bioethanol production from biomass: perspectives in...
TRANSCRIPT
Bioethanol production from biomass: perspectives in Mexico
Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Blvd. Venustiano Carranza s/n, Col. República, Saltillo, Coahuila, México.
C.P. [email protected]
On February the 21st 2014,in Beijing, China, a newtype of environmental alertwas issued.
Orange Alert
The concentration ofparticulate matter PM2.5
reached 400 µg/m3. TheWHO recommends that theair quality should not exceed25 µg/m3 .
Mexico City16/May/2017; PM2.5
BIOENERGY is renewable energymade available from materials derivedfrom biological sources. It´s thematerial derived from recently livingorganisms, which includes plants,animals and their byproducts, such as,manure, garden waste and cropresidues, etc., It is a renewable energysource based on the carbon cycle.
Bioethanol
Figure 1. Main ethanol producing Countries (Gupta and Verma, 2015).
56%
39%
5%
40,625 ML
57,199 ML
Mexico: 80.71 ML
Bio
eth
ano
l1st Generation
2nd Generation
3rd Generation
Sugar crops
Extraction
Sugar Juice
Purification and supplementation
with nutrients
Fermentation
Distillation
Ethanol
BagasseGeneration of
electricity
Filter cake fertilizer
Yeast
CO2
Vinasse
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of ethanol production from sugar biomass
1st Generation
Lignocellulosic biomass2nd Generation
Processing(drying and
grinding)
Preparation of slurry (10 – 15%
dry solid)
Pretreatment of slurry
Detoxification
Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Productrecovery
water
Acid orenzymes
Physical orchemical
orbiological
agents
Fermentingmicroorganism
ETHANOL
Yeast
Vinasse
Solid waste
Liquor
Figure 3. Schematic diagramof etanol production fromlignocellulose.
Lig
no
cell
ulo
sic
b
iom
ass
Corn stover
Corn cob
Wheat straw
Rice straw
Sugarcane bagasse
Sweet sorghum bagasse
Barley straw
Pine (soft wood)
Yellow poplar (hard wood)
Switchgrass
Municipal solid waste (MSW)
Figure 2. Potential of some lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production.
Biomass Ethanol yield (L/ton) Potential yield (L/ha)
1st Generation
Sugarcane 70 - 90 6,470 – 6,660
Corn 370 -470 4,180
Sorghum stalk juice 40 - 86 2,062 – 2,595
Sorghum grain 380 1,099
Barley 345 -
Wheat 376 - 435 1,001 -1,700
2nd Generation
Sorghum bagasse 250 1,796 -6,591
Corn stover 450 4,400
Corn cob 510 -
Wheat straw 490 -
Table 1. Comparison of different biomass with regard to the etanol yield.
Zabed et al., 2017
Feedstock Company/PlacePretreatment
methodReference
Corn stover
Abengoa/ Hugoton,
Kansas, USA.
1st step: Diluted acid;
2nd step: Steam
explosion
Abengoa
Bioenergy
DuPont/ Nevada, Iowa,
USA.Ammonia and steam
Valdivia et al.,
2016
POET-DSM/ Emmetsburg,
Iowa, USA.
Two steps of diluted
acid
Valdivia et al.,
2016
Sugarcane bagasse GranBio/ Alagoas, Brasil Steam explosion Lane, 2014
Wheat strawBeta Renewables/
Crescentino, ItaliaSteam explosion
Valdivia et al.,
2016
Table 2. 2G ethanol industrial scale production plants, feedstock and pretreatment
methods used.
Hugoton, Kansas, USAProduction 2014: 94 million of liters of ethanol
Nevada, Iowa, USAProduction 2016: 113 million of liters of ethanol
Emmetsburg, Iowa, USAProduction 2016: 95 million of liters of ethanol
Alagoas, BrasilProduction 2016: 82 million of liters of ethanol
Crescentino, ItaliaProduction 2016: million of liters of ethanol
Potential of bioethanol production from agroindustrial residues in
Mexico
Pri
ma
rycr
op
resi
du
es
Barley
Common beans
Chickpea
Lentil
Fava bean
Rice
Wheat
Canola
Cotton
Corn
Safflower
Sesame
Sorghum
Soybean
Tabacco
Sugarcane
Groundnut
Figure 3. Main primary crop residues (straw/stalk/leaves) in Mexico.
