with an all level sample.

The quantity of insoluble fuel contaminants presentin bio-diesel can be determined using ASTMD6217Standard test method for particulate contaminantionin lmiddle distillate fuels by laboratory filtrationwith glass fibre filters and abundant washing

,. although no precision or bias testing has beenperformed with bio-diesel using ASTMD6217.

The acid value of bio-diesel appears to exceed itsspecified maximum before other deleterious fuel

propertychanges occur. A conscientious programof measuring the acid value of bio-diesel may besufficient for monitoring bio-diesel stability.

A-7 FUEL STORAGE CONDITIONS

Contamination levels in fuel can be reduced bystoring in tanks kept free of water, and tankage shouldhave provisions for water draining on a scheduledbasis. Water affects the storage life of bio-diesel.Water promotes corrosion, and microbiologicalgrowth may occur at a fuel-water interface.See ASTM D 6469 for additional information.Underground or isothermal storage is preferred toavoid temperature extremes; above ground storagetanks should be sheltered or painted with reflectivepaint. High storage temperatures accelerate fueldegradation. Fixed roof tanks should be kept full tolimit oxygen supply and tank breathing. The use ofairtight sealed containers, such as drums or totes,can enhance the storage life of bio-diesel.

Copper and copper-containing alloys should beavoided with bio-diesel due to increased sediment anddeposit formation. Contact with lead, tin, and zinccan also cause increased sediment levels that canrapidly plug filters and should be avoided.

Appendix X3 of ASTM D 2880 Standard specificationfor gas turbine fuel oils discusses fuel contaminantsas a general topic. The discussion in ASTM D 2880pertains to gas turbine combustion which mayor maynot be applicable to diesel engine combustion.

ANNEX B( Iorewwd )

COMMITTEE COMPOSITION

Petroleum Lubricants and Their Related Products Sectional Committee, PCD 3

Organization Representative(s)Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd, New Delhi DR C. M. LAMBA( Osairnrszrs )Association of State Road Transport Undertaking ( ASTRU ), SHRI P. S. SHRIMALI

Pune

Ashok Leyland Ltd, Chennai SHRIC. PRAKASH

Automotive Research Association of India, Pune SHRIM. K. CHAUOHARISHRIA. R. ARANKALLE( Alternate )

Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune SHtUT. M. BALARAMANSHRIN. B. JOSHI( Alternate )

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Mumbai DRG. VASUOEVSHRIP. PADMANABHAN( Alternate )

Castrol India Ltd. Mumbai SHRIMUKESHGUPTASHRIPRAKASHD. BHAT1( Alfernate )

4

IS 15607:2005

Organization

Centre for Air Military Worthiness, Bangalore

Centre for Consumer Education, Research Testing,Training and Testing ( CONCERT ), Chennai

Centre for High Technology, New Delhi

Centre for Science and Environment ( CSE ), New Delhi

Representative(s)

DR K. V. MURALI

SHRIR. DESIKANSHRIR. RAMAKRISHNAN( Alternate )

,

SHRIB. D. GHOSH

Ms ANUMITAROYCHOWDHURYSHRIVIVEKCHATTOPAOHYA( Alternate I )SHRICHIRAGSHAH( Allernate 11)

Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Chennai SHRIM. S. SHYAMSUNDERSHRIB. SAIRAM( Alterna[e )

DR A. R. SHENOYSHRiN. G. WAGLE( Alternale )

Consumer Guidance Society of India, Mumbai

Directorate General of Civil Aviation. New Delhi SHRIB. K. JOSHISHRIS. S. MUZUMOAR( Alternate )

Escorts Ltd, Faridabad SHRIH. C. BAHUGUNASHRIALOKNAYAR( Alternate )

SHRIHARJEETSINGHSHRIASHOKKATARIA( Alternate )

Hero Honda Ltd, Gurgaon

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Mumbai SHRJA. K. BHANSHRJG. BASKARAN( Alternate 1 )SHRIGANESHG. ( Allernale 11)

SHRiR. A. RAOSHRJG. S. RAMCHANDRAN( Alternate )

Indian Additives Ltd, Chennai

Indian Institute of Petroleum, Debra Dun SHRIA. K. JAINSHRIR. L MENOIRATTA( Alternate )

lndian Institute of Technology. Kanpur PROFD. KUNZRIJPROFB. P. PUNDIR( Alternate )

