biology biological communities · 2016. 7. 6. · most organisms are adapted to live within a...

Name ____________________________________________________________ Period ______

Biology

Biological Communities

Date Assignment Received Possible

Chapter 17 Vocabulary

Chapter 17 notes

Chapter 17 Questions

Active Reading/Quiz 17.1

Directed Reading/Quiz 17.2

Directed Reading/Quiz 17.3

Vocabulary Review

Science Skills Worksheet - Biomes

Chapter 17: Biological Communities

Section 1: How Organisms Interact in Communities

1. coevolution

2. predation

3. parasitism

4. secondary compound (363)

5. symbiosis

6. mutualism

7. commensalism

Section 2: How Competition Shapes Communities

8. competition

9. niche

10. fundamental niche

11. realized niche

12. competitive exclusion

13. biodiversity

Section 3: Major Biological Communities

14. climate

15. biome

16. littoral zone

17. limnetic zone

18. profundal zone

19. plankton

Biological Communities Section 1 How Organisms Interact in Communities

Objectives

Describe coevolution.

Predict how coevolution can affect interactions between species.

Identify the distinguishing features of symbiotic relationships. Evolution in Communities

Interactions Among Species

Some ___________________ among species are the result of a long ________________

history in which many of the participants adjust to one another over time.

For example, natural selection has often led to a close match between the characteristics

of the flowers of a plant __________________ and its ___________________________.

_______________________________ evolutionary adjustments between interacting

members of an ecosystem are called ______________________________.

Predators and Prey Coevolve

_________________________ is the act of one organism killing another for food.

In ________________________ one organism feeds on and usually lives on or in

another, typically larger, organism.

Parasites do not usually ___________ their prey (known as the ―___________‖). Rather,

they depend on the host for _______________ and a place to ___________________.

Plant Defenses Against Herbivores

Plants protect themselves from herbivores is with _________________, _____________,

and ____________________.

Virtually all plants contain defensive _______________________ that discourage

herbivores called ___________________________________________.

Each group of plants makes its own special kind of ______________________ chemical.

How Herbivores Overcome Plant Defenses

Certain ____________________________ are able to feed on plants that are protected by

particular defensive chemicals.

For example, the ________________ of cabbage butterflies feed almost exclusively on

plants of the _____________________ and caper families, which are _______________

to many groups of insects.

Symbiotic Species

In _________________________ two or more species live together in a close, long-term

association.

Symbiotic relationships can be _________________________ to both organisms or

benefit one organism and leave the other _________________ or __________________.

________________________ is one type of symbiotic relationship that is detrimental to

the host organism.

_______________________ is a symbiotic relationship in which both participating

species benefit.

A well-known instance of mutualism involves _____________ and _______________.

Ants provide __________________________ for the aphids. In return, the aphids

produce ______________________________, which the ants use as a food source.

A third form of symbiosis is ________________________________, a symbiotic

relationship in which one species __________________ and the other is _____________

harmed nor helped.

An example of commensalism is the relationships between certain small _____________

_____________________ and _____________________________.

These fishes live among and are ______________________ by the tentacles of the sea

anemones, even though these tentacles would quickly __________________ other fishes.

Section 2 How Competition Shapes Communities

Objectives

Describe the role of competition in shaping the nature of communities.

Distinguish between fundamental and realized niches.

Describe how competition affects an ecosystem.

Summarize the importance of biodiversity. Common Use of Scarce Resources and Competition

When two species use the same ___________________, they participate in a biological

interaction called _______________________________.

Resources for which species compete include _____________, ____________________,

living space, _______________, mineral nutrients, and ____________________.

Competition occurs for resources in _________________ supply.

The functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem is called its ______________.

A niche may be described in terms of ________________________________, ________

__________________________, temperature range, requirements for moisture or

__________________, and other factors.

A niche is often described in terms of how the organism affects ____________________

within the ecosystem in which it lives.

Size of a Species’ Niche

The niche of a species is influenced by several _____________________.