Se
con
da
rycr
op
resi
du
es
Corn Cobs
Rice husk
Groundnut shells
Cotton gin trash
Coffee cherry pulp
Agaves bagasse
Sugarcane bagasse
Figure 4. Main secundary crop residues in Mexico.
In the legal context, there is a law inMexico that promotes theproduction of biofuels. To avoid foodsecurity issued, this law prioritizethe use of biomass for human andanimal consumption and soilimprovement.
Reference Primary cropresidues(million
tons/year) dry weight
Secondary cropresidues(million
tons/year) dry weight
Main residues
Valdez-Vazquez et al.
(2010)a
60.13 16.50
Corn stoverSorghum straw
Sugarcane straw/stalkWheat straw
Rios and Kaltschmitt
(2013)b
41.3 11.12
Sugarcane bagasseCorn cobs
Agaves bagasseCoffee pulp
Table 3. Main primary and secundary agroindustrial residues in Mexico.
aEstimation 2006 production.bEstimation 2010 production.
Bioenergy and ethanol potential wasassumed tan only (50%a and 60%b) ofbiomass is available for conversion.
Figure 5. Geographical distribution of agricultural residues in Mexico.
Corn stover and Corn cobs: SinaloaSorghum straw: TamaulipasBarley straw: Baja California NorteWheat straw: Baja California Norte, SonoraBean straw: OaxacaCotton Straw and gin trash: Baja California Norte, Chihuahua, CoahuilaAgaves bagasse: JaliscoCoffee pulp and husk: Oaxaca, Chiapas.Sugarcane tops/leaves and bagasse: Sinaloa, Veracruz, Quintana Roo.
ton/year (dry weight)
Valdez-Vazquez et al. (2010)
RangeBiomasa potential
(ton drymatter/year)
Bioenerypotentiala (KW)
Ethanol potentialb (L/year)
A 280,320 – 2,181,021 10,000.1 – 77,805 33,638,000 – 261,723,000
B 140,160 – 280,320 5,000.1 – 10,000 16,819,000 – 33,638,000
C 28,000 – 140,160 999.1 – 5,000 3,360,000 – 16,819,000
D 5600 – 28,000 200.1 – 999 672,000 – 3,360,000
E 140 – 5,600 5.1 – 200 17,000 – 672,000
F 0 – 140 0 - 5 0 – 17,000
aAverage calorific value of 15 MJ/kg of dry matter and 15% of conversion efficiency.
bAverage factor of 240 L/ton of lignocellulosic biomass.
Table 4. Bioenergy potential divided into ranges.
Bioenergy and ethanol potential is assumed tan only 50% of biomass can beconsidered available for conversion.
* Baja California, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco,Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas,Veracruz
Agroindustrial residues in Mexico 2006: 76.63 million tons/year (dry weight)
50%
38.31 millones de ton (base seca) =
9,194,400,000 L of ethanol
Rios and Kaltschmitt (2013)
Agroindustrial residues in Mexico 2010: 52.42 million tons/year (dry weight)
60%
31.45 millones de ton (base seca) =
7,548,000,000 L of ethanol
Valdez-Vazquez et al. (2010)
However
According to recent studies reported by Reyes Muro et al. (2017),an estimate of 31.1 million tons of corn stover were generated.29.4 million tons were used as animal feed and only theremaining 1.8 million tons (5.78%) can be used as biofuelfeedstock.
• Woody biomass (forest management).• Non woody forestry residues.• Residues from the wood processing industry.• Municipal solid waste (MSW)
• Microalgae (3rd generation)
Other alternatives
CONCLUSIONS
Mexico has the potential to become animportant bioetanol producer, however, ithas to overcome several economic, socialand political factors to do so.
Whats needed?
• Increase research of bioetanol production processes based in abiorefinery concept.
• The develop of new and more efficient cellulolytic enzymaticcomplex (indigenous technologies).
• Biomass and availability data update.
• Biorefinery map location selection and capacity productionaccording to biomass availability.
• Promotion of investment in construction of industrial scalebiorefineries.
Political will
THANKS