Research Review on Application of Bio-fertilizer in Major field

crop of Gujarat StateAs the Partial Fulfillment of Subject Agron. 507 (Agronomy of Oilseed, Fiber and Sugar Crops)

Submitted to:- Submitted by:- Dr. S. N. Shah Jayvirsinh P. Solanki Associate Professor Reg. no. 04-2917-2016 BACA, Anand Agril. Microbiology

Content…• Introduction• Classification of bio-fertilizer• Microorganism which works as bio-fertilizer• Mode of action • Review

Bio-Fertilizers

• Bio-Fertilizers: Bio-fertilizers are preparations containing active or latent cells of efficient strains of certain microbes that can utilise the atmospheric nitrogen to increase the nitrogen content of soil, and can dissolve the insoluble phosphate of the soil to release the phosphorus it contains in the soluble form for increasing crop yield.

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Acetobacter

Frankia

Azolla

Bacillus spp.

Pseudomonas

Burkholderia

VAM

Aspergillus

Trichoderma

Biofertilizer

Nitrogen fixing biofertilizer (NBF)

Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes

Symbiotic Asymbiotic Bacteria Fungi

Rhizobium Azotobacter

Azospirillum

BGA

Potash Mobilizing Biofertilizer

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• Certain soil microorganisms have an ability to absorb and convert atmospheric nitrogen to the readily available form to the plants (e.g., Nitrates).

• Where as certain soil microorganisms solubilise part of the bound phosphates of the soil and thereby make them available to the plants.

• Both these attributes make them important to be used as Bio-fertilizers.

How Bio-fertilizers Work ?• There is an abundance of biopolymers like proteins,

fats, fibers and other carbohydrates in natural soils.• Microbes in soil digest these large biopolymers to

respective smaller monomers. Proteins are digested to amino acids, carbohydrates and fiber to sugars and fats/lipids to fatty acids by the soil bacteria.

• Plants can easily absorb these small molecules or monomers.

• Additionally, the soil-bacteria help the plant-roots to absorb Major and minor nutrients present in the soils.

• The soil-bacteria also release biochemicals which accelerate the plant growth.

Advantages of Bio-fertilizers in general• Add nutrients (Nitrogen) to the soil / make them available

(Phosphorous) to the crop.• Secrete certain growth promoting substances.• Under certain conditions they exhibit anti-fungal activities

and thereby protect the plants from pathogenic fungi.• Harmless and Eco-friendly low cost agro-input

supplementary to Chemical Fertilizers.• Improve soil structure (porosity) and water holding

capacity.• Enhance seed germination.• Increase soil fertility, Fertilizer Use Efficiency and

ultimately the yield by 15-20 % in general.

PGPR• Certain groups of bacteria like the Pseudomonas fluorescence living in

association with the rhizosphere of most of crop plants (rhizobacteria promoting plant growth) supply all the essential nutrients required for the growth of the crop and in addition, protects the plant roots from the attack by soil-borne pathogens (saprophytic suppression).

a) Rhizobium Culture• The Rhizobium culture strains are very selective and require

particular host or nodulation.• The surface antigen on the Rhizobial cells recognizes the

binding sites (specific root exudates) on the roots of the leguminous plants.

• This characteristic makes them host-specific. Specific Rhizobial cell can penetrate the roots of the specific leguminous plants only and form nodules.

• They multiply within the nodule using the carbon source from the plant and in turn fix part of the atmospheric nitrogen to the plant.

• Each Rhizobium culture is useful only for the respective crop. This culture should be applied by seed treatment only.

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MORPHOLOGY• Unicellular,• Cell size less than 2µ wide.• Short to medium rod,

plemorphic, motile with peritricus flagella,

• Gram – negative, • Accumulate poly B-hydroxy

butyrate granules.

Rhizobium capsule staining

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1- Recognition and attachment (Rhicadhesin + Host Lectin)

2- Excretion of Nod factors

Steps involved in nodule formation

6.- Nodule formation

3. Invasion –Rhizobia penetrate root hair and multiply within “Infection thread”

Infection Thread

Uninfected root hair4-Bacteria Grow

toward root cell

5.- Formation of bacteroid state within plant cell

Advantages• The effective strain used in Rhizobium culture increases the

healthy nodulation and thereby nitrogen fixation (about 40 to 50 kg/ha.).

• About 10 to 15% increase of crop yield can be achieved with the use of this culture.

• The residues of pulses (legume crops) left in the soil after harvesting the crop are also advantageous to the subsequent crops to be sown.