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (Marketing Division), Mumbai SHRJP. D. BAHUKHANDIDR T. K. DE ( A/ternafe )

IndianOil CorporationLtd ( R and D Centre ), Faridahad SHRI R. K. MALHOTRASHRIB. S. RAWAT( Alternate )

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd ( R and P Division ), New Delhi SHRJS. P. GOELSHRIC. SHANKAR( Alrernate )

SHRJC. 1. ROYSHRJV. PAILY( Alternate )

KochiRefineriesLtd, AmbalamugalErnakrrlam

Lubrizol India Ltd, Mumbai SHRJS. -J. lNAMOARSHRIV. P. WAGH( A[ternate )

MangaloreRefineryand Petro-ChemicalLtd, Mangalore SHRIS. RAMESHSHRIP. P. UPADHYAY( A/ternate )

Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, New Delhi

Motor Industries Co Ltd, Bangalore

SHRJD. P. DHALL

SHRIA. P. GERAIWSHRIA. FREDRK-K( Alternate)

Petroleum Conservation Research Association, New Delhi

Reliance Petroleum Limited. Mumbai

SHRIA. K. GOEL

SHRIN. S. MU~THYSHRIASHOKDHAR( A/ternate )

Society of lndian Automobile Manufacturers, New Delhi SHRIK. K. GANDHIMs DEEPTISINGH( Alternate )

Steel Authority of India Ltd, New Delhi

Tata Motors Ltd, Pune

SHRJG. CHAKRAVARTY

SHRIR. SAMPATH

5

1S 15607:2005

Organization

TOTAL-FINA-ELF, Mumbai

VRDE, Ahmed Nagar

BIS Directorate General

Representative(s)

SHRI RAMESHHULLURSHRI SUNDIPSHYAM( A1/ernate )

SHRIK. MATHIVANANSHRI K. SENTHILKUMAR ( Alternate )

DR ( SHRIMATI) VIJAY MALIK, Director and Head ( PCD )[ Representing Director General ( Ex-o#icio Member ) ]

Member SecretarySHRIA. K. BHATNAGARDirector ( PCD ), BIS

Automotive, Aviation and Industrial Fuels Sub-committee, PCD 3:1

Gult Oi I Corporation Ltd ( Lubricants Division ), Mumbai

Ashok Leyland Ltd, Chennai

Automotive Research Association of India, Pune

Bajaj Auto Ltd. Pune

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Mumbai

Centre for Air Military Worthiness, Bangalore

Centre for Consumer Education, Research Testing,Training and Testing (CONCERT), Chennai

Cen[re for High Technology, New Delhi

Centre for Science and Environment ( CSE ), New Delhi

Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Chennai

Directorate General of Civil Aviation, New Delhi

Fscorts I td. Faridabad

Ford Motors. Mumbai

Harbinsons Biotech Pvt Ltd, Gurgaon

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Mumbai

lndian Institute of Petroleum, Debra Dun

DR Y. P. RAO ( Convener )

SHRI C. PRAKASH

SHRI M. K. CHAUDHARISHRI A. R. ARANKALLE( Alternate )

SHRI T. M. BAI.AIiAMANSHRI R. -RAMAKRISHNA( Al[ernate )

DR G. VASUDEVSHRI P. PADMANAFSHAN( Alternate )

DR K. V. MURALI

SHRIR. DESIKAiNSHRIR. RAMAKRISHNAN( Alternate )

SHRIB. D. GHOSH

Ms ANUMITA ROYCHOWDHURYSHRI VIVEK CHATTOPADHYA( Alternate 1 )SHRI CHIRAGSHAH( Alternate H )

SHJtIM. S. SHYAMSUNDARSHRI B. SAIRAM( Alternate )

SHRIB. K. JOSNISHRI S. S. MLJZUMDAR( A//ernate )

SHRI H. C. ~Allll(jUNASHRI ALO~ NAYAR( Al[ernofe )

SHRIKALHE GANESH

SHRIAJIT B, SEAL

SHRI M. K. DAXNISHRI suKANrA BANERJEE( A1/ernate )

DR S. K. SINGALSHRI A, K. JAIN ( Alternote )

6

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Review of Indian Standards

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This Indian Standard h-asbeen developed from Doc : No. PCD 3 (2242 ).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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