biogas digestate land application crolla07

7/30/2019 Biogas Digestate Land Application Crolla07

1/22

Assessment of the Production and LandApplication of Anaerobically Digested Manurefrom Medium Sized Livestock Farms

Anna Crolla1, Chris Kinsley1,mie Dsilets2,Elizabeth Pattey3, Ray Desjardins3, Bonnie Ball-Coelho3, Tarlok Sahota4

Growing the Margins:Energy Conservation and Generation for Farms and Food Processors

1 University of Guelph Campus dAlfred, 2 Dairy Farmers of Canada,3 Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 4 Thunder Bay Agricultural Research Station

April 11-14, 2007

London Convention Centre, London, Ontario


2/22

Project Objectives

1. Evaluate the production of biogas and electricity fromdairy manure.

2. Evaluate enhanced biogas production through theaddition of high organic agricultural and non-agricultural feedstocks.

3. Assess the fate of nutrients, GHGs and pathogensfrom the storage and land application of digestedversus undigested manure, and subsequent

environmental and agronomic impacts.4. Conduct Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) for anaerobicdigestion systems on medium sized dairy farms.


3/22

Project Overview Anaerobic Digesters:

Construction of 2 anaerobic digesters on dairy

farms in Eastern Ontario Monitoring of 4 anaerobic digesters Evaluate use of co-substrates for enhanced

biogas production (pilot & full scales) Land Application Trials:

Land application trials for GHGmeasurements

Land application trials for fate of nutrients and

pathogens in soil and water


4/22

Anaerobic Digesters

1. Fepro Farms (160 dairy cows) Cobden, Ontario2. EEC Energy Corp. (105 dairy cows) Thunder Bay, Ontario

3. Terryland Farm (150 dairy cows) St. Eugene, Ontario (newly built)4. Pinehedge Farm (55 dairy cows) St. Eugene, Ontario (newly built)

Monitoring Parameters

Digester System Performance Environmental Impacts

Biogas production & CH4 concentration Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

Electricity & heat production E.coliCOD Salmonella

Volatile solids C.perfringens

pH Enterococci

Temperature CH4 emissions


5/22

Fepro Farm Digester

Owned by Paul and Fritz Klaesi 160 dairy cows Mesophilic system (40oC) 500 m3 completely mixed

reactor 20 m3 day-1 loading rate of raw

manure with HRT of 25 days Co-digestion of FOG (2007) 65 kW generator Electricity production to be sold

to grid Heat production used to heat

digester, 2 homes and part ofbarn

Operating for 3 years


6/22

Terryland and Pinehedge Farms

Two digesters owned byGeorge and Josef Heinzle

Construction completed andoperation to start spring 2007

Mesophilic systems 800 m3 digester Terryland: conventional dairy

with 150 cows Pinehedge: organic dairy with

55 cows and yoghurt facility Co-digestion with corn silage 180kW and 100kW generators Electricity to be sold to grid and

heat used in yoghurt facility


7/22

Electricity and Heat Production

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 8- Ma y- 06 2 7- Ju n- 06 1 6- A ug -0 6 05 -O ct- 06 24 -Nov - 06 13 -Ja n- 07 04 -Ma r- 07 2 3- A pr -0 7

Date

DailyBio

gasVolume(m3)andDaily

Elect

ricityProduction(k

Wh)

E lec tric ity B iogas

Example: Fepro Farm Digester, Cobden, ON

Klaesi Digester EEC DigesterBiogas

(m3 day-1)

Electricity

(kWh day-1)

Heat

(Btu h-1)

Biogas

(m3 day-1)

Heat

(Btu h-1)

Mean 419 713 300,000 357 210,000STDEV 43 79 23


8/22

Odours Odours: ammonia (NH3), volatile fatty acids

(VFA), phenolic compounds

95 % reduction of VFAsExample: Fepro Farm Digester, Cobden, ON

Concentration of Volatile Fatty Acids (mg L-1)

Raw Manure Digested Manure

AceticAcid

PropionicAcid

ButyricAcid

TVFA AceticAcid

PropionicAcid

ButyricAcid

TVFA

Average 5090 1500 951 7542 322 81 1 398STDEV 1680 542 454 2550 179 81 6 228

% Red. 93.7 94.6 99.9 94.7


9/22

Pathogens

E.coli in rawmanure sample

E.coli in digestedmanure sample

70-95% reduction in pathogens (~ 1-2 logs)Examples: Digesters at Fepro Farm, Cobden, ON & EEC, Thunder Bay, ONGeometric Mean Bacteria Concentrations (CFU 100mL

-1)