Dose• Seed Treatment (for One Acre) : 250 gm / 10 kg seeds for liquid

preparation 10 ml/kg seed.• Seedling Treatment (for One Acre) : 250 gm.

b) Azotobacter Culture

• The cells of Azotobacter remain free in soil or in vicinity of the root system and fix part of the atmospheric nitrogen.

• Azotobacter is useful for the vegetables and cash crops viz. Brinjal, Chilli, Okra, Cotton, Cumin, Banana, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Castor, Vegetables etc., as well as horticultural crops.

Advantages

• The effective strain used in Azotobacter fixes about 15 – 20 kg atmospheric nitrogen/ ha.

• Certain growth promoting substances released by these bacteria are useful for increasing the seed germination, plant growth and ultimately the yield

• About 10 to 15 % increase of crop yield can be achieved with the use of these cultures

• In certain condition they also exhibit anti-fungal activities and thereby fungal diseases may be controlled indirectly.

Dose• Seed Treatment (for One Acre) : 250 gm / 10 kg seeds. • Seedling Treatment (for One Acre) : 250 gm.

c) Azospirillum Culture

• The cells of Azospirillum remain in association with the roots and fix part of the atmospheric nitrogen.

• Azospirillum is useful for the cereals and cash crops viz. Wheat, Paddy, Bajra, Jowar, Maize, Mustard, Cotton, Cumin, Banana, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Castor, Vegetables etc., as well as horticultural crops.

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Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms

• Microorganism like Bacteria and fungi viz. Bacillus coagulans, B. circulans, B.polymaxa, Pseudomonas striata, Aspergillus awamori, and Penicillium digitatum includes PSM.

• Having ability to solubilize insoluble phosphate present in the soil by lowering the pH due to secretion of organic acids there by making unavailable form of P to available form.

• The PSM soiubilize unavailable form to available form by enzymatic mechanism.

• The P solubilizing bacteria or fungi can be mass multiplied on Pikovasakys broth and mixed with the carrier material used. Experiments conducted by scientist have shown the possibility of saving of 25-50 kg P2O5 mere through application of recommended PSM culture.

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Important PSM

Bacillus coagulans, B. polymaxaPseudomonas striataAspergillus awamoriPenicillium digitatum

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Mechanism of actionPSMs secrete organic acids such as formic, acetic, propionic, lactic,

glycolic, citric, fumaric, succinic acids. These acids lower the pH and bring about the dissolution of bound forms of phosphates

Produce plant growth promoting substances like IAA, IBA ; GA & members of vitamin B group.

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TriCalcium Phosphate solubilization by PSM

Advantages

• The effective strain of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria used, increase the level of available P2O5 in the soil.

• With the increase in available P2O5 level, overall plant growth can be increased.• In certain condition they also exhibit anti-fungal activities and thereby fungal

diseases may be controlled indirectly.• About 10 to 15% increase of crop yield can be achieved with the use of this

culture.Dose• Seed Treatment (for One Acre) : 250 gm / 10 kg seeds.• Seedling Treatment (for One Acre) : 250 gm.

Cyanobacteria (BGA) as Bio-fertilisers

• Another group of free-living nitrogen fixers are the cyanobacteria commonly called the blue-green algae (BGA). More than a hundred species of BGA can fix nitrogen.

• Nitrogen fixation takes place in specialised cells called the heterocysts (large, thick walled and metabolically inactive cells) which depend on vegetative cells for energy to fix nitrogen while the fixed nitrogen is utilised by the vegetative cells for growth and development.

• BGA are very common in the rice fields (the micro-aerophilic condition and alkalinity are conducive to the algal population).

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TriCalcium Phosphate solubilization by PSM

Cyanobacteria (BGA) as Bio-fertilisers

• Another group of free-living nitrogen fixers are the cyanobacteria commonly called the blue-green algae (BGA). More than a hundred species of BGA can fix nitrogen.

• Nitrogen fixation takes place in specialised cells called the heterocysts (large, thick walled and metabolically inactive cells) which depend on vegetative cells for energy to fix nitrogen while the fixed nitrogen is utilised by the vegetative cells for growth and development.

• BGA are very common in the rice fields (the micro-aerophilic condition and alkalinity are conducive to the algal population).