These variables include the ________________________ it prefers, the time of year it

__________________, what it likes to ____________, and where it finds its food.

The entire range of resource _______________________ an organism is potentially able

to occupy within an ecosystem is its ________________________________________.

Dividing Resources Among Species

Many species occupy only a ___________________ of their fundamental niche.

For example, scientists have studied five species of ___________________, which had

very similar fundamental niches but did not use the same resources. Instead, they divided

the range of resources among them, each taking a different _______________________.

The part of its fundamental niche that a species occupies is called its ________________.

Competition and Limitations of Resource Use

A very clear case of competition was shown by experiments carried out in the early

1960s by Joseph Connell, who worked with two species of __________________ that

grow on the same rocks along the coast of ___________________________.

Connell’s experiments show that one _________________ occupies only a small portion

of its fundamental niche. The rest is unavailable because of ________________________

with a second species of barnacle.

Competition can ___________________ how species use resources.

G. F. Gause did experiments that showed that the outcome of competition depends on the

degree of _____________________ between the fundamental niches of the

_____________________________________________.

Gause hypothesized that if two species are _____________________, the species that

uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other in a process known

as _______________________________________________.

When Can Competitors Coexist?

When it is possible for two species to avoid competing, they may __________________.

In a revealing experiment, Gause challenged Paramecium caudatum—the defeated

species in his earlier experiments—with a third species, P. bursaria.

Both species __________________ in the culture tubes because, like MacArthur’s

warblers, the two species of Paramecium _____________________ the food resources.

Predation and Competition

Many studies of natural _______________________ have demonstrated that

__________________ reduces the effects of _________________________.

Because predation can reduce _________________________, it can also promote

__________________________, the variety of living organisms present in a community.

Biodiversity is a measure of both the _________________ of different species in a

community (species richness) and the relative numbers of each of the _______________

(species diversity).

Biodiversity and Productivity

A key investigation carried out in the early 1990s by David Tilman of the University of

Minnesota illustrates the relationship between biodiversity and productivity.

Tilman found that the greater the number of species a plot of land had, the greater the

amount of plant material produced in that plot.

Tilman’s experiments clearly demonstrated that increased _________________________

leads to greater ______________________________.

Section 3: Major Biological Communities

Objectives:

Recognize the role of climate in determining the nature of a biological community.

Describe how elevation and latitude affect the distribution of biomes.

Summarize the key features of the Earth’s major biomes.

Compare features of plants and animals found in different biomes.

Compare and contrast the major freshwater and marine habitats. Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live

Climate –

Factors that determine a region’s climate:

Temperature and Moisture

Most organisms are adapted to live within a particular range of temperatures and will not

thrive if temperatures are colder or warmer.

All organisms require water. On land, water is sometimes scarce, so patterns of rainfall

often determine an area’s life-forms.

Major Biological Communities

Biome –

Match the biome to its description.

_____ 1. Polar ice A. Moderate precipitation and mild temperatures

_____ 2. Tundra B. Good amount of precipitation & mild temperatures

_____ 3. Taiga C. Characterized by an ice pack for the majority of the year

_____ 4. Mountain zones D. Large amounts of rain and warm temperatures

_____ 5. Temperate forest E. Warm temperature but low precipitation

_____ 6. Tropical forest F. Very little precipitation & extremely cold temperatures

_____ 7. Temperate grassland G. Almost no precipitation and very warm temperatures

_____ 8. Savanna H. Low precipitation and long winters

_____ 9. Desert or semi-desert I. High altitude and cooler climate

Aquatic Communities:

Freshwater Communities

Ponds and lakes have three zones in which organisms live.