Klaesi Digester EEC Digester

RawManure

DigestedManure

LogReduction

RawManure

DigestedManure

LogReduction

E.coli 5.15 E+07 4.46 E+05 4.99 E+05 3.03 E+04

Log STDEV 0.97 0.78 0.48 0.46

Salmonella 1.25 E+06 5.95 E+04 2.12 E+05 1.84 E+04

Log STDEV 0.54 0.67 0.33 0.21

C.perfringens 1.37 E+07 2.90 E+06 6.89 E+05 2.97 E+04

Log STDEV 0.67 0.51 0.57 0.41Enterococci 2.16 E+07 1.66 E+06 1.32 E+06 5.97 E+04

Log STDEV 0.59 0.78 0.25 0.52

1.341.12

1.370.67

1.061.32

1.222.06

Pathogens


10/22

CH4 Emissions at Fepro Farms

Source: Drs. Ray Desjardins & Matthew McBain (AAFC Ottawa)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

298.2 298.4 298.6 298.8 299 299.2 299.4 299.6

Day of Year (DOY)

WholeFarmEmissionRate(mgCH4s-1)

Biodigester disabled

Biodigester enabled

CH4 emissions from storage with digestion = 56 kg CH4 head-1 year -1

CH4 emissions from storage without digestion = 245 kg CH4 head-1 year -1


11/22

Land Application Trials

Water and Soil Samples Air Measurements

Nutrients : NH4+

, NO3-

, o-PO43-

, TP,Organic-N NH3 & N2O

E.coli Plant Samples

Salmonella Nutrients: Yield, Total-N, Total-P

C.perfringens

Enterococci

University of Guelph at Alfred Monitoring of soil and waterafter land application of raw manure, digested manure andinorganic fertilizer.

AAFC at Ottawa Monitoring of soil and air after landapplication of raw manure, digested manure and inorganicfertilizer.

Thunder Bay Research Station Monitoring of soil after landapplication of raw manure, digested manure and inorganic

fertilizer.Monitoring Parameters


12/22

Gas Measurements from Land

Application Trials CFIA plots Three 8 ha plots

Tunable Diode Laser (TDL) usedto measure N2O gradients at 1.5mand 2.5m above the displacementheight at east and west bounds

TDL takes continuousmeasurements during manureapplication and field work

Crop rotation wheat/corn/corn

Fall 2005 application of raw anddigested manure Spring 2006 application of urea Spring 2007 application of raw and

digested manure


13/22

Land Application Trials at CFIA Plots

Location: CFIA Plots in Ottawa October 2005

Spray broadcast of manure with incorporation within 24 hours

Gas Emissions from Land Application Trials


14/22

Harvested spring Wheat Field (CFIA, Ottawa))

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111

Calendar Days (2006)

FN2O(mgN2O-Nm-2d

-1)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

5560

65

70

75

80

85

Rain(mm

d-1);Snow(cm)

Rain

Snow (cm)

FN2O-N raw + sterilized

FN2O Biodigested

Total Emissions:Biodigested =2.4 kg N ha-1

Raw + Sterilized =1.5 kg N ha-1


Fall 2005 Raw & Digested Manure Applications

Source: Dr. Elizabeth Pattey (AAFC Ottawa)

Raw ManureApplication 40.4 m3 ha-1 75.0 kg total N ha-1

56.0 kg inorganic N ha-1(53.0 kg NH4+ -N ha-1, 3.0 kg NO3- -N ha-1)

Digested Manure

Application 40.4 m3

ha-1

86.5 kg total N ha-1

76.9 kg inorganic N ha-1

(74.6 kg NH4+

-N ha-1

, 2.3 kg NO3-

-N ha-1

)



15/22

CFIA Field 14

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150

Calendar Day (2006)

NH3

Flux

(m

g

NH3-Nm

-2d

-1)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Precipitation

(m

m

d-1)

Precipitation

Ammonia Fluxes

Urea application:

CD 130

Total emissions:

2.98 kg NH3-N ha-1

Corn Field 14 (CFIA, Ottawa)

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230

Calendar Day (2006)

N2OFlux(

mgN2O-Nm-2d

-1)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Precipitation(mmd-1)

PrecipitationN2O Fluxes

1.9 kg N2O-N ha-1

NH3 Flux N2O Flux


Spring 2006 Application of Urea

Source: Dr. Elizabeth Pattey (AAFC Ottawa)Urea application: 136 kg N ha

-1


16/22

Plot Trials at Alfred Campus

Sandy soil plots Clay soil plots with surface and

subsurface drains Twelve 0.15 ha plots (15 m x 100 m) Plots hydraulically isolated with liner

between plots to a depth of 2 m Surface drains at 15 cm depth and

subsurface drains at 1 m depth 3 m wells around plot perimeter Application of raw and digested

manure and inorganic fertilizer in

both spring and fall (spray broadcastand incorporated within 24 hrs) Low N loading: 75 kg N ha-1 (L) High N loading: 140 kg N ha-1 (H)

Crop rotation barley/corn/corn


17/22

Alfred Plots Layout of Clay Soil Plots

Plo

t#1-Contr

ol

Plo

t#2Raw

Manure

Plo

t#3Dig.Manure

Plo

t#4-Fertilizer

Plo

t#5Raw

Manure

Plo

t#6Dig.Manure

Plo

t#7-Fertilizer

Plo

t#8-Control

Plo

t#9Raw

Manure

Plo

t#10Dig.Manure

Plo

t#11-Fertilizer

Plo

t#12-Control

FieldStation

Both surface and subsurface water drainage are collected


18/22

Alfred Field Station

All 24 drains run into

basement of cabin Flow measured using tippingbuckets (datalogged)