Aquatic Fern (Azolla) as a Bio-fertiliser

• Azolla is a tiny water fern common in ponds, ditches and rice fields.• It has been used as a bio-fertiliser for rice in all major rice growing countries

including India, Thailand, Korea, Philippines, Brazil and West Africa.• The nitrogen accumulated in the Azolla is made available to the rice crop

when the fern decomposes.• The nitrogen fixing work is accomplished by the symbiotic relationship

between the fern and a BGA, Anabaena azollae.• The alga inhabits some of the cells on the underside of the Azolla frond and

fixes atmospheric nitrogen.

• It is dependent on the fern for photosynthesis which supply the energy for nitrogen fixation.

• In addition to nitrogen, the decomposed Azolla also provides K, P, Zn and Fe to the crop.

• It also controls aquatic weeds which would otherwise compete with the crop for nutrients.

Actinomycetes as Bio-fertiliser

• Frankia is an actinomycete and forms nitrogen fixing nodules in trees and shrubs.

• The organism invades the cells of a developed lateral root and causes it to fuse into a nodule.

• Entry into the host changes the structure of the microbe.• Scientists are hopeful that some day they may be able to make fruit

trees like apple, pear, plum, raspberry, etc. by fixing nitrogen through the involvement of Frankia.

Fungi as Bio-fertilizer• Some non-pathogenic fungi help in plant growth by

forming associations with the host plant roots called mycorrhizae (myca- fungi, rhiza -root).

• Some examples of such fungi are Trichoderma, Gigaspora, Glomus, etc.

• One group of mycorrhizae forms a sheath around the fine lateral roots and replaces the root hairs by dichotomous branching of the fungal hyphae.

• They are called ectomycorrhizae because they do not traverse intracellularly.

• The ectomycorrhizae help the plant by Solubilizing nutrients near the plant roots and making it easy for the plants to feed

• These fungi increase the surface area of absorption of the roots and thus help in the absorption of nutrients, specially those less mobile in soil solution like P.

• They also prevent the roots from being attacked by nematodes (by entangling them).

• Another group called the endomycorrhizae penetrate the roots and establish symbiotic relation with the plants.

• The fungi help the roots in obtaining inorganic nutrients while obtaining essential organic nutrients from the host.

• There is yet another group called ect-endomycorrhiza or vesiculararbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM fungi) wherein they are partly outside the host roots and partly intracellular.

Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)• VAM - Vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhiza - is the symbiotic association

between plant roots and soil fungus.• They are zygomycetes fungi belonging to the genera Glomus,

Gigaspora etc..• VAM plays a great role in inducing plant growth. • Mycorrhizae increase the resistance to root borne or soil borne

pathogens and Nematodes.• Enhanced colonization of introduced population of beneficial soil

organisms like Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Rhizobium and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria around mycorrhizal roots thereby, exerting synergistic effects on plant growth.

• Suitable for: Turmeric, Banana, Rubber, Coffee, Tea, Pepper, Cardamom, Cocoa, Fruit trees, Tree seedlings and species etc.

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The fungal network around the root increase the contact surface area between roots and particles of soil & absorbs nutrients from long distance away

VAM

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Root penetration of fungal hyphae

hypha grow intracellularly & also penetrate the cell walls of cortical cells, causing invagination of the plasma membrane

Advantage

• VAM is highly versatile and colonizes 85 % of the plant families.• It penetrates the roots, forms arbuscules and vesicles in the cortical cells of

the roots and hyphae and spores in the soil.• The mychorrhiza penetrates the roots, mobilizes & supplies phosphorus

and other micronutrients to the plants.• Solubilize phosphate and transports micronutrients such as zinc,

Manganese, iron, copper, Cobalt, Molybdenum etc. from the surrounding area to the plant.

• Increases the plant vigor by inducing drought resistance of young seedlings.• VAM protects the plants from the fungal pathogens.

Dosage and Method of application

Soil application:• 200 gms per sq.mt. in seed/nursery bed• 2 gm per seedling in the Nursery stage• 5 gms per seedling at the time of planting• 10 – 50 gms per garden trees and fruit trees respectively• 100 - 200 gms per plant of grown tree species• 3 – 5 kgs/acre of Manidharma’s VAM can be applied in 2 - 3 cm depth.

Earthworms as Bio-fertiliser

• Earthworms are farmer’s friends. They dig up and mix the soil, eat up decayed plants and convert them to fertiliser thus enriching the soil.

• In recent years a low-tech biotechnology has emerged to restore earthworms to their natural place in the environment through vermiculture (since the continuous use of chemicals has caused their depletion from soil).