1. Littoral zone –

2. Limnetic zone –

3. Profundal zone –

Wetlands typically are covered with a variety of hydrophytes –

Marine Biomes

Intertidal zone –

Neritic zone –

Oceanic zone –

Benthic zone –

Plankton –

Chapter 17 Section 1 (Answers on pages 362-364)

1. What are the most important members of an ecosystem?

2. Explain how coevolution occurs using flowering plants & pollinators. (3 pts)

3. Give an example of each of the following symbiotic relationships.

a. Parasitism ________________________________________________________________

b. Mutualism ________________________________________________________________

c. Commensalism ____________________________________________________________

4. In your own words, describe each of the following symbiotic relationships.

a. Parasitism ________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

b. Mutualism ________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

c. Commensalism ____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

5. How have plants evolved to protect themselves from herbivores?

a. _________________________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________________________________

6. What toxin does poison ivy produce that protects the plant from herbivores?

Chapter 17 Section 2 (pages 365-370)

1. List 2 resources for which organisms compete.

a. _________________________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________________________________

2. In what 2 niches do you fit?

a. _________________________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________________________

3. Tilapias are mainly freshwater fish, including shallow streams, ponds, rivers and lakes. Unlike

carnivorous fish, tilapia can feed on algae or any plant-based food. This reduces the cost of

tilapia farming, reduces fishing pressure on prey species, avoids concentrating toxins that

accumulate at higher levels of the food chain and makes tilapia the preferred ―aquatic

chickens‖ of the trade.

a. What is the tilapia’s niche? ___________________________________________________

b. What is the tilapia’s habitat? __________________________________________________

4. Look at the graphs on page 369.

a. What species was driven to extinction when competition occurs?

b. What 2 species can live together when they use different resources?

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Holt Biology 7 Biological Communities

Section: How Organisms Interact in CommunitiesRead the passage below. Then answer the questions that follow.

In symbiosis, two or more species live together in a close, long-

term association. Symbiotic relationships can be beneficial to

both organisms or may benefit one organism and leave the other

harmed or unaffected. Parasitism is one type of symbiotic rela-

tionship that is detrimental to, or harms, the host organism. In this

relationship, one organism feeds on and usually lives in another,

typically larger, organism. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship

in which both participating species benefit. A well-known instance

of mutualism involves ants and aphids. The ants feed on fluid the

aphids secrete, and in exchange, the ants protect the aphids from

insect predators. A third form of symbiosis is commensalism, a

symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other

is neither harmed nor helped. Among the best-known examples

of commensalism are the feeding and protection relationships

between certain small tropical fishes and sea anemones, marine

animals that have stinging tentacles.

SKILL: READING EFFECTIVELY

Write P if the phrase describes parasitism, M if it describes mutualism, or C if it

describes commensalism. For each question, some choices may be used more

than once.

______ 1. exists between certain tropical fish and sea anemones

______ 2. type of symbiotic relationship

______ 3. the host organism is harmed

______ 4. one species is neither harmed nor helped

______ 5. at least one species benefits

In the space provided, write the letter of the phrase that best completes the

statement.

______ 6. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which a. both species are harmed.b. neither species benefits.c. one species is harmed.d. both species benefit.

Name Class Date

Active ReadingSkills Worksheet



Section: How Organisms Interact in CommunitiesIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes

each statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. An adaptation in flowers and plants that promotes the efficient dispersalof pollen by insects and other animals may have arisen through

a. predation. c. coevolution.b. commensalism. d. parasitism.

______ 2. In parasitism, the hosta. is killed by the parasite. c. is benefited by the parasite.b. usually kills the parasite. d. often transmits the parasite’s

offspring to new hosts.

______ 3. Plants often produce secondary compounds that protect them froma. predation. c. mustard oils.b. parasitism. d. symbiotic relationships.

______ 4. How are the larvae of cabbage butterflies able to feed on plants thathave defensive chemicals?

a. They feed on other plants that counter the effects of the defensivechemicals.

b. They have adaptations that break down the secondary compoundsof the plant.

c. The larvae can only feed on the plants at certain times of the year.d. None of the above

______ 5. Which pair of organisms exists in a commensal relationship?a. bear and fish c. clown fish and sea anemoneb. ant and aphid d. dog and flea

In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the

term or phrase.

______ 6. coevolution

______ 7. predation

______ 8. parasitism

______ 9. mutualism

______10. commensalism

Name Class Date

QuizAssessment

a. a symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

b. one organism feeds on and usually lives on or inanother larger organism

c. evolutionary adjustments between interacting members of an ecosystem

d. the act of one organism killing and eating another for food

e. a symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit

Chapter 17 Section 1 pages 362-364



Section: How Competition Shapes CommunitiesIn the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the

term or phrase.

