biolab frog organ histology

8/13/2019 BIOLAB FROG Organ Histology

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THE FOUR TUNICS IN THE GASTROINTESTINE(Outer to inner)

STOMACH Serosa

- smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer ofcells which secrete serous fluid (mucus-like) anda thin epithelial layer

- line and enclose several body cavities, known asserous cavities, where they secrete a lubricatingfluid which reduces friction from musclemovement

- composed of a secretory epithelial layer and aconnective tissue layer underneath

- consists of a thin layer of loose connective tissuecovered by mesothelium (a type of squamousepithelium that lines body cavities)

a. Tunica serosa- The most outer part that covers the stomach

b. Tunica subserosa- Beneath the tunica serosa

Muscularis a. Tunica Muscularis- Responsible for gut movement- Consists of two thick layers of smooth muscle.

Muscle fibers in the inner layer are alignedcircularly, whereas those in the outer layer have alongitudinal orientation

This combination of circular and longitudinalsmooth muscle gives the tube an ability to

perform complex movements that squeeze andpropel ingesta in the lumen. Submucosa

a. Tela submucosa- layer of dense irregular connective tissue or loose

connective tissue that supports the mucosa, aswell as joins the mucosa to the bulk of overlyingsmooth muscle (fibers running circularly withinlayer of longitudinal muscle); contains blood andlymphatic vessels

Mucosa

a.

Tunica mucosa- Covered by epithelial cells (got contact with thelumen)1. Parietal cells

are the stomach epithelial cells thatsecrete gastric acid (HCl) and intrinsicfactor (also known as gastric intrinsicfactor (GIF), is a glycoprotein producedby the parietal cells of the stomach;necessary for the absorption of vitamin

1. Serosa2. Tela subserosa3. Muscularis4. Oblique fibers of muscle wall5. Circular muscle layer6. Longitudinal muscle layer7. Submucosa8. Lamina muscularis mucosae9. Mucosa

10. Lamina propria11. Epithelium12. Gastric glands13. Gastric pits
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesotheliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitheliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_irregular_connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitheliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitheliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_irregular_connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitheliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelium


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B12 (cobalamin) later on in the smallintestine)

only located in glands found in aparticular area of the stomach, known asthe fundus

nearer the columnar cells2. Chief/Zymogenic cells

Releases pepsinogen (activated into the

digestive enzyme pepsin when it comes incontact with acid produced by gastricparietal cells) and chymosin

3. Lamina propria loose connective tissue through which

course blood vessels and lymphatic beneath the tunica mucosa

4. Muscularis Mucosa Thin layer of smooth muscles that permit

the mucosa to move and fold.

SMALL INTESTINE

Serosaa. Tunica serosa- Derived from peritoneum (serous membrane

that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity) - Connective tissue

Muscularis b. Tunica Muscularis- Composed of smooth muscles arranged in two

layers: 1. Stratum Circulare of Tunica Muscularis inner layer circularly arranged

2. Stratum Longitudinale of Tunica Muscularis Outer layer Longitudinally arranged

Submucosab. Tela submucosa- Thin connective tissue layer beneath or next to the

mucosa and supporting the villi. Blood vessels andnerves will be seen in this layer especially at thebase of the villus

Mucosa

a. Tunica mucosa- The simple epithelial layer of columnar cells.b. Goblet cells- Secrete mucous which helps lubricate food- Present among the tall cells (simple columnar)- Unicellular glands- Appear as large cells with clear cytoplasmc. Villi

- small, finger-like projections that protrude fromthe epithelial lining of the intestinal wall

LIVER- lobulated gland

Glissons Capsule- connective collagenous capsule covering the

external surface of the liver Each compact lobule is polygonal and

histologically shows the liver cells arranged indouble rows of hepatic cords which radiates froma central vein

Sinudoids

-

Spaces which form blood sinuses (spaces) thatend in the central vein

Connective Tissue Septa

- a dividing wall or membrane in hepatocytes

Kupffer cells - stellate macrophages- specialized macrophages in the liver located in the

sinusoids
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_fundushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_fundushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_fundushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_fundushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12


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Parenchyma- includes the hepatocytes and sinusoids

Stroma- connective tissue between lobules; supportive

framework

HEPATIC TRINITY1. Portal Vein- (veins) are usually blue in color; but not a true

vein- blood vessel that conducts blood from the

gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver- this blood is rich in nutrients that have been

extracted from food, and the liver processes thesenutrients; it also filters toxins that may have beeningested with the food

- with rbcs insid e

2. Hepatic Artery- short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood

to the liver, pylorus (a part of the stomach) ,duodenum (a part of the small intestine) andpancreas

- thick cells - with rbcs inside

3. Bile Duct- carries bile - cuboidal cells

Lymphatic Vessel - thin walled, valved structures that carry lymph

PANCREAS- both an endocrine gland producing several

important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, and adigestive organ, secreting pancreatic juicecontaining digestive enzymes that assist theabsorption of nutrients and the digestion in the

small intestine - glandular organ

Acinar cells- any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed

"berry" of the exocrine gland - connected to ducts

Centroacinar cells - spindle-shaped cells in the exocrine pancreas

Islets of Langerhan

- lightly stained- produce hormones that underlie the endocrine

functions of the pancreas - highly vascular

BLOOD VESSELS

1. Artery- Carry blood away from the heart- Has thicker wall due to the presence of more

muscles and elastic fibers in its media andsometimes in the adventitia

Tunica Interna/intima- Inner most layer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_juicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_juicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel


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- Made up of one layer of endothelium (has directcontact with the blood)

- Supported by elastic lamina

Tunica Media - Made up of concentrically arranged smooth

muscles and elastic fibers- Separated from the intima by an elastic lamina

(composed of elastin)Tunica Externa - Also known as Tunica Adventitia- Mainly composed of longitudinally arranged

collagen (serves to anchor the blood vessel tonearby organs, giving it stability) and elastic fibers

- Supported by external elastic laminaVEIN - Shows smooth intima and tunica media deficient

in both muscle fibers and elastic fibers

OVARY - Ovum-producing organ(FROG)Oogenesis- Process of growth and development of eggs

Oogonia - Give rise to oocytes- Cells farthest from the peritoneal layer that forms

the ovarian envelop- Large with yolk granules in cytoplasm- Develops into a primary oocyte, then into a

secondary oocyte and finally into an ovum - Diploid; has 4 chromatids- Found in the membrane- Has airspaces- Do not have follicle cells; they cluster

Primary oocyte- Germ cell- Diploid; 4 chromatids- Have follicles

Secondary oocyte- Germ cell- Haploid; 2 chromatids


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- Have follicles

Ovum - Haploid; 1 chromatid

(CAT)Graafian follicle

- Isolated mass of cells in the form the ovarianfollicle

- Starts as solid cell masses and develop intostructure in which growing egg enlarges andseparates off as a single entity

Antrum - portion of an ovarian follicle filled with liquor

folliculi- space filled

Liquor folliculi- fluid that fills the follicular antrum

Corpus luteum - fibrous condition of egg after ovulation

Follicle cells - collective term for cells that surround the egg

Vitelline membrane- structure directly adjacent to the outer surface of

the plasma membrane of an ovum

- only found in unfertilized eggs

Theca interna (inside) and externa (outside)- covers the ovary

Germinal vesicle- nucleus of oogonia

TESTIS - produces male gametes through spermatogenesis

Seminiferous tubules - two types: convoluted and straight

Spermatogenic cells - develops into sperm cells

Spermatogonia- found closest to the periphery of the seminiferous

tubule- nucleus is oval and lightly stained- smaller than the primary spermatocyte- Diploid cells

Primary Spermatocyte- Largest among the different kinds of cells in the

tubule- Nucleus shows threadlike chromatin materials

that shows meiosis- Diploid cells that undergo first division of meiosis

Secondary Spermatocyte - Results from the first meiotic division- Slightly smaller than the primary spermatocytes- Has a prominent nucleus and cytoplasm- Haploid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_folliclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_folliculihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_folliculihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_folliculihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_folliculihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_follicle


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Spermatids - Very small cells produced by the second meiotic

division- Approximately half the size of the secondaries- Near the lumen- Haploid

Spermatozoa

- Seen to be fine hair-like structures in the lumen

Sertoli cells - Large columnar shaped cells whose cytoplasm

may contain the heads of maturing spermatozoa

Interstitial cells/ Leydig cells- Round/polygonal cells found between

seminiferous tubules- Produces male hormones

Tunica albuginea- Fibrous covering of the testis

KIDNEY

Uriniferous tubule (Nephron)- unit of structure of kidney - regulate the concentration of water and soluble

substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the restas urine

Glomerulus - blood capillary tuft (bunch/group)

Malpighian corpuscle/ Renal corpuscle of Malphigi- collective term for glomerulus and bowman s

capsule

Bowman s capsule - double-walled- cupped-shaped

SPINAL CORD

Meninges (Membrane) 1. Dura mater outer (may not be included)2. Arachnoid middle3. Pia mater inner

White Matter- Peripheral region containing the fiber tracts

composed of bundles of myelinated fibers

- Contain censory and motor neurons

Gray Matter- Inner or more centrally located region- Where cell bodies are found- Usually x-shaped or h-shaped- Contain nerve cell bodies

*Septa1. Anterior Median Fissure/Sulcus

1. Glomerulus, 2. Efferent arteriole, 3.Bowman's capsule, 4. Proximal convolutedtubule, 5. Cortical collecting duct, 6. Distalconvoluted tubule, 7. Loop of Henle, 8. Ductof Bellini, 9. Peritubular capillaries, 10.Arcuate vein, 11. Arcuate artery, 12. Afferentarteriole, 13. Juxtaglomerular apparatus.

BC-Bowman's Capsule

PC-Proximal Convoluted TubuleDC-Distal Convoluted Tubule

VP-Vascular Pole

UP-Urinary Pole

MD-Macula Densa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration


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2. Anterior Median Sulcus

Canalis Centralis - The spinal canal- Lined by ependymal cells (thin epithelium-like

lining of central canal)- Where cerebro-spinal fluid flows

Ganglion- mass of nerve tissue containing cell bodies of

neurons external to the brain or spinal cord

Dorsal Root ganglion

- contains cell bodies of nerve cells (neurons) thatcarry signals from sensory organs toward theappropriate integration center

Good luck for the practical! :D
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron

biolab frog organ histology

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