• Vermiculture requires mineral inputs in terms of ingredients (leaf litter, household and agricultural wastes along with a starting population of earthworms).

Table 1. Effect of bio-fertilizer on yield and yield attributing characters of groundnut (Pooled over 3 years)

Treatment T1 : Rhi.I

T2 : Rhi.II T3 : PGPR4

T4 : RDFT5 : Control

Pod yield(kg ha-1)

Haulmyield(kg ha-1)

Kernelyield(kg ha-1)

No. ofpods plant-1

Shelling(%)

100KW(g)

SMK(%)

Oil(%)

HI(%)

2477 2992 1736 15.1 70.1 38.7 78.3 42.1 45.2

2536 3145 1765 15.6 69.6 38.4 79.0 42.6 44.6

2658 3189 1887 16.2 71.0 39.0 79.6 42.0 45.4

2213 2784 1509 13.7 68.2 38.1 77.0 42.8 44.2

1225 1641 773 7.8 63.1 37.8 72.1 43.2 42.7

S.Em.± 56.071 67.123 43.31 0.89 0.21 0.09 0.98 0.03 0.02

C.D. at 5% 143.54 171.83 110.87 2.28 0.54 NS 2.51 NS NS

KW = Kernel weight; SMK = Sound Mature Kernel; HI = Harvest Index

Joshi P. K & Kulkarni, J. H, West Bengal

Table 2 : Effect of different composts and biofertilizer on yield attributes and quality of Kharif green gram

Plant heightTreatments (cm)

at harvestNo. of

branches plant-1

No. of root nodules plant-1

No. of pods

plant-1

No. of seeds pod-1

Pods length (cm)

Number of seeds pod-1

1000 test weight

(g)

Seed nitrogen

content (%)

Protein content

%

T1 52.88 7.95 11.50 17.35 9.25 7.15 9.25 37.77 3.18 19.86

T2 61.35 9.30 13.60 21.00 10.40 7.46 10.40 41.15 3.59 22.43

T3 57.95 8.65 12.55 19.35 9.60 7.35 9.60 38.56 3.33 20.82

T4 59.15 8.70 12.58 18.85 9.65 7.32 9.65 39.34 3.44 21.49

T5 66.98 9.70 15.20 24.60 10.65 7.77 10.65 44.24 4.21 26.29

T6 58.80 8.70 12.83 19.85 9.85 7.34 9.85 39.24 3.37 21.01

T7 57.70 8.75 14.50 19.80 9.90 7.32 9.90 38.76 3.52 22.00

T8 58.35 8.65 14.05 20.10 9.95 7.39 9.95 38.75 3.36 21.01

T9 61.43 9.45 17.88 21.48 10.30 7.50 10.30 41.91 3.79 23.71

T10 58.90 8.75 15.00 19.90 10.05 7.42 10.05 39.32 3.54 22.14

S.E. (±) 2.37 0.31 0.98 1.25 0.29 0.19 0.29 1.28 0.17 1.05

C.D. (P=0.05) 6.88 0.91 2.85 3.63 NS NS NS 3.71 0.49 3.03NS=Non-significant

Kh. Naveen & K. D. Mevada, Anand

Table: 3 Fresh Weight as influenced by KMB inoculation in PotatoFresh Weight (t/ha)

Tuber Treatment Soil Treatment

Trt. 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Pool 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Pool

T1 21.50 29.94 26.73 24.05 21.47 22.32 26.64 23.81

T2 20.87 22.33 26.25 23.15 20.87 22.64 25.67 23.06

T3 19.97 21.30 22.7 21.32 20.67 22.27 22.46 21.80

T4 20.55 22.69 25.66 22.97 20.71 22.18 25.16 22.68

T5 20.33 23.17 24.47 22.66 19.74 21.36 24.44 21.86

T6 19.35 21.75 24.86 21.99 20.69 22.56 24.67 22.64

T7 19.98 21.42 22.34 21.24 19.58 21.45 21.88 20.96

T8 18.81 20.26 23.35 20.81 17.89 19.47 23.08 20.15

T9 21.48 21.48 26.64 23.20 22.04 24.17 26.30 24.17

T10 8.72 10.05 13.07 10.61 13.01 14.34 12.87 13.50

S.Em+- 1.09 1.01 1.40 1.18 0.90 1.02 1.68 1.25

CV% 9.9 8.4 10.3 9.6 7.9 8.3 12.5 10.1

YxT NS NS

Dept. of Agril. Micro & Agronomy, 2011, 2012 & 2013

Table 4: Effect of Azotobacter on Growth and Yield Attributes of Maize during 2007-08T1 150 184 167.0 65 92 78.5 4.36 4.21 4.28 1.03 1.16 1.09