______ 1. competition

______ 2. niche

______ 3. fundamental niche

______ 4. realized niche

______ 5. competitive exclusion

______ 6. biodiversity

______ 7. species richness

______ 8. species diversity

______ 9. productivity

Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.

10. What are the different niches of Chthamalus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides?

11. What happened in Connell’s experiment with Chthamalus stellatus andSemibalanus balanoides?

Name Class Date

Directed ReadingSkills Worksheet

a. the functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem

b. the entire range of conditions an organism is potentially able to occupy

c. biological interaction in which two species use the same resources

d. the part of a fundamental niche that a species actually occupies

e. the variety of living organisms living in a community

f. the relative numbers of each of the species living in a community

g. the amount of plant material produced in a plot of land

h. elimination of a competitive species

i. the number of different species in a community




Section: How Competition Shapes CommunitiesIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes


______ 1. An organism’s niche includesa. what it eats. c. how it reproduces.b. where it eats. d. All of the above

______ 2. When two species compete for limited resources, competitive exclu-sion

a. is sure to take place.b. is not possible.c. will take place unless the species divide or find different resources.d. will cause both species to become extinct.

______ 3. Chthamalus stellatus can live in both shallow water and deep wateron a rocky coast. This is the barnacle’s

a. fundamental niche. c. community.b. realized niche. d. habitat.

______ 4. What is the principle that enables five species of warbler to feed in thesame tree without competing?

a. commensalism c. mutualismb. resource partitioning d. competitive exclusion

______ 5. Higher productivity, a more stable ecosystem, and reduced competi-tion are all benefits of

a. a high biodiversity. c. a high rate of predation.b. a low rate of predation. d. a low biodiversity


term or phrase.

______ 6. competition

______ 7. realized niche

______ 8. fundamental niche

______ 9. competitive exclusion

______10. biodiversity

Name Class Date

QuizAssessment

a. the entire range of resources in an ecosystemthat an organism can potentially occupy

b. the biological interaction that occurs when two species use the same resource

c. the variety of living organisms present in acommunity

d. the part of its niche that a species actuallyoccupies

e. the elimination of a species due to competition


Section: Major Biological CommunitiesIn the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the

term or phrase.

______ 1. tropical rain forests

______ 2. deserts

______ 3. savannas

______ 4. temperate deciduous forests

______ 5. temperate grasslands

______ 6. taiga

______ 7. tundra

Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space provided.

8. The prevailing weather conditions in any given area is called

.

9. The growing season of plants is primarily influenced by .

10. The moisture-holding ability of air when it is

warmed and when it is cooled.

11. A major biological community that occurs over a large area of land is called

a(n) .

12. In general, temperature and moisture as distance

from the equator .

13. The shallow area of ponds and lakes, near the shore, is called the

.

14. The of lakes and ponds

is away from the shore but close to the surface.



Name Class Date

Directed ReadingSkills Worksheet

a. water is unavailable for most of theyear because it is frozen

b. northern forests of coniferous trees

c. warm summers, cold winters, andsufficient precipitation

d. another name for prairie; containsdeep and fertile soil

e. has the greatest number of species;has a very infertile soil

f. landscape has widely spaced trees;seasonal drought

g. vegetation is very sparse




Section: Major Biological CommunitiesIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes


______ 1. Deserts and tundra have similara. climates. c. annual rainfalls.b. animal inhabitants. d. latitudes.

______ 2. The dry grasslands in tropical areas make up the biome calleda. taiga. c. desert.b. tundra. d. savanna.

______ 3. Forty percent of all photosynthesis on Earth is accomplished bya. photosynthetic plants. c. fish larvae.b. fungi. d. photosynthetic plankton.

______ 4. One of the most important elements of climate is which of the following?

a. temperature c. latitudeb. elevation d. biome

______ 5. Foxes, lemmings, owls, and caribou are among the vertebrate inhabitants of the

a. taiga.b. tundra.c. intertidal zone.d. desert.


term or phrase.