Flow proportional composite

samples are taken (tippingbuckets control samplingpumps)

Nitrates in Drainage Waters


19/22

Nitrates in Drainage WatersRaw Manure Digested Manure

Raw Dairy ManureFall Application

0.002.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

10-Sep

-06

25-Sep

-06

10-Oct

-06

25-Oct

-06

09-Nov-06

24-Nov-06

09-Dec

-06

24-Dec

-06

08-Jan

-07

23-Jan

-07

Date

Flo

w-weightedMeanNO3-N

Concentrations,mg/L

Surface Drains Subsurface Drains

05

10

15202530

10-Sep

-06

25-Sep

-06

10-Oct-

06

25-Oct-

06

9-No

v-06

24-N

ov-06

9-De

c-06

24-Dec

-06

8-Jan-07

23-Jan

-07

Date

Precipitation,mm

Digested Dairy Manure

Fall Application

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

10-Sep

-06

25-Sep

-06

10-Oct

-06

25-Oct

-06

09-Nov

-06

24-Nov

-06

09-Dec

-06

24-Dec

-06

08-Jan

-07

23-Jan

-07

Date

Flo

w-weightedMeanNO3-N

Concentrations,mg/L

Surface Drains Subsurface Drains

05

1015

20

2530

10-Sep

-06

25-Sep

-06

10-Oct-

06

25-Oct-

06

9-No

v-06

24-N

ov-06

9-De

c-06

24-Dec

-06

8-Jan-07

23-Jan

-07

Date

Precipitation,mm

Manure Manure

Spring 2006 Fall 2006

Raw Manure (56.0 kg NH4+ -N ha-1,3.6 kg NO3

- -N ha-1)4.75 5.97 3.99 3.78

Application of75 kg total N ha-1 Surface Drains Subsurface Drains Surface Drains Subsurface Drains

7.95

4.92

5.72

3.82

Digested Manure (63.7 kg NH4+ -N

ha-1, 3.1 kg NO3- -N ha-1)

8.55 4.26

Inorganic Fertilizer (68 kg NH4+ -Nha-1)

7.61 2.81

Flow-weighted Mean Concentrations in Drains (mg L-1)

E li i D i W t d i F ll


20/22

E.coli in Drainage Waters during Fall

Digested Dairy ManureFall Application

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Days

E.coliConcentra

tions(Log10cts/100mL)

Surface Drains Subsur face Drains

0

5

10

15

20

25

22/11/2006

24/11/2006

26/11/20

06

28/11/20

06

30/11/2006

02/12/20

06

04/12/2006

06/12/20

06

08/12/20

06

10/12/20

06

12/12/20

06

14/12/2006

16/12/20

06

18/12/2006

Date

Precipitation,mm

Raw Dairy ManureFall Application

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 1 6 17 18 1 9 20 21 22 2 3 24 25 26 27Days

E.coliConcentration(Log10cts/100mL)

Surface Drains Subsur face Drains

0

5

10

15

20

25

22/11/20

06

24/11/20

06

26/11/20

06

28/11/20

06

30/11/20

06

02/12/20

06

04/12/20

06

06/12/20

06

08/12/20

06

10/12/20

06

12/12/20

06

14/12/20

06

16/12/20

06

18/12/20

06

Date

Precipitation,mm

Raw Manure Digested Manure

E.coli Salmonella C.perfringens Enterococci

Raw Manure - Surface Drains 7.22 E+03 4.66 E+03 1.23 E+03


21/22

On-going Work Digesters:

- Continue monitoring digesters for reactorperformance and environmental impacts

- Monitor increased biogas production at Klaesi andHeinzle digesters using co-substrates

- Continue monitoring CH4 emissions

Land Application Trials:- Monitor NH3 and N2O emissions from spring

application of raw and digested manures

- Monitor nutrients and pathogens in drainage waterand soils with higher manure application rate- Determine transport of nutrients and pathogens

through soil to drainage waters

P j t P t


22/22

Project Partners Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Dr. Elizabeth Pattey, Dr. Ray Desjardins & Dr. Bonnie Ball-Coelho Dairy Farmers of Canada

mie Dsilets University of Guelph

Anna Crolla & Chris Kinsley Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

Don Hilborn, Jake DeBruyn, Pamela Joosse & Duff MacKinnon University of Ottawa

Dr. Kevin Kennedy Thunder Bay Agricultural Research Centre

Dr. Tarlok Sahota Fepro Farms Klaesi Family Terryland Farms Heinzle Family Pinehedge Farms Heinzle Family

EEC Energy Corporation Jeff Stubbings

biogas digestate land application crolla07

Documents