T2 194 213 203.5 85 112 98.5 5.56 5.05 5.30 0.20 0.50 0.35T3 177 216 196.5 78 115 96.5 4.73 4.43 4.58 0.73 0.88 0.80T4 184 209 196.5 68 108 88.0 4.13 4.66 4.39 1.35 0.83 1.09T5 188 211 199.5 90 113 101.5 4.33 4.00 4.16 0.96 1.38 1.17

T6 186 214 200.0 96 111 103.5 5.08 4.60 4.84 0.33 0.93 0.63T7 206 211 208.5 94 111 102.5 4.86 4.83 4.84 0.41 0.76 0.58

T8 205 216 210.5 100 113 106.5 5.33 5.50 5.41 0.21 0.16 0.18

F-test ** ** * ** * * NS NS CV% 5.2 2.92 9.5 4.95 14.2 10.3 24.7 28.80 LSD(0.05) 13.6 10.7 14.3 9.51 1.00 0.84 -

  

Bandhu Raj Baral* and Parbati Adhikari (Nepal)

Table 5: Lint, Seed cotton and stalk yield of cotton as influenced by nitrogen, FYM and biofertilizer

Lint yield (q/ha-1)

Seed yield(q/ha-1)

Seed cotton yield(q/ha-1)

Stalk yield(q/ha-1)

Treatments 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

Control

5.10

5.89

9.6

11.0

14.6

16.8

47.9

49.430 Kg N ha -1 6.15 6.97 11.6 13.2 17.7 20.2 51.9 54.260 Kg N ha -1 6.95 7.89 13.3 15.1 20.2 22.9 55.8 58.8Azotobacter (Az.) M4 5.40 6.33 10.1 11.4 15.5 17.8 48.9 50.6

Azotobacter (Az.) M5 5.34 6.29 9.9 11.2 15.3 17.5 48.7 50.4FYM @ 12 t ha -1 6.54 7.34 12.2 14.1 18.7 21.5 52.8 55.7

30 Kg N ha -1 Az.M 4 6.49 7.09 12.1 14.1 18.6 21.2 52.5 55.4

Division of Agronomy, IARI, New Delhi 2005

Mahaagrozyme 45.6 49.4 96.2 97.0 145.3 151.8 170.6 181.6

Sem ± 1.1 1.4 3.3 3.5 3.9 4.4 5.3 4.8

CD (P= 0.05) 3.3 4.0 9.8 10.2 11.6 12.8 15.6 14.1

Table 6: The effect of mineral fertilizers alone or in combination with biofertilizers on yield and its components of wheat at 2013/2014.

Treatments No. of spikes No. of spikelets Spike length 1000 grains Grain yieldPlant -1 Spike -1 (cm) Weight (gm) (t ha -1)

2013/2014 Season

100% NPK 5.03 15.00 8.33 39.21 1.11

75% NPK + BI* Inoculated

6.91 15.00 9.00 41.89 1.21

75% NPK + Bu** foliar

7.13 15.67 9.00 43.25 1.31

50% NPK + Bi inoculated

4.01 14.00 7.33 38.11 1.05

50% NPK + Bu foliar

4.89 14.67 7.33 36.93 1.01

LSD (5%) 1.83 1.85 0.97 3.23 0.17

Ragab S. Taha, Ayman H.A. Mahdi and Hamdy A. Abd El-Rahman, Egypt

Table 7 : Effect of chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer on yield attributes and economics of plantTreatment Weight

(1000 g)Panicle weight (g)

Filled grain (Per panicle)

Grain yield (qt ha-1)

Straw yield (qt ha-1)

B:C ratio

100 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 kg K

21.46 2.43 124 58 83 3.31

150 kg N + 60 kg P + 40 kg K + Azotobacter@ 4 kg/ha

23.59 3.16 138 63 87 3.35

150 kg N + 60 kg P + 40 kg K + Azotobacter+ PSB @ 5 kg/ ha

24.50 3.58 140 65 88 3.41

C.D. (P=0.05) 0.85 0.23 6.8 2.1 2.5

 

RAMA KANT SINGH, PANKAJ KUMAR, BIRENDRA PRASAD AND S. B. SINGH, Katihar, Bihar 2015

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