______ 6. climate

______ 7. biome

______ 8. profundal zone

______ 9. limnetic zone

______10. plankton

Name Class Date

QuizAssessment

a. area of fresh water that is far from shore but close to the surface

b. food for some marine organisms that is composed of bacteria, algae, fish larvae, and many small

invertebrates

c. a major biological community that occurs over a large area of land

d. freshwater zone in deep water below the limits of light penetration

e. determines what kind of organisms live in a given environment





term or phrase.

______ 1. coevolution

______ 2. predation

______ 3. parasitism

______ 4. secondary compound

______ 5. symbiosis

____ 6. mutualism

______ 7. commensalism

____ 8. competition

____ 9. niche

____10. fundamental niche

____11. realized niche

______12. competitive exclusion

______13. biodiversity

Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space provided.

14. The prevailing weather conditions in any given area are called

the .

15. A(n) is a major biological community that occursover a large area of land.

16. The is a shallow zonenear the shore.

Name Class Date

Vocabulary ReviewSkills Worksheet

a. defensive chemical used by plants

b. a relationship in which both participating species benefit

c. the entire range of conditions an organism is potentially able to occupy

d. when two species use the same resource

e. back-and-forth evolutionary adjustments between interacting members of an

ecosystem

f. two or more species living together in a close, long-term relationship

g. the fundamental role of a species in an ecosystem

h. one organism feeds on and usually lives on or in another larger organism

i. the elimination of a competing species

j. the part of its fundamental niche that a species occupies

k. a relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed

nor helped

l. the variety of living organisms in a community

m. the act of one organism feeding on another



Name Class Date

Vocabulary Review continued

17. The is away from theshore but close to the surface.

18. The is a deep-waterzone below the limits of effective light penetration.

19. Small organisms that drift in the upper waters of the ocean are called

.


Holt Science: Biology 37 Science Skills Worksheets

Name Class Date

BiomesSkills Worksheet

INTERPRETING TABLES

Use the table below to answer questions 1 and 3.

Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.

1. Which two biomes have the least amount of annual precipitation?

Average Yearly AverageTemperature Yearly

Biome Range Precipitation Soil Vegetation

Tundra

Taiga

Temperate

Forest

Tropical

Forest

Temperate

Grassland

Savanna

Chaparral

Desert

226°C to 12°C

210°C to 14°C

6°C to 28°C

20°C to 34°C

0°C to 25°C

16°C to 34°C

10°C to 18°C

7°C to 38°C


Holt Science: Biology 38 Science Skills Worksheets

Name Class Date

Biomes continued

2. What is the relationship between the annual precipitation of these biomes and the vegetation they can support?

3. How are the temperature and available moisture of a biome related to thebiome’s distance from the equator?

matcliTypewritten TextAddition to Skills Worksheet: Biomes1. Which biome has the highest nutrient level in the soil? _____________________________________2. In temperate grasslands why does the grass grow tall in some areas but short in other places?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Which biome is known for coniferous trees? _____________________________________________ Where else can coniferous trees be found? _______________________________________________ *Give an example of a coniferous tree: __________________________________________________4. Which biome has the greatest temperature range? _________________________________________5. Which biome has the greatest amount of precipitation per year? ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________6. Which biome has the most acidic soil? __________________________________________________7. Which biome has rocky topsoil? _______________________________________________________8. Which biomes have broad-leaved trees? _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________9. Which biome has dwarf-sized plants? __________________________________________________ Why are plants dwarf-sized in this biome? (THINK about it!) ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________10. Which biome has the second highest average yearly precipitation? ___________________________11. List the biomes with thin topsoil: _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________12. List the biomes with low nutrient levels in the soil: _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________13. Is there a link between thin topsoil and low nutrient levels? Explain your answer below. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

matcliTypewritten Text

Ch 17 WorkbookAR-quiz 17-1AR 17-1Quiz 17-1

DR-Quiz 17-2DR 17-2Quiz 17-2

DR-Quiz 17-3DR 17-3Quiz 17-3

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